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Thomas J, Wilson S. Molecular and Therapeutic Targets for Amyloid-beta Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review Study. Basic Clin Neurosci 2024; 15:1-26. [PMID: 39291090 PMCID: PMC11403107 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.3522.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive loss of cognition and a gradual decrease in memory. Although AD is considered the most persistent form of dementia and a global concern, no complete cure or agents that can completely halt the progression of AD have been found. In the past years, significant progress has been made in understanding the cellular and molecular changes associated with AD, and numerous drug targets have been identified for the development of drugs for this disease. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are the major attributes of AD. Symptomatic relief is the only possible treatment available at present and a disease-modifying drug is of utmost importance. The development of drugs that can inhibit different targets responsible for the formation of plaques is a potential area in AD research. This review is not a complete list of all possible targets for AD but serves to highlight the targets related to Aβ pathology and pathways concerned with the formation of Aβ fragments. This shall serve as a prospect in the identification of Aβ plaque inhibitors and pave the strategies for newer drug treatments. Nevertheless, substantial research is done in this area but to bridle, the clinical difficulty remains a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy University of Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham, Guntur, India
| | - Samson Wilson
- University of Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
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2
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Li J, Wu X, Tan X, Wang S, Qu R, Wu X, Chen Z, Wang Z, Chen G. The efficacy and safety of anti-Aβ agents for delaying cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1257973. [PMID: 38020763 PMCID: PMC10661413 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1257973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of amyloid-β (Aβ) targeted therapies for delaying cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched to identify relevant studies published before January 18, 2023. Results We pooled 33,689 participants from 42 studies. The meta-analysis showed no difference between anti-Aβ drugs and placebo in the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), and anti-Aβ drugs were associated with a high risk of adverse events [ADAS-Cog: MDs = -0.08 (-0.32 to 0.15), p = 0.4785; AEs: RR = 1.07 (1.02 to 1.11), p = 0.0014]. Monoclonal antibodies outperformed the placebo in delaying cognitive deterioration as measured by ADAS-Cog, Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL), without increasing the risk of adverse events [ADAS-Cog: MDs = -0.55 (-0.89 to 0.21), p = 0.001; CDR-SB: MDs = -0.19 (-0.29 to -0.10), p < 0.0001; MMSE: MDs = 0.19 (0.00 to 0.39), p = 0.05; ADCS-ADL: MDs = 1.26 (0.84 to 1.68), p < 0.00001]. Intravenous immunoglobulin and γ-secretase modulators (GSM) increased cognitive decline in CDR-SB [MDs = 0.45 (0.17 to 0.74), p = 0.002], but had acceptable safety profiles in AD patients. γ-secretase inhibitors (GSI) increased cognitive decline in ADAS-Cog, and also in MMSE and ADCS-ADL. BACE-1 inhibitors aggravated cognitive deterioration in the outcome of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). GSI and BACE-1 inhibitors caused safety concerns. No evidence indicates active Aβ immunotherapy, MPAC, or tramiprosate have effects on cognitive function and tramiprosate is associated with serious adverse events. Conclusion Current evidence does not show that anti-Aβ drugs have an effect on cognitive performance in AD patients. However, monoclonal antibodies can delay cognitive decline in AD. Development of other types of anti-Aβ drugs should be cautious. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/), identifier CRD42023391596.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shixin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruisi Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhouqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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3
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Vladar EK, Kunimoto K, Rojas-Hernandez LS, Spano JM, Sellers ZM, Joo NS, Cooney RA, Axelrod JD, Milla CE. Notch signaling inactivation by small molecule γ-secretase inhibitors restores the multiciliated cell population in the airway epithelium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L771-L782. [PMID: 37039381 PMCID: PMC10202488 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00382.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cell loss is a hallmark of airway epithelial remodeling in chronic inflammatory airway diseases including cystic fibrosis (CF), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It disrupts mucociliary clearance, which fuels disease progression. Effective clearance requires an optimal proportion of multiciliated and secretory cells. This is controlled by Notch signaling such that between two adjacent cells the one that activates Notch becomes a secretory cell and the one that avoids Notch activation becomes a multiciliated cell. Consequently, blocking Notch by a small molecule inhibitor of the γ-secretase enzyme that cleaves the Notch receptor for signal activation directs differentiation toward the multiciliated lineage. Thus, γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) treatment may alleviate multiciliated cell loss in lung disease. Here, we demonstrate the therapeutic restoration of multiciliated cells by the GSI LY450139 (semagacestat). LY450139 increased multiciliated cell numbers in a dose-dependent manner in healthy primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) during differentiation and in mature cultures, but not when applied during early epithelialization of progenitors. LY450139 did not impact stem cell proliferation. Basal and apical administration were equally effective. In healthy adult mice, LY450139 increased multiciliated cell numbers without detectible toxicity. LY450139 also increased multiciliated cells and decreased excess mucus secretory cells in CF HNECs and IL-13 remodeled healthy HNECs. LY450139 normalized multiciliated cell numbers in CF HNECs without interfering with the activity of CFTR modulator compounds. In summary, we demonstrate that GSI administration is a promising therapeutic to restore multiciliated cells and potentially improve epithelial function in a wide range of chronic lung diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings show that low-dose, short-term topical or systemic γ-secretase inhibitor treatment may lead to restoration of multiciliated cells without toxicity and potentially improve epithelial function in a wide range of chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter K Vladar
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Koshi Kunimoto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Laura S Rojas-Hernandez
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Jacquelyn M Spano
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Zachary M Sellers
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Nam Soo Joo
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Riley A Cooney
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Carlos E Milla
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
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4
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Sahlgren Bendtsen KM, Hall VJ. The Breakthroughs and Caveats of Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Modeling Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030420. [PMID: 36766763 PMCID: PMC9913971 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling Alzheimer's disease (AD) using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a field now spanning 15 years. Developments in the field have shown a shift in using simple 2D cortical neuron models to more advanced tri-cultures and 3D cerebral organoids that recapitulate more features of the disease. This is largely due to development and optimization of new cell protocols. In this review, we highlight recent major breakthroughs in the AD field and the implications this has in modeling AD using iPSCs (AD-iPSCs). To date, AD-iPSCs have been largely used to recapitulate and study impaired amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and tau phosphorylation in both familial and sporadic AD. AD-iPSCs have also been studied for varying neuronal and glial dysfunctions. Moreover, they have been useful for discovering new molecular mechanisms, such as identifying proteins that bridge APP processing with tau phosphorylation and for identifying molecular pathways that bridge APP processing dysfunction with impaired cholesterol biosynthesis. Perhaps the greatest use of AD-iPSCs has been in discovering compounds via drug screening, that reduce amyloid beta (Aβ) in neurons, such as the anti-inflammatory compound, cromolyn, and antiparasitic drugs, avermectins. In addition, high content screening using AD-iPSCs has led to the identification of statins that can reduce levels of phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) in neurons. Some of these compounds have made it through to testing in human clinical trials. Improvements in omic technologies including single cell RNA sequencing and proteomics as well as advances in production of iPSC-cerebral organoids and tri-cultures is likely to result in the further discovery of new drugs and treatments for AD. Some caveats remain in the field, including, long experimental conditions to create mature neurons, high costs of media that limit research capabilities, and a lack of reproducibility using current iPSC-cerebral organoid protocols. Despite these current limitations, AD-iPSCs remain an excellent cellular model for studying AD mechanisms and for drug discovery.
