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Hewitt L, Niemeyer D, Small A. The use of a penetrative captive bolt device during the killing of farmed saltwater crocodiles ( Crocodylus porosus). J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38801002 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2024.2357580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Killing of farmed saltwater crocodiles involve stunning with a penetrative captive bolt device, followed by a cut across the nape of the neck and physical destruction of the brain to ensure death. This study was a welfare-based assessment of the use of a penetrative captive bolt device in saltwater crocodiles, to determine whether it satisfies the criteria of a humane stunning method and can be regarded as a direct killing method without the need for the application of an adjunct method. Methods used were electroencephalogram (EEG), observation of post-stun behavior, and postmortem examination of gross pathology of the cranium and brain. 30 of 30 animals, demonstrated immediate and irreversible loss of consciousness. There was extensive damage to the brain in all animals, deemed to be inconsistent with cortical function and possible recovery. The CASH Special 0.22 penetrative captive bolt pistol (1.25 grain cartridge), applied to the top of the cranial plate, produced immediate and irreversible unconsciousness in all the animals studied. This method satisfies animal welfare expectations, providing crocodile processors with a technique that contributes to a humane killing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha Hewitt
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Alison Small
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, Australia
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Alanezi ST, Almutairi WM, Cronin M, Gobbo O, O'Mara SM, Sheppard D, O'Connor WT, Gilchrist MD, Kleefeld C, Colgan N. Whole-brain traumatic controlled cortical impact to the left frontal lobe: Magnetic resonance image-based texture analysis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024; 83:94-106. [PMID: 38164986 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This research assesses the capability of texture analysis (TA) derived from high-resolution (HR) T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to identify primary sequelae following 1-5 hours of controlled cortical impact mild or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the left frontal cortex (focal impact) and secondary (diffuse) sequelae in the right frontal cortex, bilateral corpus callosum, and hippocampus in rats. The TA technique comprised first-order (histogram-based) and second-order statistics (including gray-level co-occurrence matrix, gray-level run length matrix, and neighborhood gray-level difference matrix). Edema in the left frontal impact region developed within 1 hour and continued throughout the 5-hour assessments. The TA features from HR images confirmed the focal injury. There was no significant difference among radiomics features between the left and right corpus callosum or hippocampus from 1 to 5 hours following a mild or severe impact. The adjacent corpus callosum region and the distal hippocampus region (s), showed no diffuse injury 1-5 hours after mild or severe TBI. These results suggest that combining HR images with TA may enhance detection of early primary and secondary sequelae following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh T Alanezi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, ArAr, Saudi Arabia
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Waleed M Almutairi
- Medical Imaging Department, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michelle Cronin
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliviero Gobbo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane M O'Mara
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan Sheppard
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - William T O'Connor
- University of Limerick School of Medicine, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael D Gilchrist
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christoph Kleefeld
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Niall Colgan
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Engineering, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone, Ireland
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3
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Comin M, Barbieri S, Minero M, Dalla Costa E. The Feasibility of Animal-Based Indicators of Consciousness and Unconsciousness for Stunning in Sheep: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081395. [PMID: 37106956 PMCID: PMC10134993 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to EU legislation, animal-based indicators (ABMs) are used to evaluate the efficacy of stunning methods to ensure that animals do not regain consciousness. EFSA has provided a list of ABMs for electrical and mechanical stunning in sheep; however, there is still a lack of information on their feasibility. We aimed to identify and evaluate the feasibility constraints of ABMs commonly applied in slaughterhouses to assess proper stunning in sheep. METHOD For this systematic review, we searched the Scopus and Web of Science databases from 2000 to 8 August 2022, including full peer-reviewed papers written in English on the welfare of sheep at the stunning and restraint phases. We excluded studies using a gas stunning method or without prior stunning, as well as manuscripts in which indicators were applied after sticking. RESULTS Of 1289 records identified, only 8 papers were eligible for the critical evaluation of physical aspects that affect the feasibility of ABMs. These aspects were defined as a given definition of the feasibility of ABMs, and information was summarized and critically evaluated. The results highlighted a lack of information on the feasibility of ABMs which should be considered in the various conditions of commercial slaughterhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Comin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Barbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Michela Minero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Emanuela Dalla Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Riaz MN, Irshad F, Riaz NM, Regenstein JM. Pros and cons of different stunning methods from a Halal perspective: a review. