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Giers J, Bartel A, Kirsch K, Müller SF, Horstmann S, Gehlen H. Blood-Based Markers for Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function in Eventing Horses before and after Cross-Country Rides and How They Are Influenced by Plasma Volume Shift. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3110. [PMID: 37835716 PMCID: PMC10572052 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses competing in cross-country tests are subjected to high physical demands. Within the scope of this prospective longitudinal study, blood values of 20 elite eventing horses were examined before and after two- to four-star cross-country rides. The aim was to find out whether blood-based markers for skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle function change after cross-country exercise. Parameters that provide information about fluid balance, muscle enzymes, metabolites and cardiac muscle-specific markers were investigated. We developed an approach to eliminate the concentration changes caused by reduced plasma volume. Parameters were measured pre, 10 and 30 min post exercise and the next morning and were evaluated using a mixed model. Thirty minutes after exercise, most parameter concentrations changed in an exercise-dependent manner. The next morning, most exercise-related markers recovered rapidly, while creatine kinase (CK) (26% increase; p = 0.008) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (15% increase; p < 0.001) showed a declining but sustained increase. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) increased above the reference range in 40 of the 55 rides (73%) and in 18 of 20 horses in the morning after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Giers
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Katharina Kirsch
- Department Sensors and Modeling, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Simon Franz Müller
- Laboklin Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany;
| | - Stephanie Horstmann
- German Olympic Committee for Equestrian Sports (DOKR), Freiherr-von-Langen-Straße 15, 48231 Warendorf, Germany;
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany
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Fazio F, Aragona F, Piccione G, Pino C, Giannetto C. Cardiac Biomarker Responses to Acute Exercise in Show Jumping Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104882. [PMID: 37422139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac biomarkers are useful to identify cardiac muscle variations in human and equine medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a bout of show jumping training on serum activity of cardiac and muscular biomarkers in healthy athletic horses to include cardiac troponin (cTnI), myoglobin (MB), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Serum samples were collected from seven Italian Saddle horses (three geldings and four mares; 10 ± 3 years; mean body weight 480 ±70 kg), regularly trained for show jumping at rest, immediately after exercise (show jumping simulate trial) and during the recovery period (30 and 60 min after exercise). ANOVA was applied to all parameters, and Pearson correlation coefficient t (r) evaluated. Immediately after exercise there was an increase in cTnI (P < .01), MB (P < .01), and CPK (P < .005); a positive correlation between cTnI and AST and between AST and LDH; and a negative correlation between cTnI and ALT and between ALT and CPK. Thirty minutes after exercise, there was a positive correlation between AST and ALT and between AST and LDH, while 60 mintues after exercise, there was a positive correlation between MB and LDH and a negative correlation between AST and CPK. The results obtained demonstrate the cardiac and muscular response to short-term intense exercise show jumping exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Via Palatucci snc, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Via Palatucci snc, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Piccione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Via Palatucci snc, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Via Palatucci snc, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
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Wilson A, Talbot A, Crosby‐Durrani H, Malalana F. Masseter myodegeneration in the horse: Suggested approach to diagnosis and treatment. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amie Wilson
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - Alison Talbot
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - Hayley Crosby‐Durrani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - Fernando Malalana
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Neston UK
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Freitas MS, Pereira AHB, Pereira GO, Menezes IS, Lucena AR, Almeida CRF, Pereira EG, Santos LA, Tozin LRS, Alves FM, Macedo AL, Silva DB, Ubiali DG. Acetogenin-induced fibrotic heart disease from avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) poisoning in horses. Toxicon 2022; 219:106921. [PMID: 36122667 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poisoning by avocado (Persea americana) has been confirmed in sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits and ostriches. The clinical signs and lesions are attributed to the acetogenin, persin. Little is known regarding the epidemiology, clinical signs, lesions and therapy caused by acetogenin-induced heart damage. During the two-year study, we investigated a horse farm with six horses that often fed themselves with P. americana leaves or mature fruit pulp and skin on the ground. Two horses died, and one underwent necropsy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry using the anti-cardiac troponin C (cTnC). Grossly and histopathologically, there was severe cardiac fibroplasia. Immunohistochemically, there was a multifocal decrease or negative expression in the cTnC cardiomyocytes' cytoplasm. Persea americana leaves were confirmed in the alimentary tract using botanical anatomy and molecular techniques. The chemical investigation by (LC-ESI-MS) revealed the presence of the acetogenins, persin and avocadene 1-acetate from P. americana. Persin was present in leaves and fruits (seed and pulp), while avocadene 1-acetate was found in leaves and fruits (seed, peel, and pulp) with a higher concentration in the pulp. Four other horses have been examined by electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and serum Troponin 1 (cTnI). To establish a causal effect of consumption of P. Americana and heart fibroplasia in horses, long-time experiments must be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Freitas
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Asheley H B Pereira
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela O Pereira
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Islaine S Menezes
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Alessandra R Lucena
- Clincardio Veterinary Cardiology, Américas Avenue 7700, 121 Shopping Barra Mall, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, 22793081, Brazil
| | - Carolina R F Almeida
- Brazilian Jockey Club, Praça Santos Dumont, 31, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz R S Tozin
- Plant Anatomy Research Laboratory (LaPAV), Department of Botany, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICBS), UFRuralRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávio M Alves
- Botany Laboratory / Herbarium (CGMS) Institute of Biosciences (INBIO), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Brazil
| | - Arthur L Macedo
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Denise B Silva
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Daniel G Ubiali
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil.
