1
|
Schuh A, Pensel N, Priglinger S, Hintschich C. [Enucleations, eviscerations and orbital implants in German eye hospitals]. DIE OPHTHALMOLOGIE 2024:10.1007/s00347-024-02088-4. [PMID: 39122872 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-024-02088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of the number of enucleations and eviscerations performed in Germany and the orbital implants used. METHOD Analysis of the quality reports of German ophthalmological clinics for the years 2012-2021 provided by the Federal Joint Committee (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss, G‑BA). RESULTS Almost 10 times as many enucleations (8368) as eviscerations (975) are performed in Germany. After enucleation, alloplastic implants are used most frequently (44.6% alloplastic, no further specification, 30.0% alloplastic coated, no further specification; 14.1% microporous implants) and autologous dermis-fat grafts in 6.1% of the cases. CONCLUSION In Germany, significantly more enucleations than eviscerations are performed. Alloplastic orbital implants are preferred for primary reconstruction following enucleation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schuh
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Mathildenstr. 8, 80336, München, Deutschland.
| | - Nicolas Pensel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Mathildenstr. 8, 80336, München, Deutschland
- Augenklinik, Goethe Universität, 65933, Frankfurt, Deutschland
| | - Siegfried Priglinger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Mathildenstr. 8, 80336, München, Deutschland
| | - Christoph Hintschich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Mathildenstr. 8, 80336, München, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ullrich K, Patel BCK, Malhotra R. Material risk: vitreoretinal surgery, evisceration, enucleation and sympathetic ophthalmia-where are we currently? Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:3542-3550. [PMID: 37198435 PMCID: PMC10686393 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is known to occur after severe penetrating eye injury, evisceration and even enucleation surgery. Recent evidence suggests that a greater risk lies after multiple vitreoretinal procedures. The risk of SO following evisceration is only minimally greater than that following enucleation surgery. This review evaluates literature on SO to date and provides figures for the risk of developing SO for the purposes of the consent process. The issue of SO and Material Risk following vitreoretinal surgery is reviewed and figures for the purposes of consent are outlined. This is of particular relevance for patients in whom the contralateral eye is and will likely remain the better seeing eye. Sympathetic ophthalmitis is known to occur after severe penetrating eye injury, after evisceration and enucleation. More recently, sympathetic ophthalmitis has been recognised to occur after vitreoretinal surgery. This article reviews the evidence on material risk when consenting patients for elective and emergency eye procedures after ocular trauma or surgery. When a globe needs to be removed because of irreparable ocular injury, previous publications dictated the procedure to be an enucleation because of the fear of an increased risk of SO after an evisceration. Perhaps the issue of material risk of sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) remains over-emphasised by ophthalmic plastic surgeons and under-recognised by vitreoretinal surgeons during the consent process for evisceration, enucleation and vitreoretinal surgery. Antecedent trauma and number of previous surgeries may actually be a more significant risk factor than the type of eye removal. Recent medicolegal cases also help us understand the importance of the discussion of this risk. We present our current understanding of the risk of SO after different procedures and suggest how this information may be included in a patient consent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ullrich
- Corneoplastic Unit, Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Trust, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 3DZ, UK.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 28 Woodville Road, Woodville, SA, Australia.