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5
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Gao J, Wu P, Chi Y, Xu H, Zhao Y, Song N, Mao Y. LY450139 Inhibited Ti-Particle-Induced Bone Dissolution via Suppressing Notch and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:211-223. [PMID: 35588014 PMCID: PMC9300553 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening of the prosthesis caused by wear-particle-induced osteolysis is a long-term complication and one of the most common reasons for the failure of joint implants. The primary cause of aseptic loosening of the prosthesis is overactive bone resorption caused by wear-particle-activated osteoclasts in both direct and indirect ways. Therefore, drugs that can inhibit differentiation and bone resorption of osteoclasts need investigation as a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat peri-prosthetic osteolysis and thereby prolong the service life of the prosthesis. This study has verified the potential inhibitory effect of LY450139 on inflammatory osteolysis induced by titanium particles in a mice skull model. In addition, we found that LY450139 inhibited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption, and podosomal actin belt formation in a dose-dependent manner without evidence of cytotoxicity in vitro. In addition, LY450139 significantly decreased the expression of osteoclast-specific markers, including TRAP, CTSK, V-ATPase d2, CTR, DC-STAMP, NFATc1, and the downstream target gene Hes1 in Notch signaling pathway. Further investigation of the molecular mechanism demonstrated that LY450139 inhibited the formation of osteoclasts via inhibition of the NF-κB and Notch signaling pathways. In summary, LY450139 inhibited the formation of RANKL-mediated osteoclasts via NF-κB and Notch signaling and inhibited Ti particle-induced inflammatory osteolysis in vivo. LY450139 is a potential targeted drug for the treatment of peri-prosthetic osteolysis and other osteolytic disease associated with overactive osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijian Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Huating First People's Hospital, Pingliang, 744000, Gansu, China
| | - Yingjun Chi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nanyan Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shengzhou People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Shengzhou Branch), Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanqing Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Singh S, Yang F, Sivils A, Cegielski V, Chu XP. Amylin and Secretases in the Pathology and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:996. [PMID: 35883551 PMCID: PMC9312829 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease remains a prevailing neurodegenerative condition which has an array physical, emotional, and financial consequences to patients and society. In the past decade, there has been a greater degree of investigation on therapeutic small peptides. This group of biomolecules have a profile of fundamentally sound characteristics which make them an intriguing area for drug development. Among these biomolecules, there are four modulatory mechanisms of interest in this review: alpha-, beta-, gamma-secretases, and amylin. These protease-based biomolecules all have a contributory role in the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Moreover, the involvement of various biochemical pathways intertwines these peptides to have shared regulators (i.e., retinoids). Further clinical and translational investigation must occur to gain a greater understanding of its potential application in patient care. The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the contemporary literature on these protease biomolecule modulators and determine its utility in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiang-Ping Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (S.S.); (F.Y.); (A.S.); (V.C.)
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7
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Yokoyama M, Kobayashi H, Tatsumi L, Tomita T. Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:912995. [PMID: 35799899 PMCID: PMC9254908 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.912995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and personality changes, eventually leading to dementia. The pathological hallmarks of AD are senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which comprise abnormally aggregated β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. To develop preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for AD, it is essential to establish animal models that recapitulate the pathophysiological process of AD. In this review, we will summarize the advantages and limitations of various mouse models of AD, including transgenic, knock-in, and injection models based on Aβ and tau. We will also discuss other mouse models based on neuroinflammation because recent genetic studies have suggested that microglia are crucial in the pathogenesis of AD. Although each mouse model has its advantages and disadvantages, further research on AD pathobiology will lead to the establishment of more accurate mouse models, and accelerate the development of innovative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Martens AWJ, Rietveld JM, de Boer R, Peters FS, Ngo A, van Mil LWHG, de Heer K, Spaargaren M, Verkleij CPM, van de Donk NWCJ, Adams HC, Eldering E, van Noesel CJM, Verona R, Kater AP. Redirecting T-cell Activity with Anti-BCMA/Anti-CD3 Bispecific Antibodies in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Other B-cell Lymphomas. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:330-341. [PMID: 36875718 PMCID: PMC9981202 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies hold high promise for treatment of B-cell malignancies. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) exhibits high expression on normal and malignant mature B cells including plasma cells, which can be enhanced by inhibition of γ-secretase. BCMA is considered a validated target in multiple myeloma but whether mature B-cell lymphomas can be targeted by the BCMAxCD3 T-cell redirector teclistamab is currently unknown. BCMA expression on B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells was assessed by flow cytometry and/or IHC. To assess teclistamab efficacy, cells were treated with teclistamab in presence of effector cells with/without γ-secretase inhibition. BCMA could be detected on all tested mature B-cell malignancy cell lines, while expression levels varied per tumor type. γ-secretase inhibition universally increased BCMA surface expression. These data were corroborated in primary samples from patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, CLL, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Functional studies with the B-cell lymphoma cell lines revealed teclistamab-mediated T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. This was independent of the level of BCMA expression, but generally lower in mature B-cell malignancies compared with multiple myeloma. Despite low BCMA levels, healthy donor T cells and CLL-derived T cells induced lysis of (autologous) CLL cells upon addition of teclistamab. These data show that BCMA is expressed on various B-cell malignancies and that lymphoma cell lines and primary CLL can be targeted using teclistamab. Further studies to understand the determinants of response to teclistamab are required to identify which other diseases might be suitable for teclistamab targeting. Significance Besides reported BCMA expression on multiple myeloma, we demonstrate BCMA can be detected and enhanced using γ-secretase inhibition on cell lines and primary material of various B-cell malignancies. Furthermore, using CLL we demonstrate that low BCMA-expressing tumors can be targeted efficiently using the BCMAxCD3 DuoBody teclistamab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne W J Martens
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Rietveld
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renate de Boer
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur S Peters
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - An Ngo
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte W H G van Mil
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen de Heer
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Flevoziekenhuis, Almere, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Spaargaren
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, the Netherlands
| | - Christie P M Verkleij
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Homer C Adams
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, the Netherlands
| | - Carel J M van Noesel
- Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, the Netherlands
| | - Raluca Verona
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, the Netherlands
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9
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Zhang H, Zhang D, Tang K, Sun Q. The Relationship Between Alzheimer's Disease and Skin Diseases: A Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1551-1560. [PMID: 34729018 PMCID: PMC8554316 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s322530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia placing a heavy burden on the healthcare system worldwide. Skin diseases are also one of the most common health problems. Several skin diseases are associated with Alzheimer's disease through different mechanisms. This review summarizes the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and several types of skin diseases, including bullous pemphigoid, hidradenitis suppurativa, psoriasis, skin cancer, and cutaneous amyloidosis, and provides suggestions based on these associations. Neurologists, dermatologists, and general practitioners should be aware of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and skin diseases. Dermatology/neurology consultation or referral is necessary when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingyue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyun Tang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuning Sun
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
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10
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Targeting Common Signaling Pathways for the Treatment of Stroke and Alzheimer's: a Comprehensive Review. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1589-1612. [PMID: 34169405 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two inter-related disorders that affect the neurons in the brain and central nervous system. Alzheimer's is a disease by undefined origin and causes. Stroke and its most common type, ischemic stroke (IS), occurs due to the blockade of cerebral blood vessels. As an important feature, both of disorders are associated with irreversible damages to the brain and nervous system. In this regard, finding common signaling pathways and the same molecular origin between these two diseases may be a promising way for their solution. On the basis of literature appraisal, the most common signaling cascades implicated in the pathogenesis of AD and stroke including notch, autophagy, inflammatory, and insulin signaling pathways were reviewed. Furthermore, current therapeutic strategies including natural and synthetic pharmaceuticals aiming modulation of respective signaling factors were scrutinized to ameliorate neural deficits in AD and stroke. Taken together, digging deeper in the common connections and signal targeting can be greatly helpful in understanding and unified treating of these disorders.
