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Miglio A, Rocconi F, Cremoni V, D'Alessandro A, Reisz JA, Maslanka M, Lacroix IS, Di Francesco D, Antognoni MT, Di Tommaso M. Effect of leukoreduction on the omics phenotypes of canine packed red blood cells during refrigerated storage. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1498-1511. [PMID: 38553798 PMCID: PMC11099828 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell (RBC) storage promotes biochemical and morphological alterations, collectively referred to as storage lesions (SLs). Studies in humans have identified leukoreduction (LR) as a critical processing step that mitigates SLs. To date no study has evaluated the impact of LR on metabolic SLs in canine blood units using omics technologies. OBJECTIVE Compare the lipid and metabolic profiles of canine packed RBC (pRBC) units as a function of LR in fresh and stored refrigerated (up to 42 days) units. ANIMALS Packed RBC units were obtained from 8 donor dogs enrolled at 2 different Italian veterinary blood banks. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Observational study. A volume of 450 mL of whole blood was collected using Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose-Saline-Adenine-Glucose-Mannitol (CPD-SAGM) transfusion bags with a LR filter to produce 2 pRBC units for each donor, without (nLR-pRBC) and with (LR-pRBC) LR. Units were stored in the blood bank at 4 ± 2°C. Sterile weekly samples were obtained from each unit for omics analyses. RESULTS A significant effect of LR on fresh and stored RBC metabolic phenotypes was observed. The nLR-pRBC were characterized by higher concentrations of free short and medium-chain fatty acids, carboxylic acids (pyruvate, lactate), and amino acids (arginine, cystine). The LR-pRBC had higher concentrations of glycolytic metabolites, high energy phosphate compounds (adenosine triphosphate [ATP]), and antioxidant metabolites (pentose phosphate, total glutathione). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Leukoreduction decreases the metabolic SLs of canine pRBC by preserving energy metabolism and preventing oxidative lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4Perugia 06126Italy
| | - Francesca Rocconi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Località Piano D'AccioTeramo 64100Italy
| | - Valentina Cremoni
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4Perugia 06126Italy
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Denver – Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Denver – Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Mark Maslanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Denver – Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Ian S. Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Denver – Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Daniela Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4Perugia 06126Italy
| | - Maria T. Antognoni
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4Perugia 06126Italy
| | - Morena Di Tommaso
- Department of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary University Hospital, University of Teramo, Località Piano D'AccioTeramo 64100Italy
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Satué K, Fazio E, Gardón JC, Medica P. Contribution of Hemogram Plan in the Horse's Clinical Evaluation. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104292. [PMID: 36958411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of the blood count is essential to help the equine clinician in the diagnosis, prognosis, patient management, and control of equine diseases. Hematologic alterations often reflect the condition of the individual or an overall response to a pathological situation. A thorough clinical examination of the patient is essential to correctly interpret the hematological results. The most common abnormalities in the erythrogram are mainly anemia and polycythemia. The frequent causes of anemia in horses are acute and chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia, and anemia caused by chronic disease. Evaluation of leukogram, including a total white cell count, a differential cell count, absolute numbers of specific leukocytes can help identify abnormalities that may suggest specific diseases such as a viral or bacterial infection, inflammatory disorders or even a neoplastic process. The platelet count is most often used to monitor or diagnose conditions that cause too much bleeding related with thrombocytopenia; it can be due to multiple mechanisms such as reduction of thrombopoiesis (myeloptisis, myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative disease, and idiopathic medullary aplasias or due to the effect of mielosuppresive drugs), increased peripheral destruction of platelets (immune mediated thrombocytopenia), consumption (dissemined intravascular coagulation) sequestration of the spleen and loss of platelets by idiopathic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Gardón
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Catholic University of Valencia (San Vicente Mártir), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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Jenni S, Ludwig-Peisker O, Jagannathan V, Lapsina S, Stirn M, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Bogdanov N, Schetle N, Giger U, Leeb T, Bogdanova A. Methemoglobinemia, Increased Deformability and Reduced Membrane Stability of Red Blood Cells in a Cat with a CYB5R3 Splice Defect. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070991. [PMID: 37048064 PMCID: PMC10093206 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia is an acquired or inherited condition resulting from oxidative stress or dysfunction of the NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase or associated pathways. This study describes the clinical, pathophysiological, and molecular genetic features of a cat with hereditary methemoglobinemia. Whole genome sequencing and mRNA transcript analyses were performed in affected and control cats. Co-oximetry, ektacytometry, Ellman's assay for reduced glutathione concentrations, and CYB5R activity were assessed. A young adult European domestic shorthair cat decompensated at induction of anesthesia and was found to have persistent methemoglobinemia of 39 ± 8% (reference range < 3%) of total hemoglobin which could be reversed upon intravenous methylene blue injection. The erythrocytic CYB5R activity was 20 ± 6% of normal. Genetic analyses revealed a single homozygous base exchange at the beginning of intron 3 of the CYB5R3 gene, c.226+5G>A. Subsequent mRNA studies confirmed a splice defect and demonstrated expression of two mutant CYB5R3 transcripts. Erythrocytic glutathione levels were twice that of controls. Mild microcytosis, echinocytes, and multiple Ca2+-filled vesicles were found in the affected cat. Erythrocytes were unstable at high osmolarities although highly deformable as follows from the changes in elongation index and maximal-tolerated osmolarity. Clinicopathological presentation of this cat was similar to other cats with CYB5R3 deficiency. We found that methemoglobinemia is associated with an increase in red blood cell fragility and deformability, glutathione overload, and morphological alterations typical for stress erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Jenni
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Odette Ludwig-Peisker
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Lapsina
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolay Bogdanov
- Red Blood Cell Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nelli Schetle
- Red Blood Cell Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Giger
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Jaffey JA, Wycislo KL. Inflammatory phenotype, clinicopathologic variables, and effects of long-term methylene blue in dogs with hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.22.09.0155. [PMID: 36638001 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.09.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether dogs with cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R) deficiency have a constitutive proinflammatory phenotype, characterize hematologic and serum chemistry results, and describe changes in methemoglobin (MetHb) levels and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations after long-term per os (PO) methylene blue (MB) therapy. ANIMALS 21 client-owned dogs (CYB5R deficient, n = 10; healthy controls, 11). PROCEDURES In this prospective, case-control study, methemoglobin levels were measured using a blood gas analyzer with co-oximetry. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations were measured using a canine-specific multiplex bead-based assay. Serum CRP concentrations were measured with a canine-specific commercial ELISA kit. Serum CRP concentration and MetHb levels were measured in 6 dogs with CYB5R deficiency after ≥ 60 days of PO MB therapy. RESULTS As expected, MetHb levels were higher in dogs with CYB5R deficiency compared to controls (P < .001). Plasma TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and serum CRP concentrations were no different between CYB5R-deficient and control dogs. Dogs with CYB5R deficiency had lower absolute lymphocyte (P = .005) and eosinophil counts (P = .04) and higher alanine transaminase (P = .04) and alkaline phosphatase activity (P = .02) than controls, but these changes were not clinically relevant. Methemoglobin levels decreased after PO MB therapy (P = .03). CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggest that otherwise healthy dogs with CYB5R deficiency do not have a constitutive proinflammatory phenotype and clinically relevant abnormalities in hematologic and serum chemistry panels are not expected. Dogs with decreased quality of life attributed to methemoglobinemia from CYB5R deficiency might benefit from PO MB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ
| | - Kathryn L Wycislo
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ
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5
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Oral methylene blue treatment in a dog with cytochrome b 5 reductase deficiency and 78, XX testicular disorder of sex development. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 49:100649. [PMID: 35202847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 6-month-old mixed breed dog was referred for evaluation of a potential disorder of sex development (DSD) and lower than expected energy level. Genitourinary examination revealed ambiguous external genitalia, hypospadias, and a subtle pouch of skin that resembled an empty scrotum. Corrective surgery was planned and subsequently aborted after cyanosis was identified preoperatively and an arterial blood gas analysis by co-oximetry identified increased methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration (35%, normal < 2%) with normal arterial oxygen tension. Ensuing investigations confirmed hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R) deficiency via molecular genetic (Arg219Pro homozygous variant in CYB5R3 gene) and biochemical (cytochrome b5 reductase enzyme activity of 8% [normal, 100% activity] testing. Karyotyping and molecular analysis of sex chromosomes revealed the dog was genetically female with a normal female karyotype (78,XX), and was negative for the Y-linked SRY gene and positive for the X-linked androgen receptor gene. Methylene blue (MB, 3.3 mg/kg per os [PO] q24 h) was administered and the MetHb concentration decreased to 9% within 14 days. Urogenital revision surgery proceeded without complication and the dog was maintained on MB (3-4 mg/kg PO q24 h) long-term without adverse effects. This is the first report to describe the use of PO MB to decrease MetHb concentrations in a dog with CYB5R deficiency in preparation for anesthesia and highlights its potential as a viable alternative to the intravenous formulation for elective procedures. In addition, this report describes the clinical, molecular, imaging, surgical, and macroscopic and microscopic pathological features of a dog with SRY-negative, 78,XX testicular DSD.
