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Wang C, Zhao Z, Ghadir R, Yang D, Zhang Z, Ding Z, Cao Y, Li Y, Fassler R, Reichmann D, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Liu C, Bi X, Metanis N, Zhao J. Peptide and Protein Cysteine Modification Enabled by Hydrosulfuration of Ynamide. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1742-1754. [PMID: 39345815 PMCID: PMC11428291 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Efficient functionalization of peptides and proteins has widespread applications in chemical biology and drug discovery. However, the chemoselective and site-selective modification of proteins remains a daunting task. Herein, a highly efficient chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective hydrosulfuration of ynamide was identified as an efficient method for the precise modification of peptides and proteins by uniquely targeting the thiol group of cysteine (Cys) residues. This novel method could be facilely operated in aqueous buffer and was fully compatible with a wide range of proteins, including small model proteins and large full-length antibodies, without compromising their integrity and functions. Importantly, this reaction provides the Z-isomer of the corresponding conjugates exclusively with superior stability, offering a precise approach to peptide and protein therapeutics. The potential application of this method in peptide and protein chemical biology was further exemplified by Cys-bioconjugation with a variety of ynamide-bearing functional molecules such as small molecule drugs, fluorescent/affinity tags, and PEG polymers. It also proved efficient in redox proteomic analysis through Cys-alkenylation. Overall, this study provides a novel bioorthogonal tool for Cys-specific functionalization, which will find broad applications in the synthesis of peptide/protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliu Wang
- Affiliated
Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric
Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong P. R. China
- National
Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Zhenguang Zhao
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Reem Ghadir
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Dechun Yang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
& College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Zhenjia Zhang
- Affiliated
Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric
Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Zhe Ding
- National
Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department
of Process Development, BeiGene Guangzhou
Biologics Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700, Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Li
- National
Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Rosi Fassler
- The Alexander
Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Dana Reichmann
- The Alexander
Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department
of Process Development, BeiGene Guangzhou
Biologics Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700, Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- National
Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi P. R. China
| | - Can Liu
- Affiliated
Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric
Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Xiaobao Bi
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals
& College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Norman Metanis
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Casali Center for Applied
Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Affiliated
Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric
Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong P. R. China
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Erhardt P, Bachmann K, Birkett D, Boberg M, Bodor N, Gibson G, Hawkins D, Hawksworth G, Hinson J, Koehler D, Kress B, Luniwal A, Masumoto H, Novak R, Portoghese P, Sarver J, Serafini MT, Trabbic C, Vermeulen N, Wrighton S. Glossary and tutorial of xenobiotic metabolism terms used during small molecule drug discovery and development (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This project originated more than 15 years ago with the intent to produce a glossary of drug metabolism terms having definitions especially applicable for use by practicing medicinal chemists. A first-draft version underwent extensive beta-testing that, fortuitously, engaged international audiences in a wide range of disciplines involved in drug discovery and development. It became clear that the inclusion of information to enhance discussions among this mix of participants would be even more valuable. The present version retains a chemical structure theme while expanding tutorial comments that aim to bridge the various perspectives that may arise during interdisciplinary communications about a given term. This glossary is intended to be educational for early stage researchers, as well as useful for investigators at various levels who participate on today’s highly multidisciplinary, collaborative small molecule drug discovery teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Erhardt
- Center for Drug Design and Development , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA
| | | | - Donald Birkett
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia (now Emeritus), (TGM)
| | - Michael Boberg
- Metabolism and Isotope Chemistry , Bayer , AG , Germany (now undetermined), (TGM)
| | - Nicholas Bodor
- Center for Drug Discovery , University of Florida , Belle Glade , FL , USA (now Emeritus Grad Res Prof/CEO Bodor Labs), (TGM)
| | - Gordon Gibson
- School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey , Surrey , UK (now deceased), (TGM)
| | - David Hawkins
- Huntingdon Life Sciences , Huntingdon , UK (now retired), (TGM)
| | - Gabrielle Hawksworth
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics , University Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK (now deceased), (TGM)