| | - B C K Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R Malhotra
- Corneoplastic Unit, Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Trust, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 3DZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhargava A, Raj K, Gupta M, khan MF, Gupta A. A Case Series of Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Post-COVID Rhinorbitocerebral Mucormycosis Ocular Defects: A Digital and Analog Experience. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2023; 22:133-144. [PMID: 37034447 PMCID: PMC9983521 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-023-01879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of a part of or the entire orbit results in facial defect, causing psychological trauma to the patient, apart from anatomic loss. This case series presents 6 clinical cases of prosthetic rehabilitation of ocular defects related to post-COVID-19 ROCM by both analog and digital workflow. The basic objective of this case series was to achieve a well retained, user-friendly, maxillofacial ocular prosthesis with esthetic accuracy. Unique size and shape of the ocular defect in each case, variety of skin tones, age range of patients and compromised neuromuscular control made each of the six cases challenging. This clinical series apart from proposing a digital & analog algorithm for rehabilitating ocular defects also illustrates analog workflow for 4 cases and digital workflow for 2 cases for fabrication of ocular prosthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Bhargava
- Department of Dentistry, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Kavita Raj
- Department of Dentistry, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Mahak Gupta
- Department of Dentistry, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Mohd Faisal khan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Peoples College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dave TV, Das AV, Mohapatra S, Bansal O, Ganguly A. Demography, Clinical Settings and Outcomes in Evisceration with Implant: An Electronic Medical Records Driven Analytics of 2071 Cases. Semin Ophthalmol 2022; 38:344-351. [PMID: 35675109 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2022.2085519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the demography, clinical settings and outcomes in 2071 patients undergoing evisceration across a multi-tier ophthalmology hospital network and comparison of results with the global scenario of clinical settings for evisceration. METHODS An analysis of 2071 patients undergoing evisceration and implant between 2013 and 2019. RESULTS The mean age at surgery was 39 ± 22 years. Children constituted 303(15%) of the cases. The four leading indications for surgery included painful blind eye in 760(37%), phthisis bulbi in 552(27%), staphyloma in 215(10%) and open globe injury in 195(9%) patients. The clinical settings encountered were trauma in 852(41%), ocular infection in 714(34%), glaucoma in 198(10%), post ocular surgery in 146(7%), congenital in 95(5%) and uveitis in 21(1%). Trauma and infection remained the commonest clinical settings in the urban (843,75%), rural (622,77%) and metropolitan (101,71%) areas. Decade wise distribution suggested trauma to be the commonest clinical setting in the first 4 decades and infection in the next 6 decades. The mean follow-up period was 351 ± 386 days (median 194). While trauma remained one of the commonest clinical setting in both the developed and the developing economies, painful blind eye and intractable glaucoma were other common clinical settings in the developed economies and infection was one of the leading clinical setting in the developing economies. CONCLUSION Most patients undergoing evisceration are young. The commonest indications for surgery include painful blind eye and phthisis bulbi. Trauma and infection remain the commonest clinical settings for evisceration in developed and developing economies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarjani Vivek Dave
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anthony Vipin Das
- Department of eyeSmart EMR & AEye, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Samir Mohapatra
- Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Oshin Bansal
- Ophthalmic Plastic and Facial Aesthetic, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Anasua Ganguly
- Ophthalmic Plastic and Facial Aesthetic, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Vijayawada, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martel A, Baillif S, Thomas P, Almairac F, Galatoire O, Hamedani M, Fontaine D, Lanteri-Minet M. Phantom vision after eye removal: prevalence, features and related risk factors. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:1603-1609. [PMID: 33980507 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Phantom eye syndrome is a poorly understood and underestimated complication of eye removal (ER). Seeing with the amputated eye, referred to as phantom vision (PV), is undoubtedly the most intriguing and confusing complication experienced by anophthalmic patients. The aim of the study was to assess PV prevalence, clinical features and risk factors after ER. METHODS A multicentric questionnaire-based study was conducted between April 2016 and July 2017. Patients >18 years who underwent ER >3 months ago had a socket examination before inclusion. Data recorded included patients' demographics, and preoperative, surgical and postoperative features. RESULTS One hundred patients (53 men) with a mean age of 65.1 years (29-92; SD=13.0) were included. ER indications were: uveal melanoma (n=24, 24%), trauma (n=20, 20%), retinal detachment (n=20, 20%), glaucoma (n=14, 14%) and endophthalmitis (n=12, 12%). Thirty (30%) patients experienced PV. Elementary and complex visual hallucinations were experienced by 80% and 20% of patients, respectively. PV usually appeared within the first postoperative month and tended to decrease over time. Risk factors for PV were the preoperative use of proton beam therapy (p=0.006), uveal melanoma (p=0.014), enucleation (p=0.015), anxiety with a Hospital and Anxiety Depression (HAD) score ≥8 (p=0.042), depression with a HAD score ≥8 (p=0.030), phantom eye pain (p=0.044) and phantom eye sensations (p=0.002). CONCLUSION PV was reported by one-third of our patients. Despite being widely misunderstood, ophthalmologists and neurologists should be aware of this complication to adequately reassure patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Martel