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Biondi V, Landi A, Pugliese M, Merola G, Passantino A. Inflammatory Response and Electrocardiographic Examination in Horses Vaccinated against Equine Herpesvirus (Ehv-1). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060778. [PMID: 35327175 PMCID: PMC8944655 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus that infects horses, causing respiratory, neurologic, and abortion syndromes in pregnant mares. Vaccination induces an immune response that reduces the risk of infection, the severity of clinical signs, and viral excretion. This study aimed to evaluate and describe the clinical and electrocardiographic findings, and changes in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and inflammatory biomarkers (serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) occurring after vaccination against herpesvirus in healthy horses. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate possible abnormalities in electrocardiographic findings, and changes in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and inflammatory biomarkers (serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) after inactivated herpesvirus vaccine administration. Eighteen healthy horses were included. All animals were vaccinated with Pneumoequine® (Merial, France) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer. They were evaluated 1 day before the first dose of vaccination (D0), and 7 days (D1) and 14 days (D2) afterwards. At D0, D1, and D2, a blood sample was taken for the evaluation of SAA, cTnI, and CRP. An electrocardiographic examination was also performed. The data obtained suggested the possible involvement of the myocardium following vaccination against herpesvirus 1, mostly related to an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Biondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Michela Pugliese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-90-6766743
| | - Giordana Merola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (G.M.); (A.P.)
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Hellings IR, Krontveit R, Øverlie M, Kallmyr A, Holm T, Fintl C. Pre- and post-race serum cardiac troponin T concentrations in Standardbred racehorses. Vet J 2020; 256:105433. [PMID: 32113587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentrations may provide evidence of myocardial injury but physiological post-exercise release also occurs. Reference intervals are not fully established in horses making interpretation difficult. The aims of this study were to establish an upper reference limit for serum cTnT, compare pre-and post-race serum cTnT concentrations, and to evaluate factors that may influence these in a population of healthy, race-fit Standardbred racehorses. Serum samples were collected pre- (n = 108) and 1-2 h post-racing (n = 101) and analysed using a high sensitivity-cTnT assay. Reference limits with 90% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by non-parametric methods using the bootstrap method. Effects of sex, age, racing speed, distance, placings and track surface were assessed by fitting generalized linear models with an identity link function and inverse Gaussian distribution. The upper reference limit for serum cTnT concentration was 27.4 ng/L (90% CI 13.1-32.0). The median serum cTnT concentration was significantly higher 1-2 h post-racing compared to pre-racing (P < 0.001). Age and sex did not significantly affect serum cTnT concentrations pre-racing (P = 0.5 and P = 0.11). Cardiac troponin T concentrations were significantly higher post-racing in females (P = 0.018). Racing speed and placings had no effect on serum cTnT concentrations post-race (P = 0.71 and P = 0.66). The study contributed towards establishing an upper reference limit for serum cTnT concentrations in a population of race-fit Standardbreds and evaluated factors that may have influenced the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Hellings
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Post Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - R Krontveit
- Norwegian Medicine Agency, Post Box 240 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - M Øverlie
- Rikstotoklinikken Bjerke, Post Box 194 Økern, 0510 Oslo, Norway
| | - A Kallmyr
- Rikstotoklinikken Bjerke, Post Box 194 Økern, 0510 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Holm
- Evidensia Lørenskog Dyreklinikk, Solheimveien 56, 1473 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - C Fintl
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Post Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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7
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Raftery AG. When should we measure cardiac troponin I? EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Raftery
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital; University of Glasgow Bearsden Road Glasgow Scotland
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8
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Gunther-Harrington CT, Arthur R, Estell K, Martinez Lopez B, Sinnott A, Ontiveros E, Varga A, Stern JA. Prospective pre- and post-race evaluation of biochemical, electrophysiologic, and echocardiographic indices in 30 racing thoroughbred horses that received furosemide. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:18. [PMID: 29347921 PMCID: PMC5774161 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise induced cardiac fatigue (EICF) and cardiac dysrhythmias are well described conditions identified in high-level human athletes that increase in frequency with intensity and duration of exercise. Identification of these conditions requires an understanding of normal pre- and post-race cardiac assessment values. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize selected indices of cardiac function, electrophysiologic parameters, and biochemical markers of heart dysfunction prior to and immediately after high level racing in Thoroughbred horses receiving furosemide; and (2) create pre- and post-race reference values in order to make recommendations on possible screening practices for this population in the future. Results Thirty Thoroughbred horses were enrolled in the study with an age range of 3–6 years. All horses received furosemide prior to racing. Physical exams, ECGs, and echocardiograms were performed prior to racing (T0) and within 30–60 min following the race (T1). Blood samples were obtained at T0, T1, 4 h post-race (T4) and 24 h after the race (T24). Electrolytes, hematocrit, cardiac troponin I, and partial pressure CO2 values were obtained at all time points. Heart rate was significantly increased post-race compared to baseline value with a median difference of 49 bpm, 95% CI [31,58],(P < 0.0001). No dysrhythmias were noted during ECG assessment. Following the race, an increase in number of horses demonstrating regurgitation through the aorta and AV valves was noted. Systolic function measured by fractional shortening increased significantly with a mean difference of 7.9%, 95% CI [4.8, 10.9], (P < 0.0001). Cardiac troponin I was not different at pre- and immediately post-race time points, but was significantly increased at T4 (P < 0.001). Troponin returned to baseline value by T24. Conclusions This study utilized a before and after study design where each horse served as its own control, as such the possible effect of regression to the mean cannot be ruled out. The reference intervals generated in this study may be used to identify selected echocardiographic and electrocardiographic abnormalities in racing horses receiving furosemide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T Gunther-Harrington