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab154. [PMID: 34859198 PMCID: PMC8633638 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There has always been a debate about the acceptability of stunning methods for preparing Halal slaughtered meat. Throughout the last few decades, stunning methods have become acceptable for Halal slaughtering due to an increasing majority of Muslim countries issuing Fatwas (religious rulings) that approve of stunning methods for the Halal slaughtering of food animals. With an increasing Muslim population worldwide, Halal meat provision is important for Muslims both economically and ethically. Moreover, there have been concerns regarding traditional Halal slaughter without the use of stunning from the standpoint of the animal's welfare. This article reviews the different stunning methods available and the associated processing practices, addressing their pros and cons in the commercial production of Halal meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian N Riaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fariha Irshad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Nooran M Riaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joe M Regenstein
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7201, USA
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Smith DH, Kochanek PM, Rosi S, Meyer R, Ferland-Beckham C, Prager EM, Ahlers ST, Crawford F. Roadmap for Advancing Pre-Clinical Science in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3204-3221. [PMID: 34210174 PMCID: PMC8820284 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical models of disease have long played important roles in the advancement of new treatments. However, in traumatic brain injury (TBI), despite the availability of numerous model systems, translation from bench to bedside remains elusive. Integrating clinical relevance into pre-clinical model development is a critical step toward advancing therapies for TBI patients across the spectrum of injury severity. Pre-clinical models include in vivo and ex vivo animal work-both small and large-and in vitro modeling. The wide range of pre-clinical models reflect substantial attempts to replicate multiple aspects of TBI sequelae in humans. Although these models reveal multiple putative mechanisms underlying TBI pathophysiology, failures to translate these findings into successful clinical trials call into question the clinical relevance and applicability of the models. Here, we address the promises and pitfalls of pre-clinical models with the goal of evolving frameworks that will advance translational TBI research across models, injury types, and the heterogenous etiology of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Smith
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Retsina Meyer
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, New York, USA.,Delix Therapeutics, Inc, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Mota-Rojas D, Napolitano F, Strappini A, Orihuela A, Ghezzi MD, Hernández-Ávalos I, Mora-Medina P, Whittaker AL. Pain at the Slaughterhouse in Ruminants with a Focus on the Neurobiology of Sensitisation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041085. [PMID: 33920244 PMCID: PMC8068923 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We pose based on a fundamental science examination that events that occur around the time of slaughter have the potential to intensify the pain response, through a process called sensitisation, or an exaggerated response to painful stimuli. Health conditions which result in inflammation, injuries arising from transport and handling and exaggerated fear responses may all be present at the slaughterhouse. Whilst there is limited evidence of a direct effect of these on the processes of sensitisation in animals at slaughter, by analogy with the human neurobiology literature the connection seems plausible. In this review we outline the biology of such a response, and the rationale for suggestion of a possible linkage between events at slaughter and a heightened animal pain response. Abstract We pose, based on a neurobiological examination, that events that occur around the time of slaughter have the potential to intensify the pain response, through the processes of sensitisation and enhanced transmission. Sensitisation, or an enhanced response to painful stimuli, is a well-discussed phenomenon in the human medical literature, which can arise from previous injury to an area, inflammatory reactions, or previous overstimulation of the stress axes. A number of events that occur prior to arrival at, or in the slaughterhouse, may lead to presence of these factors. This includes previous on-farm pathology, injuries arising from transport and handling and lack of habituation to humans. Whilst there is limited evidence of a direct effect of these on the processes of sensitisation in animals at slaughter, by analogy with the human neurobiology literature the connection seems plausible. In this review a neurobiological approach is taken to discuss this hypothesis in the light of basic science, and extrapolations from existing literature on the slaughter of ruminants. To confirm the postulated link between events at slaughter, and processes of hypersensitisation, further dedicated study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, 04960 Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Correspondence: (D.M.-R.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Fabio Napolitano
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Ana Strappini
- Animal Science Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Agustín Orihuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62209 Cuernavaca, Mexico;
| | - Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), 7000 Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 54714 Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico; (I.H.-Á.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 54714 Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico; (I.H.-Á.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Alexandra L. Whittaker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.M.-R.); (A.L.W.)