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Stephanie Baillif
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Neurology, University Hospital Centre Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Fabien Almairac
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Centre Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| | | | | | - Denys Fontaine
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Centre Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Michel Lanteri-Minet
- Pain Evaluation and Management Department, University Hospital of Nice, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire InovPain, Cote d'Azur University, University Hospital Centre Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Enucleation in Asian Indian patients: a histopathological review of 2009 cases. Eye (Lond) 2018; 33:120-128. [PMID: 30315260 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the indications of enucleation in Asian Indian patients and study the trend over the 22-year period. METHODS Retrospective study of 2009 patients who underwent enucleation. RESULTS The mean age at presentation of patients who underwent enucleation was 155 months The histopathology diagnosis included a benign tumor (n = 22, 1%), malignant tumor (n = 1472, 73%), acute trauma (n = 93, 5%), retinal vascular disease (n = 50, 3%), inflammatory/infective pathology (n = 33, 2%), or other miscellaneous/non-specific diagnosis (n = 460, 23%). There was a good correlation between the clinical and histopathology diagnoses at 96%. The most common indication for enucleation in young patients ( ≤ 20 years) was retinoblastoma (n = 1257, 82%; p < 0.001), atrophic bulbi or phthisis bulbi (n = 163, 39%; p < 0.001) in middle-age adults, and uveal melanoma (n = 25, 42%; p < 0.001) in older adults. Over the years, there was a decreasing trend of enucleations for atrophic bulbi/phthisis bulbi/painful blind eye (33% from the years 1996 through 2000 to 7% from 2010 to 2018; p < 0.001) and acute trauma (3% from the years 1996 through 2000 to < 1% from 2010 to 2018; p < 0.001) and an increasing trend for intraocular tumors including retinoblastoma (56% from the years 1996 through 2000 to 73% from 2010 to 2018; p = 0.01) and uveal melanoma (3% from the years 1996 through 2000 to 11% from 2010 to 2018; p < 0.006). CONCLUSION In Asian Indian population, malignant tumors remain the most common indication for enucleation in young and older patients, while desire for better cosmesis with customized ocular prosthesis is the main indication for enucleation in middle-age adults.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chan SWS, Khattak S, Yücel N, Gupta N, Yücel YH. A decade of surgical eye removals in Ontario: a clinical-pathological study. Can J Ophthalmol 2017; 52:486-493. [PMID: 28985809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess patient demographics, clinical indications, and pathologic causes of surgically removed eyes over a decade in Ontario (Canada) and to identify areas of ocular disease management needing more attention. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS The surgically removed eyes of 713 consecutive mainly adult patients from 2004 to 2013. METHODS Demographic, clinical, and pathologic data were collected on all eyes received by the University of Toronto Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory from 2004 to 2013. RESULTS Of the 713 eyes removed, enucleations accounted for 60% of cases, eviscerations for 39% of cases, and exenteration for 1% of cases. The most common clinical indications for surgical eye removal were blind painful eye (37%), neoplasm (35%), and trauma (6%). The leading pathologic causes of eye removal were neoplasm (36%), glaucoma (21%), infection or inflammation (17%), and trauma (16%). Glaucoma-related findings were the most common pathologic findings observed (38%), regardless of the primary cause. CONCLUSIONS A blind painful eye and neoplasms were the most commonly documented indications prior to removal of the eye. Common pathologies included glaucoma, neoplasms, infection/inflammation, and trauma. However, regardless of the primary cause, glaucoma-related pathologies were the most common pathologic findings. Refractory eye disease and pain continue to be important reasons for removal of eyes among patients in Ontario. More effective and targeted management strategies are needed to reduce the need for this radical eye surgery of last resort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wah Samuel Chan
- Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Shireen Khattak
- Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Narain Yücel
- Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Neeru Gupta
- Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Yeni H Yücel