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Fidanzio F, Corsini A, Spindler KP, Crosara S. Suspected Drinking Water Poisoning in a Domestic Kitten with Methemoglobinemia. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110243. [PMID: 34822617 PMCID: PMC8622875 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-month-old male indoor cat was referred for dyspnea, mental dullness and weakness, which appeared two days earlier. The cat had been adopted at 3 months of age. Physical exam showed cyanosis, dyspnea and mild hypothermia. The “spot test” was supportive of methemoglobinemia. Co-oximetry blood gas analysis revealed severe methemoglobinemia (81.40%), severe hyperchloremia and mild hyponatremia. CBC, biochemistry and urinalysis were within normal limits, blood smear showed the presence of Heinz bodies. Treatment was instituted with oxygen therapy, methylene blue 1% solution, ascorbic acid, intravenous fluid therapy. The clinical course was favorable with rapid improvement of cyanosis and methemoglobinemia (4.2%). Acquired methemoglobinemia was hypothesized. Two weeks after discharge the cat was asymptomatic but mild methemoglobinemia (15.60%) and hyperchloremia were evident. Exposure to oxidants contained in drinking water was suspected so the owners were instructed to use bottled water only. One month later the cat was asymptomatic, and methemoglobinemia and chloremia were within normal limits. Even if a congenital form due to cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency cannot be ruled out, drinking water intoxication is the most likely cause of methemoglobinemia in this cat.
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Douglas HF, Dowling AP, Cléroux A, Barr CA. Anesthesia Case of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:853-855. [PMID: 33825536 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.8.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jaffey JA, Reading NS, Abdulmalik O, Kreisler R, Bullock G, Wiest A, Villani NA, Mhlanga-Mutangadura T, Johnson GS, Cohn LA, Isaza N, Harvey JW, Giger U. Clinical, metabolic, and molecular genetic characterization of hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b 5 reductase deficiency in 30 dogs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21399. [PMID: 33293645 PMCID: PMC7723051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype–phenotype correlations of humans and dogs with hereditary methemoglobinemia are not yet well characterized. We determined total hemoglobin and methemoglobin (MetHb) concentrations, cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R) enzyme activities, genotypes, and clinical signs in 30 dogs with persistent cyanosis without cardiopulmonary disease. Erythrocytic CYB5R enzyme activities were low in all dogs assayed. Owner-reported quality of life ranged from subclinical to occasional exertional syncope. Two previously reported and two novel CYB5R3 missense variants were identified among the methemoglobinemic cohort and were predicted to impair enzyme function. Two variants were recurrent: a homozygous Ile194Leu substitution was found in Pomeranians and other small dogs, and a homozygous Arg219Pro change occurred predominately in pit bull terriers. The other two variants were Thr202Ala and Gly76Ser substitutions in single dogs. Of the two common CYB5R3 genotypes, Arg219Pro was associated with a more severe metabolic phenotype. We conclude that CYB5R3 deficiency is the predominate cause of canine hereditary methemoglobinemia. Although this finding is unlikely to alter the clinical approach to hereditary methemoglobinemia in dogs, it demonstrates the possibility of how genotype–phenotype cohort analysis might facilitate precision medicine in the future in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - N S Reading
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - O Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Kreisler
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - G Bullock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - A Wiest
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N A Villani
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - T Mhlanga-Mutangadura
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - G S Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - L A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - N Isaza
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J W Harvey
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - U Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Saunders J, Speare DJ, McConkey S. Methemoglobin concentrations in three salmonid species following exposure to benzocaine or tricaine methanesulfonate. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:2257-2263. [PMID: 32974865 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methemoglobin is hemoglobin containing ferric iron rather than ferrous iron which renders it incapable of binding to oxygen. Blood sampling of fish is done under sedation or general anesthesia. Tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS) or benzocaine is commonly used but both can cause oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Our objective was to determine if methemoglobin concentrations in healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), or Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) increase during sedation with 25 mg/L of a 10% benzocaine solution or with repeated short anesthetizations by 65 mg/L of 10% benzocaine solution or 65 mg/L of TMS. Sedation by benzocaine caused a significant increase in methemoglobin in all species over time (P < 0.05). The methemoglobin percentage in brook trout increased by 129%, rainbow trout by 42%, and Atlantic salmon by 49%. The methemoglobin in brook trout was significantly greater than the other species at multiple time points. Repeated brief anesthetizing by benzocaine and TMS caused significant methemoglobin by 60 (P < 0.05), 90 (P < 0.01), and 120 min (P < 0.001) in brook trout but no significant change in methemoglobin in rainbow trout or Atlantic salmon except at 120 min in Atlantic salmon (P < 0.05) repeatedly anesthetized with benzocaine. For example, following multiple anesthetizations with benzocaine, the methemoglobin percentage in brook trout increased by 140%, whereas the rise in methemoglobin in rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon was more modest (37% increase in Rainbow trout and 53% increase in Atlantic salmon). Following multiple anesthetizations with TMS, the methemoglobin increased by 90%, 5%, and 1% in brook trout, rainbow trout, and Atlantic salmon, respectively. Methemoglobin may increase significantly over time in fish immersed in a sedating dose of benzocaine or repeatedly anesthetized with benzocaine or TMS. The susceptibility varies with the individual and species with brook trout being more susceptible than Atlantic salmon or rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - David J Speare
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Sandra McConkey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
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Jaffey JA, Reading NS, Giger U, Abdulmalik O, Buckley RM, Johnstone S, Lyons LA. Clinical, metabolic, and genetic characterization of hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b 5 reductase deficiency in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2725-2731. [PMID: 31650629 PMCID: PMC6872605 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Two non‐pedigreed male castrated cats had persistent cyanosis over a 3‐year observation period. Clinical cardiopulmonary evaluations did not reveal abnormalities, but the blood remained dark after exposure to air. Erythrocytic methemoglobin concentrations were high (~40% of hemoglobin) and cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R) activities in erythrocytes were low (≤15% of control). One cat remained intolerant of exertion, and the other cat developed anemia and died due to an unidentified comorbidity. Whole‐genome sequencing revealed a homozygous c.625G>A missense variant (B4:137967506) and a c.232‐1G>C splice acceptor variant (B4:137970815) in CYB5R3, respectively, which were absent in 193 unaffected additional cats. The p.Gly209Ser missense variant likely disrupts a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)‐binding domain, while the splicing error occurs at the acceptor site for exon 4, which likely affects downstream translation of the protein. The 2 novel CYB5R3 variants were associated with methemoglobinemia using clinical, biochemical, genomics, and in silico protein studies. The variant prevalence is unknown in the cat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Jaffey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
| | - N Scott Reading
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruben M Buckley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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11
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Shino H, Otsuka-Yamasaki Y, Sato T, Ooi K, Inanami O, Sato R, Yamasaki M. Familial Congenital Methemoglobinemia in Pomeranian Dogs Caused by a Missense Variant in the NADH-Cytochrome B5 Reductase Gene. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:165-171. [PMID: 29356095 PMCID: PMC5787195 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In veterinary medicine, congenital methemoglobinemia associated with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)‐cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R) deficiency is rare. It has been reported in several breeds of dogs, but little information is available about its etiology. Objectives To analyze the NADH‐cytochrome b5 reductase gene, CYB5R3, in a Pomeranian dog family with methemoglobinemia suspected to be caused by congenital b5R deficiency. Animals Three Pomeranian dogs from a family with methemoglobinemia were analyzed. Five healthy beagles and 5 nonrelated Pomeranian dogs without methemoglobinemia were used as controls. Methods Methemoglobin concentration, b5R activity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration were measured, and a turbidity index was used to evaluate Heinz body formation. The CYB5R3 genes of the affected dog and healthy dogs were analyzed by direct sequencing. Results Methemoglobin concentrations in erythrocytes of the affected dogs were remarkably higher than those of the control dogs. The b5R activity of the affected dogs was notably lower than that of the control dogs. DNA sequencing indicated that this Pomeranian family carried a CYB5R3 gene missense variant (ATC→CTC at codon 194) that resulted in the replacement of isoleucine (Ile) by leucine (Leu). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This dog family had familial congenital methemoglobinemia caused by b5R deficiency, which resulted from a nonsynonymous variant in the CYB5R3 gene. This variation (c.580A>C) led to an amino acid substitution (p.Ile194Leu), and Ile194 was located in the proximal region of the NADH‐binding motif. Our data suggested that this variant in the canine CYB5R3 gene would affect function of the b5R in erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Y Otsuka-Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - T Sato