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Schneider WT, Goncalves RP, Knolle F, Morton AJ. Measuring executive function in sheep (Ovis aries) using visual stimuli in a semi-automated operant system. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 351:109009. [PMID: 33340554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is a distinguishing feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. The intra-dimensional (ID) extra-dimensional (ED) attentional set shift task is part of a clinical battery of tests used to evaluate executive function in Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease patients. The IDED task, however, has not translated well to pre-clinical rodent models of neurological disease. NEW METHOD The ability to perform executive tasks coupled with a long lifespan makes sheep (Ovis aries) an ideal species for modelling cognitive decline in progressive neurodegenerative conditions. We describe the methodology for testing the performance of sheep in the IDED task using a semi-automated system in which visual stimuli are presented as coloured letters on computer screens. RESULTS During each stage of IDED testing, all sheep (n = 12) learned successfully to discriminate between different colours and letters. Sheep were quick to learn the rules of acquisition at each stage. They required significantly more trials to reach criterion (p < 0.05) and made more errors (p < 0.05) following stimulus reversal, with the exception of the ED shift (p > 0.05). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Previous research shows that sheep can perform IDED set shifting in a walk-through maze using solid objects with two changeable dimensions (colour and shape) as the stimuli. Presenting the stimuli on computer screens provides better validity, greater task flexibility and higher throughput than the walk-through maze. CONCLUSION All sheep completed each stage of the task, with a range of abilities expected in an outbred population. The IDED task described is ideally suited as a quantifiable and clinically translatable measure of executive function in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sorby-Adams
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - W T Schneider
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R P Goncalves
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - F Knolle
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Klinikum recht der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A J Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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8
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Humane Euthanasia of Guinea Pigs ( Cavia porcellus) with a Penetrating Spring-Loaded Captive Bolt. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081356. [PMID: 32764350 PMCID: PMC7459477 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Various euthanasia methods are currently employed for guinea pigs at their experimental or humane endpoint; however, many have significant limitations or negative animal welfare implications. Captive bolt euthanasia has been used in the guinea pig meat industry but has not been explored in a research setting. This work aimed to investigate the use of a penetrating spring-loaded captive bolt gun as a refinement to guinea pig euthanasia in research. The study found that when compared to blunt force trauma, the captive bolt procedure performed well against all parameters of humane slaughter of production animals and appears to be a feasible refinement for animal welfare. Abstract Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) have been used in research since the 19th century to collect data due to their physiological similarities to humans. Today, animals perform a vital role in experiments and concerns for laboratory animal welfare are enshrined in the 3R framework of reduction, refinement and replacement. This case study explores a refinement in humane euthanasia of guinea pigs via the use of an irreversible penetrating spring-loaded captive bolt (CB). Penetrating spring-loaded CB stunning for euthanasia (CBE) was performed on 12 guinea pigs with the parameters for humane slaughter of production animals in order to assess the suitability of this method of euthanasia in contrast to blunt force trauma (BFT). All 12 of the guinea pigs were rendered immediately unconscious with excellent experimental tissue quality collection, high repeatability of results and operator (n = 8) preference over BFT. Overall, CBE in guinea pigs appears to be a feasible refinement for animal welfare, human preference and improved tissue quality for experimental collection in settings where uncontaminated tissues are required.
