1
|
Koutsoumanis K, Ordóñez AA, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Banach J, Ottoson J, Zhou B, da Silva Felício MT, Jacxsens L, Martins JL, Messens W, Allende A. Microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post-harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables and herbs (ffFVHs). Part 1 (outbreak data analysis, literature review and stakeholder questionnaire). EFSA J 2023; 21:e08332. [PMID: 37928944 PMCID: PMC10623241 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The contamination of water used in post-harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs (ffFVHs) is a global concern. The most relevant microbial hazards associated with this water are: Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., human pathogenic Escherichia coli and enteric viruses, which have been linked to multiple outbreaks associated with ffFVHs in the European Union (EU). Contamination (i.e. the accumulation of microbiological hazards) of the process water during post-harvest handling and processing operations is affected by several factors including: the type and contamination of the FVHs being processed, duration of the operation and transfer of microorganisms from the product to the water and vice versa, etc. For food business operators (FBOp), it is important to maintain the microbiological quality of the process water to assure the safety of ffFVHs. Good manufacturing practices (GMP) and good hygienic practices (GHP) related to a water management plan and the implementation of a water management system are critical to maintain the microbiological quality of the process water. Identified hygienic practices include technical maintenance of infrastructure, training of staff and cooling of post-harvest process water. Intervention strategies (e.g. use of water disinfection treatments and water replenishment) have been suggested to maintain the microbiological quality of process water. Chlorine-based disinfectants and peroxyacetic acid have been reported as common water disinfection treatments. However, given current practices in the EU, evidence of their efficacy under industrial conditions is only available for chlorine-based disinfectants. The use of water disinfection treatments must be undertaken following an appropriate water management strategy including validation, operational monitoring and verification. During operational monitoring, real-time information on process parameters related to the process and product, as well as the water and water disinfection treatment(s) are necessary. More specific guidance for FBOp on the validation, operational monitoring and verification is needed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Pardos de la Gandara M, Fournet N, Bonifait L, Lefèvre S, Chemaly M, Grastilleur C, Cadel-Six S, Fach P, Pignault A, Brisabois A, Jourdan-Da Silva N, Weill FX. Countrywide multi-serotype outbreak of Salmonella Bovismorbificans ST142 and monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium ST34 associated with dried pork sausages in France, September 2020* to January 2021. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200123. [PMID: 36695482 PMCID: PMC9837855 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.2.2200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The French National Reference Centre for Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella (FNRC-ESS) detected two human clusters of 33 cases (median age: 10 years; 17 females) infected by Salmonella enterica serotype Bovismorbificans, ST142, HC5_243255 (EnteroBase HierCC‑cgMLST scheme) in September-November 2020 and of 11 cases (median age: 11 years; seven males) infected by S. enterica serotype 4,12:i:-, ST34, HC5_198125 in October-December 2020. Epidemiological investigations conducted by Santé publique France linked these outbreaks to the consumption of dried pork sausages from the same manufacturer. S. Bovismorbificans and S. 4,12:i:- were isolated by the National Reference Laboratory from different food samples, but both strains were identified in a single food sample only by qPCR. Three recalls and withdrawals of dried pork products were issued by the French general directorate of food of the French ministry for agriculture and food in November 2020, affecting eight supermarket chains. A notification on the European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed and a European urgent enquiry on the Epidemic Intelligence Information System for Food and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses (EPIS-FWD) were launched. No cases were reported outside France. Outbreaks caused by multiple serotypes of Salmonella may go undetected by protocols in standard procedures in microbiology laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pardos de la Gandara
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, France
| | | | - Laetitia Bonifait
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Lefèvre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, Ploufragan, France
| | - Charlotte Grastilleur
- Mission des Urgences Sanitaires, Direction générale de l’alimentation, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Salmonella and Listeria Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, IdentyPath Genomics Platform, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Agnès Pignault
- Mission des Urgences Sanitaires, Direction générale de l’alimentation, Paris, France
| | - Anne Brisabois
