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Weidinger AK, Bergmann M, König M, Zablotski Y, Hartmann K. Anti-rabies humoral immune response in cats after concurrent vs separate vaccination against rabies and feline leukaemia virus using canarypox-vectored vaccines. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231218643. [PMID: 38358295 PMCID: PMC10911302 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231218643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some expert groups recommend that cats should be vaccinated with non-adjuvanted feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and rabies vector vaccines, which, in the European Union, are currently not licensed for concurrent use and have to be administered at least 14 days apart (different from the USA) and thus at separate visits, which is associated with more stress for cats and owners. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-rabies antibody response in cats after vaccination against rabies and FeLV at concurrent vs separate (4 weeks apart) visits using two canarypox-vectored vaccines (Purevax Rabies and Purevax FeLV; Boehringer Ingelheim) and to evaluate the occurrence of vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs). METHODS Healthy FeLV antigen-negative client-owned kittens (n = 106) were prospectively included in this randomised study. All kittens received primary vaccinations against rabies (week 0) and FeLV (weeks 4 and 8). After 1 year, the study group (n = 52) received booster vaccinations against rabies and FeLV concurrently at the same visit (weeks 50-52). The control group (n = 54) received booster vaccinations against rabies (weeks 50-52) and FeLV (weeks 54-56) separately. Anti-rabies virus antibodies (anti-RAV Ab) were determined by fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation assay at weeks 4, 50-52 and 54-56, and compared between both groups using a Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS Four weeks after the first rabies vaccination, 87/106 (82.1%) kittens had a titre ⩾0.5 IU/ml and 19/106 (17.9%) had a titre <0.5 IU/ml. Four weeks after the 1-year rabies booster, all cats had adequate anti-RAV Ab according to the World Organisation for Animal Health (⩾0.5 IU/ml), and the titres of the study group (median = 14.30 IU/ml) and the control group (median = 21.39 IU/ml) did not differ significantly (P = 0.141). VAAEs were observed in 7/106 (6.6%) cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Concurrent administration of Purevax FeLV and Purevax Rabies vector vaccines at the 1-year booster does not interfere with the development of anti-RAV Ab or cause more adverse effects and thus represents a better option than separate vaccination visits for cats and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karina Weidinger
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias König
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Haist V, Bellebeau-Barbier F, Montange C, Lemaitre L, Diawara A, Guiot AL, Nicolier A, Latronico E, Chereul E, Brunet S, Tronel JP. Comparison of the local safety of two multi-component feline vaccines, adjuvanted (1 mL) versus non-adjuvanted at reduced volume (0.5 mL), using computed tomography imaging. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00720-X. [PMID: 37355451 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
In 2020, a new 0.5 mL presentation of PUREVAX® RCP FeLV was registered and introduced in Europe. The objectives of this study were to investigate the local safety of this non-adjuvanted vaccine at reduced volume by classical methods (clinical examination, histopathology) and to evaluate the suitability of an alternative non-invasive methodology, the computed tomography (CT). For this purpose, the course of local reactions was assessed for 3 months after subcutaneous injection of PUREVAX® RCP FeLV 0.5 mL and compared to an adjuvanted vaccine, LEUCOFELIGEN® FeLV/RCP 1.0 mL. Injection site reactions consisted mainly of swelling reactions, which were more frequent, more pronounced and long-lasting in the adjuvanted vaccine group. Microscopically, in this group, moderate to severe inflammatory reactions were observed on day 7 (D7) and D21 post-injection and still present on D84, while mild inflammatory lesions were observed in the non-adjuvanted vaccine group only on D7 and D21. With the adjuvanted vaccine, inflamed areas were measurable by CT scan in all cats on D7 and D21, whereas they were detected only on D7 and only in 20 % of cats from the non-adjuvanted vaccine group. Besides the higher frequency, the mean inflamed volume was nearly 300 times larger in adjuvanted vaccine group on D7. Using different methodologies, the favorable safety profile of PUREVAX® RCP FeLV 0.5 mL was confirmed. Furthermore, the vaccine is aligned with current vaccination guidelines by inducing less inflammatory reactions, being adjuvant-free and injectable under a reduced volume, thus improving the convenience of administration in recommended sites (eg, legs). CT scan proved to be a suitable non-invasive method for the experimental follow-up of injection site reactions, yielding results consistent with clinical assessment and histopathology on D7 and D21. CT scan substantiated large differences between the investigated vaccines with a more prominent inflammatory reaction after injection of an adjuvanted vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Haist
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Strasse 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Fanny Bellebeau-Barbier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint-Vulbas, France.
| | - Camille Montange
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint-Vulbas, France.
| | - Laurent Lemaitre
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint-Vulbas, France.
| | - Aissatou Diawara
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint-Vulbas, France.
| | - Anne-Laure Guiot
- CPB, 2 Place des Quatre Vierges, 69110 Sainte Foy les Lyon, France.
| | - Alexandra Nicolier
- Laboratoire VetDiagnostics, 3 Avenue de la Victoire, 69260 Charbonnières-les-Bains, France.
| | | | | | - Sylvie Brunet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Tronel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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Ciaravolo SV, Dobson E, Liffman R, Stickney A. Severe pericardial effusion in a cat with peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia and incarcerated hepatic sarcoma. JFMS Open Rep 2022; 8:20551169221121926. [PMID: 36132419 PMCID: PMC9484049 DOI: 10.1177/20551169221121926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 4-year-old female neutered domestic longhair cat was presented at a referral hospital
for dyspnoea with a history of suspected pleural effusion. Thoracic ultrasonography
demonstrated a large-volume pericardial effusion causing cardiac tamponade and a cystic
mass within the pericardium. CT revealed a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
(PPDH) caused by a defect of the ventral diaphragm. Herniated contents consisted of the
right lateral and caudate liver lobes, and an associated cystic hepatic mass. Ventral
midline coeliotomy was performed for herniorrhaphy and partial pericardiectomy, together
with lobectomy of the incarcerated liver mass. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry
diagnosed a poorly differentiated hepatic sarcoma with inflammation and remodelling in
the adjacent incarcerated liver parenchyma. The patient developed metastatic sarcoma 2
months after surgery and was euthanased as a result. Relevance and novel information Pericardial effusion causing cardiac tamponade is a previously unreported sequelae to
PPDH in cats. Reports on the presence of malignancy in incarcerated liver are scarce and
the location is not typical for a sarcoma in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan V Ciaravolo
- Peninsula Vet Emergency and Referral Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Alison Stickney
- Peninsula Vet Emergency and Referral Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Expression of Platelet Derived Growth Factor a, Its Receptor, and Integrin Subunit Alpha V in Feline Injection-Site Sarcomas. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Injection-site sarcomas are considered an important entity in veterinary oncology, especially in cats. The current study investigated the immunohistochemical expression of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGFA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α), and integrin alpha subunit v in feline injection-site sarcomas (FISS). A total of 14 paraffin-embedded tissue samples previously diagnosed as soft tissue sarcomas were selected from the departmental archive and sectioned at 5µm using a microtome. Tissue sections were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Alcian blue-Periodic Acid Schiff (AB-PAS), Masson’s Trichrome, and immunohistochemically for PDGFA, PDGR-α, and integrin alpha v. The majority of the tumors were fibrosarcomas (n=13/14), except one case of myxoid liposarcoma. The tumors occurred at sites commonly used for injections or vaccine administration. Histologically, tumors were characterized by peripheral infiltration of mononuclear cells mainly lymphocytes, variable sized central necrotic areas, and many multinucleated tumor giant cells. AB-PAS staining revealed the presence of myxoid or mucinous areas in (8/14) tumors while trichrome staining demonstrated a variable amount of collagenous stroma in 12/14 tumors. Vimentin immunoreactivity was observed in all the tumors while smooth muscle actin and muscle actin staining was noticed in four and two cases, respectively. PDGFA and PDGFR-α immunoexpression was observed in all 14 cases while integrin alpha v in 13/14 cases. The results of the current study indicate that fibrosarcoma is the major morphologic phenotype of FISS. The PDGFA, its receptor, and integrin alpha v immunoexpression are increased in these tumors in cats which elucidates their role in the pathogenesis of FISS.
