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Cosandey J, Hamza E, Gerber V, Ramseyer A, Leeb T, Jagannathan V, Blaszczyk K, Unger L. Diagnostic and prognostic potential of eight whole blood microRNAs for equine sarcoid disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261076. [PMID: 34941894 PMCID: PMC8699634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been proposed as biomarkers for equine sarcoids, the most prevalent equine skin tumors globally. This study served to validate the diagnostic and prognostic potential of whole blood microRNAs identified in a previous study for long-term equine sarcoid diagnosis and outcome prediction. Based on findings of a clinical examination at the age of 3 years and a follow-up following a further 5–12 years, 32 Franches-Montagnes and 45 Swiss Warmblood horses were assigned to four groups: horses with regression (n = 19), progression (n = 9), new occurrences of sarcoid lesions (n = 19) and tumor-free control horses (n = 30). The expression levels for eight microRNAs (eca-miR-127, eca-miR-432, eca-miR-24, eca-miR-125a-5p, eca-miR-134, eca-miR-379, eca-miR-381, eca-miR-382) were analyzed through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction in whole blood samples collected on initial examination. Associations of sex, breed, diagnosis, and prognosis with microRNA expression levels were examined using multivariable analysis of variance. Sex and breed influenced the expression level of five and two microRNAs, respectively. Eca-miR-127 allowed discrimination between sarcoid-affected and tumor-free horses. No variation in microRNA expression was found when comparing horses with sarcoid regression and progression. Expression levels of eca-miR-125a-5p and eca-miR-432 varied in male horses that developed sarcoids throughout the study period in comparison to male control horses. While none of the investigated miRNAs was validated for predicting the prognosis of sarcoid regression / progression within young horses with this condition, two miRNAs demonstrated potential to predict if young male (though not female) tumor-free horse can develop sarcoids within the following years. Sex- and breed- biased miRNAs exist within the equine species and have an impact on biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Cosandey
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eman Hamza
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Ramseyer
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Klaudia Blaszczyk
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Unger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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Haspeslagh M, Gerber V, Knottenbelt D, Schüpbach G, Martens A, Koch C. The clinical diagnosis of equine sarcoids—Part 2: Assessment of case features typical of equine sarcoids and validation of a diagnostic protocol to guide equine clinicians in the diagnosis of equine sarcoids. Vet J 2018; 240:14-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mira J, Herman M, Zakia LS, Olivo G, Araujo JP, Borges AS, Oliveira‐Filho JP. Factors associated with equine aural plaque in Brazil. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:408-e104. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Mira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Campus de BotucatuUNESP – University Estadual PaulistaBotucatu Sao Paulo 18618970 Brazil
| | - Mariana Herman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Campus de BotucatuUNESP – University Estadual PaulistaBotucatu Sao Paulo 18618970 Brazil
| | - Luiza S. Zakia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Campus de BotucatuUNESP – University Estadual PaulistaBotucatu Sao Paulo 18618970 Brazil
| | - Giovane Olivo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Campus de BotucatuUNESP – University Estadual PaulistaBotucatu Sao Paulo 18618970 Brazil
| | - Joao P. Araujo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Biosciences Institute Campus de Botucatu UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista Botucatu Sao Paulo 18618970 Brazil
| | - Alexandre S. Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Campus de BotucatuUNESP – University Estadual PaulistaBotucatu Sao Paulo 18618970 Brazil
| | - José P. Oliveira‐Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Campus de BotucatuUNESP – University Estadual PaulistaBotucatu Sao Paulo 18618970 Brazil
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Berruex F, Gerber V, Wohlfender FD, Burger D, Koch C. Clinical course of sarcoids in 61 Franches-Montagnes horses over a 5–7 year period. Vet Q 2016; 36:189-196. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1204483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Berruex
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
| | - V. Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
| | - F. D. Wohlfender
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - D. Burger
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
| | - C. Koch
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