- ANSES, Strategy and Programs Department, Research and Reference Division, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des Bactéries pathogènes entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Efficacy of Repeated Applications of Bacteriophages on Salmonella enterica-Infected Alfalfa Sprouts during Germination. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101156. [PMID: 36297213 PMCID: PMC9610501 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica is one of the leading pathogens for foodborne outbreaks in a multitude of food commodities, including alfalfa sprouts, which are commonly consumed raw. The food industry has commonly used chlorinated washes, but such methods may not be perceived as natural; this can be a detriment as a large portion of sprouts are designated for the organic market. A natural and affordable antimicrobial method that has been acquiring popularity is the use of bacteriophages. This study compared the efficacy of repeated daily applications and a single application of two separate bacteriophage cocktails (SE14, SE20, SF6 and SE14, SF5, SF6) against four Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) strains on germinating alfalfa sprout seeds from days 0 to 7. The results show S. Enteritidis to be the most susceptible to both cocktails with ~2.5 log CFU/mL decrease on day 0 with cocktail SE14, SF5, and SF6. S. enterica populations on all strains continued to grow even with repeated daily bacteriophage applications but in a significantly decreased rate (p < 0.05) compared with a single bacteriophage application. The extent of the reduction was dependent on the S. enterica strain, but the results do show benefits to using repeated bacteriophage applications during sprout germination to reduce S. enterica populations compared with a single bacteriophage application.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gopinath GR, Jang H, Beaubrun JJG, Gangiredla J, Mammel MK, Müller A, Tamber S, Patel IR, Ewing L, Weinstein LM, Wang CZ, Finkelstein S, Negrete F, Muruvanda T, Allard M, Sockett DC, Pagotto F, Tall BD, Stephan R. Phylogenomic Analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Bovismorbificans from Clinical and Food Samples Using Whole Genome Wide Core Genes and kmer Binning Methods to Identify Two Distinct Polyphyletic Genome Pathotypes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061199. [PMID: 35744717 PMCID: PMC9228720 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Bovismorbificans has caused multiple outbreaks involving the consumption of produce, hummus, and processed meat products worldwide. To elucidate the intra-serovar genomic structure of S. Bovismorbificans, a core-genome analysis with 2690 loci (based on 150 complete genomes representing Salmonella enterica serovars developed as part of this study) and a k-mer-binning based strategy were carried out on 95 whole genome sequencing (WGS) assemblies from Swiss, Canadian, and USA collections of S. Bovismorbificans strains from foodborne infections. Data mining of a digital DNA tiling array of legacy SARA and SARB strains was conducted to identify near-neighbors of S. Bovismorbificans. The core genome analysis and the k-mer-binning methods identified two polyphyletic clusters, each with emerging evolutionary properties. Four STs (2640, 142, 1499, and 377), which constituted the majority of the publicly available WGS datasets from >260 strains analyzed by k-mer-binning based strategy, contained a conserved core genome backbone with a different evolutionary lineage as compared to strains comprising the other cluster (ST150). In addition, the assortment of genotypic features contributing to pathogenesis and persistence, such as antimicrobial resistance, prophage, plasmid, and virulence factor genes, were assessed to understand the emerging characteristics of this serovar that are relevant clinically and for food safety concerns. The phylogenomic profiling of polyphyletic S. Bovismorbificans in this study corresponds to intra-serovar variations observed in S. Napoli and S. Newport serovars using similar high-resolution genomic profiling approaches and contributes to the understanding of the evolution and sequence divergence of foodborne Salmonellae. These intra-serovar differences may have to be thoroughly understood for the accurate classification of foodborne Salmonella strains needed for the uniform development of future food safety mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-402-3612
| | - Hyein Jang
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Junia Jean-Gilles Beaubrun
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
- Biological Analysis Division, Public Health Command Europe Laboratory Sciences, Room 102, Bldg 3810, Kirchberg Kaserne, RP 66849 Landstuhl, Germany
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Mark K. Mammel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Andrea Müller
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards/Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (S.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Laura Ewing
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Leah M. Weinstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Caroline Z. Wang
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Tim Muruvanda
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (T.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Marc Allard
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; (T.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Donald C. Sockett
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards/Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (S.T.); (F.P.)
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.J.-G.B.); (J.G.); (M.K.M.); (I.R.P.); (L.E.); (L.M.W.); (C.Z.W.); (S.F.); (F.N.); (B.D.T.)