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Bloch J, Rogers K, Walker M, Dawson J, Wilson-Robles H. Treatment of feline injection-site sarcoma with surgery and iridium-192 brachytherapy: retrospective evaluation of 22 cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:313-321. [PMID: 30982391 PMCID: PMC10814673 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19844345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this retrospective descriptive study was to determine the effectiveness of using iridium implants in addition to surgery in cats with feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs) in terms of time to progression and disease-specific survival and to identify prognostic factors for patient outcome. METHODS Medical records of cats presented at our institution with FISS were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included histologic diagnosis of a tumor type associated with post-injection neoplastic development, tumor located at a site associated with vaccination, no other therapies prior to the administration of brachytherapy with the exception of surgery and adequate follow-up data. RESULTS Twenty-two cats with FISS were treated with surgery and brachytherapy delivered by postoperative iridium-192 interstitial implants. Radiation doses ranged from 4000 to 6000 cGy (median dose 5079.55 cGy), with most doses delivered over 7 days. The median number of surgeries prior to brachytherapy was one (range 1-4). The complications associated with postoperative brachytherapy were typically mild, although four cats developed more severe complications. The median time to progression for all cats was 619 days and disease-specific survival time for all cats was 1242 days. The 1 and 2 year tumor-free rates in these cats were 63.6% and 40.9%, respectively. The local failure rate was 54.5% and the distant failure rate was 13.6% due to lung metastasis. There was a significant difference in time to progression of cats that had a single surgery performed prior to brachytherapy and those that had multiple surgeries (undefined vs 310 days; P = 0.01). There were no other statistically significant identified prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These data suggest that the addition of brachytherapy postoperatively in cats with FISS was well tolerated and is comparable to other forms of adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bloch
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kenita Rogers
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael Walker
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jesse Dawson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Maxwell EA, Phillips H, Clark-Price SC, Vieson MD, Selmic LE, Schaeffer DJ, Fan TM. Pharmacokinetics of platinum and safety evaluation of carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads after implantation in healthy cats. Vet Surg 2020; 49:748-757. [PMID: 31944331 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of platinum (Pt) and safety of carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (C-I CSH) beads after implantation in healthy cats. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experimental study. ANIMALS Six healthy adult cats. METHODS Three C-I CSH beads were implanted in muscle pockets over the right and left hemithoraces of each cat (~3.9 mg/kg of Pt; 60.4 mg/m2 of calculated carboplatin). Hematology and blood chemistry were tested at baseline and 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postimplantation. Serum was analyzed for Pt at specific times from 1 hour to 21 days. Tissue was obtained for histopathology and analysis of Pt at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days at standardized distances from implantation sites. RESULTS Platinum was detected in tissues at all times and distances (range, 0.1-4.19 μg/g). Serum Pt increased up to 2.6 hours (3.25 μg/mL) then decreased sharply. Samples containing muscle had higher Pt compared with samples without muscle (P = .004). Mild hypercalcemia was noted in four cats, and mild inflammatory reaction was noted on histopathology of all samples. CONCLUSION Platinum was released from C-I CSH beads differentially into surrounding tissues over 21 days. Systemic absorption of Pt was minimal, but mild hypercalcemia occurred. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Implantation was well tolerated by healthy adult cats. Securing beads within muscle may limit Pt diffusion to targeted tissue. Although Pt concentrations did not achieve levels reported to be cytotoxic for feline sarcoma cells in culture, results provide evidence to support evaluation of efficacy in the tumor microenvironment of cats with locally invasive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Maxwell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Heidi Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Stuart C Clark-Price
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
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MacNeill AL. The potential of the combined use of targeted type I interferon pathway inhibitors and oncolytic viruses to treat sarcomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:36-42. [PMID: 31618515 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Replicating oncolytic viruses (OVs) are appealing, new, FDA-approved, therapeutic options for humans with head and neck cancers and melanomas. These treatments are not yet available for veterinary patients, but recent clinical trials have shown several OVs to be safe in dogs and cats. Specific viruses being used to treat sarcomas in dogs include modified canine adenovirus 2, myxoma virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and reovirus. In cats with vaccine-associated sarcomas, poxviruses have been injected postoperatively and a reduced rate of tumour recurrence was documented. To date, the response rates of canine and feline patients to OV therapy have been variable (as they are in people). Optimal methods of OV administration and dosing schedules continue to be evaluated. One way to improve outcomes of OV therapy in veterinary patients may be to use OVs in combination with other immunomodulatory therapies. This review discusses the potential utility of concurrent therapy with an OV and an inhibitor of the type I interferon pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Gillette, Colorodo
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8
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Epidemiological and Pathological Characterization of Feline Injection Site Sarcomas in Southern Brazil. J Comp Pathol 2019; 172:31-36. [PMID: 31690412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS) is a mesenchymal neoplasm with highly malignant characteristics. These tumours originate in anatomical sites where there has been previous parenteral administration of medicinal substances or implantation of medical devices. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological and pathological features associated with FISS in the southern region of Brazil. The database of the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul was searched for excisional and incisional biopsy samples compatible with FISS submitted between 2007 and 2017. Biopsy reports were reviewed and epidemiological information, including breed, age and sex of affected cats, as well as gross findings including anatomical location and size of the tumour and the presence of tissue invasion, were extracted. Eighty-nine samples were selected based on the established criteria. Most animals were of undefined breed and were female cats with a median age of 10 years. Grossly, 84.8% of the tumours were >2 cm in diameter. Regarding anatomical location, 34.9% of the tumours were located in the subcutaneous tissue of the thoracic wall, 29.2% in the flank, 21.3% in the interscapular region and 14.6% in the limbs. Histologically, the tumours originated in the subcutaneous tissue and were diagnosed as malignant mesenchymal neoplasms. Most were compatible with fibrosarcomas, but variants with features of pleomorphic sarcoma or chondrosarcoma were recognized. All tumours exhibited areas of necrosis and peripheral inflammatory infiltrate, composed predominantly of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. The results of this study suggest the need for dissemination of information on FISS epidemiology and guidelines for management of this tumour to veterinarians in the region.