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11
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Cheng X, Yu Z, Xu J, Quan D, Long H. Pathophysiological Changes and the Role of Notch-1 Activation After Decompression in a Compressive Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:579431. [PMID: 33584186 PMCID: PMC7876297 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.579431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical decompression is the primary treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients with compressive spinal cord injury (CSCI). However, the prognosis of patients with CSCI varies, and the pathophysiological changes following decompression remain poor. This study aimed to investigate the pathophysiological changes and the role of Notch-1 activation after decompression in a rat CSCI model. Surgical decompression was conducted at 1 week post-injury (wpi). DAPT was intraperitoneally injected to down-regulate Notch-1 expression. Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores and an inclined plane test were used to evaluate the motor function recovery. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess pathophysiological changes, while hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), von Willebrand factor (vWF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-2, Notch-1, and Hes-1 expression in the spinal cord were examined by immunohistochemical analysis or quantitative PCR. The results show that early decompression can partially promote motor function recovery. Improvements in structural and cellular damage and hypoxic levels were also observed in the decompressed spinal cord. Moreover, decompression resulted in increased VEGF and vWF expression, but decreased MMP-9 and MMP-2 expression at 3 wpi. Expression levels of Notch-1 and its downstream gene Hes-1 were increased after decompression, and the inhibition of Notch-1 significantly reduced the decompression-induced motor function recovery. This exploratory study revealed preliminary pathophysiological changes in the compressed and decompressed rat spinal cord. Furthermore, we confirmed that early surgical decompression partially promotes motor function recovery may via activation of the Notch-1 signaling pathway after CSCI. These results could provide new insights for the development of drug therapy to enhance recovery following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengran Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daping Quan
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Houqing Long
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Kisby B, Jarrell JT, Agar ME, Cohen DS, Rosin ER, Cahill CM, Rogers JT, Huang X. Alzheimer's Disease and Its Potential Alternative Therapeutics. JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & PARKINSONISM 2019; 9. [PMID: 31588368 PMCID: PMC6777730 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects over 5 million individuals in the United States alone. Currently, there are only two kinds of pharmacological interventions available for symptomatic relief of AD; Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEI) and N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid (NMDA) receptor antagonists and these drugs do not slow down or stop the progression of the disease. Several molecular targets have been implicated in the pathophysiology of AD, such as the tau (τ) protein, Amyloid-beta (Aβ), the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and more and several responses have also been observed in the advancement of the disease, such as reduced neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and iron overload. In this review, we discuss general features of AD and several small molecules across different experimental AD drug classes that have been studied for their effects in the context of the molecular targets and responses associated with the AD progression. These drugs include: Paroxetine, Desferrioxamine (DFO), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), Posiphen/-(−)Phenserine, JTR-009, Carvedilol, LY450139, Intravenous immunoglobulin G 10%, Indomethacin and Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Kisby
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Juliet T Jarrell
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M Enes Agar
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David S Cohen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eric R Rosin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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13
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Gulcan HO, Mavideniz A, Sahin MF, Orhan IE. Benzimidazole-derived Compounds Designed for Different Targets of Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3260-3278. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190124123208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole scaffold has been efficiently used for the design of various pharmacologically active molecules. Indeed, there are various benzimidazole drugs, available today, employed for the treatment of different diseases. Although there is no benzimidazole moiety containing a drug used in clinic today for the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), there have been many benzimidazole derivative compounds designed and synthesized to act on some of the validated and non-validated targets of AD. This paper aims to review the literature to describe these benzimidazole containing molecules designed to target some of the biochemical cascades shown to be involved in the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Açelya Mavideniz
- Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Fethi Sahin
- Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Famagusta, TRNC, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Etiler, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Carreras I, Aytan N, Choi JK, Tognoni CM, Kowall NW, Jenkins BG, Dedeoglu A. Dual dose-dependent effects of fingolimod in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10972. [PMID: 31358793 PMCID: PMC6662857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is abnormal in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain leading to ceramide and sphingosine accumulation and reduced levels of brain sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We hypothesize that changes in S1P signaling are central to the inflammatory and immune-pathogenesis of AD and the therapeutic benefits of fingolimod, a structural analog of sphingosine that is FDA approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. We recently reported that the neuroprotective effects of fingolimod in 5xFAD transgenic AD mice treated from 1–3 months of age were greater at 1 mg/kg/day than at 5 mg/kg/day. Here we performed a dose-response study using fingolimod from 0.03 to 1 mg/kg/day in 5xFAD mice treated from 1–8 months of age. At 1 mg/kg/day, fingolimod decreased both peripheral blood lymphocyte counts and brain Aβ levels, but at the lowest dose tested (0.03 mg/kg/day), we detected improved memory, decreased activation of brain microglia and astrocytes, and restored hippocampal levels of GABA and glycerophosphocholine with no effect on circulating lymphocyte counts. These findings suggests that, unlike the case in multiple sclerosis, fingolimod may potentially have therapeutic benefits in AD at low doses that do not affect peripheral lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carreras
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Nurgul Aytan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Christina M Tognoni
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Bruce G Jenkins
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S Huntington Av, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 73 High St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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15
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Wang WT, Tailor BA, Cohen DS, Huang X. Alzheimer's Pathogenesis, Metal-Mediated Redox Stress, and Potential Nanotheranostics. EC PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 7:547-558. [PMID: 31565701 PMCID: PMC6764777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) characterized by insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and neuronal demise. The influence of environmental and genetic factors on AD progression remains elusive, however evidence suggests biometal dyshomeostasis elicits neuronal death, neuroinflammation, and accumulated oxidative damages in AD brain. As such, three pathways have been identified that result from abnormal biometal accumulation and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in AD brain parenchyma: (1) the damage caused by direct oxidation of cellular components such as DNA and proteins; (2) the oligomerization of Aβ and NFTs, and (3) the promotion of apoptosis through NF-κB signaling pathway. Finally, given recent developments in nanotechnology, we have briefly reviewed potential nanotheranostic agents as potential AD theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willam T Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Breeya A Tailor
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David S Cohen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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16
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Kaufman ML, Park KU, Goodson NB, Chew S, Bersie S, Jones KL, Lamba DA, Brzezinski JA. Transcriptional profiling of murine retinas undergoing semi-synchronous cone photoreceptor differentiation. Dev Biol 2019; 453:155-167. [PMID: 31163126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the gene regulatory networks that control cone photoreceptor formation has been hindered because cones only make up a few percent of the retina and form asynchronously during development. To overcome these limitations, we used a γ-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, to disrupt Notch signaling and force proliferating retinal progenitor cells to rapidly adopt neuronal identity. We treated mouse retinal explants at the peak of cone genesis with DAPT and examined tissues at several time-points by histology and bulk RNA-sequencing. We found that this treatment caused supernumerary cone formation in an overwhelmingly synchronized fashion. This analysis revealed several categorical patterns of gene expression changes over time relative to DMSO treated control explants. These were placed in the temporal context of the activation of Otx2, a transcription factor that is expressed at the onset of photoreceptor development and that is required for both rod and cone formation. One group of interest had genes, such as Mybl1, Ascl1, Neurog2, and Olig2, that became upregulated by DAPT treatment before Otx2. Two other groups showed upregulated gene expression shortly after Otx2, either transiently or permanently. This included genes such as Mybl1, Meis2, and Podxl. Our data provide a developmental timeline of the gene expression events that underlie the initial steps of cone genesis and maturation. Applying this strategy to human retinal organoid cultures was also sufficient to induce a massive increase in cone genesis. Taken together, our results provide a temporal framework that can be used to elucidate the gene regulatory logic controlling cone photoreceptor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ko Uoon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Noah B Goodson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shereen Chew
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Bersie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deepak A Lamba
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A Brzezinski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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17