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.M.); (R.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Closed Genome Sequence of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Bovismorbificans Strain Isolated from Dried Pork Sausage Associated with an Outbreak in France. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0066221. [PMID: 34617790 PMCID: PMC8496366 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00662-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the closed genome sequence of one Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Bovismorbificans strain isolated from dried pork sausage consumed by a patient suffering from salmonellosis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mokgophi TM, Gcebe N, Fasina F, Jambwa K, Adesiyun AA. Prevalence, Serovars, and Factors Associated with Salmonella Contamination of Chicken Carcasses Sold in Outlets of the Informal Market in Gauteng Province, South Africa. J Food Prot 2021; 84:991-999. [PMID: 33428739 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella has been linked to many foodborne illnesses and epidemics in both humans and animals. This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence, serovars, and factors associated with Salmonella contamination of chickens slaughtered in informal market outlets in Gauteng Province, South Africa. A total of 151 chicken carcasses were randomly collected from 47 outlets. Standard bacteriological and molecular methods were used to isolate, identify, and determine the serovar of Salmonella isolates. The prevalence of Salmonella in carcass swabs, cloacal swabs, and carcass drips was 29.1% (44 of 151), 27.2% (41 of 151), and 43.7% (66 of 151), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.004). Only 5 (township locations of outlet, throughput, carcass evisceration, location of carcass for sale, and outlet sanitation) of 10 factors investigated for the contamination of carcasses by Salmonella were statistically significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the isolation of Salmonella. Of the 268 isolates of Salmonella, 157 (58.6%) were typeable using a limited molecular PCR technique, and nine serovars were identified. The predominant Salmonella enterica serovars were Bovismorbificans (31.0%), Enteritidis (7.5%), and Hadar (6.7%). The five important factors found to be significantly associated with the isolation of Salmonella at these outlets offer opportunities for the reduction of Salmonella contamination. There is a need for further investigation of the probable causes of the predominant isolation of Salmonella serovar Bovismorbificans in chickens and its potential implications for human infections in South Africa. It is concluded that chickens purchased from the informal market in Gauteng Province can be a source for salmonellosis in humans if improperly cooked before consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thelma M Mokgophi
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nomakorinte Gcebe
- Bacteriology Department, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa
| | - Folorunso Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kudakhwashe Jambwa
- Bacteriology Department, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scanlan RA, Kramme KE, Nava KE, Manawar S, Shebrain S. Pelvic Outlet Obstruction Secondary to Salmonella enterica serovar Bovismorbificans Abscess. Cureus 2021; 13:e12865. [PMID: 33633894 PMCID: PMC7898375 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a 30-year-old Hispanic male with pelvic outlet obstruction syndrome secondary to a large pelvic abscess caused by Salmonellaenterica Bovismorbificans. This case demonstrates a potentially serious complication of a rare foodborne illness in the United States, in which an urgent surgical intervention was warranted. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a large pelvic cystic mass causing near-total pelvic outlet obstruction of both gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. A total of 1,250 mg of IV vancomycin and 3.375 mg of IV piperacillin-tazobactam were administered every eight hours, and an urgent decompressive transverse loop colostomy, Foley catheter placement, and percutaneous drainage were performed. Culture of the abscess fluid identified Salmonellaenterica serotype Bovismorbificans, and the antibiotic regimen was changed to 1,000 mg IV ceftriaxone every 24 hours. Subsequent CT imaging displayed a reduction in abscess size. The patient was then discharged with a 14-day course of 500 mg of oral ciprofloxacin every 12 hours and 500 mg of oral metronidazole every eight hours. Imaging at three weeks post-discharge displayed resolution of the abscess, and the drain was removed. The patient had complete recovery and did well several months following treatment. While rare, Salmonellaenterica serotype Bovismorbificans could potentially lead to serious complications such as giant pelvic abscess, in which a multidisciplinary team approach (i.e., medical, surgical, and interventional) is critical for a good outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riley A Scanlan
- Surgery, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
| | - Katherine E Kramme
- Surgery, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
| | - Kristofer E Nava
- Surgery, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
| | - Shaan Manawar