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Martano M, Corteggio A, Restucci B, De Biase ME, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Extracellular matrix remodeling in equine sarcoid: an immunohistochemical and molecular study. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:24. [PMID: 26838095 PMCID: PMC4736642 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids are locally invasive, fibroblastic benign skin tumors. Bovine papillomavirus type-1 (BPV-1) and/or Bovine papillomavirus type-2 (BPV-2) are believed to be the causative agent of sarcoids, although the mechanisms by which the virus induce the tumor are still poorly understood. We hypothesized that in genetically predisposed equines latent BPV infection may be reactivated by immunosoppression and/or mechanical injury leading to a form of pathologic wound which may transform into a sarcoid. In this study, we investigated in 25 equine sarcoids and in five normal skin samples the histological features and evaluated the immunohistochemical and molecular expression of type I and type III Collagen, vimentin (VIM), alfa Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMPs) -2, 9, 14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2). RESULTS In 64% of investigated sarcoids, type I collagen staining was stronger than that of type III collagen. In 80% of sarcoids, SFs were strongly positive for vimentin and negative for α-SMA; the remaining sarcoid samples (20%) showed 70-80% of SFs labeled for vim and approximately 20-30% labeled for α-SMA. Moreover, all sarcoid specimen showed a variable staining pattern (weak to moderate) for MMP-9 and MMP-14, and a moderate to strong staining for MMP-2 and TIMP-2. Biochemical analysis confirmed immunohistochemical results and showed in sarcoids, for the first time, the cleaved form of MMP9, the 35 KDa active species for MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that in equine sarcoids exhibit an altered turnover of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) deposition and degradation, as result of an altered expression of MMPs and TIMPs. Therefore, these observations seem to confirm that the basic mechanism for growth of equine sarcoids could be a neoplastic transformation during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Present Address: Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP) National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Ester De Biase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
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Mosseri S, Hetzel U, Hahn S, Michaloupoulou E, Sallabank HC, Knottenbelt DC, Kipar A. Equine sarcoid: In situ demonstration of matrix metalloproteinase expression. Vet J 2014; 202:279-85. [PMID: 25439440 PMCID: PMC7128672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most prevalent equine skin tumours and remain a therapeutic challenge due to their differing clinical morphology, local aggressive behaviour, and high recurrence following surgical treatment. In vitro, sarcoid derived fibroblasts are invasive and express matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -1, -2 and -9. It was hypothesised that the MMPs produced by neoplastic cells play a role in both their local invasiveness and interaction with the overlying epidermis (picket fence formation). The objective of this morphological study was to investigate the local behaviour and in situ MMP expression pattern in sarcoids of different clinical types. A total of 43 surgically excised sarcoids were examined by histology, immunohistology for the expression of MMP-1, -2 and -9, and transmission electron microscopy. Regardless of the clinical type, sarcoids showed local invasion of the dermis and damage to the basement membrane in areas of interaction with the epidermis. This was associated with MMP-1 expression in both neoplastic cells and epidermis. The results suggest a link between MMP-1 expression and the local aggressiveness of sarcoids regardless of the clinical type.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mosseri
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK; Three Counties Equine Hospital, Ripple, Tewkesbury GL20 6HE, UK
| | - U Hetzel
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shelley Hahn
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eleni Michaloupoulou
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Hannah Clare Sallabank
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Derek C Knottenbelt
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - A Kipar
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
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7
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Papillomavirus associated diseases of the horse. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bogaert L, Martens A, Kast WM, Van Marck E, De Cock H. Bovine papillomavirus DNA can be detected in keratinocytes of equine sarcoid tumors. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:269-75. [PMID: 21095508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-1 and -2 is linked to equine sarcoids, a commonly observed skin tumor in horses that is of considerable veterinary importance. Previous studies using in situ hybridization have detected BPV DNA only in fibroblasts and not in keratinocytes of sarcoids. In contrast, normal equine skin latently infected with BPV shows a dysplastic epithelium without dermal changes, similar to lesions induced by other papillomavirus types infecting the epithelium. The first goal of our study was to describe the epidermal and dermal characteristics of several stages in sarcoid development. Next, we explored whether BPV can infect epidermal cells in the horse using real-time PCR on laser-micro-dissected keratinocytes and fibroblasts. We found that latently infected normal skin samples and a subset of early stage sarcoids show dysplastic, koilocyte-like epithelial changes. BPV DNA was detected in keratinocytes in 40% of the samples with these particular epithelial properties, whereas advanced sarcoids only had BPV DNA in the fibroblasts. These data may indicate a novel and intriguing pathway of BPV infection in the horse composed of a first step of keratinocyte infection, followed by migration of viral material towards the dermis resulting in infection of sub-epidermal fibroblasts and their fully transformed phenotype. Additionally, an example of co-existence of a dermal BPV-1 and an epidermal BPV-2 infection in the same lesion is shown, indicating that horses can harbor infection with more than one BPV type at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies Bogaert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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9