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Fleming K, Nemanic S, Löhr CV, Terry J, Milovancev M. CT angiography and MRI imaging features do not predict the tumor type and grade of feline injection site sarcoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:668-679. [PMID: 31515897 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been described as methods for preoperative surgical planning in cats with feline injection site sarcomas (FISS), however, few published studies have compared these modalities. The objective of this retrospective, secondary analysis study was to determine if imaging features of FISS on CTA and MRI are predictive of neoplastic peritumoral projections. Archived data from a previous prospective study were retrieved for 10 cats with FISS. All cats had been evaluated in a single anesthetic episode with MRI and dual phase CT (CTA) imaging followed by surgical removal. Histopathological grading and targeted histopathology of imaging-identified peritumoral projections were performed. Two observers evaluated the CTA and MRI studies for FISS shape, margination, size, enhancement pattern, postcontrast uniformity, pre- and postcontrast margination, the number of muscles involved, mass mineralization, and bone lysis. Metal was present in the imaging field of three of 10 cats, resulting in one nondiagnostic MRI. Peritumoral projections were detected in all cats with both imaging modalities, and most were benign. At least one neoplastic peritumoral projection was detected in six cats using MRI, five cats using CTA, and three cats with both modalities. Higher grade FISS were larger than low grade using MRI, and FISS were larger using MRI. Other FISS imaging features using MRI and CTA were similar. Findings supported use of either MRI or CTA for detecting neoplastic peritumoral projections in cats with FISS. Authors recommend CTA for cats with known metallic objects in the scan field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Fleming
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Sarah Nemanic
- Veterinary Radiology Consulting, LLC., Lebanon, Oregon
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | | | - Milan Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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Rossi F, Marconato L, Sabattini S, Cancedda S, Laganga P, Leone VF, Rohrer Bley C. Comparison of definitive-intent finely fractionated and palliative-intent coarsely fractionated radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment of feline microscopic injection-site sarcoma. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:65-72. [PMID: 29473768 PMCID: PMC10814612 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18758883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this retrospective, bi-institutional study was to evaluate the progression-free interval in a cohort of cats with postoperative microscopic injection-site sarcoma (ISS) treated with two different radiotherapy protocols. METHODS Included in the study were cats with ISSs undergoing macroscopic surgical removal and subsequent electron beam radiotherapy treatment with either a finely fractionated protocol (48 or 52.8 Gy over 4 weeks delivered in 12 or 16 fractions) or a coarsely fractionated protocol (36 Gy over 3 weeks administered in six fractions). Medical records were reviewed and follow-up information was collected. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare the progression-free interval (PFI) between the two protocols and to test the influence of many clinical variables. RESULTS Fifty-nine cats were included; 38 underwent a finely fractionated protocol and 21 a coarsely fractionated protocol. PFI was not significantly different between the two groups. Overall PFI was 2000 days (2000 vs 540 days; P = 0.449). When only first-occurrence cases were included, median PFI was significantly longer in the finely fractionated group compared with the coarsely fractionated group (1430 vs 540 days; P = 0.007). In cats that underwent multiple surgeries PFI was not different between protocols (233 vs 395 days; P = 0.353). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cats with first-occurrence ISSs appear to benefit from postoperative finely fractionated radiotherapy. The same benefit was not evident in cats that underwent multiple surgeries and we think a coarsely fractionated protocol would be indicated in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossi
- Veterinary Oncology Centre, Sasso Marconi, Italy
- Orologio Veterinary Centre, Sasso Marconi, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Vito F Leone
- Veterinary Oncology Centre, Sasso Marconi, Italy
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Müller N, Kessler M. Curative-intent radical en bloc resection using a minimum of a 3 cm margin in feline injection-site sarcomas: a retrospective analysis of 131 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:509-519. [PMID: 28696150 PMCID: PMC11104078 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17717882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Owing to its highly infiltrative growth, feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS) carries a significant risk of local tumour recurrence. Parameters of possible prognostic significance (eg, tumour size and location, resection of de novo vs recurrent tumours, and achievement of tumour-free surgical margins) were examined with regard to their influence on recurrence rate (RR), disease-free interval (DFI) and survival time (ST). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of cats with FISSs located on the chest or abdominal wall or the interscapular region treated in a single institution using a standardised radical resection technique with 3 cm lateral margins and full-thickness body wall resection (tumours over chest/abdominal wall) or a minimum of two fascial planes (interscapular tumours). Results Median postoperative DFI and ST of 131 cats with FISSs was 21 and 24 months, respectively. Patients operated on for recurrent tumours were significantly more likely to die from tumour-related reasons compared with patients with de novo tumours ( P <0.001). RR and DFI in the different tumour locations were comparable ( P = 0.544 and P = 0.17, respectively). Local tumour recurrence occurred in 38.1% of the cats. Cats operated on for tumour recurrences had a significantly higher chance of another recurrence (RR 55.5% vs 33.3%; P = 0.005). Completeness of excision was determined by taking tumour bed biopsies. Tumour bed biopsies that did not contain tumour cells were associated with a significantly lower RR compared with those with tumour cells (30.5% vs 76.2%). Conclusions and relevance Depending on prognostic factors such as surgery for primary vs recurrent tumour, tumour-free resection margins and tumour location, the RR in FISS ranges from 33-55%, despite curative intent radical surgery. This study may help in identifying patients at risk for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Müller
- Hofheim Small Animal Clinic, Hofheim, Germany
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12
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Benton J, Williams R, Patel A, Meichner K, Tarigo J, Nagata K, Pethel T, Gogal R. Gold nanoparticles enhance radiation sensitization and suppress colony formation in a feline injection site sarcoma cell line, in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2018; 117:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Maxwell EA, Phillips H, Schaeffer DJ, Fan TM. In vitro chemosensitivity of feline injection site-associated sarcoma cell lines to carboplatin. Vet Surg 2017; 47:219-226. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Maxwell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine; Urbana Illinois
| | - Heidi Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine; Urbana Illinois
| | - David J. Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine; Urbana Illinois
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine; Urbana Illinois
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Zabielska-Koczywąs K, Wojtalewicz A, Lechowski R. Current knowledge on feline injection-site sarcoma treatment. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:47. [PMID: 28716129 PMCID: PMC5513368 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline injection-site sarcomas (FISS) are malignant skin tumours of mesenchymal origin, the treatment of which is a challenge for veterinary surgeons. The role of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy in FISS treatment has been studied, and a correlation between “clean” surgical margins and disease-free survival has been shown. In addition, clean surgical margins are one of the most important factors for achieving a low recurrence rate. The most effective method of FISS treatment includes combining radical surgery with pre- or postoperative radiotherapy. Chemotherapy may be used as a palliative method of treatment or may be considered an adjunctive therapy for surgery and radiotherapy. In cats with FISS without metastasis, the use of immunostimulant treatment with Oncept IL-2, intended as a complementary immunotherapy in association with surgery and brachytherapy, may also be considered to reduce the risk of relapse and increase the time to relapse. Additionally, this review focuses on recent advances in FISS treatment, including the use of novel compounds, such as doxorubicin conjugated to glutathione-stabilized gold nanoparticles, liposomal doxorubicin or tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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15
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Zabielska-Koczywąs K, Wojtkowska A, Dolka I, Małek A, Walewska M, Wojtalewicz A, Żbikowski A, Lechowski R. 3D chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model as an in vivo model to study morphological and histopathological features of feline fibrosarcomas. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:201. [PMID: 28651614 PMCID: PMC5485740 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Legallet C, Mankin KT, Spaulding K, Mansell J. Granulomatous Inflammatory Response to a Microchip Implanted in a Dog for Eight Years. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 53:227-229. [PMID: 28535132 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An 8 yr old neutered male springer spaniel dog was referred to Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine for a large, firm, fixed mass, located in the dorsal cervical tissue. The dog was otherwise healthy and had undergone microchip implantation approximately 8 yr prior. Radiographs, ultrasound, and microchip scanner confirmed the presence of a microchip within the mass. The microchip and associated mass were surgically excised, and histopathologic examination revealed granulomatous inflammation surrounding a cracked microchip. This case represents the first report of a granulomatous inflammatory response to a microchip 8 yr after implantation in a dog and highlights an important differential diagnosis.