- Keenan Research Centre at the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont; Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Dahmash SA, Bakry SS, Almadhi NH, Alashgar LM. Indications for enucleation and evisceration in a tertiary eye hospital in Riyadh over a 10-year period. Ann Saudi Med 2017; 37:313-316. [PMID: 28761031 PMCID: PMC6150595 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2017.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enucleation and evisceration are eye removal procedures considered as palliative treatment when all other therapeutic options are exhausted. OBJECTIVE Describe the causes and histopathological findings leading to enucleation/evisceration, and correlate the clinical findings with the histopathological findings. DESIGN Retrospective, descriptive study. SETTINGS Tertiary care hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS The medical records of patients who underwent enucleation or evisceration from February 2005 to May 2015 were reviewed. Patients were classified into two categories based on indications of surgery: traumatic and nontraumatic. Causes of ocular injury in the traumatic group were documented, and the histopathological findings were reviewed for the nontraumatic cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Number of enucleation and evisceration surgeries and their causes and histopathological findings. RESULTS One hundred ten patients underwent evisceration (n=69, 63%) and enucleation (n=41, 37%). Causes were traumatic in 38 (35%) and nontraumatic in 72 (65%). The median age was 50 years and there were 64 men and 46 women. Postoperative endophthalmitis was the most common indication for surgery (n=24, 21.8%), followed by painful blind eye (n=22, 20%). Ocular trauma was more predominant in men (n=29, 76%) than in women (n=9, 24%), and the leading mechanism of trauma was metallic nail injuries (n=6, 15.8%). In the nontraumatic group, endophthalmitis was the most common histopathological finding (n=25, 34.7%). CONCLUSIONS The majority of the eye enucleation/evisceration surgeries were due to nontraumatic causes, especially postoperative infections. However, severe eye trauma was still a main indication for this destructive procedure. Guidelines are needed to decrease the incidence/severity of work-related eye injuries and to detect and manage eye infections earlier and more promptly. LIMITATIONS Retrospective study, in one hospital in one area; therefore, results cannot be generalized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saad A Al-Dahmash
- Dr. Saad A. Al-Dahmash, Department of Ophthalmology,, College of Medicine,King Saud University,, PO Box 240310, Riyadh 11322, Saudi Arabia, T:+966114786100 Ext.1426,, F:+9664775731, , ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9326-0172
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jain S, Jain P. Rehabilitation of orbital cavity after orbital exenteration using polymethyl methacrylate orbital prosthesis. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2016; 16:100-4. [PMID: 27134437 PMCID: PMC4832809 DOI: 10.4103/0972-4052.167944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid is the second most common malignant neoplasm of the eye with the incidence of 0.09 and 2.42 cases/100 000 people. Orbital invasion is a rare complication but, if recognized early, can be treated effectively with exenteration. Although with advancements in technology such as computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing, material science, and retentive methods like implants, orbital prosthesis with stock ocular prosthesis made of methyl methacrylate retained by anatomic undercuts is quiet effective and should not be overlooked and forgotten. This clinical report describes prosthetic rehabilitation of two male patients with polymethyl methacrylate resin orbital prosthesis after orbital exenteration, for squamous cell carcinoma of the upper eyelid. The orbital prosthesis was sufficiently retained by hard and soft tissue undercuts without any complications. The patients using the prosthesis are quite satisfied with the cosmetic results and felt comfortable attending the social events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Jain
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parul Jain
- Consultant Novel Dental N Implant Clinic, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koylu MT, Gokce G, Uysal Y, Ceylan OM, Akıncıoglu D, Gunal A. Indications for eye removal surgeries. A 15-year experience at a tertiary military hospital. Saudi Med J 2016; 36:1205-9. [PMID: 26446332 PMCID: PMC4621727 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.10.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To analyze the indications and types of eye removals at a military tertiary care hospital in Turkey. Methods: The medical records (age, gender, affected eye, type of surgical procedure, indications of surgery) of 123 patients who underwent evisceration and enucleation in the course of a 15-year period (January 2000 to December 2014) at Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey were reviewed retrospectively. Results: The mean age was 35.61±18.52 (range 3-80 years). The number of male in the patient group was 92 (74.8%) and female was 31 (25.2%). Patients who underwent evisceration were 95 (77.2%), whereas 28 (22.8%) of them underwent enucleation. The mean age of the eviscerated patients was 30.63±13.08, whereas the mean age of the enucleated patients was 52.50±23.92 (p<0.001). The leading indications for eye amputations were trauma (n=62, 50.4%), malignancy (n=20, 16.3%), painful blind eye and absolute glaucoma (n=20, 16.3%), endophthalmitis (n=12, 9.7%), and phthisis bulbi, and cosmetic reasons (n=9, 7.3%). Conclusion: Trauma was the most common etiology for evisceration, and malignancy was the most common etiology for enucleation. Using protective eyewear and early detection of intraocular malignancy and glaucoma through routine ophthalmic examinations are essential for providing non-invasive treatment modalities instead of eye removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet T Koylu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tatvan Military Hospital, Tatvan, Bitlis, Turkey. E-mail.