- Surgery, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
| | - Saad Shebrain
- Surgery, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim WI, Choi SY, Han I, Cho SK, Lee Y, Kim S, Kang B, Choi O, Kim J. Inhibition of Salmonella enterica growth by competitive exclusion during early alfalfa sprout development using a seed-dwelling Erwinia persicina strain EUS78. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 312:108374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Machado-Moreira B, Richards K, Brennan F, Abram F, Burgess CM. Microbial Contamination of Fresh Produce: What, Where, and How? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1727-1750. [PMID: 33336968 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Promotion of healthier lifestyles has led to an increase in consumption of fresh produce. Such foodstuffs may expose consumers to increased risk of foodborne disease, as often they are not subjected to processing steps to ensure effective removal or inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms before consumption. Consequently, reports of ready-to-eat fruit and vegetable related disease outbreak occurrences have increased substantially in recent years, and information regarding these events is often not readily available. Identifying the nature and source of microbial contamination of these foodstuffs is critical for developing appropriate mitigation measures to be implemented by food producers. This review aimed to identify the foodstuffs most susceptible to microbial contamination and the microorganisms responsible for disease outbreaks from information available in peer-reviewed scientific publications. A total of 571 outbreaks were identified from 1980 to 2016, accounting for 72,855 infections and 173 deaths. Contaminated leafy green vegetables were responsible for 51.7% of reported outbreaks. Contaminated soft fruits caused 27.8% of infections. Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella, norovirus, and hepatitis A accounted for the majority of cases. Large outbreaks resulted in particular biases such as the observation that contaminated sprouted plants caused 31.8% of deaths. Where known, contamination mainly occurred via contaminated seeds, water, and contaminated food handlers. There is a critical need for standardized datasets regarding all aspects of disease outbreaks, including how foodstuffs are contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Providing food business operators with this knowledge will allow them to implement better strategies to improve safety and quality of fresh produce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Machado-Moreira
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,Functional Environmental Microbiology, National Univ. of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Karl Richards
- Teagasc Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Fiona Brennan
- Teagasc Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Florence Abram
- Functional Environmental Microbiology, National Univ. of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Harfield S, Beazley R, Denehy E, Centofanti A, Dowsett P, Housen T, Flood L. An outbreak and case-control study of Salmonella Havana linked to alfalfa sprouts in South Australia, 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43. [PMID: 31610770 DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2019.43.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological investigation and a retrospective case-control study were conducted into an outbreak of Salmonella Havana in alfalfa sprouts, in Adelaide, Australia. In total, 31 cases of S. Havana were notified during June and July 2018 and linked to the outbreak. Eighteen cases and 54 unmatched controls were included in a case-control study. Results from the case-control study indicated an increased risk of illness linked to the consumption of alfalfa sprouts; this was supported by trace-back, sampling and environmental investigations. This outbreak of S. Havana was caused by consumption of alfalfa sprouts from one local sprouts producer. It is unclear as to when in the production of alfalfa sprouts the contamination occurred. However, contaminated seeds and poor pest control are the most likely causes. This investigation highlights the importance of ensuring that producers take appropriate action to minimise the likelihood of contamination and to comply with legislation and standards for primary production and food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Harfield
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Beazley
- South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma Denehy
- South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alessia Centofanti
- South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Dowsett
- Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tambri Housen
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Louise Flood