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McDonald JE, Knollinger AM, Teixeira LB, Dubielzig RR. Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma and traumatic neuroma following enucleation for a uveal schwannoma in a dog: a case report. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:300-307. [PMID: 28265395 PMCID: PMC5331255 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A 4‐year‐old, female spayed Siberian husky with history of a uveal schwannoma presented for orbital swelling 9 months after enucleation. A second, malignant tumor developed in the same orbit. Therefore, uveal schwannomas may warrant early surgical intervention in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy M Knollinger
- Eye Care for Animals 1021 E. 3300 S. Salt Lake City Utah 84106 USA
| | - Leandro B Teixeira
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin-Madison 2015 Linden Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Richard R Dubielzig
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin-Madison 2015 Linden Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
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18
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Porcellato I, Menchetti L, Brachelente C, Sforna M, Reginato A, Lepri E, Mechelli L. Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:204-211. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816677148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS) is an aggressive tumor believed to arise from the proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in areas of chronic inflammation, particularly at sites of injection. Local recurrence is frequent after surgical excision. Gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and their inhibitor (TIMP-2) are endopeptidases pivotal in extracellular matrix remodeling and therefore in tumor invasiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 in FISS to assess their usefulness as prognostic factors. Size, soft tissue sarcoma (STS) grading system, depth of infiltration, surgical margins, and Ki-67 index were evaluated as additional prognostic markers. Twenty-four cases of primary FISS were classified according to clinical follow-up as nonrecurrent (NR, n = 14; 58.3%) and recurrent (R, n = 10; 41.7%). MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 were variably expressed in the FISS examined, confirming their role in tumor invasiveness, yet they did not show significant differences between the R and NR groups. These results could be due to different tumor stages or to the multiple activities of these enzymes, not limited to ECM remodeling. The immunohistochemical expression of these enzymes considered alone does not seem to be useful as a prognostic marker. STS grading system, depth of infiltration, surgical margins, and Ki-67 index did not relate to recurrence. Instead, the size of the tumor, measured after formalin fixation, with an optimal cutoff of 3.75 cm (accuracy = 86%; P < .05), and the mitotic count, with an optimal cutoff of 20 mitoses/10 HPF (accuracy = 80%; P < .05), could be evaluated as useful prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - L. Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C. Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Reginato
- CDVet Diagnostic Laboratory, Via Ugo Guattari, Rome, Italy
| | - E. Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - L. Mechelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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19
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Zardo KM, Damiani LP, Matera JM, Fonseca-Pinto ACBDC. Recurrent and non-recurrent feline injection-site sarcoma: computed tomographic and ultrasonographic findings. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:773-82. [PMID: 26208864 PMCID: PMC11112206 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15596200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study describes the sonographic and computed tomographic (CT) characteristics of primary and recurrent feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs). METHODS Between 2005 and 2013, 32 cats were selected for prospective and retrospective studies. Tumor shape and margins, presence of thickening of the adipose tissue, muscular and bone involvement, pre- and postcontrast attenuation, blurring of fat planes, calcification and liquefactive necrosis, intratumoral areas and skip metastasis were analyzed in CT scans. Echogenicity, echotexture, tumor margins and peritumoral tissue characteristics were analyzed by ultrasound (US). RESULTS Irregular shape (62.5%) with digitiform projections (100.0%), mixed (peripheral and intratumoral) contrast enhancement (67.7%), blurring of fat planes (68.8%) and signs of liquefactive intratumoral necrosis (68.8%) were the prevailing CT findings. Ultrasonography revealed irregular tumor margins, peripheral hyperechoic capsule-like rim, heterogeneous echotexture, and hyperechoic tissue contiguous with the formations and thickening of adjacent subcutaneous tissues in all cases. Mixed echogenicity with areas suggestive of tumor liquefactive necrosis was documented in 83.3% of cases. Skip metastases were highly correlated with tumor recurrence (P = 0.001). The incidence of muscular involvement tended to be higher (P = 0.003) in tumors presenting with thickening of adjacent adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE CT and US features common to FISS lesions were highlighted in this study. The imaging modalities employed allowed assessment of peritumoral inflammation, particularly adipose tissue inflammation. Imaging data may contribute to FISS diagnosis, therapeutic planning and patient follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Maciel Zardo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Petri Damiani
- Statistics Department, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria Matera
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zimmermann K, Hossann M, Hirschberger J, Troedson K, Peller M, Schneider M, Brühschwein A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Wess G, Wergin M, Dörfelt R, Knösel T, Schwaiger M, Baumgartner C, Brandl J, Schwamberger S, Lindner LH. A pilot trial of doxorubicin containing phosphatidyldiglycerol based thermosensitive liposomes in spontaneous feline soft tissue sarcoma. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 33:178-190. [PMID: 27592502 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2016.1230233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded phosphatidyldiglycerol-based thermosensitive liposomes (DPPG2-TSL-DOX) combined with local hyperthermia (HT) was evaluated in cats with locally advanced spontaneous fibrosarcomas (soft tissue sarcoma [STS]). The study was designed to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. Results from four dose-levels are reported. METHODS Eleven client-owned cats with advanced STS were enrolled. Five cats received escalating doses of 0.1-0.4 mg/kg DOX (group I), three received 0.4 mg/kg constantly (group II) and three 0.6 mg/kg (group III) IV over 15 min. HT with a target temperature of 41.5 °C was started 15 min before drug application and continued for a total of 60 min. Six HT treatments were applied every other week using a radiofrequency applicator. Tumour growth was monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and for dose level III also with 18F-FDG PET. RESULTS Treatment was generally well tolerated and reasons for premature study termination in four cats were not associated with drug-induced toxicity. No DPPG2-TSL-DOX based hypersensitivity reaction was observed. One cat showed simultaneous partial response (PR) in MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) whereas one cat showed stable disease in MRI and PR in PET (both cats in dose level III). Pharmacokinetic measurements demonstrated DOX release triggered by HT. CONCLUSION DPPG2-TSL-DOX + HT is a promising treatment option for advanced feline STS by means of targeted drug delivery. As MTD was not reached further investigation is warranted to determine if higher doses would result in even better tumour responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zimmermann
- a Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Martin Hossann
- b Department of Internal Medicine III , University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Johannes Hirschberger
- a Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Karin Troedson
- a Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Michael Peller
- c Institute for Clinical Radiology , University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Moritz Schneider
- c Institute for Clinical Radiology , University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Andreas Brühschwein