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Balta Ö, Acar U, Akbaş Kocaoğlu F, Örnek F. Review of 306 evisceration surgeries performed between 2005 and 2013. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:463-7. [PMID: 27511512 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1501-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the reasons for eye evisceration surgeries performed from 2005 to 2013 in our clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of patients who underwent evisceration surgery over the past 9 years were retrospectively evaluated. Detailed data were reviewed, with a focus on the first precipitating factor for evisceration. RESULTS Of the 306 patients who underwent evisceration surgery in the studied period, 111 (36.27%) were female (with a mean age of 41.56 ± 21.38 years) and 195 (63.73%) were male (with a mean age of 37.76 ± 21.92 years). The most common cause of evisceration was ocular trauma (184 patients; 60.1%). Male patients experienced significantly more trauma, while glaucoma was more common in female patients. CONCLUSIONS Eye removal is devastating for both patients and their relatives, and its most important and preventable cause is ocular trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Balta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Nafiz Körez Sincan State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Uğur Acar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Akbaş Kocaoğlu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Firdevs Örnek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pruthi G, Jain V, Rajendiran S, Jha R. Prosthetic rehabilitation after orbital exenteration: a case series. Indian J Ophthalmol 2015; 62:629-32. [PMID: 24881615 PMCID: PMC4065520 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.133523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbital exenteration is executed by the ophthalmic surgeon to treat various neoplasms or non-malignant diseases. But it leads to several functional, esthetic and psychological problems for the patients. Orbital prosthesis is a good alternative for cosmetic and psychological rehabilitation, if reconstructive surgery is not possible or not desired by the patient. In the following article, different materials and retentive aids for fabrication of an orbital prosthesis given in the literature along with few novel methods have been discussed for four patients who underwent orbital exenteration. Factors that an ophthalmic surgeon should consider during surgery, which may later on help the prosthodontist to obtain good cosmetic results, are also discussed briefly. Remarkable results can be obtained if both work as a team for one common goal i.e. improvement of quality of life of the patient after orbital exenteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Pruthi
- Department of Prosthodontics; Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Phantom eye syndrome: a review of the literature. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:686493. [PMID: 25548790 PMCID: PMC4273592 DOI: 10.1155/2014/686493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this literature review was to describe the main features of phantom eye syndrome in relation to their possible causes, symptoms, treatments, and influence of eye amputation on quality of life of anophthalmic patients. For this, a bibliographical research was performed in Pubmed database using the following terms: “eye amputation,” “eye trauma,” “phantom eye syndrome,” “phantom pain,” and “quality of life,” associated or not. Thirteen studies were selected, besides some relevant references contained in the selected manuscripts and other studies hallowed in the literature. Thus, 56 articles were included in this review. The phantom eye syndrome is defined as any sensation reported by the patient with anophthalmia, originated anophthalmic cavity. In phantom eye syndrome, at least one of these three symptoms has to be present: phantom vision, phantom pain, and phantom sensations. This syndrome has a direct influence on the quality of life of the patients, and psychological support is recommended before and after the amputation of the eyeball as well as aid in the treatment of the syndrome. Therefore, it is suggested that, for more effective treatment of phantom eye syndrome, drug therapy should be associated with psychological approach.
Collapse
|
14
|
Durbec M, Couloigner V, Tronche S, Albert S, Kanitakis J, Ltaief Boudrigua A, Malard O, Maubec E, Mourrain Langlois E, Navailles B, Peuvrel L, Phulpin B, Thimonier JC, Disant F, Dolivet G. Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology (SFORL), short version. Extension assessment and principles of resection in cutaneous head and neck tumors. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2014; 131:375-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
15
|
Kagmeni G, Noche CD, Nguefack-Tsague G, Wiedemann P. Indications for surgical removal of the eye in rural areas in cameroon. OPHTHALMOLOGY AND EYE DISEASES 2014; 6:27-30. [PMID: 24940088 PMCID: PMC4055416 DOI: 10.4137/oed.s14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the main clinical indications for surgical removal of the eye in rural areas in Cameroon. DESIGN Retrospective non-comparative case series. PARTICIPANTS A total of 253 patients presenting to the Manna eye clinic Nkongsamba who underwent destructive eye surgery (DES) between January 2006 and December 2010 were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Age, gender, occupation, prior medication, visual acuity, operation indications, and type of operation. RESULTS There were 58.10% (n = 147) men and 41.90% (n = 106) women. Median age was 29 years (interquartile range: 14-69 years); age ranged from 10 to 88 years. A total of 67.19% (n = 170) of participants were farmers and lived in rural zones. In all, 79.05% (n = 200) confessed to have trying a medication before the presentation. Surgical indications included infective causes (perforated corneal ulcer 33.20% (n = 84) and endophthalmitis 18.20% (n = 46)), trauma 17.40% (n = 44), painful blind eyes 11.50% (n = 29), malignancy 10.70% (n = 27), and others 9.10% (n = 23). CONCLUSION The most common causes of DES in this series could be avoided. Therefore, preventive measures including extensive health education of the public and traditional healers on the risks linked to the use of traditional medicines in ophthalmology and the late presentation of eye disease, quality control of the campaigns that offer free cataract operations in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giles Kagmeni