- Estie Animal Hospital, Kooriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - K Ooi
- Ooi Animal Hospital, Kooriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - O Inanami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - R Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - M Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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12
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Reinhart JM, Ekena J, Cioffi AC, Trepanier LA. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the canine cytochrome b 5 reductase (CYB5R3) gene is associated with sulfonamide hypersensitivity and is overrepresented in Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:402-408. [PMID: 29336038 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine sulfonamide hypersensitivity (HS) has been associated with a variant in the cytochrome b5 reductase gene (CYB5R3 729A>G), which encodes a drug-detoxifying enzyme. Study objectives were to determine variant allele frequency in Doberman Pinschers (DOBE), a breed which may be predisposed to sulfonamide HS, and to characterize the effects of CYB5R3 729G on gene expression and function. CYB5R3 729A>G allele frequencies were compared between DOBE (n = 24) vs. non-Doberman (non-DOBE; n = 60) dogs. CYB5R3mRNA expression, protein expression, and reduction of sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine were compared between banked canine liver samples of 729AA vs. GG genotype. The 729G allele was overrepresented in DOBE (1.00) vs. non-DOBE dogs (0.567, p < .0001). mRNA and protein expressions as well as cyt b5 reductase activity were similar between livers of AA and GG genotype. All Doberman Pinschers in this study were homozygous for CYB5R3 729G, which could contribute to this breed's apparent predisposition to sulfonamide HS. However, CYB5R3 729G does not alter sulfamethoxazole detoxification capacity, so a direct role could not be demonstrated. It is possible that this marker is linked to another contributing variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Reinhart
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Ekena
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A C Cioffi
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - L A Trepanier
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Jaffey JA, Harmon MR, Villani NA, Creighton EK, Johnson GS, Giger U, Dodam JR. Long-term Treatment with Methylene Blue in a Dog with Hereditary Methemoglobinemia Caused by Cytochrome b5 Reductase Deficiency. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1860-1865. [PMID: 28963729 PMCID: PMC5697180 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A juvenile male mixed breed dog was presented for lethargy, exercise intolerance, and aggression when touched on the head. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and tachypnea were observed and persisted during oxygen supplementation. Arterial blood gas analysis by co‐oximetry identified an increased methemoglobin concentration (27%; normal, <2%) with normal arterial oxygen tension. The methemoglobinemia and associated clinical signs resolved after administration of methylene blue (1 mg/kg) IV, and the dog was discharged. The affected dog's whole‐genome sequence contained 2 potentially causal heterozygous CYB5R3 missense mutations suggesting that cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency was responsible for the methemoglobinemia. This hypothesis was confirmed by enzyme analysis that identified cytochrome b5 reductase activity in the affected dog's erythrocytes to only approximately 6% of that in a control sample. Clinical signs recurred 11 days after discharge but normalized and the methemoglobin concentration decreased with methylene blue administration PO (1.5 mg/kg, initially daily and then every other day).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - M R Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - N A Villani
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - E K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - G S Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - U Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J R Dodam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Health Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Biology and Diseases of Cats. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149628 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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McKenna JA, Sacco J, Son TT, Trepanier LA, Callan MB, Harvey JW, Arndt JW. Congenital methemoglobinemia in a dog with a promoter deletion and a nonsynonymous coding variant in the gene encoding cytochrome b₅. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1626-31. [PMID: 25145387 PMCID: PMC4895586 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J A McKenna