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rick Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Krista Estell
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Present Address: Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA, 20176, USA
| | - Beatriz Martinez Lopez
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling And Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Sinnott
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eric Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anita Varga
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Present Address: Gold Coast Veterinary Service & Consulting, Esparto, CA, 95627, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Shields E, Seiden-Long I, Massie S, Leguillette R. 24-Hour Kinetics of Cardiac Troponin-T Using a "High-Sensitivity" Assay in Thoroughbred Chuckwagon Racing Geldings after Race and Associated Clinical Sampling Guidelines. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:433-440. [PMID: 29171090 PMCID: PMC5787185 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A “high‐sensitivity” cardiac troponin‐T (hscTnT) assay recently has been validated for use in horses and is a specific biomarker of myocardial damage. Postexercise release kinetics of cTnT utilizing the hscTnT assay have yet to be established in horses. Objectives To determine: (1) cTnT release kinetics in racing Thoroughbreds after a high‐intensity 5/8th mile Chuckwagon race; (2) the effects of age on pre‐ and postrace cTnT concentrations; and (3) sampling guidelines for clinicians evaluating horses presenting after exercise. Animals Samples were obtained from 38 Thoroughbred geldings aged 5–16 years before racing and immediately, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hour postrace. Methods Prospective, observational study with convenience sampling. A fifth‐generation hscTnT assay was used for plasma sample analysis, and concentrations were compared at all time‐points. Correlations were determined between cTnT concentrations and age. Biochemistry analysis was performed to assess rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, and exercise‐induced dehydration. Results All horses with measureable cTnT concentrations had significant postexercise increases in cTnT with a median peak (8.0 ng/L) at 3‐hour postrace. All horses had peak postexercise cTnT concentrations 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace ≤ the 99th percentile upper reference limit of 23.2 ng/L, after which all cTnT concentrations decreased until returning to baseline by 12–24 hours. There was no correlation over time between cTnT concentrations and age. Conclusions and Clinical Importance In racing Thoroughbreds completing short‐duration, high‐intensity Chuckwagon races, cTnT concentrations are expected to be increased 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace and to decrease by 12–24 hours while remaining ≤23.2 ng/L throughout. This study contributes to establishing guidelines for clinical use of the hscTnT assay in exercising horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shields
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - I Seiden-Long
- Faculty of Medicine and Calgary Lab Services (CLS), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Wijnberg I, Franklin S. The heart remains the core: cardiac causes of poor performance in horses compared to human athletes. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling occurs in response to exercise and is generally beneficial for athletic performance due to the increase in cardiac output. However, this remodelling also may lead to an increased prevalence of cardiac murmurs and arrhythmias. In most cases, these are not considered to be significant. However, in some cases, there may be potentially deleterious consequences. Whilst sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a rare occurrence, the consequences are catastrophic for both the horse and potentially the rider or driver. Furthermore, the sudden death of a horse in the public arena has negative connotations in regards to public perception of welfare during equestrian sports. Prediction of which individuals might be susceptible to potential deleterious effects of exercise is a focus of interest in both human and equine athletes but remains a challenge because many athletes experience cardiac murmurs and exercise-induced arrhythmias that are clinically irrelevant. This review summarises the effects of exercise on cardiac remodelling in the horse and the potential effects on athletic performance and SCD. The use of biomarkers and their future potential in the management of athletic horses is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.D. Wijnberg
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S.H. Franklin
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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11
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Rishniw M, Simpson KW. Cloning and Sequencing of Equine Cardiac Troponin I and Confirmation of Its Usefulness as a Target Analyte for Commercial Troponin I Analyzers. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:582-4. [PMID: 16475519 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the diagnosis of myocardial injury in domestic animals is gaining popularity. In this study, equine cTnI was sequenced and compared with previously characterized cTnI from other species. A 6-amino-acid N-terminal deletion unique to the horse was identified. This deletion was outside the epitope region of cTnI recognized by most commercial immunoassays and did not affect the ability of a commercial analyzer system to detect recombinant equine cTnI. No function could be ascribed to the deleted portion. These data support the use of commercial analyzers in measuring equine cTnI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rishniw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, VRT, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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12