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Youn K, Jun M. Biological Evaluation and Docking Analysis of Potent BACE1 Inhibitors from Boesenbergia rotunda. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030662. [PMID: 30893825 PMCID: PMC6471523 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of cognitive functions. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1) is essential for the formation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), a major constituent of amyloid plaques that represent a neuropathological hallmark of this disorder. To find alternative therapies for AD sourced from natural products, the present study focused on three flavonoids from Boesenbergia rotunda, namely, cardamonin, pinocembrin, and pinostrobin. Biological evaluation showed that cardamonin presented the strongest BACE1 inhibition, with an The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 4.35 ± 0.38 µM, followed by pinocembrin and pinostrobin with 27.01 ± 2.12 and 28.44 ± 1.96 µM, respectively. Kinetic studies indicated that the inhibitory constants (Ki) for cardamonin, pinocembrin, and pinostrobin against BACE1 were 5.1, 29.3, and 30.9 µM, respectively. Molecular docking studies showed that the tested compounds did not bind to the BACE1 active site, consistent with the biological results, illustrating non-competitive inhibitory activity for all three compounds. In addition, the lowest binding energy of the most proposed complexes of cardamonin, pinocembrin, and pinostrobin with BACE1 were -9.5, -7.9, and -7.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Overall, we provide the first evidence that these flavonoids from B. rotunda may be considered as promising AD preventative agents through inhibition of Aβ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumju Youn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea.
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea.
- Center for Silver-Targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea.
- Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.
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18
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Ye J, Wen J, Ning Y, Li Y. Higher notch expression implies poor survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreatology 2018; 18:954-961. [PMID: 30297095 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fetal disease lack of effective prognostic and therapeutic methods resulting in high mortality. The Notch signaling has been demonstrated being up- or down-regulated in many cancers, but the effects in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are still controversial. Moreover, the available cases in an individual study are of small samples. Therefore, it is essential to define the effect of Notch signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with larger samples. METHODS Conducted from 6 eligible studies and 463 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients, this was the first meta-analysis to analyze the correlation between the Notch signal pathway and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. All data were sourced from The National Center for Biotechnology Information, Web of Science and Cochrane. The articles which matched the inclusion criteria were included. All included data were analyzed and performed by Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS The results indicated that high expression of Notch signaling proteins was associated with poor overall survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients (pooled hazard ratio>2.00; P < 0.001). Moreover, poor survival was related to high expression of Notch3 (pooled hazard ratio: 2.05; confidence interval: 1.49-2.82; P < 0.001) and DLL4 (pooled hazard ratio: 2.13; confidence interval: 1.37-3.32; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis supports that Notch signaling proteins may be available as prognostic factors for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression and patient survival. Higher expression of Notch signaling proteins indicated poor survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. Targeting Notch signaling components, especially Notch3 protein, would be beneficial for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Ye
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junjie Wen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yunshan Ning
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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19
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Huang F, Qu A, Yang H, Zhu L, Zhou H, Liu J, Long J, Shi L. Self-Assembly Molecular Chaperone to Concurrently Inhibit the Production and Aggregation of Amyloid β Peptide Associated with Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:983-989. [PMID: 35650950 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, decreasing Aβ production and preventing Aβ aggregation are thought to be important strategies in anti-AD therapy. However, inhibiting Aβ production or aggregation in isolation is not sufficient to reverse the neurodegenerative process of AD patients in clinical testing. Here, a self-assembly molecular chaperone (SAMC) consisting of γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT and mixed-shell polymeric micelles is devised, serving as a bifunctional suppressor of AD. This two-in-one combinational system can simultaneously inhibit Aβ production and aggregation, which would contribute to enhancing the therapeutic effect by decreasing Aβ levels. Decorating a neuron-specific RVG29 peptide onto the surface, the DAPT-incorporated SAMC can specifically target neuronal cells and, thus, will relieve the strong side effect of DAPT on normal cells. Therefore, this combination strategy holds great potential to open up an avenue for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aoting Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiafu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Hassan M, Abbas Q, Seo SY, Shahzadi S, Ashwal HA, Zaki N, Iqbal Z, Moustafa AA. Computational modeling and biomarker studies of pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:639-655. [PMID: 29845262 PMCID: PMC6059694 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial disease. In order to understand the genetic influence in the progression of AD, and to identify novel pharmaceutical agents and their associated targets, the present study discusses computational modeling and biomarker evaluation approaches. Based on mechanistic signaling pathway approaches, various computational models, including biochemical and morphological models, are discussed to explore the strategies that may be used to target AD treatment. Different biomarkers are interpreted on the basis of morphological and functional features of amyloid β plaques and unstable microtubule‑associated tau protein, which is involved in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, imaging and cerebrospinal fluids are also considered to be key methods in the identification of novel markers for AD. In conclusion, the present study reviews various biochemical and morphological computational models and biomarkers to interpret novel targets and agonists for the treatment of AD. This review also highlights several therapeutic targets and their associated signaling pathways in AD, which may have potential to be used in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of patients with AD. Computational modeling approaches may aid the quest for the development of AD treatments with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Virtual University Davis Road Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hany Al Ashwal
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zeeshan Iqbal
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behavior and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
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21
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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22
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Kumar D, Ganeshpurkar A, Kumar D, Modi G, Gupta SK, Singh SK. Secretase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Long road ahead. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:436-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Newman M, Halter L, Lim A, Lardelli M. Mitochondrion to endoplasmic reticulum apposition length in zebrafish embryo spinal progenitors is unchanged in response to perturbations associated with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28636676 PMCID: PMC5479591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human genes PRESENILIN1 (PSEN1), PRESENILIN2 (PSEN2) and AMYLOID BETA A4 PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) have been identified in familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The length of mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum (M-ER) appositions is increased in Psen1-/-/Psen2-/- double knockout murine embryonic fibroblasts and in fibroblasts from AD-affected individuals. Development of an easily accessible, genetically manipulable, in vivo system for studying M-ER appositions would be valuable so we attempted to manipulate M-ER apposition length in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. We injected fertilized zebrafish eggs with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) that inhibit expression of zebrafish familial AD gene orthologues psen1 and psen2. Furthermore, we treated zebrafish embryos with DAPT (a highly specific γ-secretase inhibitor) or with sodium azide (to mimic partially hypoxic conditions). We then analyzed M-ER apposition in an identified, presumably proliferative neural cell type using electron microscopy. Our analysis showed no significant differences in M-ER apposition lengths at 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) between psen1 & psen2 MO co-injected embryos, embryos treated with DAPT, or sodium azide, and control embryos. Instead, the distribution of M-ER apposition lengths into different length classes was close to identical. However, this indicates that it is feasible to reproducibly measure M-ER size distributions in zebrafish embryos. While our observations differ from those of murine and human studies, this may be due to differences in cellular differentiation and metabolic state, cell age, or species-specific responses. In particular, by focusing on a presumably proliferative embryonic cell type, we may have selected a cell heavily already reliant on anaerobic glycolysis and less responsive to factors affecting M-ER apposition. Future examination of more differentiated, more secretory cell types may reveal measurable responses of M-ER apposition to environmental and genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (MN); (ML)
| | - Lena Halter
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anne Lim
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (MN); (ML)
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Part 3: Notch-sparing γ-secretase inhibitors: SAR studies of 2-substituted aminopyridopyrimidinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2138-41. [PMID: 27038496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In search for novel lead compounds as γ-secretase inhibitors, analogs of aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones (I) were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory effects on amyloid-β-peptide production and cleavage of the Notch1 receptor mediated by γ-secretase. Selected pyridopyrimidines, such as 1, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 16 are γ-secretase inhibitors that did not have an effect on Notch1 receptor processing.