- d Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction , Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- d Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction , Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Gerhard Wess
- a Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Melanie Wergin
- a Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - René Dörfelt
- a Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Thomas Knösel
- e Department of Pathology , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- f Department of Nuclear Medicine , Clinic Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- f Department of Nuclear Medicine , Clinic Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Johanna Brandl
- f Department of Nuclear Medicine , Clinic Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Sabine Schwamberger
- f Department of Nuclear Medicine , Clinic Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Lars H Lindner
- b Department of Internal Medicine III , University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich , Germany
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21
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Caccavale S, Di Mattia D, Ruocco E. Loco-regional immune default: The immunocompromised district in human and comparative dermatology. Clin Dermatol 2016; 34:654-7. [PMID: 27638447 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lately, the innovative concept of an immunocompromised cutaneous district (ICD) has been introduced to explain why a previously injured cutaneous site may become in time a privileged location for the onset of opportunistic infections, tumors, and immune reactions. The injuring events capable of rendering a skin region a potential ICD are various, numerous, and most of the time identifiable by means of a careful clinical history. The reason that only a small minority of injured skin areas actually becomes ICDs, with subsequent opportunistic localization of a second and unrelated skin disorder, is presently unknown. The ICD is a conceptual entity that is not limited to human dermatology. It can also apply to veterinary medicine. Development of sarcomas at the injection site in cats after routine vaccination and, occasionally, administration of pharmaceutical products, as well as insertion of any foreign body, is a repeatedly documented event. Antigen load, persistent inflammation, and fibroblastic proliferation are thought to be important factors predisposing to the onset of fibrosarcoma in cats. Recently, it has been hypothesized that a local immunosuppression caused by inhalant glucocorticoids may have favored the development of regional demodicosis in cats. In our opinion, injection-site sarcomas and feline localized demodicosis can be considered examples of veterinary ICDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caccavale
- Department of Dermatology, Second University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Eleonora Ruocco
- Department of Dermatology, Second University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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22
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Ballegeer EA. Computed Tomography of the Musculoskeletal System. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 46:373-420, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
In approaching the development of a veterinary vaccine, researchers must choose from a bewildering array of options that can be combined to enhance benefit. The choice and combination of options is not just driven by efficacy, but also consideration of the cost, practicality, and challenges faced in licensing the product. In this review we set out the different choices faced by veterinary vaccine developers, highlight some issues, and propose some pressing needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Chambers
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK.
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Simon P Graham
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
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24
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Macfarlane L, Morris J, Pratschke K, Mellor D, Scase T, Macfarlane M, Mclauchlan G. Diagnostic value of neutrophil-lymphocyte and albumin-globulin ratios in canine soft tissue sarcoma. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:135-41. [PMID: 26712718 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to-globulin ratio to differentiate soft tissue sarcoma from benign soft tissue tumours. METHODS A retrospective study of pretreatment haematology and biochemistry in dogs diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma or benign soft tissue tumours. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to-globulin ratio were compared between the two groups. In dogs diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma, the relationship of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to-globulin ratio to histological tumour grade (I to III) was assessed. RESULTS In the dogs with soft tissue sarcoma (n=22), the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly increased and the albumin-to-globulin ratio decreased compared to those with benign soft tissue tumours (n=14). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to globulin ratio were not useful as predictors of tumour grade in dogs diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to globulin ratio may aid with diagnosis and optimal treatment planning. Further investigation into their prognostic implications is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Macfarlane
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - J Morris
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - K Pratschke
- North East Veterinary Referrals, Northumberland Business Park West, Cramlington, NE23 7RH
| | - D Mellor
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - T Scase
- Bridge Pathology Ltd., Horfield, Bristol, BS7 0BJ
| | - M Macfarlane
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - G Mclauchlan
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH
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25
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Longo M, Modina SC, Bellotti A, Di Giancamillo M. Advances in the anatomic study of the interscapular region of the cat. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:249. [PMID: 26437937 PMCID: PMC4593221 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New clinical oriented approaches are supported by the integration of advanced imaging techniques, e.g. computed tomography and magnetic resonance, with gross anatomy imaging. The interscapular region of the cat is a typical site of a highly invasive infiltrative pathology, i.e. Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma. Even if chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been considered as pre-surgical therapies, extensive surgery is still the recommended treatment. Evidence suggested that the relationships between muscles, infiltrative mass and adjacent musculoskeletal structures could change according to the forelimb positions: a fact to be duly considered while planning the surgical approach. Anatomic and tomographic atlases provide only images of the interscapular region from cats positioned with their forelimbs extended cranially, which means that, they do not record musculoskeletal modifications due to the forelimb movements. Aim of this study was to provide detailed images of the changes occurring in the musculoskeletal structures of the interscapular region of cats according to their forelimb position by comparing cross-sectional gross anatomy, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Results We provide an atlas of normal cross-sectional anatomy, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the interscapular region of the cat, from the fifth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra. We compare and couple the slices obtained both in flexed and extended forelimb positioning with the animal maintained in sternal recumbency. Conclusion This study shows a new and dynamic way to investigate the interscapular region of the cat and provides anatomical references for in vivo computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, considering changes in the muscular form according to the forelimb positioning. We believe that an in-depth anatomical knowledge of the interscapular region may be helpful to approach the study of any pathology located there and, in particular, to set up an appropriate therapy for the feline injection-site sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Longo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano Italy, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Bellotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano Italy, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano Italy, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Ferrari R, Di Giancamillo M, Stefanello D, Giudice C, Grieco V, Longo M, Ravasio G, Boracchi P. Clinical and computed tomography tumour dimension assessments for planning wide excision of injection site sarcomas in cats: how strong is the agreement? Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:374-382. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - M. Di Giancamillo