- South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang G, Chen Y, Hu L, Melka D, Wang H, Laasri A, Brown EW, Strain E, Allard M, Bunning VK, Parish M, Musser SM, Hammack TS. Survey of Foodborne Pathogens, Aerobic Plate Counts, Total Coliform Counts, and Escherichia coli Counts in Leafy Greens, Sprouts, and Melons Marketed in the United States. J Food Prot 2018; 81:400-411. [PMID: 29446686 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to assess the microbiological status of leafy greens, sprouts, and melons from U.S. markets. A total of 14,183 samples of leafy greens, 2,652 samples of sprouts, and 3,411 samples of melons were collected throughout the United States from 2009 to 2014. The samples were analyzed for aerobic plate counts, total coliform counts, Escherichia coli counts, and the presence and levels of Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), depending on the year and type of produce. Among the leafy greens, no E. coli O157:H7 or non-O157 STEC were detected from iceberg lettuce samples. The overall prevalences of Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, non-O157 STEC, and L. monocytogenes in the 14,183 samples of leafy greens were 0.05, 0.01, 0.07, and 0.11%, respectively. Among sprout samples, no Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 was detected, and the overall prevalences of non-O157 STEC and L. monocytogenes were 0.04 and 0.11%, respectively. Among melon samples, no Salmonella was detected from cucumbers, no L. monocytogenes was detected from cantaloupes, and the overall prevalences of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were 0.12 and 0.23%, respectively. L. monocytogenes levels were 0.4 to 1,470 most probable number (MPN)/g in leafy greens, 0.36 to 1,100 MPN/g in sprouts, and <0.03 to 150 MPN/g in melons, and most positive samples had low levels of these pathogens. The isolates from these foods were very diverse genetically. Foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, STEC, and L. monocytogenes, had relatively low prevalences in the produce surveyed. Because these foods are usually consumed raw, measures should be taken to significantly minimize the presence and levels of human pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Yi Chen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Lijun Hu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - David Melka
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Anna Laasri
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Eric W Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Errol Strain
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Marc Allard
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Vincent K Bunning
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Mickey Parish
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Steven M Musser
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Thomas S Hammack
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brandwagt D, van den Wijngaard C, Tulen AD, Mulder AC, Hofhuis A, Jacobs R, Heck M, Verbruggen A, van den Kerkhof H, Slegers-Fitz-James I, Mughini-Gras L, Franz E. Outbreak of Salmonella Bovismorbificans associated with the consumption of uncooked ham products, the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:17-00335. [PMID: 29317018 PMCID: PMC5765776 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.1.17-00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2017, an increase in reported Salmonellaenterica serotype Bovismorbificans cases in the Netherlands was observed since October 2016. We implemented a case-control study to identify the source, including all cases after December 2016. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression analysis. We traced back the distribution chain of suspected food items and sampled them for microbiological analysis. Human and food isolates were sequenced using whole genome sequencing (WGS). From October 2016 to March 2017, 54 S. Bovismorbificans cases were identified. Sequencing indicated that all were infected with identical strains. Twenty-four cases and 37 controls participated in the study. Cases were more likely to have consumed ham products than controls (aOR = 13; 95% CI: 2.0-77) and to have shopped at a supermarket chain (aOR = 7; 95% CI: 1.3-38). Trace-back investigations led to a Belgian meat processor: one retail ham sample originating from this processor tested positive for S. Bovismorbificans and matched the outbreak strain by WGS. All ham products related to the same batch were removed from the market to prevent further cases. This investigation illustrates the importance of laboratory surveillance for all Salmonella serotypes and the usefulness of WGS in an outbreak investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diederik Brandwagt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- Municipal Health Service (GGD) Utrecht Region, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Cees van den Wijngaard
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Dolores Tulen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Christine Mulder
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Agnetha Hofhuis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne Jacobs
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Max Heck
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anjo Verbruggen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van den Kerkhof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco Franz