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Shi J, Zuev D, Xu L, Lentz KA, Grace JE, Toyn JH, Olson RE, Macor JE, Thompson LA. Design and optimization of tricyclic gamma-secretase modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1498-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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P. Hurst T, Coleman-Vaughan C, Patwal I, V. McCarthy J. Regulated intramembrane proteolysis, innate immunity and therapeutic targets in Alzheimer’s disease. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Endothelial Transdifferentiation of Tumor Cells Triggered by the Twist1-Jagged1-KLF4 Axis: Relationship between Cancer Stemness and Angiogenesis. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:6439864. [PMID: 26823670 PMCID: PMC4707371 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6439864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with malignant biological phenotype including enhanced angiogenesis and metastasis. Hypoxia increases the expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), which directly participates in angiogenesis by recruiting endothelial cells into hypoxic area and stimulating their proliferation, for increasing vascular density. Recent research in tumor biology has focused on the model in which tumor-derived endothelial cells arise from tumor stem-like cells, but the detailed mechanism is not clear. Twist1, an important regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), has been shown to mediate tumor metastasis and induce tumor angiogenesis. Notch signaling has been demonstrated to be an important player in vascular development and tumor angiogenesis. KLF4 (Krüppel-like factor 4) is a factor commonly used for the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. KLF4 also plays an important role in the differentiation of endothelial cells. Although Twist1 is known as a master regulator of mesoderm development, it is unknown whether Twist1 could be involved in endothelial transdifferentiation of tumor-derived cells. This review focuses on the role of Twist1-Jagged1/Notch-KLF4 axis on tumor-derived endothelial transdifferentiation, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and cancer stemness.
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Han B, Liu SH, Guo WD, Zhang B, Wang JP, Cao YK, Liu J. Notch1 downregulation combined with interleukin-24 inhibits invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9727-9735. [PMID: 26361419 PMCID: PMC4562956 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i33.9727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To confirm the anti-invasion and anti-migration effects of down-regulation of Notch1 combined with interleukin (IL)-24 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.
METHODS: γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) were used to down-regulate Notch1. HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells were seeded in 96-well plates and treated with GSI-I or/and IL-24 for 48 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The cellular and nuclear morphology was observed under a fluorescence microscope. To further verify the apoptotic phenotype, cell cultures were also analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. The expression of Notch1, SNAIL1, SNAIL2, E-cadherin, IL-24, XIAP and VEGF was detected by Western blot. The invasion and migration capacities of HCC cells were detected by wound healing assays. Notch1 and Snail were down-regulated by RNA interference, and the target proteins were analyzed by Western blot. To investigate the mechanism of apoptosis, we analyzed HepG2 cells treated with siNotch1 or siCON plus IL-24 or not for 48 h by caspase-3/7 activity luminescent assay.
RESULTS: GSI-I at a dose of 2.5 μmol/L for 24 h caused a reduction in cell viability of about 38% in HepG2 cells. The addition of 50 ng/mL IL-24 in combination with 1 or 2.5 μmol/L GSI-I reduced cell viability of about 30% and 15%, respectively. Treatment with IL-24 alone did not induce any cytotoxic effect. In SMMC7721 cells with the addition of IL-24 to GSI-I (2.5 μmol/L), the reduction of cell viability was only about 25%. Following GSI-I/IL-24 combined treatment for 6 h, the apoptotic rate of HepG2 cells was 47.2%, while no significant effect was observed in cells treated with the compounds employed separately. Decreased expression of Notch1 and its associated proteins SNAIL1 and SNAIL2 was detected in HepG2 cells. Increased E-cadherin protein expression was noted in the presence of IL-24 and GSI-I. Furthermore, the increased GSI-I and IL-24 in HepG2 cell was associated with downregulation of MMP-2, XIAP and VEGF. In the absence of treatment, HepG2 cells could migrate into the scratched space in 24 h. With IL-24 or GSI-I treatment, the wound was still open after 24 h. And the distance of the wound closure strongly correlated with the concentrations of IL-24 and GSI-I. Treatment of Notch-1 silenced HepG2 cells with 50 ng/mL IL-24 alone for 48 h induced cytotoxic effects very similar to those observed in non-silenced cells treated with GSI-I/IL-24 combination. Caspase-3/7 activity was increased in the presence of siNotch1 plus IL-24 treatment.
CONCLUSION: Down-regulation of Notch1 by GSI-I or siRNA combined with IL-24 can sensitize apoptosis and decrease the invasion and migration capabilities of HepG2 cells.