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Mayer AR, Dodd AB, Vermillion MS, Stephenson DD, Chaudry IH, Bragin DE, Gigliotti AP, Dodd RJ, Wasserott BC, Shukla P, Kinsler R, Alonzo SM. A systematic review of large animal models of combined traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:160-177. [PMID: 31255665 PMCID: PMC7307133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and severe blood loss (SBL) frequently co-occur in human trauma, resulting in high levels of mortality and morbidity. Importantly, each of the individual post-injury cascades is characterized by complex and potentially opposing pathophysiological responses, complicating optimal resuscitation and therapeutic approaches. Large animal models of poly-neurotrauma closely mimic human physiology, but a systematic literature review of published models has been lacking. The current review suggests a relative paucity of large animal poly-neurotrauma studies (N = 52), with meta-statistics revealing trends for animal species (exclusively swine), characteristics (use of single biological sex, use of juveniles) and TBI models. Although most studies have targeted blood loss volumes of 35-45%, the associated mortality rates are much lower relative to Class III/IV human trauma. This discrepancy may result from potentially mitigating experimental factors (e.g., mechanical ventilation prior to or during injury, pausing/resuming blood loss based on physiological parameters, administration of small volume fluid resuscitation) that are rarely associated with human trauma, highlighting the need for additional work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1011 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States; Neurology Department, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Psychiatry Department, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Andrew B Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1011 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
| | - Meghan S Vermillion
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1011 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
| | - David D Stephenson
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1011 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
| | - Irshad H Chaudry
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, United States
| | - Denis E Bragin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Andrew P Gigliotti
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1011 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
| | - Rebecca J Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1011 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
| | - Benjamin C Wasserott
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1011 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
| | - Priyank Shukla
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1011 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
| | - Rachel Kinsler
- Department of the Army Civilian, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL 36362-0577, United States
| | - Sheila M Alonzo
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1011 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, United States
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10
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Armstead WM, Vavilala MS. Improving Understanding and Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury Using Bidirectional Translational Research. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:2372-2380. [PMID: 30834818 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials in traumatic brain injury (TBI) have failed to demonstrate therapeutic effects even when there appears to be good evidence for efficacy in one or more appropriate pre-clinical models. While existing animal models mimic the injury, difficulties in translating promising therapeutics are exacerbated by the lack of alignment of discrete measures of the underlying injury pathology between the animal models and human subjects. To address this mismatch, we have incorporated reverse translation of bedside experience to inform pre-clinical studies in a large animal (pig) model of TBI that mirror practical clinical assessments. Cerebral autoregulation is impaired after TBI, contributing to poor outcome. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is often normalized by use of vasoactive agents to increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) and thereby limit impairment of cerebral autoregulation and neurological deficits. Vasoactive agents clinically used to elevate MAP to increase CPP after TBI, such as phenylephrine (Phe), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EPI), however, have not been compared sufficiently regarding effect on CPP, autoregulation, and survival after TBI, and clinically, current vasoactive agent use is variable. The cerebral effects of these clinically commonly used vasoactive agents are not known. This review will emphasize pediatric work and will describe bidirectional translational studies using a more human-like animal model of TBI to identify better therapeutic strategies to improve outcome post-injury. These studies in addition investigated the mechanism(s) involved in improvement of outcome in the setting of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monica S Vavilala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Neurological Surgery, and Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Wagner DR, Kline HC, Martin MS, Alexander LR, Grandin T, Edwards-Callaway LN. The effects of bolt length on penetration hole characteristics, brain damage and specified-risk material dispersal in finished cattle stunned with a penetrating captive bolt stunner. Meat Sci 2019; 155:109-114. [PMID: 31103942 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of captive bolt lengths on penetration hole characteristics, brain damage, and specified risk material (SRM) dispersal. Cattle were stunned with a pneumatic captive bolt stunner using: standard (15.2 cm; STRD), medium (16.5 cm; MED), or long (17.8 cm; LON) bolts. Heads (N = 293) and exsanguination blood (N = 103) were collected for analyses. Penetration hole diameter and depth differed by treatment (P ≤ 0.004); both parameters were greatest for LON (P < 0.05). Presence of damage in frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes, olfactory bulb, and collective area including the corpus callosum, fornix and thalamus were impacted by treatment (P < 0.003). Treatment did not impact SRM dispersal (P = 0.33), determined by presence of glial acidic fibrillary protein. Data suggest that bolt length affects both the extent of brain damage and the specific structures damaged but all bolt lengths are successful in causing substantial brain damage and subsequent insensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Wagner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - H C Kline
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - M S Martin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - L R Alexander
- Cargill Protein Headquarters, 825 E Douglas Ave, Wichita, KS 67202, United States
| | - T Grandin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA
| | - L N Edwards-Callaway
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1171, USA.