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Advanced Critical Care, Emergency & Specialty Services - Los Angeles, Culver City, CA
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18
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Fierro BR, Agnew DW, Duncan AE, Lehner AF, Scott MA. Skunk musk causes methemoglobin and Heinz body formation in vitro. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:291-300. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittney R. Fierro
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI; USA
| | - Dalen W. Agnew
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI; USA
| | | | - Andreas F. Lehner
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI; USA
| | - Michael A. Scott
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation; Michigan State University; East Lansing; MI; USA
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Juvet F, Giger U, Battersby I, Menaut P, Syme HM, Mooney CT. Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency in three West Highland white terriers in Ireland and the UK. Ir Vet J 2013; 66:12. [PMID: 23842571 PMCID: PMC3718623 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-66-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is described for the first time in three apparently unrelated West Highland white terriers (WHWT) from Ireland and the UK. All three dogs were diagnosed with markedly regenerative but persistent anaemia and had been treated for presumed immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) before hereditary erythrocyte PK-deficiency was confirmed by breed-specific DNA mutation analysis. This hereditary erythroenzymopathy causes haemolytic anaemia and affects several canine breeds with varying degrees of severity. Although eventually causing osteosclerosis, haemosiderosis and death, PK-deficient dogs can adapt to their anaemia for many years.PK-deficiency should be considered in anaemic WHWTs worldwide particularly in dogs with haemolytic anaemia where evidence for an immune-mediated, infectious or toxic underlying cause is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Juvet
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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The Pathology of Comparative Animal Models of Human Haemochromatosis. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:460-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Inal Gultekin G, Raj K, Lehman S, Hillström A, Giger U. Missense mutation in PFKM associated with muscle-type phosphofructokinase deficiency in the Wachtelhund dog. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:243-7. [PMID: 22446493 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary muscle-type phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency causing intermittent hemolytic anemia and exertional myopathy due to a single nonsense mutation in PFKM has been previously described in English Springer and American Cocker Spaniels, Whippets, and mixed breed dogs. We report here on a new missense mutation associated with PFK deficiency in Wachtelhunds. Coding regions of the PFKM gene were amplified from genomic DNA and/or cDNA reverse-transcribed from RNA of EDTA blood of PFK-deficient and clinically healthy Wachtelhunds and control dogs. The amplicons were sequenced and compared to the published canine PFKM sequence. A point mutation (c.550C>T, in the coding sequence of PFKM expressed in blood) was found in all 4 affected Wachtelhunds. This missense mutation results in an amino acid substitution of arginine (Arg) to tryptophan (Trp) at position 184 of the protein expressed in blood (p.Arg184Trp). The mutation is located within an alpha-helix, and based on the SIFT analysis, this amino acid substitution is not tolerated. Amplifying the region around this mutation and digesting the PCR fragment with the restriction enzyme MspI, produces fragments that readily differentiate between PFK-deficient, carrier, and normal animals. Furthermore, we document 2 additional upstream PFKM exons expressed in canine testis but not in blood. Despite their similar phenotypic appearance and use for hunting, Wachtelhunds and English Springer Spaniels are not thought to have common ancestors. Thus, it is not surprising that different mutations are responsible for PFK deficiency in these breeds. Knowledge of the molecular basis of PFK deficiency in Wachtelhunds provides an opportunity to screen and control the spread of this deleterious trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Inal Gultekin
- Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Tvarijonaviciute A, Tecles F, Caldin M, Tasca S, Cerón J. Validation of spectrophotometric assays for serum paraoxonase type-1 measurement in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:34-41. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hillström A, Tvedten H, Rowe A, Giger U. Hereditary phosphofructokinase deficiency in wachtelhunds. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:145-50. [PMID: 21311071 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency was diagnosed in two Wachtelhund dogs and suspected in three related Wachtelhund dogs with exercise intolerance, hemolytic anemia, and pigmenturia. Severe, persistent reticulocytosis in light of only mild anemia together with hemoglobinuria after strenuous exercise suggested PFK deficiency. Low erythrocyte PFK activity together with low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations and a high hemoglobin-oxygen affinity confirmed the diagnosis. The PFK deficiency is due to a single missense mutation in the muscle-type PFK M-PFK gene in English springer and American cocker spaniels, whippets, and mixed-breed dogs; however, these PFK-deficient Wachtelhunds do not have the same PFK mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hillström