- University Teaching Hospital Yaounde (UTHY), Cameroon
- University of Yaoundé I, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cameroon
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Geirsdottir A, Agnarsson BA, Helgadottir G, Sigurdsson H. Enucleation in Iceland 1992-2004: study in a defined population. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:121-5. [PMID: 23164069 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the incidence rate as well as causative diagnoses and surgical indications of enucleation in Iceland during the years 1992-2004. METHODS A retrospective population-based incidence study involving the entire population of Iceland. Medical records of all patients who underwent enucleation in Iceland from January 1992 through December 2004 were reviewed. The annually updated Icelandic census was used as a denominator data. RESULTS Fifty-six eyes were enucleated during 1992-2004. No eviscerations were done, and the three exenterations performed were not included in the study. The mean annual age-adjusted incidence rate of enucleation in Iceland was 1.48 enucleations per 100 000 population in comparison with 2.66 enucleations per 100 000 for the time period 1964-1991. With advancing age, a significant increasing linear trend existed (p < 0.001). The median age at enucleation was 51 years (SD 22; mean 55 years; 16-91 years). The three most common surgical indications for enucleation were blind painful eye, suspected ocular malignancy and acute trauma. The most common causative diagnosis for enucleation was traumatic lesion (39%). The annual incidence was 2.00 enucleations per 100 000 for men and 0.95 for women. There were significantly more men in the traumatic lesion group (p < 0.001), but no gender predominance was found in the other groups of causative diagnoses (p = 0.8). CONCLUSION The overall mean annual incidence of enucleation in Iceland is continually decreasing, although the incidence of severe ocular trauma and ocular malignancy is fairly stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asbjorg Geirsdottir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, IcelandSchool of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, IcelandDepartment of Pathology, Landspítali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morgan-Warren PJ, Mehta P, Ahluwalia HS. Visual function and quality of life in patients who had undergone eye removal surgery: a patient survey. Orbit 2013; 32:285-293. [PMID: 23895462 DOI: 10.3109/01676830.2013.814687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure aspects of self-reported vision-related health status and assess the impact of treatment in patients who have undergone eye removal surgery (evisceration or enucleation), using a patient administered questionnaire. METHODS In this non-randomised, questionnaire-based cohort study, patients were identified from the Artificial Eye Service referral register from 2003 to 2010. A self-administered questionnaire based upon previously published scales was completed to measure aspects of visual function and the impact of treatment. RESULTS Thirty-six completed questionnaires were obtained. Mean age at surgery was 54.1 years (range 13-90), with 83% male. Indication for eye-removal was trauma in 14(39%) cases. Ten (28%) had ocular co-morbidity in the fellow-eye. The main reported difficulties were with peripheral vision or distance judgements, in 64% patients. The majority of drivers (66%) had maintained the ability to drive. Self-consciousness was reported in 28(78%) patients, and 56% were able to continue work or activities with no perceived limitations. Overall comfort and aesthetic improvement were noted by the majority. Procedure-specific information leaflets for patients were appreciated. CONCLUSIONS This survey increases our knowledge of aspects of vision-related health status following ocular pathology or trauma that requires eye removal, and may enable improved pre-operative patient counselling. Effects on peripheral vision may be noted most significantly, but the majority can continue normal activities with little difficulty. Overall improvement in comfort and appearance occurs in most patients, although feelings of self-consciousness are common.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Morgan-Warren