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Janson J, Eketjäll S, Tunblad K, Jeppsson F, Von Berg S, Niva C, Radesäter AC, Fälting J, Visser SAG. Population PKPD modeling of BACE1 inhibitor-induced reduction in Aβ levels in vivo and correlation to in vitro potency in primary cortical neurons from mouse and guinea pig. Pharm Res 2013; 31:670-83. [PMID: 24092053 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims were to quantify the in vivo time-course between the oral dose, the plasma and brain exposure and the inhibitory effect on Amyloid β (Aβ) in brain and cerebrospinal fluid, and to establish the correlation between in vitro and in vivo potency of novel β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors. METHODS BACE1-mediated inhibition of Aβ was quantified in in vivo dose- and/or time-response studies and in vitro in SH-SY5Y cells, N2A cells, and primary cortical neurons (PCN). An indirect response model with inhibition on Aβ production rate was used to estimate unbound in vivo IC 50 in a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach. RESULTS Estimated in vivo inhibitory potencies varied between 1 and 1,000 nM. The turnover half-life of Aβ40 in brain was predicted to be 0.5 h in mouse and 1 h in guinea pig. An excellent correlation between PCN and in vivo potency was observed. Moreover, a strong correlation in potency was found between human SH-SY5Y cells and mouse PCN, being 4.5-fold larger in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION The strong in vivo-in vitro correlation increased the confidence in using human cell lines for screening and optimization of BACE1 inhibitors. This can optimize the design and reduce the number of preclinical in vivo effect studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Janson
- Modeling & Simulation, DMPK, Innovative Medicines CNSP AstraZeneca, SE-15185, Södertälje, Sweden,
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Huang Y, Li T, Eatherton A, Mitchell WL, Rong N, Ye L, Yang XJ, Jin S, Ding Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Wu Y, Jin Y, Sang Y, Cheng Z, Browne ER, Harrison DC, Hussain I, Wan Z, Hall A, Lau LF, Matsuoka Y. Orally bioavailable and brain-penetrant pyridazine and pyridine-derived γ-secretase modulators reduced amyloidogenic Aβ peptides in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:278-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Zhang SQ, Obregon D, Ehrhart J, Deng J, Tian J, Hou H, Giunta B, Sawmiller D, Tan J. Baicalein reduces β-amyloid and promotes nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein processing in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1239-46. [PMID: 23686791 PMCID: PMC3810722 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein, a flavonoid isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, is known to modulate γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors. Given prior reports demonstrating benefits of GABAA modulation for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment, we wished to determine whether this agent might be beneficial for AD. CHO cells engineered to overexpress wild-type amyloid precursor protein (APP), primary culture neuronal cells from AD mice (Tg2576) and AD mice were treated with baicalein. In the cell cultures, baicalein significantly reduced the production of β-amyloid (Aβ) by increasing APP α-processing. These effects were blocked by the GABAA antagonist bicuculline. Likewise, AD mice treated daily with i.p. baicalein for 8 weeks showed enhanced APP α-secretase processing, reduced Aβ production, and reduced AD-like pathology together with improved cognitive performance. Our findings suggest that baicalein promotes nonamyloidogenic processing of APP, thereby reducing Aβ production and improving cognitive performance, by activating GABAA receptors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- She-Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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32
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Portanova P, Notaro A, Pellerito O, Sabella S, Giuliano M, Calvaruso G. Notch inhibition restores TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via AP1-dependent upregulation of DR4 and DR5 TRAIL receptors in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:121-30. [PMID: 23686163 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch is a family of transmembrane receptors whose activation through proteolytic cleavage by γ-secretase targets genes which participate in cell development, differentiation and tumorigenesis. Notch signaling is constitutively activated in various cancers, including breast cancer and its upregulation is usually related with poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, targeting Notch signaling with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) is considered a promising strategy for cancer treatment. We report that the γ-secretase inhibitor-I (GSI-I) sensitizes human breast cancer cells to apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The antiproliferative GSI-I/TRAIL synergism was stronger in ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells compared with ER-positive MCF-7 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, GSI-I treatment induced upregulation of DR4 and DR5 TRAIL receptors. This effect seemed to be related to the activation of the transcription factor AP1 that was a consequence of Notch inhibition, as demonstrated by Notch-1 silencing experiments. Combined treatment induced loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and activation of caspases. GSI-I alone and/or GSI-I/TRAIL combination also induced a significant decrease in the levels of some survival factors (survivin, c-IAP-2, Bcl-xL, BimEL and pAKT) and upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors BimL, BimS and Noxa, enhancing the cytotoxic potential of the two drugs. Taken together, these results indicate for the first time that GSI-I/TRAIL combination could represent a novel and potentially effective tool for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Portanova
- Dipartimento di Medicina traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Chen Y, Sun J, Huang Z, Liao H, Peng S, Lehmann J, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and evaluation of tacrine-flurbiprofen-nitrate trihybrids as novel anti-Alzheimer's disease agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2462-70. [PMID: 23541836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To search for multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) agents with good safety, the previously synthesized tacrine-flurbiprofen hybrids 1a and 1b were modified into tacrine-flurbiprofen-nitrate trihybrids 3a-h. These compounds displayed comparable or higher cholinesterase inhibitory activity relative to the bivalent hybrids. Compound 3a was the most potent, which released moderate NO, exerted blood vessel relaxative activity, and showed significant Aβ inhibitory effects whereas tacrine and flurbiprofen did not exhibit any Aβ inhibitory activity at the same dose. In addition, 3a was active in improving memory impairment in vivo. More importantly, the hepatotoxicity study showed that 3a was much safer than tacrine, suggesting it might be a promising anti-AD agent for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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34
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Pink AE, Simpson MA, Desai N, Trembath RC, Barker JN. γ-Secretase Mutations in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: New Insights into Disease Pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:601-607. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Liu F, Xue ZQ, Deng SH, Kun X, Luo XG, Patrylo PR, Rose GM, Cai H, Struble RG, Cai Y, Yan XX. γ-secretase binding sites in aged and Alzheimer's disease human cerebrum: the choroid plexus as a putative origin of CSF Aβ. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1714-25. [PMID: 23432732 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of β -amyloid (Aβ) peptides, cleavage products of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase-1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase, is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). γ-Secretase inhibition is a therapeutical anti-Aβ approach, although changes in the enzyme's activity in AD brain are unclear. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ peptides are thought to derive from brain parenchyma and thus may serve as biomarkers for assessing cerebral amyloidosis and anti-Aβ efficacy. The present study compared active γ-secretase binding sites with Aβ deposition in aged and AD human cerebrum, and explored the possibility of Aβ production and secretion by the choroid plexus (CP). The specific binding density of [(3) H]-L-685,458, a radiolabeled high-affinity γ-secretase inhibitor, in the temporal neocortex and hippocampal formation was similar for AD and control cases with similar ages and post-mortem delays. The CP in post-mortem samples exhibited exceptionally high [(3) H]-L-685,458 binding density, with the estimated maximal binding sites (Bmax) reduced in the AD relative to control groups. Surgically resected human CP exhibited APP, BACE1 and presenilin-1 immunoreactivity, and β-site APP cleavage enzymatic activity. In primary culture, human CP cells also expressed these amyloidogenic proteins and released Aβ40 and Aβ42 into the medium. Overall, our results suggest that γ-secretase activity appears unaltered in the cerebrum in AD and is not correlated with regional amyloid plaque pathology. The CP appears to be a previously unrecognised non-neuronal contributor to CSF Aβ, probably at reduced levels in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Cochet M, Donneger R, Cassier E, Gaven F, Lichtenthaler SF, Marin P, Bockaert J, Dumuis A, Claeysen S. 5-HT4 receptors constitutively promote the non-amyloidogenic pathway of APP cleavage and interact with ADAM10. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:130-40. [PMID: 23336052 DOI: 10.1021/cn300095t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the amyloidogenic pathway, amyloid precursor protein (APP) can be cleaved by α-secretases, producing soluble and neuroprotective APP alpha (sAPPα) (nonamyloidogenic pathway) and thus preventing the generation of pathogenic amyloid-β. However, the mechanisms regulating APP cleavage by α-secretases remain poorly understood. Here, we showed that expression of serotonin type 4 receptors (5-HT(4)Rs) constitutively (without agonist stimulation) induced APP cleavage by the α-secretase ADAM10 and the release of neuroprotective sAPPα in HEK-293 cells and cortical neurons. This effect was independent of cAMP production. Interestingly, we demonstrated that 5-HT(4) receptors physically interacted with the mature form of ADAM10. Stimulation of 5-HT(4) receptors by an agonist further increased sAPPα secretion, and this effect was mediated by cAMP/Epac signaling. These findings describe a new mechanism whereby a GPCR constitutively stimulates the cleavage of APP by α-secretase and promotes the nonamyloidogenic pathway of APP processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Cochet