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Christen-Clottu O, Klocke P, Burger D, Straub R, Gerber V. Treatment of clinically diagnosed equine sarcoid with a mistletoe extract (Viscum album austriacus). J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1483-9. [PMID: 21039860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids (ES) are common, difficult to treat, and have high recurrence rates. Viscum album extracts (VAE) are used in human cancer treatment. HYPOTHESIS That therapy with VAE (Iscador P) is effective in the treatment of ES. ANIMALS Fifty-three horses (444 ES); 42 were treated with VAE or placebo as monotherapy; 11 were treated with VAE or placebo after selective excision of ES. METHODS Prospective, randomised, blinded, clinical trial. Horses were randomly assigned to treatment (VAE; n=32) or control group (Placebo; n=21). One milliliter of VAE (Iscador P) in increasing concentrations from 0.1 to 20 mg/mL or physiological NaCl solution was given SC 3 times a week over 105 days. Number, localization, and type of the ES were documented over 12 months. A subset of 163 clinically diagnosed equine sarcoid (CDES) lesions (95 VAE, 68 Placebo) was evaluated in detail, considering clinical findings and tumor volume. RESULTS No undesired adverse effects were observed except for mild edema at the injection site in 5 of 32 horses (16%). Complete or partial regression was observed in 13 horses of the VAE group (41%) and in 3 of the control horses (14%; P<.05). After VAE treatment, 48 of 95 CDES (67%) showed an improvement compared with 17 of 68 CDES in the control group (40%; P<.01). Twenty-seven CDES had disappeared completely in the VAE group (38%) compared with 9 CDES in the control group (13% NS). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE VAE (Iscador P) represents a safe and effective treatment for CDES.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Christen-Clottu
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.
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Gobeil P, Gault EA, Campo MS, Gow J, Morgan IM, Nasir L. Equine sarcoids are not induced by an infectious cell line. Equine Vet J 2010; 39:189-91. [PMID: 17378450 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x179879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Gobeil
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 OH, UK
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12
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The detection of Bovine Papillomavirus type 1 DNA in flies. Virus Res 2009; 144:315-7. [PMID: 19409942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BPVs are double stranded DNA viruses that can infect several species other than the natural host, cattle, including equids. In equids, BPV-1, and, less commonly BPV-2, infection gives rise to fibroblastic tumours of the skin. Whilst a causal relationship between BPV-1/2 and equine sarcoids is now well established, how the disease is transmitted is not known. In this study we show BPV-1 DNA can be detected in flies trapped in the proximity of sarcoid-affected animals. Sequence analysis of the BPV-1 LCR from flies indicates that flies harbour BPV-1 LCR sequence variants II and IV which are commonly detected in equine sarcoids. These data suggest that flies may be able to transmit BPV-1 between equids.
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13
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Nasir L, Campo MS. Bovine papillomaviruses: their role in the aetiology of cutaneous tumours of bovids and equids. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:243-54. [PMID: 18927950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is perhaps the most extensively studied animal papillomavirus. In cattle BPVs induce benign tumours of cutaneous or mucosal epithelia, called papillomas or warts. Cattle papillomas are benign tumours and generally regress without eliciting any serious clinical problems in the host, but occasionally persist and provide the focus for malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, as in the case of cancer of the urinary bladder and cancer of the upper alimentary canal. BPV is the only papillomavirus that jumps species: the virus also infects equids, and gives rise to fibroblastic tumours called sarcoids. Sarcoids very rarely regress, more often they persist and can be locally aggressive. These tumours are the most common dermatological tumour of equids worldwide. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biology of BPV, the biology of bovine tumours and equine sarcoids, and present the current understanding of BPV in tumour pathogenesis in its natural host, cattle, and in its heterologous host, equids. Finally, the use of anti-BPV vaccines as a therapy for equine sarcoids will be discussed. Only limited information on the clinical or pathological aspects of either bovine or equine tumours will be provided as this subject has been extensively addressed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Nasir
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH.