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road , Coventry, CV2 2DX , United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zheng C, Wu AY. Enucleation versus evisceration in ocular trauma: a retrospective review and study of current literature. Orbit 2013; 32:356-61. [PMID: 23909276 DOI: 10.3109/01676830.2013.764452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare variables and outcomes from ocular trauma leading to either enucleation or evisceration to better inform surgical decision making. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS We reviewed 441 patients between 2001 and 2012 presenting with ocular trauma to a Level 1 trauma center in Queens, New York; of these, there were 16 enucleations and 6 eviscerations. Retrospective chart review noted age, gender, mechanism of injury, initial and final visual acuity, time to surgery, length of follow-up, pain, degree of motility, and complications. A review of literature in the context of our study was performed. RESULTS 20 patients were male and 2 patients were female; average age was 44 (SD: 20.0, range 18-91). 9/16 patients were enucleated to prevent sympathetic ophthalmia, whereas only 1/5 patient was eviscerated for this indication (p = 0.1619). No cases of sympathetic ophthalmia were reported over an average follow-up of 316 days. Average length of follow-up varied significantly between the two groups, with an average of 370.4 days (SD: 566.9, range 0-1870) for enucleated eyes and 172.7 days (SD: 146.3, range 0-422) for eviscerated eyes (p = 0.42). Medpor implants were preferred in eviscerations (5/6 eviscerations), whereas hydroxyapatite implants were preferred in enucleations (10/16 enucleations, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Surgical decision-making in ocular trauma is largely based on surgeon preference and experience, with minimal evidence in the literature to support either enucleation or evisceration. We recommend evisceration over enucleation in cases of reliable patient follow-up due to the low incidence of sympathetic ophthalmia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Feng K, Ma ZZ. Clinical features, anatomical and visual outcomes, and prognostic factors in closed globe injuries presenting with no light perception: Eye Injury Vitrectomy Study. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:e493-4. [PMID: 22151827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate eye-amputated patients' health-related quality of life, perceived stress, self-rated health, job separation because of illness or disability and socioeconomic position. METHODS Patients were recruited from a tertiary referral centre situated in Copenhagen. Inclusion criteria were eye amputation, i.e. evisceration, enucleation, orbital exenteration or secondary implantation of an orbital implant during the period 1996-2003, and participation in a previous investigation (2005). In total, 159 eye-amputated patients were included, and completed a self-administered questionnaire containing health-related quality of life (SF-36), the perceived stress scale and answered questions about self-rated health, job changes because of illness or disability and socioeconomic status. These results were compared with findings from the Danish Health Interview Survey 2005. RESULTS The eye-amputated patients had significantly (p < 0.05) lower scores (poorer health) on all SF-36 subscales and more perceived stress compared to the general population. In all, 43.3% of the patients rated their health as excellent or very good compared to 52.1% of the general population. In total, 25% of the study population has retired or changed to a part-time job because of eye disease. The percentage of eye amputated patients, who were divorced or separated, was twice as high as in the general population. CONCLUSION The impact of an eye amputation is considerable. The quality of life, perceived stress and self-rated health of many eye-amputated patients are drastically changed. Eye amputation has a marked negative influence on job separation because of illness or disability and on socioeconomic position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie L R Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Eye Pathology Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Toft PB, Rasmussen MLR, Prause JU. One-stage explant-implant procedure of exposed porous orbital implants. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:210-4. [PMID: 20528784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.01914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the risks of implant exposure after a combined explant-implant procedure in patients with an exposed porous orbital implant. METHODS Twenty-four consecutive patients who had a combined explant-implant procedure of an exposed hydroxyapatite (21) or porous polyethylene (3) orbital implant from January 2000 to February 2009 were included. The patient records were reviewed; patients were interviewed by telephone and invited for a clinical examination. Histopathological examination was carried out on the removed implants. Main outcome measures were: presence of exposure of the new implant or not, patient graded satisfaction with the cosmetic result, and presence of poor motility. RESULTS None of the new implants became exposed or infected in the follow-up period of 25 [3-94] months (median [range]). The patients scored their satisfaction with the cosmetic result to a median score of 9 (range 5-10). Poor motility was present in six of 17 patients. Micro-organisms were identified in three removed implants and signs of inflammation were present in 20 removed implants. CONCLUSIONS If a decision of implant removal has been made, it is safe to replace the implant at the same procedure in sockets without profound signs of infection. The procedure carries a possible risk of poor motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Toft