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - D. Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - C. Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - V. Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - M. Longo
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - G. Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - P. Boracchi
- Department of Clinical Science and Community, Section of Medical Statistics and Biometry, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
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27
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Trzil JE, Masseau I, Webb TL, Chang CH, Dodam JR, Cohn LA, Liu H, Quimby JM, Dow SW, Reinero CR. Long-term evaluation of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in a feline model of chronic allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1546-57. [PMID: 25220646 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decrease airway eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and remodelling in murine models of acutely induced asthma. We hypothesized that MSCs would diminish these hallmark features in a chronic feline asthma model. OBJECTIVE To document effects of allogeneic, adipose-derived MSCs on airway inflammation, AHR, and remodelling over time and investigate mechanisms by which MSCs alter local and systemic immunologic responses in chronic experimental feline allergic asthma. METHODS Cats with chronic, experimentally induced asthma received six intravenous infusions of MSCs (0.36-2.5 × 10E7 MSCs/infusion) or placebo bimonthly at the time of study enrollment. Cats were evaluated at baseline and longitudinally for 1 year. Outcome measures included: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology to assess airway eosinophilia, pulmonary mechanics and clinical scoring to assess AHR, and thoracic computed tomographic (CT) scans to assess structural changes (airway remodelling). CT scans were evaluated using a scoring system for lung attenuation (LA) and bronchial wall thickening (BWT). To assess mechanisms of MSC action, immunologic assays including allergen-specific IgE, cellular IL-10 production, and allergen-specific lymphocyte proliferation were performed. RESULTS There were no differences between treatment groups or over time with respect to airway eosinophilia or AHR. However, significantly lower LA and BWT scores were noted in CT images of MSC-treated animals compared to placebo-treated cats at month 8 of the study (LA P = 0.0311; BWT P = 0.0489). No differences were noted between groups in the immunologic assays. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE When administered after development of chronic allergic feline asthma, MSCs failed to reduce airway inflammation and AHR. However, repeated administration of MSCs at the start of study did reduce computed tomographic measures of airway remodelling by month 8, although the effect was not sustained at month 12. Further study of MSC therapy including repeated MSC administration is warranted to assess impact on remodelling in chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Trzil
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Hartmann K, Day MJ, Thiry E, Lloret A, Frymus T, Addie D, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Gruffydd-Jones T, Horzinek MC, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Truyen U, Möstl K. Feline injection-site sarcoma: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:606-13. [PMID: 26101312 PMCID: PMC11148925 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OVERVIEW In cats, the most serious of adverse effects following vaccination is the occurrence of invasive sarcomas (mostly fibrosarcomas): so-called 'feline injection-site sarcomas' (FISSs). These develop at sites of previous vaccination or injection. They have characteristics that are distinct from those of fibrosarcomas in other areas and behave more aggressively. The rate of metastasis ranges from 10-28%. PATHOGENESIS The pathogenesis of these sarcomas is not yet definitively explained. However, chronic inflammatory reactions are considered the trigger for subsequent malignant transformation. Injections of long-acting drugs (such as glucocorticoids, and others) have been associated with sarcoma formation. Adjuvanted vaccines induce intense local inflammation and seem therefore to be particularly linked to the development of FISS. The risk is lower for modified-live and recombinant vaccines, but no vaccine is risk-free. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION Aggressive, radical excision is required to avoid tumour recurrence. The prognosis improves if additional radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy (such as recombinant feline IL-2) are used. For prevention, administration of any irritating substance should be avoided. Vaccination should be performed as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible. Non-adjuvanted, modified-live or recombinant vaccines should be selected in preference to adjuvanted vaccines. Injections should be given at sites at which surgery would likely lead to a complete cure; the interscapular region should generally be avoided. Post-vaccination monitoring should be performed.
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Cannon CM. Cats, Cancer and Comparative Oncology. Vet Sci 2015; 2:111-126. [PMID: 29061935 PMCID: PMC5644631 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring tumors in dogs are well-established models for several human cancers. Domestic cats share many of the benefits of dogs as a model (spontaneous cancers developing in an immunocompetent animal sharing the same environment as humans, shorter lifespan allowing more rapid trial completion and data collection, lack of standard of care for many cancers allowing evaluation of therapies in treatment-naïve populations), but have not been utilized to the same degree in the One Medicine approach to cancer. There are both challenges and opportunities in feline compared to canine models. This review will discuss three specific tumor types where cats may offer insights into human cancers. Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma is common, shares both clinical and molecular features with human head and neck cancer and is an attractive model for evaluating new therapies. Feline mammary tumors are usually malignant and aggressive, with the ‘triple-negative’ phenotype being more common than in humans, offering an enriched population in which to examine potential targets and treatments. Finally, although there is not an exact corollary in humans, feline injection site sarcoma may be a model for inflammation-driven tumorigenesis, offering opportunities for studying variations in individual susceptibility as well as preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Cannon
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Kliczkowska K, Jankowska U, Jagielski D, Czopowicz M, Sapierzyński R. Epidemiological and morphological analysis of feline injection site sarcomas. Pol J Vet Sci 2015; 18:313-22. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Feline injection site sarcomas (FISS) are malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin which arise in sites of injections in cats. The prevalence is estimated between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 10 000 vaccinations in the United Kingdom. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of FISS in Poland and to analyse clinical aspects and histological and cytological features of injection site sarcomas. In our study the prevalence of FISS was 0.16% (16 FISS on 10.000 of cats) in feline patients in one of a veterinary surgery which conducts the general practice and 85 on 10.000 cats in a practice focused on veterinary oncology. The most typical microscopic features of FISS found in the present analysis were: the presence of perilesional scarring and inflammation, aggregates of lymphocytes at the tumour periphery, moderate but usually marked cellular pleomorphism and intralesional necrosis. The most typical cytologic features of FISS found in present study were: the presence of neutrophils, marked cellular pleomorphism, the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, the presence of extremely large nuclei in the neoplastic cells, and high sample cellularity.