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El-Bahr SM, El-Deeb WM. Acute-phase proteins, oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, and cardiac troponin in Arabian mares affected with pyometra. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1132-1136. [PMID: 27177966 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
New biomarkers are essential for diagnosis of pyometra in mares. In this context, 12 subfertile Arabian mares suffered from pyometra were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The basis for diagnosis of pyometra was positive findings of clinical examination and rectal palpation. Blood samples were collected from diseased animals and from five Arabian healthy mares, which were considered as control group. Acute-phase proteins (APP), oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, and cardiac troponin I were estimated in the harvested sera of both groups. Clinical examination revealed purulent yellowish fluid discharged from vagina of affected animals and rectal palpation of the reproductive tract revealed uterine distention. The biochemical analysis of the serum revealed significant increase in cardiac troponin I, creatin kinase, alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukins 6, prostaglandin F2α, haptoglobin, and serum amyloid A and significant decrease in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity, and nitric oxide (NO) of mares affected with pyometra compare to control. Cardiac troponin I was positively correlated with aspartate aminotransferase, creatin kinase, malondialdehyde, alkaline phosphatase, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukins 6, prostaglandin F2α, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A and negatively correlated with glutathione, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide in serum of mares affected with pyometra. Moreover, there was high positive correlation between proinflammatory cytokines and APP in serum of mares affected with pyometra. The present study suggests cardiac troponin I together with APP, proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress parameters as biomarkers for pyometra in Arabian mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M El-Bahr
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology (Biochemistry), College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - W M El-Deeb
- Department of Clinical studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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13
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Van Der Vekens N, Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Cardiac troponin I as compared to troponin T for the detection of myocardial damage in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:348-54. [PMID: 25619522 PMCID: PMC4858065 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays give different results. Only 1 manufacturer has marketed troponin T (cTnT) assays. Therefore, cTnT often is preferred for detection of myocardial infarction in human patients. Studies of cTnT in horses are limited. OBJECTIVES To compare a cTnI and a high-sensitive cTnT assay (hs-cTnT) in horses. ANIMALS Cardiac troponin I and cTnT were determined in 35 healthy horses (group 1), 23 horses suspected to have primary myocardial damage (group 2a), and 41 horses with secondary myocardial damage caused by structural heart disease (group 2b). METHODS All cTnI samples were analyzed at laboratory A (limit of detection [LOD]: 0.03 ng/mL), whereas cTnT samples were analyzed at 2 laboratories with the same hs-cTnT assay (laboratory B, LOD: 10.0 pg/mL; laboratory C, LOD: 4.0 pg/mL). RESULTS The median cTnI concentration in group 2a (0.90 ng/mL; range, 0.03-58.27 ng/mL) was significantly higher (P < .001) than in group 1 (0.03 ng/mL; range, 0.03-0.09 ng/mL) or group 2b (0.05 ng/mL; range, 0.03-30.92 ng/mL), and the optimal cut-off for detection of primary myocardial damage was 0.095 ng/mL (sensitivity: 90.5%, specificity: 100%). Using an LOD of 10.0 pg/mL for all cTnT samples, a cut-off value of 10.5 pg/mL was found, but sensitivity was low (42.9%). When only samples analyzed at laboratory C (n = 58) were included, a cut-off of 6.6 pg/mL was found (sensitivity: 81%, specificity: 100%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Despite large quantitative differences, cTnI and cTnT are both useful for detection of myocardial damage in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Lester SJ, Mollat WH, Bryant JE. Overview of Clinical Pathology and the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Yonezawa L, Barbosa T, Watanabe M, Marinho C, Knaut J, Kohayagawa A. Efeito da suplementação com vitamina E sobre os metabolismos oxidativo e cardíaco em equinos submetidos a exercício de alta intensidade. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-7019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A suplementação antioxidante visa prevenir os danos oxidativos induzidos pelo exercício físico em diversos tecidos, como o miocárdio. Nesse contexto, este estudo objetivou avaliar os marcadores cardíacos e a lipoperoxidação em equinos no teste de exercício de rápida aceleração e curta duração (TRA), em esteira de alta velocidade, antes e após a suplementação com vitamina E. Para tanto, foram utilizados 10 equinos sem treinamento, que realizaram o primeiro TRA (TRA1) com carga de trabalho fundamentada no consumo máximo de oxigênio individual (VO2max) e que induziu a concentração de lactato maior que 4mmol/L, sendo considerado predominantemente anaeróbico. Em seguida, os equinos receberam vitamina E (dl-alfa-tocoferol) na dose de 1.000UI/dia, por via oral, durante 52 dias, e, posteriormente, realizaram um segundo TRA (TRA2) com o mesmo protocolo de TRA1. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas nos momentos antes do exercício, imediatamente após o término do teste e em 1h, 3h, 6h, 12h e 24h subsequentes. Determinou-se o malondialdeído (MDA) plasmático como índice de lipoperoxidação, e as concentrações séricas de troponina I cardíaca (cTnI), isoenzima MB da creatinoquinase (CK-MB) e mioglobina, como marcadores cardíacos. Como efeito do exercício, observou-se aumento discreto de MDA, de cTnI e de CK-MB, sendo significativo apenas para CK-MB. A suplementação foi capaz de amenizar a produção das espécies reativas de oxigênio, evidenciada pela menor concentração de MDA em TRA2, em 24h, além de causar um efeito protetor no miocárdio, devido ao menor valor de cTnI em 6h no TRA2 em relação ao TRA1. Não houve grandes alterações na concentração de mioglobina. Concluiu-se que o exercício de alta intensidade promoveu estresse no miocárdio nos equinos avaliados, bem como houve efeito benéfico da vitamina E na proteção miocárdica e sobre a lipoperoxidação.