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu R, Yu ZL. Application of electrolyzed water on reducing the microbial populations on commercial mung bean sprouts. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:995-1001. [PMID: 28303050 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) for reducing total bacteria, coliforms, yeast and mold counts on commercial mung bean sprouts was investigated. The impact of pH, available chlorine concentration (ACC) and the cleaning method on antimicrobial efficacy of AEW was studied. AEW with a pH of 4.47 reduced the total bacterial, coliform, and yeast and mold counts on mung bean sprouts by 1.23, 1.42 and 1.25 log CFU/g, respectively. The efficacy of AEW increased with increasing ACC, and further studies showed that its antimicrobial ability was based on a combination of pH and ACC values. Cleaning using ultrasonic waves enhanced the antimicrobial activity of electrolyzed water, achieving reduction of 2.46, 2.13 and 2.92 log CFU/g for total bacterial, yeast and mold, and coliform counts, respectively. These results have indicated that using ultrasonic waves as a cleaning method, combined with AEW, could be a promising way to reduce the microbial populations on mung bean sprouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Life Sciences Department, Yuncheng University, No. 1155 Fudan West Street, Yanhu, Yuncheng, 044000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Long Yu
- Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 118 The Yellow River Avenue, Yanhu, Yuncheng, 044000 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stipetic K, Chang YC, Peters K, Salem A, Doiphode SH, McDonough PL, Chang YF, Sultan A, Mohammed HO. The risk of carriage of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in food animals in dynamic populations. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:246-254. [PMID: 29067200 PMCID: PMC5645852 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are foodborne pathogens of global importance. We assessed their risks and associated factors in a highly dynamic population of animals. Animal and environmental samples were collected from dairy cattle, sheep, camel and chickens at either the farms or the abattoirs. The pathogens were detected using a combination of bacterial enrichment culture and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data on putative risk factors were collect and analysed for their significance of association with these pathogens. Salmonella spp. were detected at higher proportions in sheep faeces and sheep carcasses in comparison to cattle faeces (odds ratio = 2.4 and 2.2, respectively). This pathogen was less common in milk or carcasses samples from cattle or chickens. Sheep and camel carcass samples were highly contaminated with Salmonella spp. Faecal samples from cattle had the most diverse serovars of Salmonella enterica including S. Newport, S. Haifa, S. Kedougou, S. Kentucky, S. Mbandaka and S. Goettingen. Exotic serovars in sheep included S. Eastbourne, S. Chester and S. Kottnus. Serovars that were shed in camel faeces included S. Newport, S. Bovismorbificans and S. Infantis. In all sampled populations, detection of Salmonella spp. was more likely during warmer months than cold months. Listeria monocytogenes was not common in the targeted populations and was detected at a rate of 2.4%, mainly from sheep carcasses. The study highlights the role of food animals as reservoirs of pathogens across boundaries since all feed are imported in that population from different parts of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Korana Stipetic
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Kenlyn Peters
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Ahmed Salem
- Department of Animal ResourcesMinistry of EnvironmentQatar
| | | | - Patrick L McDonough
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Yung Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Ali Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical College-QatarEducation CityDohaQatar
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A prevalence study ofSalmonellaspp.,Yersiniaspp.,Toxoplasma gondiiand porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in UK pigs at slaughter. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:1538-49. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAn abattoir-based study was undertaken between January and May 2013 to estimate the prevalence ofSalmonellaspp. andYersiniaspp. carriage and seroprevalence of antibodies toToxoplasma gondii andporcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) in UK pigs at slaughter. In total, 626 pigs were sampled at 14 abattoirs that together process 80% of the annual UK pig slaughter throughput. Sampling was weighted by abattoir throughput and sampling dates and pig carcasses were randomly selected. Rectal swabs, blood samples, carcass swabs and the whole caecum, tonsils, heart and tongue were collected.Salmonellaspp. was isolated from 30·5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 26·5–34·6] of caecal content samples but only 9·6% (95% CI 7·3–11·9) of carcass swabs, which was significantly lower than in a UK survey in 2006–2007.S.Typhimurium andS.4,[5],12:i:- were the most commonly isolated serovars, followed byS.Derby andS.Bovismorbificans. The prevalence ofYersinia enterocoliticacarriage in tonsils was 28·7% (95% CI 24·8–32·7) whereas carcass contamination was much lower at 1·8% (95% CI 0·7–2·8). The seroprevalence of antibodies toToxoplasma gondiiand PRRSv was 7·4% (95% CI 5·3–9·5) and 58·3% (95% CI 53·1–63·4), respectively. This study provides a comparison to previous abattoir-based prevalence surveys forSalmonellaandYersinia, and the first UK-wide seroprevalence estimates for antibodies toToxoplasmaand PRRSv in pigs at slaughter.