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Mende K, Stuetzer B, Truyen U, Hartmann K. Evaluation of an in-house dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:805-11. [PMID: 24496322 PMCID: PMC11112224 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14520812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measuring antibody titres to determine a cat's immunity to core diseases instead of just administering annual vaccinations has not been established in Germany so far. An in-house test kit for the detection of antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus-- the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck--is now available in several European countries. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck to determine antibodies by comparing it to a gold standard. The test is aimed for use in practice to assist decision-making when performing an individual health assessment to see whether a cat is potentially unprotected against FPV and requires FPV vaccination. Sera from 347 cats were included in the study. For antibody detection, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) was performed as gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck were determined for three different HI titre cut-off points (1:20, 1:40, 1:80). In comparison to the HI, the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck showed a sensitivity of 79%, 83% and 87%, and a specificity of 89%, 86% and 81%, respectively. Specificity of the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck, which was considered the most important parameter, was acceptable in comparison to HI. Especially when considering an antibody titre of 1:20 sufficient for protection (eg, in an adult animal), the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck can be recommended for use in veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Mende
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianca Stuetzer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Murine xenograft model demonstrates significant radio-sensitising effect of liposomal doxorubicin in a combination therapy for Feline Injection Site Sarcoma. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:386-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Roof-Wages E, Spangler T, Spangler WL, Siedlecki CT. Histology and Clinical Outcome of Benign and Malignant Vascular Lesions Primary to Feline Cervical Lymph Nodes. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:331-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814537528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel form of primary feline hemangiosarcoma and additional cases of plexiform vascularization in the cervical lymph nodes are reported. Sixteen cases of feline lymphadenopathy attributed to abnormal vascular proliferation were identified and evaluated. Most of these lesions were diagnosed histologically as hemangiosarcoma. However, lesions of plexiform vascularization, with and without areas of putative malignant transformation, were also identified. Mean age of the cats was 11 years (range, 3–16 years) with most being domestic shorthair and medium hair (13). Two domestic long hair and 1 Maine Coon were identified. Excisional nodal biopsy was performed in 15 cases and incisional biopsy in 1 case. Six cats were euthanized due to their disease. Survival times ranged from ≤1 month to ≥30 months. We provide a new clinical differential for cervical lymphadenopathy in cats that is not widely recognized. Proper identification of primary nodal vascular lesions in cats will enable further characterization of clinical features and biologic behavior to determine specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Roof-Wages
- Veterinary Specialists of North Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - T. Spangler
- VDxVeterinary Pathology Services, Davis, CA, USA
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35
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Stuetzer B, Hartmann K. Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases. Vet J 2014; 201:150-5. [PMID: 24923754 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia, caused by the single-stranded DNA virus feline parvovirus (FPV), is a highly contagious and often lethal disease of cats and other Felidae. FPV, but also canine parvovirus (CPV) can be isolated from both healthy and diseased cats. In Germany, CPV was detected in only approximately 10% of feline samples, but in Southeast Asia, reports estimated that up to approximately 80% of diseased cats were infected with CPV. Infection spreads rapidly, especially in cells with high mitotic activity, such as bone marrow, lymphoid tissue and intestinal crypt cells. Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, neutropenia and lymphopenia are common in clinically affected cases. In utero or neonatal infection can result in cerebellar hypoplasia. Depending on the severity of clinical signs, mortality ranges from 25 to 100%. Effective vaccination and thorough disinfection are of the utmost importance in the prevention of disease transmission in multi-cat households and animal shelters. If clinical signs develop, supportive treatment should be commenced. The efficacy of feline recombinant interferon and FPV antibodies has not been clearly demonstrated. Commercially available vaccines should induce protective immunity when administered according to current guidelines. Recent studies suggest that in some kittens, maternally derived antibodies (MDA) can persist for much longer than has been previously recognised. FPV serum antibody tests are available, but protection status needs to be interpreted with caution in kittens with MDA and a negative titre in adult cats does not necessarily denote lack of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Stuetzer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
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Turek M, Gogal R, Saba C, Vandenplas M, Hill J, Feldhausser B, Lawrence J. Masitinib mesylate does not enhance sensitivity to radiation in three feline injection-site sarcoma cell lines under normal growth conditions. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:304-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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37
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Thieman Mankin KM, Dunbar MD, Toplon D, Ginn P, Maisenbacher HW, Risselada M. Rhabdomyosarcoma associated with the lead wire of a pacemaker generator implant. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43:276-80. [PMID: 24654997 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old female spayed Labrador Retriever was presented for a draining, painful subcutaneous mass palpated over a previously implanted pacemaker generator. Infection was suspected and the mass was removed surgically. On cut surface, the mass was friable and mottled tan to brown with firm pale tan nodules, surrounding the pacemaker lead wire adjacent to the pacemaker generator. Cytologic interpretation of impression smears was consistent with a sarcoma, and suggestive of a rhabdomyosarcoma due to the presence of strap-like cells. On histopathologic examination, a highly invasive nodular mass surrounded the pacemaker lead, composed of pleomorphic round, spindle and strap cells, and multinucleated giant cells. The population exhibited microscopic invasion into the deep portion of the fibrous capsule surrounding the pacemaker generator. There were tumor emboli within small to medium subcutaneous veins adjacent to the mass. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells stained positive for α-sarcomeric actin and vimentin, and negative for α-smooth muscle actin, consistent with a rhabdomyosarcoma arising at the site of the pacemaker generator. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a rhabdomyosarcoma associated with the lead wire of a pacemaker generator in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Thieman Mankin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Scherk MA, Ford RB, Gaskell RM, Hartmann K, Hurley KF, Lappin MR, Levy JK, Little SE, Nordone SK, Sparkes AH. 2013 AAFP Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel Report. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:785-808. [PMID: 23966005 PMCID: PMC11110975 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13500429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE This Report was developed by the Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel of the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) to provide practical recommendations to help clinicians select appropriate vaccination schedules for their feline patients based on risk assessment. The recommendations rely on published data as much as possible, as well as consensus of a multidisciplinary panel of experts in immunology, infectious disease, internal medicine and clinical practice.