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Evaluation of assays for troponin I in healthy horses and horses with cardiac disease. Vet J 2015; 203:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Braun JP, Bourgès-Abella N, Geffré A, Concordet D, Trumel C. The preanalytic phase in veterinary clinical pathology. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 44:8-25. [PMID: 25438659 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the general causes of preanalytic variability with a few examples showing specialists and practitioners that special and improved care should be given to this too often neglected phase. The preanalytic phase of clinical pathology includes all the steps from specimen collection to analysis. It is the phase where most laboratory errors occur in human, and probably also in veterinary clinical pathology. Numerous causes may affect the validity of the results, including technical factors, such as the choice of anticoagulant, the blood vessel sampled, and the duration and conditions of specimen handling. While the latter factors can be defined, influence of biologic and physiologic factors such as feeding and fasting, stress, and biologic and endocrine rhythms can often not be controlled. Nevertheless, as many factors as possible should at least be documented. The importance of the preanalytic phase is often not given the necessary attention, although the validity of the results and consequent clinical decision making and medical management of animal patients would likely be improved if the quality of specimens submitted to the laboratory was optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Braun
- Sciences cliniques, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, ENVT, UMS 0006, Toulouse, France
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Tharwat M, Al-Sobayil F. Influence of Transportation on the Serum Concentrations of the Cardiac Biomarkers Troponin I and Creatine Kinase-myocardial Band (CK-MB) and on Cortisol and Lactate in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Varga A, Angelos J, Graham T, Chigerwe M. Preliminary Investigation of Cardiac Troponin I Concentration in Cows with Common Production Diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1613-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Varga
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA
| | - J.A. Angelos
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA
| | | | - M. Chigerwe
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA
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Effect of racing on the serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase myocardial band in racing camels (Camelus dromedarius). Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:139-44. [PMID: 23435840 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of racing on the serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase myocardial (CK-MB) in healthy racing camels (Camelus dromedarius). Twenty-three racing camels scheduled for a 5 km race were investigated in this study. From each camel, 3 blood samples were collected: 24 h before racing (T0), within 2 h after the race (T1) and 24 h post-race (T2). Following the 5 km race, 91.3 % of the racing camels had increases in serum cTnI concentrations, while concentrations remained unchanged in 8.7 %. The cTnI concentration (median 0.06 ng/mL; range, 0.03-0.15 ng/mL) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the pre-race values (median 0.04 ng/mL; range, 0.01-0.07 ng/mL). Twenty-four hours post-race, the cTnI concentrations had returned very nearly to their pre-race values (median 0.04 ng/mL; range, 0.00-0.09 ng/mL) and were not significantly different (P = 0.35) from the pre-race values. Following the 5 km race, increases in CK-MB mass were seen in 17.4 % of the camels, with no changes in 4.3 % and decreases in 78.3 %. The CK-MB mass (median 0.41 ng/mL; range, 0.19-0.60 ng/mL) did not differ significantly (P = 0.84) when compared to the pre-race values (median 0.42 ng/mL; range, 0.32-0.55 ng/mL). Twenty-four hours post-race, the CK-MB mass concentrations (median 0.41 ng/mL; range, 0.15-0.55 ng/mL) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) compared to pre-race or immediate post-race values. Resting cTnI concentrations in the racing camels were initially low, but increased above the baseline level in most of the camels immediately after racing, and returned to pre-race values within the 24-h post-race period. CK-MB is a less sensitive biomarker for myocardial activity as compared with cTnI. These findings could be of importance when evaluating racing camels with suspected cardiac disease after recent hard exercise.
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Radcliffe RM, Divers TJ, Fletcher DJ, Mohammed H, Kraus MS. Evaluation of L-lactate and cardiac troponin I in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:313-9. [PMID: 22702437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and L-lactate (LLt) as prognostic indicators in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-four horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. INTERVENTIONS Serial blood sampling during various times during hospitalization (hospital admission, and 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively) evaluating cTnI and LLt concentrations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS All horses required surgery for correction of a strangulating (n = 29) or nonstrangulating obstruction (n = 5) of the small or large intestine. Twenty-seven horses survived to discharge; 7 were euthanized either during (n = 1) or after (n = 6) surgery due to disease severity or systemic complications associated with the primary gastrointestinal lesion. Preoperative cTnI concentrations were increased above the normal reference interval in 24% of horses (8/34, median = 0.01 ng/mL, range = 0-12.23 ng/mL), whereas LLt concentrations were increased above the normal reference interval in 88% of horses (30/34, median = 3.37 mmol/L, range = 0.77-13.26 mmol/L). The LLt concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in nonsurviving compared with surviving horses at admission, and at 24 and 72 hours postoperatively. No significant difference in the cTnI concentration was detected between groups at admission. However, the cTnI concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in nonsurviving compared with surviving horses at all time points postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of both LLt and cTnI concentrations may provide information for prognostication in surgical colic horses. Marked increases in admission concentrations of LLt (median 7.56 mmol/L) and even moderate postoperative increases in cTnI concentration (median 0.97 ng/mL) may both indicate a poor prognosis in critically ill horses following abdominal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolfe M Radcliffe
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Nath LC, Anderson GA, Hinchcliff KW, Savage CJ. Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations in horses with cardiac disease. Aust Vet J 2012; 90:351-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- LC Nath