- Eye Clinic, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the quality of phantom pain, its intensity and frequency following eye amputation. Possible triggers and relievers of phantom pain are investigated. METHODS The hospital database was searched using surgery codes for patients who received ocular evisceration, enucleation, orbital exenteration or secondary implantation of an orbital implant in the period between 1993 and 2003. A total of 267 patients were identified and invited to participate; of these, 173 agreed to participate. These patients' medical records were reviewed. A structured interview focusing on pain was conducted by a trained interviewer. RESULTS Of the 173 patients in the study, 39 experienced phantom pain. The median age of patients who had experienced phantom pain was 45 years (range: 19-88). Follow-up time from eye amputation to participation in the investigation was 4 years (range: 2-46). Phantom pain was reported to be of three different qualities: (i) cutting, penetrating, gnawing or oppressive (n = 19); (ii) radiating, zapping or shooting (n = 8); (iii) superficial burning or stinging (n = 5); or a mixture of these different pain qualities (n = 7). The median intensity on a visual analogue scale, ranging from 0 to 100, was 36 (range: 1-89). One-third of the patients experienced phantom pain every day. Chilliness, windy weather and psychological stress/fatigue were the most commonly reported triggers for pain. CONCLUSIONS Phantom pain after eye amputation is relatively common. The pain appears to be similar to the phantom pain suffered by limb amputees. Patients should be informed about this potential complication before surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie L R Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rasmussen MLR. The eye amputated - consequences of eye amputation with emphasis on clinical aspects, phantom eye syndrome and quality of life. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88 Thesis 2:1-26. [PMID: 21108770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this thesis the term eye amputation (EA) covers the removing of an eye by: evisceration, enucleation and exenteration. Amputation of an eye is most frequently the end-stage in a complicated disease, or the primary treatment in trauma and neoplasm. In 2010 the literature is extensive due to knowledge about types of surgery, implants and surgical technique. However, not much is known about the time past surgery. THE PURPOSE OF THE PHD THESIS WAS To identify the number of EA, the causative diagnosis and the indication for surgical removal of the eye, the chosen surgical technique and to evaluate a possible change in surgical technique in Denmark from 1996 until 2003 (paper I); To describe the phantom eye syndrome and its prevalence of visual hallucinations, phantom pain and phantom sensations (paper II); To characterise the quality of phantom eye pain, including its intensity and frequency among EA patients. We attempted to identify patients with increased risk of developing pain after EA and investigated if preoperative pain is a risk factor for a later development of phantom pain (paper III); In addition we wanted to investigate the health related quality of life, perceived stress, self rated health, job separation due to illness or disability and socio-economic position of the EA in comparison with the general Danish population (paper IV). THE STUDIES WERE BASED ON Records on 431 EA patients, clinical ophthalmological examination and an interview study of 173 EA patients and a questionnaire answered by 120 EA patients. CONCLUSIONS The most frequent indications for EA in Denmark were painful blind eye (37%) and neoplasm (34%). During the study period 1996-2003, the annual number of eye amputations was stable, but an increase in bulbar eviscerations was noticed. Orbital implants were used with an increasing tendency until 2003. The Phantom eye syndrome is frequent among EA patients. Visual hallucinations were described by 42% of the patients. The content were mainly elementary visual hallucinations, with white or colored light as a continuous sharp light or as moving dots. The most frequent triggers were darkness, closing of the eyes, fatigue and psychological stress. Fifty-four percent of the patients had visual hallucinations more than once a week. Ten patients were so visually disturbed that it interfered with their daily life. Approximately 23% of all EA experience phantom pain for several years after the surgery. Phantom pain was reported to be of three different qualities: (i) cutting, penetrating, gnawing or oppressive (n=19); (ii) radiating, zapping or shooting (n=8); (iii) superficial burning or stinging (n=5); or a mixture of these different pain qualities (n=7). The median intensity on a visual analogue scale, ranging from 0 to 100, was 36 [range: 1-89]. One-third of the patients experienced phantom pain every day. Chilliness, windy weather and psychological stress/fatigue were the most commonly reported triggers for pain. Factors associated with phantom pain were: ophthalmic pain before EA, the presence of implant and a patient reported high degree of conjunctival secretion. A common reason for EA is the presence of a painful blind eye. However, one third of these patients continue to have pain after the EA. Phantom sensations were present in 2% of the patients. The impact of an eye amputation is considerable. EA patients have poorer health related quality of life, poorer self-rated health and more perceived stress than does the general population. The largest differences in health related quality of life between the EA patients and the general population were related to role limitations due to emotional problems and mental health. Patients with the indication painful blind eye are having lower scores in all aspects of health related quality of life and perceived stress than patients with the indication neoplasm and trauma. The percentage of eye amputated which is divorced or separated was twice as high as in the general population. Furthermore, 25% retired or changed to part-time jobs due to eye disease and 39.5% stopped participating in leisure activities due to their EAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Louise Roed Rasmussen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Section of Eye Pathology, Frederik den V's vej 11, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Roed Rasmusen ML. The eye amputated - Consequences of eye amputation with emphasis on clinical aspects, phantom eye syndrome and quality of life. Acta Ophthalmol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|