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Brandt S, Haralambus R, Shafti-Keramat S, Steinborn R, Stanek C, Kirnbauer R. A subset of equine sarcoids harbours BPV-1 DNA in a complex with L1 major capsid protein. Virology 2008; 375:433-41. [PMID: 18395238 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 (BPV-1, BPV-2) are accepted causal factors in equine sarcoid pathogenesis. Whereas viral genomes are consistently found and expressed within lesions, intact virions have never been detected, thus permissiveness of sarcoids for BPV-1 replication remains unclear. To reassess this issue, an immunocapture PCR (IC/PCR) was established using L1-specific antibodies to capture L1-DNA complexes followed by amplification of the viral genome. Following validation of the assay, 13 sarcoid-bearing horses were evaluated by IC/PCR. Samples were derived from 21 tumours, 4 perilesional/intact skin biopsies, and 1 serum. Tissue extracts from sarcoid-free equines served as controls. IC/PCR scored positive in 14/24 (58.3%) specimens obtained from sarcoid-patients, but negative for controls. Quantitative IC/PCR demonstrated <125 immunoprecipitable viral genomes/50 microl extract for the majority of specimens. Moreover, full-length BPV-1 genomes were detected in a complex with L1 proteins. These complexes may correspond to virion precursors or intact virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brandt
- Equine Biotechnology Unit (EBU), Equine Centre, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Bogaert L, Martens A, Van Poucke M, Ducatelle R, De Cock H, Dewulf J, De Baere C, Peelman L, Gasthuys F. High prevalence of bovine papillomaviral DNA in the normal skin of equine sarcoid-affected and healthy horses. Vet Microbiol 2007; 129:58-68. [PMID: 18093754 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), the causative agent of papillomas in cattle, has been shown to play a major role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids in horses. BPV has also been detected occasionally in normal equine skin. In this study, presence and activity of BPV in normal skin and peripheral blood of 4 groups of horses were evaluated: sarcoid-affected horses, horses living in contact with sarcoid-affected horses, horses living in contact with papilloma-affected cattle and control horses. From each horse, 3 samples on 4 locations were collected: a swab of the intact skin surface and both a swab and a biopsy after decontamination. BPV DNA was found in the normal skin of 24 of 42 horses (57%). Mainly sarcoid-affected horses and horses living in contact with cattle were carriers (73%), but BPV DNA was also detected in 50% of the horses living in contact with sarcoid-affected horses and in 30% of the control population. BPV mRNA was detected in 58% of the samples positive for BPV DNA, although in a much lower quantity compared to sarcoids. In most of the BPV DNA positive samples mild acanthosis, slight basophilic cytoplasmic swelling of the epidermal layers and/or thickening of the basal membrane were noticed, but these observations were also present in several BPV DNA negative normal skin samples. BPV DNA could not be detected in peripheral blood. These findings suggest latent infection and a wide-spread occurrence of BPV in the horse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bogaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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16
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Bogaert L, Martens A, De Baere C, Gasthuys F. Detection of bovine papillomavirus DNA on the normal skin and in the habitual surroundings of horses with and without equine sarcoids. Res Vet Sci 2005; 79:253-8. [PMID: 16054896 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA can be detected on the normal skin and in the habitual surroundings of horses with and without equine sarcoids by means of superficially taken swabs. In affected horses, no significant difference in presence of BPV-DNA could be observed between samples obtained from the equine sarcoid surface, from normal skin close to the tumour and from a normal skin site in direct contact with the tumour. From the group of healthy horses living in contact with affected horses, 44% were BPV-DNA positive. The surroundings of affected and non-affected horses are probably not a major source of BPV-DNA contamination. It can be concluded that BPV-DNA is present on the normal skin of horses affected by equine sarcoid and to a lesser degree, on the normal skin of horses living in contact with affected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bogaert
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O'Brien PM, Reid SWJ, Love S, Campo MS, Nasir L. Association of bovine papillomavirus with the equine sarcoid. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1055-1062. [PMID: 12692268 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The equine sarcoid, a locally aggressive, fibroblastic skin tumour, is the most common dermatological neoplasm reported in horses; there is no consistently effective therapy. It is widely accepted that bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2 are associated with the pathogenesis of sarcoid disease. Most sarcoids appear to contain detectable viral DNA and RNA and are also known to express the BPV types 1 and 2 major transforming protein, E5, but appear not to produce infectious virions. While the mode of transmission of infection has not been elucidated, viral gene expression, in particular of E5, may contribute to virus persistence and disease pathogenesis by downregulating MHC class I expression. Here, the pathology and epidemiology of the sarcoid and its association with BPV is reviewed; the transforming functions of the BPV oncoproteins and their possible role in sarcoid pathogenesis are discussed; and the practical implications of BPV infection for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chambers
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - V A Ellsmore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - P M O'Brien
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - S W J Reid
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - S Love
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - M S Campo
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - L Nasir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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