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway; Werribee; Victoria; 3030; Australia
| | - GA Anderson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway; Werribee; Victoria; 3030; Australia
| | - KW Hinchcliff
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway; Werribee; Victoria; 3030; Australia
| | - CJ Savage
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway; Werribee; Victoria; 3030; Australia
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Slack J, Boston R, Soma L, Reef V. Cardiac Troponin I in Racing Standardbreds. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1202-8. [PMID: 22827474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Slack
- Department of Clinical Studies; New Bolton Center; University of Pennsylvania; 382 West Street Road; Kennett Square; PA
| | - R.C. Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies; New Bolton Center; University of Pennsylvania; 382 West Street Road; Kennett Square; PA
| | - L. Soma
- Department of Clinical Studies; New Bolton Center; University of Pennsylvania; 382 West Street Road; Kennett Square; PA
| | - V.B. Reef
- Department of Clinical Studies; New Bolton Center; University of Pennsylvania; 382 West Street Road; Kennett Square; PA
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Kraus MS, Kaufer BB, Damiani A, Osterrieder N, Rishniw M, Schwark W, Gelzer AR, Divers TJ. Elimination half-life of intravenously administered equine cardiac troponin I in healthy ponies. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:56-9. [PMID: 22432543 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY To date, no information is available on the true biological elimination half-life (T(1/2) ) of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the equine species. Such data are required to better evaluate the optimal time to acquire the cTnI sample following acute myocardial injury. OBJECTIVE To determine the T(1/2) of equine cTnI. METHODS Four healthy ponies received i.v. injections of recombinant equine cTnI. Plasma cTnI concentrations were measured with a point-of-care cTnI analyser at multiple time points after injection. Standard pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to establish the T(1/2) of cTnI. RESULTS The average T(1/2) of cTnI was determined to be 0.47 h using a single rate elimination model. CONCLUSION The elimination of recombinant equine cTnI following i.v. administration is very rapid. Establishing the T(1/2 ) of troponin provides critical information in understanding the clinical application of this cardiac biomarker in equine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kraus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Slack J, Boston R, Driessen B, Reef V. Effect of general anesthesia on plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy horses. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:163-9. [PMID: 21821476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of general anesthesia on plasma cTnI concentrations in horses. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two horses undergoing general anesthesia and either elective surgery or MRI without surgery were prospectively studied. Twenty-nine horses (22 surgical, 7 imaging) completed the study. Plasma cTnI concentrations were determined prior to anesthesia and at 6, 12 and 24 h following discontinuation of the inhalant anesthetic. RESULTS All horses had cTnI values within the reference range at all time points. Six horses (21%) developed detectable cTnI 6 or 12 h following anesthesia. Risk factors for detectable cTnI include increasing age and dorsal recumbency. Horses with detectable cTnI had significantly lower mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures than those without detectable cTnI. CONCLUSION Uncomplicated general anesthesia with or without surgery does not result in cardiac troponin I elevations above the reference range in the first 24 h postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann Slack
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, USA.
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Slovis N. Pericarditis: A clinical perspective during an epidemic of fibrinous pericarditis in central Kentucky. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Holbrook TC, Birks EK, Sleeper MM, Durando M. Endurance exercise is associated with increased plasma cardiac troponin I in horses. Equine Vet J 2010:27-31. [PMID: 17402387 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY Information is lacking regarding the influence of long distance exercise on the systemic concentration of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in horses. OBJECTIVES To determine if the concentration of cTnI in horses competing in 80 and 160 km endurance races increases with exercise duration and if cTnI concentrations can be correlated with performance data. METHODS Blood samples for the measurement of cTnI and 3 min electrocardiogram recordings were obtained from horses prior to, during and after completion of 80 and 160 km endurance races at 3 ride sites during the 2004 and 2005 American Endurance Ride Conference competition seasons. RESULTS Full data sets were obtained from 100 of the 118 horses. Endurance exercise was associated with a significant increase in cTnI over baseline in both distance groups. Failure to finish competition (poor performance) was also associated with an increased cTnI concentration over baseline at the time of elimination when data from both distances were combined. Other than one horse that developed paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, no arrhythmias were noted on the 3 minute ECG recordings that were obtained after endurance exercise in either distance group. CONCLUSIONS Systemic concentrations of cTnI increase in endurance horses competing in both 80 and 160 km distances. Although final cTnI concentrations were significantly increased over their baseline values in horses that failed to finish competition, the degree of increase was not greater than the increase over baseline seen in the horses that successfully completed competition. The clinical significance of increased cTnI in exercising horses could not be ascertained from the results of this study. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE These data indicate that cardiac stress may occur in horses associated with endurance exercise. Future studies utilising echocardiograpy to assess cardiac function in horses with increased cTnI are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Holbrook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Kraus MS, Jesty SA, Gelzer AR, Ducharme NG, Mohammed HO, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV, Divers TJ. Measurement of plasma cardiac troponin I concentration by use of a point-of-care analyzer in clinically normal horses and horses with experimentally induced cardiac disease. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:55-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jesty S, Kraus M, Gelzer A, Rishniw M, Moïse N. Effect of Transvenous Electrical Cardioversion on Plasma Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations in Horses with Atrial Fibrillation. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:1103-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ducharme NG, Fortier LA, Kraus MS, Hobo S, Mohammed HO, McHugh MP, Hackett RP, Soderholm LV, Mitchell LM. Effect of a tart cherry juice blend on exercise-induced muscle damage in horses. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:758-63. [PMID: 19496666 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.6.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether administering a tart cherry juice blend (TCJB) prior to exercise would reduce skeletal and cardiac muscle damage by decreasing the inflammatory and oxidative stress response to exercise in horses. ANIMALS 6 horses. PROCEDURES Horses were randomly allocated into 2 groups in a crossover study with a 2-week washout period and orally administered either TCJB or a placebo solution (1.42 L, twice daily) in a double-masked protocol for 2 weeks prior to a stepwise incremental exercise protocol. Horses were tested for serum activities of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; an indicator of oxidative stress), and serum amyloid A (SAA; an indicator of inflammation). To ensure that treatment would not result in positive results of an equine drug-screening protocol, serum samples obtained from each horse prior to and after 2 weeks of administration of TCJB or the placebo solution were tested. RESULTS All horses had negative results of drug screening at both sample times. The exercise protocol resulted in a significant increase in TBARS concentration, SAA concentration, and serum AST activity in all horses. Administration of TCJB or placebo solution was not associated with an effect on malondialdehyde or SAA concentrations. However, administration of TCJB was associated with less serum activity of AST, compared with administration of placebo solution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of TCJB may diminish muscle damage induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Normand G Ducharme
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Divers TJ, Kraus MS, Jesty SA, Miller AD, Mohammed HO, Gelzer ARM, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV, Ducharme NG. Clinical Findings and Serum Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations in Horses after Intragastric Administration of Sodium Monensin. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:338-43. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Six adult horses were administered sodium monensin, 1.0–1.5 mg/kg, via gastric gavage. Anorexia and/or diarrhea occurred within 24 hr after monensin administration in all 6 horses. Cardiac disease and dysfunction were evaluated by both elevations in heart rate, echocardiography, and an increase in serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), occurred in 4 horses. The development and severity of cardiac disease was likely affected by the monensin dose, vehicle (water or corn oil) mixed with monensin, and/or whether the monensin was administered to fed or fasted horses. Initial increases in cTnI concentrations occurred between 24 and 72 hr after monensin administration. The 2 horses with the highest cTnI concentrations died or were euthanized within 5 days after monensin administration and had severe cardiac disease. One horse had increased cTnI concentrations from day 2 to day 16, but no apparent change in ventricular contractile function was evident on echocardiography. The fourth diseased horse did not return to cTnI reference intervals until day 27 after monensin administration, and the ventricular function was still abnormal just before euthanasia 9 months later. Cardiac troponin I measurements could be useful in managing farm outbreaks of accidental monensin feeding by the early identification of horses with cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Divers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Marc S. Kraus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Sophy A. Jesty
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Hussni O. Mohammed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Anna R. M. Gelzer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Lisa M. Mitchell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - L. Vincent Soderholm
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Normand G. Ducharme
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Varga A, Schober KE, Walker WL, Lakritz J, Michael Rings D. Validation of a commercially available immunoassay for the measurement of bovine cardiac troponin I. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:359-65. [PMID: 19192157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercially available cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays developed for use in humans have not yet been validated for use in cattle. HYPOTHESES The ADVIA Centaur TnI-Ultra immunoassay can be used for the detection of bovine cTnI. In healthy cattle, serum cTnI is undetectable or is present only in trace amounts. METHODS Purified bovine cTnI and cTnI-free bovine serum were used for the evaluation of assay performance including intra- and inter-assay precision, sensitivity, interference, linearity, and recovery. Effects of storage at 23, 4, -20, and -80 degrees C for 2 days, and at -20 and -80 degrees C for 7 and 14 days and repeated freeze-thaw cycles on recovery of cTnI were analyzed. Serum cTnI concentrations in 30 healthy dairy cows were determined. RESULTS Intra- and inter-assay precisions (mean +/- SD) were 4.48 +/- 2.26 and 13.36 +/- 6.59%, respectively. The assay demonstrated linearity at 0.5, 2, 15, and 30 ng/mL cTnI. Mean recovery was 100.81, 85.26, 87.72, and 114.42%, respectively. Skeletal muscle homogenate added to serum of known cTnI concentration did not alter the concentration of the analyte (P > .05). Concentration of cTnI significantly decreased when samples were stored at 4 and 23 degrees C for 2 days (P < .05). Repeated freeze-thaw cycles and storage at -20 degrees C for 7 days had no significant influence on cTnI concentration (P > .05). Serum cTnI concentration in healthy cattle was <or=0.03 ng/mL. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE ADVIA Centaur can be used reliably for the detection of serum cTnI concentration in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Varga