- University Veterinary Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Cockburn A, Brambilla G, Fernández ML, Arcella D, Bordajandi LR, Cottrill B, van Peteghem C, Dorne JL. Nitrite in feed: from animal health to human health. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 270:209-17. [PMID: 21095201 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite is widely consumed from the diet by animals and humans. However the largest contribution to exposure results from the in vivo conversion of exogenously derived nitrate to nitrite. Because of its potential to cause to methaemoglobin (MetHb) formation at excessive levels of intake, nitrite is regulated in feed and water as an undesirable substance. Forages and contaminated water have been shown to contain high levels of nitrate and represent the largest contributor to nitrite exposure for food-producing animals. Interspecies differences in sensitivity to nitrite intoxication principally result from physiological and anatomical differences in nitrite handling. In the case of livestock both pigs and cattle are relatively susceptible. With pigs this is due to a combination of low levels of bacterial nitrite reductase and hence potential to reduce nitrite to ammonia as well as reduced capacity to detoxify MetHb back to haemoglobin (Hb) due to intrinsically low levels of MetHb reductase. In cattle the sensitivity is due to the potential for high dietary intake and high levels of rumen conversion of nitrate to nitrite, and an adaptable gut flora which at normal loadings shunts nitrite to ammonia for biosynthesis. However when this escape mechanism gets overloaded, nitrite builds up and can enter the blood stream resulting in methemoglobinemia. Looking at livestock case histories reported in the literature no-observed-effect levels of 3.3mg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day for nitrite in pigs and cattle were estimated and related to the total daily nitrite intake that would result from complete feed at the EU maximum permissible level. This resulted in margins of safety of 9-fold and 5-fold for pigs and cattle, respectively. Recognising that the bulkiness of animal feed limits their consumption, these margins in conjunction with good agricultural practise were considered satisfactory for the protection of livestock health. A human health risk assessment was also carried out taking into account all direct and indirect sources of nitrite from the human diet, including carry-over of nitrite in animal-based products such as milk, eggs and meat products. Human exposure was then compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for nitrite of 0-0.07 mg/kg b.w. per day. Overall, the low levels of nitrite in fresh animal products represented only 2.9% of the total daily dietary exposure and thus were not considered to raise concerns for human health. It is concluded that the potential health risk to animals from the consumption of feed or to man from eating fresh animal products containing nitrite, is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cockburn
- Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, Devonshire Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE17RU, UK
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A simple quantitative bedside test to determine methemoglobin. Ann Emerg Med 2009; 55:184-9. [PMID: 19818531 PMCID: PMC2977536 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Methemoglobinemia after pesticide poisoning is associated with a mortality of 12% in Sri Lanka. Treatment is complicated by the lack of laboratory facilities. We aimed to develop and validate a low-cost bedside test for quantitative estimation of clinically significant methemoglobin to be used in settings of limited resources. METHODS A method to reliably produce blood samples with 10% to 100% methemoglobin was developed. Freshly prepared methemoglobin samples were used to develop the color chart. One drop (10 microL) of prepared methemoglobin sample was placed on white absorbent paper and scanned using a flatbed Cannon Scan LiDE 25 scanner. The mean red, green, and blue values were measured with ImageJ 1.37v. These color values were used to prepare a color chart to be used at the bedside. Interobserver agreement was assessed against prepared samples. The results from clinical use were compared with formal methemoglobin measurements. RESULTS The red color value was linearly related to percentage methemoglobin (R(2)=0.9938), with no effect of absolute hemoglobin concentration. Mean interobserver (N=21) agreement and weighted kappa for scanned methemoglobin spots using the color chart were 94% and 0.83, respectively. Mean interobserver (N=9) agreement and weighted kappa for a freshly prepared methemoglobin sample with the chart were 88% and 0.71, respectively. Clinical use of the color chart also showed good agreement with spectrometric measurements. CONCLUSION A color chart can be used to give a clinically useful quantitative estimate of methemoglobinemia.