- CNRS, UMR-5203,
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier,
France
- Inserm, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Donneger
- CNRS, UMR-5203,
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier,
France
- Inserm, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth Cassier
- CNRS, UMR-5203,
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier,
France
- Inserm, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Gaven
- Inserm, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Marin
- CNRS, UMR-5203,
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier,
France
- Inserm, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Bockaert
- CNRS, UMR-5203,
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier,
France
- Inserm, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Aline Dumuis
- CNRS, UMR-5203,
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier,
France
- Inserm, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Claeysen
- CNRS, UMR-5203,
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier,
France
- Inserm, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
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Niva C, Parkinson J, Olsson F, van Schaick E, Lundkvist J, Visser SAG. Has inhibition of Aβ production adequately been tested as therapeutic approach in mild AD? A model-based meta-analysis of γ-secretase inhibitor data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69:1247-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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38
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Fuller NO, Hubbs JL, Austin WF, Creaser S, McKee TD, Loureiro RB, Tate B, Xia W, Ives JL, Findeis MA, Bronk BS. Initial Optimization of a New Series of γ-Secretase Modulators Derived from a Triterpene Glycoside. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:908-13. [PMID: 24900406 PMCID: PMC4025870 DOI: 10.1021/ml300256p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a new series of γ-secretase modulators is disclosed. Starting from a triterpene glycoside γ-secretase modulator that gave a very low brain-to-plasma ratio, initial SAR and optimization involved replacement of a pendant sugar with a series of morpholines. This modification led to two compounds with significantly improved central nervous system (CNS) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan O. Fuller
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jed L. Hubbs
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wesley F. Austin
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Timothy D. McKee
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robyn
M. B. Loureiro
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Barbara Tate
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Ives
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Brian S. Bronk
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Hubbs JL, Fuller NO, Austin WF, Shen R, Creaser SP, McKee TD, Loureiro RMB, Tate B, Xia W, Ives J, Bronk BS. Optimization of a natural product-based class of γ-secretase modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9270-82. [PMID: 23030762 DOI: 10.1021/jm300976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of triterpene-based γ-secretase modulators is optimized. An acetate present at the C24 position of the natural product was replaced with either carbamates or ethers to provide compounds with better metabolic stability. With one of those pharmacophores in place at C24, morpholines or carbamates were installed at the C3 position to refine the physicochemical properties of the analogues. This strategy gave compounds with low clearance and good distribution into the central nervous system (CNS) of CD-1 mice. Two of these compounds, 100 and 120, were tested for a pharmacodynamic effect in the strain and lowered brain Aβ42 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed L Hubbs
- Satori Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 281 Albany Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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Esselens C, Sannerud R, Gallardo R, Baert V, Kaden D, Serneels L, De Strooper B, Rousseau F, Multhaup G, Schymkowitz J, Langedijk JPM, Annaert W. Peptides based on the presenilin-APP binding domain inhibit APP processing and Aβ production through interfering with the APP transmembrane domain. FASEB J 2012; 26:3765-78. [PMID: 22661005 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Presenilins (PSENs) form the catalytic component of the γ-secretase complex, responsible for intramembrane proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch, among many other membrane proteins. Previously, we identified a PSEN1-binding domain in APP, encompassing half of the transmembrane domain following the amyloid β (Aβ) sequence. Based on this, we designed peptides mimicking this interaction domain with the aim to selectively block APP processing and Aβ generation through interfering with enzyme-substrate binding. We identified a peptide sequence that, when fused to a virally derived translocation peptide, significantly lowered Aβ production (IC(50): 317 nM) in cell-free and cell-based assays using APP-carboxy terminal fragment as a direct γ-secretase substrate. Being derived from the APP sequence, this inhibitory peptide did not affect NotchΔE γ-cleavage, illustrating specificity and potential therapeutic value. In cell-based assays, the peptide strongly suppressed APP shedding, demonstrating that it exerts the inhibitory effect already upstream of γ-secretase, most likely through steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary Esselens
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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41
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Amir A, Shmuel E, Zagalsky R, Sayer AH, Nadel Y, Fischer B. Nucleoside-5'-phosphorothioate analogues are biocompatible antioxidants dissolving efficiently amyloid beta-metal ion aggregates. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:8539-49. [PMID: 22652964 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30631j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is known to precipitate and form aggregates with zinc and copper ions in vitro and, in vivo in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Metal-ion-chelation was suggested as therapy for the metal-ion-induced Aβ aggregation, metal-ion overload, and oxidative stress. In a quest for biocompatible metal-ion chelators potentially useful for AD therapy, we tested a series of nucleoside 5'-phosphorothioate derivatives as re-solubilization agents of Cu(+)/Cu(2+)/Zn(2+)-induced Aβ-aggregates, and inhibitors of Fenton reaction in Cu(+) or Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) system. The most promising chelator in this series was found to be APCPP-γ-S. This nucleotide was found to be more efficient than EDTA in re-solubilization of Aβ(40)-Cu(2+) aggregates as observed by the lower diameter, d(H), (86 vs. 64 nm, respectively) obtained in dynamic light scattering measurements. Likewise, APCPP-γ-S dissolved Aβ(40)-Cu(+) and Aβ(42)-Cu(2+)/Zn(2+) aggregates, as monitored by (1)H-NMR and turbidity assays, respectively. Furthermore, addition of APCPP-γ-S to nine-day old Aβ(40)-Cu(2+)/Zn(2+) aggregates, resulted in size reduction as observed by transition electron microscopy (diameter reduction from 2.5 to 0.1 μm for Aβ(40)-Cu(2+) aggregates). APCPP-γ-S proved to be more efficient than ascorbic acid and GSH in reducing OH radical production in Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) system (IC(50) values 85, 216 and, 92 μM, respectively). Therefore, we propose APCPP-γ-S as a potential AD therapy capable of both reducing OH radical production and re-solubilization of Aβ(40/42)-M(n+) aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviran Amir
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
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42