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Rousset N, Holmes MA, Caine A, Dobson J, Herrtage ME. Clinical and low-field MRI characteristics of injection site sarcoma in 19 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:623-9. [PMID: 23763538 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been recommended for staging and surgical planning in cats with injection site sarcomas (ISS). The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe low-field MRI characteristics of confirmed injection site sarcomas in a group of cats. Low-field MR images, thoracic radiographs, histopathology findings, and medical records of cats that fulfilled histological criteria of injection site sarcoma were retrieved and reviewed retrospectively. Presence or absence of tumor mineralization and pulmonary metastases were recorded from thoracic radiographs. Characteristics recorded from low-field MRI studies included tumor number, volume (ellipsoid method), intensity relative to surrounding musculature, homogeneity, regions of signal void (mineralization) or cavitation, degree and pattern of contrast enhancement, tumor margination, presence of a peripheral T2W hyperintense zone, and bone contact. A total of 19 cats met inclusion criteria. Cats with multiple tumors were more likely to have had previous excisional biopsy, and were less likely to undergo definitive surgery. All tumors were hyperintense relative to surrounding musculature on T1W and T2W images. Larger tumors were more likely to exhibit mineralization (P < 0.05). Tumor volume could not predict tumor-free margins at definitive surgery. The majority of tumors showed moderate to marked heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Infiltrative margins and the presence of a peripheral T2W hyperintense zone were more prevalent following excisional biopsy, while cavitation was more prevalent following incisional biopsy. Findings indicated that low-field MRI characteristics of injection site sarcoma may vary widely and may be affected by prior incisional or excisional biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rousset
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB30ES, United Kingdom
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40
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Travetti O, di Giancamillo M, Stefanello D, Ferrari R, Giudice C, Grieco V, Saunders JH. Computed tomography characteristics of fibrosarcoma -- a histological subtype of feline injection-site sarcoma. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:488-93. [PMID: 23295271 PMCID: PMC10816311 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12472174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS) may be a consequence of subcutaneous injection. In the present study, the medical records and the computed tomography (CT) features of 22 cats with a FISS, histopathological subtype fibrosarcoma, were used. The majority of the fibrosarcomas (45%) were located in the interscapular region. All fibrosarcomas, except one with mild enhancement, showed strong contrast uptake, characterised as ring (42%), heterogeneous (36%), homogeneous (9%), heterogeneous/ring (6.5%) or mixed heterogeneous/homogeneous enhancement (6.5%). The longest axis of the mass was in a cranio-caudal (68%) or dorso-ventral (32%) direction. The median volume calculated on CT was 7.57 cm(3). Common features were a marked local invasiveness of the musculature and heterogeneity of the tissue in the periphery of the neoplasia. When the fibrosarcoma was interscapular, performing an additional post-contrast scan with the forelimbs positioned caudally along the body, in addition to the standard protocol with the forelimbs extended cranially, allowed better evaluation of the actual relationship between the tumour and the surrounding tissues. The mean number of muscles involved with the tumour was 2.09 with extended and 1.95 with flexed forelimbs. When a lower number of structures was considered infiltrated through the double positioning, a less invasive surgical approach to underlying muscles and scapula was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Travetti
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Ladlow J. Injection site-associated sarcoma in the cat: treatment recommendations and results to date. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:409-18. [PMID: 23603504 PMCID: PMC10816591 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13483239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline injection site-associated sarcomas (FISSs) have been the cause of much controversy and concern since they were first reported in the early 1990s. While not solely associated with vaccination, there are implications for vaccination sites and schedules and, while guidance has been published, this appears to be permeating only slowly through to general practice. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Up to one-quarter of cats with this difficult condition have metastatic lung involvement. The mainstay of treatment is aggressive surgery, but even in cases where full excision with clean margins is achieved, tumour recurrence is anticipated in about one-third of cases. The role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy as adjuvant treatments has yet to be clearly defined. PATIENT GROUP FISSs are often seen in younger cats, with a peak presentation at 6-7 years and a second peak at 10-11 years. EVIDENCE BASE This review summarises the diagnosis and management of FISS with reference to the latest published treatment results. It focuses on surgical excision but also covers adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and gives median survival times for the different treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ladlow
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK.
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42
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Morrison WB. Inflammation and cancer: a comparative view. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:18-31. [PMID: 22151229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rudolph Virchow first speculated on a relationship between inflammation and cancer more than 150 years ago. Subsequently, chronic inflammation and associated reactive free radical overload and some types of bacterial, viral, and parasite infections that cause inflammation were recognized as important risk factors for cancer development and account for one in four of all human cancers worldwide. Even viruses that do not directly cause inflammation can cause cancer when they act in conjunction with proinflammatory cofactors or when they initiate or promote cancer via the same signaling pathways utilized in inflammation. Whatever its origin, inflammation in the tumor microenvironment has many cancer-promoting effects and aids in the proliferation and survival of malignant cells and promotes angiogenesis and metastasis. Mediators of inflammation such as cytokines, free radicals, prostaglandins, and growth factors can induce DNA damage in tumor suppressor genes and post-translational modifications of proteins involved in essential cellular processes including apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell cycle checkpoints that can lead to initiation and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Lawrence J, Saba C, Gogal R, Lamberth O, Vandenplas ML, Hurley DJ, Dubreuil P, Hermine O, Dobbin K, Turek M. Masitinib demonstrates anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity in primary and metastatic feline injection-site sarcoma cells*. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 10:143-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Martano M, Morello E, Buracco P. Feline injection-site sarcoma: Past, present and future perspectives. Vet J 2011; 188:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Woodward KN. Origins of injection-site sarcomas in cats: the possible role of chronic inflammation-a review. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2011; 2011:210982. [PMID: 23738095 PMCID: PMC3658838 DOI: 10.5402/2011/210982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of feline injection-site sarcomas remains obscure. Sarcomas and other tumors are known to be associated with viral infections in humans and other animals, including cats. However, the available evidence suggests that this is not the case with feline injection-site sarcomas. These tumors have more in common with sarcomas noted in experimental studies with laboratory animals where foreign materials such as glass, plastics, and metal are the causal agent. Tumors arising with these agents are associated with chronic inflammation at the injection or implantation sites. Similar tumors have been observed, albeit infrequently, at microchip implantation sites, and these also are associated with chronic inflammation. It is suggested that injection-site sarcomas in cats may arise at the administration site as a result of chronic inflammation, possibly provoked by adjuvant materials, with subsequent DNA damage, cellular transformation, and clonal expansion. However, more fundamental research is required to elucidate the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N. Woodward
- Technology Sciences (Europe) Limited, Concordia House, St James Business Park, Grimbald Crag Court, Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, HG5 8QB, UK
- Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Breakspear Road South, Harefield, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB9 6LS, UK
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Westhoff D, Orveillon FX, Farnow D, Klös MC, Elbers K. Safety of a non-adjuvanted therapeutic vaccine for the treatment of feline dermatophytosis. Vet Rec 2011; 167:899-903. [PMID: 21262673 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The safety of a non-adjuvanted inactivated fungal vaccine for the treatment of dermatophytosis in cats was investigated in two studies: a controlled laboratory study, and a placebo-controlled double-blind field study with a cross-over design in Europe. In the laboratory study, two groups of 10 cats each were administered an intramuscular twofold overdose, followed by five single 1 ml doses, of either vaccine or control product at 14-day intervals. In the field study, cats were treated with three intramuscular injections of 1 ml vaccine administered at 14-day intervals, as recommended by the manufacturer. A total of 89 cats were enrolled in the field study and divided into two groups to receive either vaccine or placebo for the first three treatments, followed by the opposite product for the final three treatments. The cats enrolled in the two studies were 12 weeks of age or older, as recommended by the manufacturer. All the cats were monitored closely for possible injection site reactions, systemic reactions (including changes in rectal body temperature) and adverse events. The results from both studies showed no significant differences between the vaccinated cats and the control or placebo-treated cats with regard to local or systemic reactions. A few mild to moderate local reactions were noted, but these were evenly distributed between the vaccinated and placebo-treated cats and resolved within a few days. No severe or serious adverse events related to the vaccinations were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Westhoff
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Binger Strasse 173, 55218 Ingelheim, Germany.
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47
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Dvir E, Clift SJ. Evaluation of selected growth factor expression in canine spirocercosis (Spirocerca lupi)-associated non-neoplastic nodules and sarcomas. Vet Parasitol 2010; 174:257-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Amory JT, Jones JC, Binder EM, LeRoith T, Reasor KP, Johnson KA, Horowitz FB. What is your diagnosis? Injection site sarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 237:155-6. [PMID: 20632786 DOI: 10.2460/javma.237.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Moore GE, HogenEsch H. Adverse Vaccinal Events in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:393-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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50
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Dvir E, Clift S, Williams M. Proposed histological progression of the Spirocerca lupi-induced oesophageal lesion in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2010; 168:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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