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Barrs VR, Giger U, Wilson B, Chan CTT, Lingard AE, Tran L, Seng A, Canfield PJ, Beatty JA. Erythrocytic pyruvate kinase deficiency and AB blood types in Australian Abyssinian and Somali cats. Aust Vet J 2009; 87:39-44. [PMID: 19178476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of the mutant pyruvate kinase (PK) allele, haematological parameters and AB blood types of Abyssinian and Somali cats in Australia. DESIGN Complete blood cell and reticulocyte counts, DNA PK mutation testing and blood typing were performed in all cats. RESULTS A total of 60 cats (36 Abyssinians, 24 Somalis) were included (37 females, 23 males). For the mutant PK allele, three female Somalis were homozygous (affected, 5%), 17 cats were heterozygous (carrier, 28%) and 40 cats tested negative (normal, 67%). Pedigree analysis revealed common ancestry of affected and many carrier cats. Of affected cats, two had regenerative anaemias and all had reticulocytosis (range 64-390 x 10(9)/L; P < 0.001 compared with normal or carrier cats). The only consistent historical sign was lethargy. One affected cat was euthanased 18 months after testing, because of anaemia, neutropenia, anorexia and weight loss. The mutant allele frequency was 0.19 overall (0.29 in Somalis, 0.13 in Abyssinians). All cats had blood type A. The commercial blood typing card method incorrectly identified 12 cats as having type AB blood. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of the mutant PK allele is high in Australia. Screening for PK deficiency is indicated before mating and in individual cats of these breeds, even in the absence of anaemia and especially when there is reticulocytosis. Although all cats in the present study had blood type A, blood type B is common in these breeds worldwide. Retyping of any AB typed cats by a laboratory technique is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Barrs
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia. v.barrs@.usyd.edu.au
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Nitrite as undesirable substances in animal feed ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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van Geffen C, Savary-Bataille K, Chiers K, Giger U, Daminet S. Bilirubin cholelithiasis and haemosiderosis in an anaemic pyruvate kinase-deficient Somali cat. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:479-82. [PMID: 18684151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A Somali cat was presented with recurrent anorexia, lethargy, vomiting and icterus. A macrocytic-hypochromic, regenerative haemolytic anaemia was identified and hereditary pyruvate kinase deficiency was confirmed by means of breed-specific DNA mutation analysis. The case was complicated by the presence of markedly elevated serum liver enzyme activities, hyperbilirubinaemia, coagulopathy and ultrasonographic evidence of gall bladder choleliths and extrahepatic bile duct obstruction. The choleliths consisted of 100 per cent bilirubin, likely because of chronic haemolysis and haeme degradation. In conclusion, haemosiderosis and bilirubin cholelithiasis can be a consequence of chronic haemolysis in pyruvate kinase-deficient cats, as seen in human beings with a variety of chronic haemolytic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C van Geffen
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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TANG X, XIA Z, YU J. An experimental study of hemolysis induced by onion (Allium cepa) poisoning in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:143-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Clinical course of pyruvate kinase deficiency in Abyssinian and Somali cats. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:145-53. [PMID: 18077199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine clinical signs, laboratory parameters, and course of disease in Abyssinian and Somali cats with pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency. The clinical course of 25 PK-deficient cats was followed over a time period of 0.8-11.3 years (median 4.3). Eleven cats (age 0.8-7.8 years, median 4.4) did not show signs according to the owners. In 14 cats (age 0.1-5 years, median 1.7) the owners noted lethargy (10), diarrhoea (seven), pale mucous membranes (six), inappetence (six), poor coat quality (six), weight loss (four), icterus (four), and pica (two). Sixteen cats had been used for breeding at least once before diagnosis. Laboratory abnormalities included anaemia (70%), increased aggregated reticulocyte counts (94%), hyperglobulinaemia (80%), hyperbilirubinaemia (53%), and increased liver enzymes (47%). Six of 25 affected cats died (four) or were euthanased (two) at ages ranging from 1.3 to 11.3 years (median 4.1) presumably because of PK-deficiency. These findings emphasise that PK deficiency shows variation in age of onset and severity of signs. As PK-deficient cats can be asymptomatic testing for PK deficiency before breeding is strongly recommended.
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Allison RW, Meinkoth JH. Hematology without the numbers: in-clinic blood film evaluation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007; 37:245-66, vi. [PMID: 17336674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Technical advances have made it possible for many private veterinary practices to purchase reasonably priced automated hematology instruments to perform in-clinic blood analyses. Although these instruments can quickly provide "numbers" to the clinician, evaluation of a well-made blood film can often provide information critical to the interpretation of those numbers. Blood film review is essential to identify important abnormalities such as neutrophilic left shifts and toxic change, neoplastic cells, hemoparasites, and erythrocyte morphologic changes that may suggest the cause of an anemia. Additionally, the blood film provides an important quality control measure for the automated hematology results. This article outlines a simple method of blood film evaluation, highlights the most common clinically important abnormalities, and reinforces the importance of blood film evaluation as a quality control measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W Allison
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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