Collapse
|
16
|
Manning J, Gole V, Chousalkar K. Screening for Salmonella in backyard chickens. Prev Vet Med 2015; 120:241-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
17
|
Blaylock M, Blackwell R, Merid S, Jackson S, Kotewicz M, Gopinath G, Ayers SL, Abbott J, Sabo J, Ewing L, Gangiredla J, Gebru S, Patel I, Jones B, Dudley K, Jarvis K, Hanes DE, Diallo AA, Jean-Gilles Beaubrun J. Comparison of Salmonella enterica serovar Bovismorbificans 2011 hummus outbreak strains with non-outbreak strains. Food Microbiol 2015; 46:627-634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
van de Venter EC, Oliver I, Stuart JM. Timeliness of epidemiological outbreak investigations in peer-reviewed European publications, January 2003 to August 2013. Euro Surveill 2015; 20. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.6.21035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C van de Venter
- Public Health England, Bristol, United Kingdom
- South West Public Health Training Programme, Health Education South West, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - I Oliver
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J M Stuart
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martínez-Vaz BM, Fink RC, Diez-Gonzalez F, Sadowsky MJ. Enteric pathogen-plant interactions: molecular connections leading to colonization and growth and implications for food safety. Microbes Environ 2014; 29:123-35. [PMID: 24859308 PMCID: PMC4103518 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leafy green vegetables have been identified as a source of foodborne illnesses worldwide over the past decade. Human enteric pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, have been implicated in numerous food poisoning outbreaks associated with the consumption of fresh produce. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the establishment of pathogenic bacteria in or on vegetable plants is critical for understanding and ameliorating this problem as well as ensuring the safety of our food supply. While previous studies have described the growth and survival of enteric pathogens in the environment and also the risk factors associated with the contamination of vegetables, the molecular events involved in the colonization of fresh produce by enteric pathogens are just beginning to be elucidated. This review summarizes recent findings on the interactions of several bacterial pathogens with leafy green vegetables. Changes in gene expression linked to the bacterial attachment and colonization of plant structures are discussed in light of their relevance to plant-microbe interactions. We propose a mechanism for the establishment and association of enteric pathogens with plants and discuss potential strategies to address the problem of foodborne illness linked to the consumption of leafy green vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan C. Fink
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Draft Genome Sequences of Nine Salmonella enterica Serovar Bovismorbificans Isolates from Various Sources. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/2/e01249-13. [PMID: 24604660 PMCID: PMC3945516 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01249-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The sequences of nine genomes of Salmonella enterica serovar Bovismorbificans were compared to study the diversity and distribution of this emerging virulent serovar. These whole-genome sequences fill some gaps in knowledge of the diversity of the isolates used in this investigation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 1 (outbreak data analysis and risk ranking of food/pathogen combinations). EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
22
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the public health impact of food-related illness in light of recent high-profile outbreaks and advances in the methodology to estimate illness burden. It includes mainly literature from high-income countries, as burden of illness estimations have been focussed in these countries. RECENT FINDINGS The public health burden of food-related illness is very high, no matter what method is used to measure it. Outbreaks provide only a partial insight because they represent a small proportion of all cases of food-related illness. Recent outbreaks have demonstrated a very wide variety of contaminated food vehicles and illustrated the challenges in investigations when the contaminated foodstuff is an ingredient of many other food items. SUMMARY Outbreaks will continue to challenge public health responses so that maintaining capacity to respond rapidly is crucial. Technological advances, such as whole genome sequencing, pave the way for identifying food-related illness much more rapidly than at present. There is a need to improve diagnostic yield in clinical laboratories and culturing organisms will remain important. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges, though, is to maintain the interest and support of the public when investigating food-related illness.
Collapse
|
23
|
Antunes P, Mourão J, Alves T, Campos J, Novais C, Novais A, Peixe L. Salmonella enterica serotype Bovismorbificans, a new host for CTX-M-9. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 41:91-3. [PMID: 23127480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Barak JD, Schroeder BK. Interrelationships of food safety and plant pathology: the life cycle of human pathogens on plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 50:241-66. [PMID: 22656644 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial food-borne pathogens use plants as vectors between animal hosts, all the while following the life cycle script of plant-associated bacteria. Similar to phytobacteria, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli, and cross-domain pathogens have a foothold in agricultural production areas. The commonality of environmental contamination translates to contact with plants. Because of the chronic absence of kill steps against human pathogens for fresh produce, arrival on plants leads to persistence and the risk of human illness. Significant research progress is revealing mechanisms used by human pathogens to colonize plants and important biological interactions between and among bacteria in planta. These findings articulate the difficulty of eliminating or reducing the pathogen from plants. The plant itself may be an untapped key to clean produce. This review highlights the life of human pathogens outside an animal host, focusing on the role of plants, and illustrates areas that are ripe for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeri D Barak
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) and other pathogenic bacteria in seeds and sprouted seeds. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|