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Andreyeva A, Nieweg K, Horstmann K, Klapper S, Müller-Schiffmann A, Korth C, Gottmann K. C-terminal fragment of N-cadherin accelerates synapse destabilization by amyloid-β. Brain 2012; 135:2140-54. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Qiao DL, Zhang SQ, Giunta B. Is vitamin D beneficial to Alzheimer disease? A surprising dilemma. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:601-3. [PMID: 22591405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Nasoohi S, Hemmati AA, Moradi F, Ahmadiani A. The γ-secretase blocker DAPT impairs recovery from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rat brain. Neuroscience 2012; 210:99-109. [PMID: 22445932 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an important contributing enzyme in Alzheimer's disease and is therefore an important therapeutic target. However, the impact of γ-secretase inhibition is not well studied in acute neuroinflammation induced by systemic infection. In this study the influence of γ-secretase on the expression of some proinflammatory markers was assessed in the acute phase as well as the subsiding phase of neuroinflammation. Cerebral γ-secretase cleavage activity was measured by a fluorometric assay after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneal administration. Time profiles of TNF-α and COX-II expression were then determined to detect the time points relevant to the maximal inflammatory responses and the subsequent recovery phase. γ-Secretase activity coincident with TNF-α protein expression returned to its basal level till 8-12 h after systemic challenge with low dose LPS while COX-II over expression lasted for 48-72 h later. Pharmacological inhibition of γ-secretase with local or systemic administration of DAPT (N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester) was performed to indicate the results on the developmental and sinking phases of inflammatory responses in 6 and 72 h post LPS respectively. Our results demonstrate that both local and systemic modulation of γ-secretase hyper-activity with DAPT increase the duration of TNF-α, COX-II, and NFκB induction. We consistently found mild augmented apoptosis in animals treated with DAPT as determined by measuring cleaved caspase-3 expression and by TUNEL assay 72 h following LPS injection. These results suggest that γ-secretase modulation interferes with certain immune regulatory pathways which may restrict some inflammatory transcription factors such as NFκB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nasoohi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, PO Box 6287, Ahvaz, Iran
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D'Onofrio G, Panza F, Frisardi V, Solfrizzi V, Imbimbo BP, Paroni G, Cascavilla L, Seripa D, Pilotto A. Advances in the identification of γ-secretase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 7:19-37. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.645534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vaccaro V, Melisi D, Bria E, Cuppone F, Ciuffreda L, Pino MS, Gelibter A, Tortora G, Cognetti F, Milella M. Emerging pathways and future targets for the molecular therapy of pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1183-96. [PMID: 21819318 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.607438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer treatment remains a challenge for clinicians and researchers. Despite undisputable advances in the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression, early disease detection and clinical management of patients has made little, if any, progress in the past 20 years. Clinical development of targeted agents directed against validated pathways, such as the EGF/EGF receptor axis, the mutant KRAS protein, MMPs, and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis, alone or in combination with gemcitabine-based standard chemotherapy, has been disappointing. AREAS COVERED This review explores the preclinical rationale for clinical approaches aimed at targeting the TGF-β, IGF, Hedgehog, Notch and NF-κB signaling pathways, to develop innovative therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer. EXPERT OPINION Although some of the already clinically explored approaches (particularly EGFR and KRAS targeting) deserve further clinical consideration, by employing more innovative and creative clinical trial designs than the gemcitabine-targeted agent paradigm that has thus far invariably failed, the targeting of emerging and relatively unexplored signaling pathways holds great promise to increase our understanding of the complex molecular biology and to advance the clinical management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Vaccaro
- Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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γ-secretase inhibitors for treating Alzheimer’s disease: rationale and clinical data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.11.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sambamurti K, Greig NH, Utsuki T, Barnwell EL, Sharma E, Mazell C, Bhat NR, Kindy MS, Lahiri DK, Pappolla MA. Targets for AD treatment: conflicting messages from γ-secretase inhibitors. J Neurochem 2011; 117:359-74. [PMID: 21320126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-factorial disease that starts with accumulation of multiple proteins. We have previously proposed that inhibition of γ-secretase may impair membrane recycling causing neurodegeneration starting at synapses (Sambamurti K., Suram A., Venugopal C., Prakasam A., Zhou Y., Lahiri D. K. and Greig N. H. A partial failure of membrane protein turnover may cause Alzheimer's disease: a new hypothesis. Curr. Alzheimer Res., 3, 2006, 81). We also proposed familal AD mutations increase Aβ42 by inhibiting γ-secretase. Herein, we discuss the failure of Eli Lilly's γ-secretase inhibitor, semagacestat, in clinical trials in the light of our hypothesis, which extends the problem beyond toxicity of Aβ aggregates. We elaborate that γ-secretase inhibitors lead to accumulation of amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments that can later be processed by γ-secretase to yields bursts of Aβ to facilitate aggregation. Although we do not exclude a role for toxic Aβ aggregates, inhibition of γ-secretase can affect numerous substrates other than amyloid precursor protein to affect multiple pathways and the combined accumulation of multiple peptides in the membrane may impair its function and turnover. Taken together, protein processing and turnover pathways play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and unless we clearly see consistent disease-related increase in their levels or activity, we need to focus on preserving their function rather than inhibiting them for treatment of AD and similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Rothenberg KG, Siedlak SL, Lee HG, Zhu X, Perry G, Smith MA. Neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer’s disease: an overview of pathogenesis with strategic biomarker potential. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of senile dementia in the USA, affecting 15% of people over the age of 65 years and almost 50% of those aged over 85 years, the need for an adequate and early diagnosis as well as preventative measure against disease onset and progression is increasing. Epidemiological and molecular studies suggest that AD has multiple etiologies, including genetic mutations, genetic variations affecting susceptibility and environmental factors. All these aspects can promote the formation and the accumulation of insoluble amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau. Since the disease is multifactorial and clinical diagnosis is highly exclusive, the need for a sensitive, specific and reliable biomarker for the disease is crucial. While amyloid and amyloid-related compounds may be useful biomarkers in the early diagnosis of AD, the multitude of other characteristic features of AD presented in this article may be similarly appropriate. For example, genetic mutations play a role in a subset of AD patients (often with early disease onset and more severe disease progression), and genetic analysis could thus play a role in disease diagnosis. Similarly, oxidative damage to various proteins, nucleic acids and other cellular compounds, probably arising from mitochondrial abnormalities, is found early in the disease and may provide certain biochemical signatures of disease. Ultimately, specific assays for genetic, protein and oxidative profiles and mitochondrial abnormalities, as well as those for amyloid-β and its immunological response, may serve as a relevant group of biomarkers that could be informative to individuals regarding risk of disease, as well as for indicators of the progression of disease. Correspondingly, new developments in treatment options will probably be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Gustaw Rothenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Deptartment of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, 2 Jaczewskiego Street, 20-095, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hyoung-gon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Neurosciences Institute & Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Smith
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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A novel role for {gamma}-secretase: selective regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter release from hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 2011; 31:899-906. [PMID: 21248114 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4625-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With a multitude of substrates, γ-secretase is poised to control neuronal function through a variety of signaling pathways. Presenilin 1 (PS1) is an integral component of γ-secretase and is also a protein closely linked to the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To better understand the roles of γ-secretase and PS1 in normal and pathological synaptic transmission, we examined evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release in cultured hippocampal neurons derived from PS1 knock-out (KO) mice. We found no changes in the size of evoked synaptic currents, short-term plasticity, or apparent calcium dependence of evoked release. The rate of spontaneous release from PS1 KO neurons was, however, approximately double that observed in wild-type (WT) neurons. This increase in spontaneous neurotransmission depended on calcium influx but did not require activation of voltage-gated calcium channels or presynaptic NMDA receptors or release of calcium from internal stores. The rate of spontaneous release from PS1 KO neurons was significantly reduced by lentivirus-mediated expression of WT PS1 or familial AD-linked M146V PS1, but not the D257A PS1 mutant that does not support γ-secretase activity. Treatment of WT neuronal cultures with γ-secretase inhibitor mimicked the loss of PS1, leading to a selective increase in spontaneous release without any change in the size of evoked synaptic currents. Together, these results identify a novel role for γ-secretase in the control of spontaneous neurotransmission through modulation of low-level tonic calcium influx into presynaptic axon terminals.
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