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12
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An evaluation of environmental, intrinsic and pre- and post-slaughter risk factors associated to dark-cutting beef in a Federal Inspected Type slaughter plant. Meat Sci 2018; 150:85-92. [PMID: 30612067 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the risk factors associated to dark-cutting in bovine carcasses. The study was conducted at a Federal Inspection abattoir located in northeastern Mexico. A random sample of 394 animals at slaughter was used. A total of 26 explanatory variables were evaluated; the analysis included environmental, animal-specific, and management factors both at pre- and post- slaughter periods. Only four variables were statistically significant within the final logistic regression model (P < .001). The frequency of dark-cutting carcasses was 13.45%. Lairage time was directly proportional to the percentage of risk for dark-cutting beef. Improper desensitization also increased the frequency of carcasses with this anomaly. Backfat thickness and the 24-h pH differential of the carcasses were inversely proportional to the risk for dark-cutting beef. An interesting finding was that risk factors for DFD meat are present in all stages of the slaughter process and thus to effectively address this problem an integral evaluation is needed throughout the slaughter process.
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Shearer JK, Griffin D, Cotton SE. Humane Euthanasia and Carcass Disposal. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2018; 34:355-374. [PMID: 29935722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Euthanasia is ending life in a way that minimizes or eliminates pain and distress. It requires techniques that induce loss of consciousness followed by cardiac and respiratory arrest and loss of brain function. Although euthanasia is the objective for uncontrollable animal suffering, it is not always possible. Euthanasia of animals using barbiturates or barbituric acid derivatives is impractical for situations that require mass euthanasia of multiple animals. Selection of the most appropriate disposal method depends on number of carcasses, potential environmental impact, climatic conditions, and other factors. Preplanning and training are requirements for proper application of euthanasia procedures and disposal of carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K Shearer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2436 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Dee Griffin
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Center, West Texas A&M University, Box 60998, Canyon, TX 79016-0001, USA
| | - Scott E Cotton
- University of Wyoming Extension, 2011 Fairgrounds Road, Casper, WY 82604, USA
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Vink R, Turner RJ. Large animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury as translational tools. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29537289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injury, encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, accounts for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that underlies TBI and stroke and enabled the preclinical screening of over 1,000 novel therapeutic agents. Despite this, the translation of novel therapeutics from experimental models to clinical therapies has been extremely poor. One potential explanation for this poor clinical translation is the choice of experimental model, given that the majority of preclinical TBI and ischemic stroke studies have been conducted in small animals, such as rodents, which have small lissencephalic brains. However, the use of large animal species such as nonhuman primates, sheep, and pigs, which have large gyrencephalic human-like brains, may provide an avenue to improve clinical translation due to similarities in neuroanatomical structure when compared with widely adopted rodent models. This purpose of this review is to provide an overview of large animal models of TBI and ischemic stroke, including the surgical considerations, key benefits, and limitations of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
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Plummer PJ, Shearer JK, Kleinhenz KE, Shearer LC. Determination of anatomic landmarks for optimal placement in captive-bolt euthanasia of goats. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:276-281. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.3.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Vink R. Large animal models of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:527-535. [PMID: 28500771 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are essential to gain a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Rodent models of TBI have proven highly valuable with respect to the information they have provided over the years, particularly when it comes to the molecular understanding of injury mechanisms. However, there has been a failure to translate the successes in therapeutic treatment of TBI in rodents, which many believe may be related to their different brain anatomy compared with humans. Specifically, the rodent lissencephalic brain within its bony skull responds differently to injury than a human gyrencephalic brain, particularly from a biomechanical and physiological perspective. There is now far greater interest in developing more clinically relevant, large animal models of TBI so as to enhance the possibility of successful clinical translation. The current mini-review highlights the differences between lissencephalic and gyrencephalic brains, emphasizing how these differences might impact studies of TBI. Thereafter follows a summary of the different large animal models, with a critical analysis of their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Martin JE, McKeegan DEF, Sparrey J, Sandilands V. Evaluation of the potential killing performance of novel percussive and cervical dislocation tools in chicken cadavers. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:216-223. [PMID: 28084791 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1280724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
1. Four mechanical poultry killing devices; modified Armadillo (MARM), modified Rabbit Zinger (MZIN), modified pliers (MPLI) and a novel mechanical cervical dislocation (NMCD) gloved device, were assessed for their killing potential in the cadavers of euthanised birds. 2. A 4 × 4 × 4 factorial design (batch × device × bird type + age) was employed. Ten bird cadavers per bird type and age were tested with each of the 4 devices (N = 160 birds). All cadavers were examined post-mortem to establish the anatomical damage caused. 3. NMCD, MARM and MZIN demonstrated killing potential, as well as consistency in their anatomical effects. NMCD had the highest killing potential, with 100% of birds sustaining the required physical trauma to have caused rapid death. 4. The MPLI was inconsistent, and only performed optimally for 27.5% of birds. Severe crushing injury was seen in >50% of MPLI birds, suggesting that birds would die of asphyxia rather than cerebral ischaemia, a major welfare concern. As a result, the MPLI are not recommended as a humane on-farm killing device for chickens. 5. This experiment provides important data on the killing potential of untried novel percussive and mechanical cervical dislocation methods, informing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- a Animal Behaviour and Welfare , SRUC, Roslin Institute Building , Easter Bush, Edinburgh , UK.,b Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute , University of Edinburgh , Easter Bush, Edinburgh , UK.,c Institute of Biodiversity , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - D E F McKeegan
- c Institute of Biodiversity , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - J Sparrey
- d Livetec Systems Ltd , Silsoe , Bedford , UK
| | - V Sandilands
- a Animal Behaviour and Welfare , SRUC, Roslin Institute Building , Easter Bush, Edinburgh , UK
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Terlouw C, Bourguet C, Deiss V. Consciousness, unconsciousness and death in the context of slaughter. Part I. Neurobiological mechanisms underlying stunning and killing. Meat Sci 2016; 118:133-46. [PMID: 27103547 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the neurobiological mechanisms that are relevant for the stunning and killing process of animals in the abattoir. The mechanisms underlying the loss of consciousness depend on the technique used: mechanical, electrical or gas stunning. Direct exsanguination (without prior stun) causes also a loss of consciousness before inducing death. The underlying mechanisms may involve cerebral anoxia or ischemia, or the depolarisation, acidification and/or the destruction of brain neurons. These effects may be caused by shock waves, electrical fields, the reduction or arrest of the cerebral blood circulation, increased levels of CO2 or low levels of O2 in the inhaled air, or the mechanical destruction of neurons. The targeted brain structures are the reticular formation, the ascending reticular activating system or thalamus, or the cerebral hemispheres in a general manner. Some of the techniques, when properly used, induce an immediate loss of consciousness; other techniques a progressive loss of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Terlouw
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | | | - Véronique Deiss
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Gibson TJ, Whitehead C, Taylor R, Sykes O, Chancellor NM, Limon G. Pathophysiology of penetrating captive bolt stunning in Alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Meat Sci 2015; 100:227-31. [PMID: 25460130 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the behavioural and cranial/spinal responses of alpacas culled by captive bolt shooting and the resulting pathophysiology of captive bolt injury. Ninety-six alpacas were shot (103 shots) in a range of locations with a penetrating captive bolt gun (CBG). Ten (9.8%) alpacas were incompletely concussed following the first shot. No animals required more than two shots. Incorrectly placed shots accounted for all of the animals that displayed signs of sensibility. Damage to the thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, medulla, cerebellum, parietal and occipital lobes were significantly associated with decreasing odds of incomplete concussion. In conclusion, the study confirmed that CBG stunning can induce insensibility in alpacas and suggests that the top of the head (crown) position maximises damage to structures of the thalamus and brainstem.