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Nostell K, Häggström J. Resting concentrations of cardiac troponin I in fit horses and effect of racing. J Vet Cardiol 2008; 10:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leonardi F, Passeri B, Fusari A, De Razza P, Beghi C, Lorusso R, Corradi A, Botti P. Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) concentration in an ovine model of myocardial ischemia. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:141-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O'Brien PJ. Cardiac troponin is the most effective translational safety biomarker for myocardial injury in cardiotoxicity. Toxicology 2007; 245:206-18. [PMID: 18249481 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is an overwhelming weight of evidence that certifies cardiac troponin (cTn) as the preferred, defacto, translational, safety biomarker for myocardial injury in cardiotoxicity. As well as being the gold standard for cardiac injury in man, it has been widely used for clinical assessment and monitoring of cardiac toxicity in humans being treated for cancer. Furthermore, several dozen preclinical published studies have directly confirmed its effectiveness in laboratory animals for assessment of cardiotoxicity. It is gradually being reverse translated from human into animal use as a safety biomarker. Its use is especially merited whenever there is any safety signal indicating potential cardiotoxicity and its required inclusion as a routine biomarker in preclinical safety studies seems on the horizon. There are some considerations that are unique to use of cTn assays in animals. Lack of awareness of these has, historically, significantly inhibited the introduction of cTn as a safety biomarker in preclinical toxicology. Firstly, cross-species reactivity is usually but not always high. Secondly, there is a background of cardiac injury that needs to be controlled for, including spontaneous cardiomyopathy in Sprague Dawley rats, and inappropriate blood collection methods. Also, there are faster kinetics of clearance in rats than for humans. Also, coincident muscle injury is frequent with cardiotoxicity and requires a skeletal muscle biomarker. Because cTn assays were developed for detection of gross cardiac necrosis, such as occurs with myocardial infarct, the more sensitive assays should be used for preclinical studies. However, analytic sensitivity is higher for standard preclinical studies than for clinical diagnostic testing because of use of concurrent controls and use of batch analysis that eliminates interassay variability. No other biomarker of myocardial injury comes close to cTn in effectiveness, including CK-MB, LDH-1 and 2, myoglobin, and FABP3. In addition to the use of cTn for monitoring active myocardial degeneration, there is growing evidence that measurements of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) may be effective for monitoring drug-induced left ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter James O'Brien
- Room 013 Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Clercq D, Loon G, Baert K, Backer P, Deprez P. Treatment with Amiodarone of Refractory Ventricular Tachycardia in a Horse. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Diana A, Guglielmini C, Candini D, Pietra M, Cipone M. Cardiac arrhythmias associated with piroplasmosis in the horse: A case report. Vet J 2007; 174:193-5. [PMID: 16765620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction is a rare complication of babesiosis in domestic animals. The horse in this report showed clinical signs of anorexia, depression, fever, icterus and brown urine, and laboratory results (monocytosis, thrombocytopenia, azotemia, hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubinuria) indicated sub-acute piroplasmosis. Furthermore, junctional and polymorphic ventricular premature complexes and tachycardia associated with increased serum cardiac troponin I and myocardial-bound creatine kinase concentration were found. The diagnosis of piroplasmosis was confirmed by serology. Specific and supportive therapy for babesiosis allowed remission of clinical signs and laboratory profile abnormalities, including those of myocardial involvement. Myocardial damage associated with cardiac arrhythmia may be a complication of equine babesiosis as already demonstrated in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Diana
- Veterinary Clinical Department, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
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Johansson AM, Gardner SY, Atkins CE, LaFevers DH, Breuhaus BA. Cardiovascular Effects of Acute Pulmonary Obstruction in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Acute effects of short duration, maximal exercise on cardiac troponin I in healthy horses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1017/s1478061506703048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of exercise on cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in healthy, adult horses.Fifteen fit, healthy horses determined to have a normal cardiovascular system completed a standardized exercise test on a high-speed treadmill. Heparinized blood was collected for plasma cTnI concentrations before maximal exercise, and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h post-exercise. The cTnI concentrations were measured with a commercial system (Stratus CS, Dade Behring, Inc.). Results were analysed by a multivariate ANOVA, where indicatedpost hocanalysis was done by Tukey–Kramer HSD and significance was placed atp < 0.05.All horses had elevations in cTnI concentrations after maximal exercise. Values for cTnI trended higher at 3 h (0.066 ± 0.011 ng ml− 1) and 6 h (0.062 ± 0.011 ng ml− 1) post-exercise compared with pre-exercise (0.039 ± 0.007 ng ml− 1), although this did not reach statistical significance. Mean cTnI concentrations were within our normal reference range at all time points, although four individuals were above our normal range after exercise.These data show that short-term, high-intensity exercise induces a small rise in plasma cTnI in normal horses. This should be kept in mind when evaluating cTnI concentrations in horses that have recently completed intense exercise. In addition, these data suggest that 3–6 h after intense exercise may be the optimal time for measurement of cTnI concentrations in horses with suspected exercise-induced myocardial damage.
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Abstract
This article first reviews cardiovascular infections, including endocarditis, myocarditis, vasculitis, and pericarditis. It then addresses what is known at this stage about the effects of sepsis on the cardiovascular system. Some information is provided from current human literature to familiarize the reader with the diagnostics and therapeutics that may eventually be used in equine practice as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophy A Jesty
- Cornell University Hospital for Animals, PO Box 34, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Risberg ÅI, McGuirk SM. Successful Conversion of Equine Atrial Fibrillation Using Oral Flecainide. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Slack JA, McGuirk SM, Erb H, Lien L, Coombs D, Semrad SD, Riseberg A, Marques F, Darien B, Fallon L, Burns P, Murakami MA, Apple FS, Peek SF. Biochemical Markers of Cardiac Injury in Normal, Surviving Septic, or Nonsurviving Septic Neonatal Foals. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Oyama MA, Solter PF. Validation of an immunoassay for measurement of canine cardiac troponin-I. J Vet Cardiol 2004; 6:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/s1760-2734(06)70054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Peek SF, Marques FD, Morgan J, Steinberg H, Zoromski DW, McGuirk S. Atypical Acute Monensin Toxicosis and Delayed Cardiomyopathy in Belgian Draft Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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