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Terlouw EMC, Bourguet C, Deiss V, Mallet C. Origins of movements following stunning and during bleeding in cattle. Meat Sci 2015. [PMID: 26225929 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
At slaughter, after stunning, the absence of certain physical signs such as eye movements/reflexes or rhythmic breathing helps determine whether the loss of consciousness was actually achieved. Cattle frequently show movements of neck and/or legs during the post-stun period. We evaluated 1) the origins of these movements in stunned unconscious cattle and 2) relationships with presence of ocular signs or breathing and shot characteristics. In stunned unconscious cattle, movements appear to be reflex-like, generated in the brain stem and/or spinal cord. First, in stunned unconscious cattle, movements could continue until 3 min after the start of bleeding. Second, severing the spinal cord in stunned unconscious cattle did not influence amount of movements. Third, in reaction to the skin cut and sticking, some unconscious animals showed a nociceptive withdrawal reflex. In bulls, following longer stun-stick delays, this response was weaker. Shot placement, post-stun movements and initial bleeding efficiency seemed related but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Véronique Deiss
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Sharp TM, McLeod SR, Leggett KEA, Gibson TJ. Evaluation of a spring-powered captive bolt gun for killing kangaroo pouch young. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/wr14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context During commercial harvesting or non-commercial kangaroo culling programs, dependent young of shot females are required to be euthanased to prevent suffering and because they would be unlikely to survive. However, the current method for killing pouch young, namely a single, forceful blow to the base of the skull, is applied inconsistently by operators and perceived by the public to be inhumane. Aims To determine whether an alternative method for killing pouch young, namely a spring-operated captive bolt gun, is effective at causing insensibility in kangaroo pouch young. Methods Trials of spring-operated captive bolt guns were conducted first on the heads of 15 dead kangaroo young and then on 21 live pouch young during commercial harvesting. We assessed the effectiveness at causing insensibility in live animals and damage caused to specific brain areas. We also measured depth of bolt penetration and skull thickness. Performance characteristics (e.g. bolt velocity) of two types of spring-operated guns were also measured and compared with cartridge-powered devices. Key results When tested on the heads of dead animals, the spring-operated captive bolt gun consistently produced a large entrance cavity and a well defined wound tract, which extended into the cerebrum, almost extending the full thickness of the brain, including the brainstem. When tested on live pouch young, the captive bolt gun caused immediate insensibility in only 13 of 21 animals. This 62% success rate is significantly below the 95% minimum acceptable threshold for captive bolt devices in domestic animal abattoirs. Failure to stun was related to bolt placement, but other factors such as bolt velocity, bolt diameter and skull properties such as thickness and hardness might have also contributed. Spring-operated captive bolt guns delivered 20 times less kinetic energy than did cartridge-powered devices. Conclusions Spring-operated captive bolt guns cannot be recommended as an acceptable or humane method for stunning or killing kangaroo pouch young. Implications Captive bolt guns have potential as a practical alternative to blunt head trauma for effective euthanasia and reducing animal (and observer) distress. However, operators must continue to use the existing prescribed killing methods until cartridge-powered captive bolt guns have been trialled as an alternative bolt propelling method.
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Svendsen O, Jensen SK, Karlsen LV, Svalastoga E, Jensen HE. Observations on newborn calves rendered unconscious with a captive bolt gun. Vet Rec 2008; 162:90-2. [PMID: 18204034 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.3.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Svendsen
- Veterinary Health Council, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Soborg, Denmark
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Knudsen SK. A review of the criteria used to assess insensibility and death in hunted whales compared to other species. Vet J 2005; 169:42-59. [PMID: 15683763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the diagnosis of insensibility and death in various species so as to evaluate the validity of the current criteria used to judge death in hunted whales by the International Whaling Commission (IWC). The only other species in which official criteria of death have been formulated is humans and these are controversial with the kernel of the debate being the definition of brain death. In slaughter animals, the moment of insensibility is regarded as the most important criterion and the issue has received scientific interest related to the pre-slaughter stunning. During hunting of terrestrial wildlife, the moment of death is usually regarded as the moment the animal falls and does not move. Based on the data presented in the present paper, it is concluded that when death in whales is solely determined on the basis of the IWC criteria, which in practice are based on immobility, a significant proportion of animals will be recorded as being sensible and alive when they are actually unconscious and the time to death (TTD) will be overestimated. If the criteria are used in conjunction with a postmortem examination, the recorded TTD will be closer to the real TTD and can be used for comparison of methods and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Knudsen
- Department of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 6204, Tromsø NO-9292, Norway.
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Abstract
Animal models have played a critical role in elucidating the complex pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury, the major cause of death and disability in young adults in Western countries. This review discusses how different types of animal models are useful for the study of neuropathologic processes in traumatic, blunt, nonmissile head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finnie
- Veterinary Services Division, Institute of Medical & Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Australia
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