| | - Jack Hinson
- Division of Toxicology , University Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA (now Emeritus Dist Prof), (TGM)
| | - Daniel Koehler
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA, (ST)
| | - Brian Kress
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA, (ST)
| | | | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Drug Metabolism , Daiichi Pharm. Corp., Ltd. , Chuo , Tokyo , Japan (now retired), (TGM)
| | - Raymond Novak
- Institute of Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan , USA (now undetermined), (TGM)
| | - Phillip Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA (now same), (TGM)
| | - Jeffrey Sarver
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio , USA, (ST)
| | - M. Teresa Serafini
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism , Laboratories Dr. Esteve, S.A. , Barcelona , Spain (now Head Early ADME), (TGM)
| | | | - Nico Vermeulen
- Department of Pharmacochemistry , Vrije University , Amsterdam , Netherlands (now Emeritus Section Molecular Toxicology), (TGM)
| | - Steven Wrighton
- Eli Lilly, Inc. , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA (now retired), (TGM)
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Suresh V, Anbazhagan C, Thangam R, Senthilkumar D, Senthilkumar N, Kannan S, Rengasamy R, Palani P. Stabilization of mitochondrial and microsomal function of fucoidan from Sargassum plagiophyllum in diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1377-85. [PMID: 23399167 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Crude fucoidan from Sargassum plagiophyllum extracted from blade and purified by Q-Sepharose fast flow anion-exchange chromatography and three fucoidan fractions were obtained. Maximum sulphate containing fucoidan fraction was considered as purified fucoidan and purity was checked with agarose gel electrophoresis. The monosaccharides of purified fucoidan analysed by HPLC revealed the presence of the sugars such as fucose as a major sugar were 70.8 mol%. The percentages of other sugars were galactose (13.5%), xylose (2.5%) and mannose (11.2%). GPC was used to analyse molecular weight of purified fucoidan and it was found to be 35 kDa. The levels of ICDH, SDH, MDH, a-KGDH, Phase-I biotransformation enzymes, and Phase-II biotransformation enzymes were decreased in cancer bearing animals which may be due to oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage and fucoidan restored these enzyme activities. The inhibition of carcinogen metabolic activation indicates the anticancer activity of fucoidan in DEN induced liver cancer.
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Myrtenal, a natural monoterpene, down-regulates TNF-α expression and suppresses carcinogen-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 369:183-93. [PMID: 22763672 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers and lethal diseases in the world. Recently, many researchers focused to identify novel chemotherapeutic agents from natural sources against hepatocarcinogenesis. The diverse therapeutic potential of essential oils has drawn the attention of researchers to test them for anticancer activity, taking advantage of the fact that their mechanism of action is dissimilar to that of chemotherapeutic agents. Earlier reports indicated that essential oil components, especially monoterpenes, have multiple pharmacological effects which could account for the terpene-tumor suppressive activity. In the present study, it is shown that myrtenal, a natural monoterpene, which acts as an antineoplastic agent against diethylnitrosamine induced phenobarbital promoted experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. The results revealed an elevated level of microsomal lipid peroxidation in the liver, which was found to be significantly reduced by myrtenal treatment. On the contrary, the Phase I hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes' (cytochrome P(450), cytochrome b(5), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-cytochrome b(5) reductase) levels were decreased and the Phase II enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronyl transferase) were increased in carcinogen-administered animals, which were reverted to near normalcy upon myrtenal administration. Our findings also showed that myrtenal restrains the liver cancer by preventing the DEN-PB induced up-regulation of TNF-α protein expression by immunoblot. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopic examination also indicated that myrtenal prevents the carcinogen-induced changes in the architecture of liver tissue and cell structure. Thus, this study shows that myrtenal has the ability to suppress the hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.
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Surh YJ, Ahn SH, Kim KC, Park JB, Sohn YW, Lee SS. Metabolism of capsaicinoids: evidence for aliphatic hydroxylation and its pharmacological implications. Life Sci 1995; 56:PL305-11. [PMID: 8614248 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A new metabolic oxidation pathway of capsaicin (N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]-8-methyl-(E)-6 -nonenamide), a major pungent and pharmacologically active principle of hot peppers, was investigated. Incubation of capsaicin with phenobarbital-induced rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant enriched with NADPH-generating system produced N-(4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-(E)-6 -nonenylamide and a more polar metabolite. The latter metabolite was spectrophotometrically and chromatographically identical to authentic omega-hydroxycapsaicin. This new metabolite was also detected in the urine of rabbits given capsaicin by gastric intubation. Other analogs of capsaicin, such as dihydrocapsaicin and nonivamide, also formed similar metabolites via aliphatic hydroxylation. When tested for antinociceptive activity as well as pungency, the above polar metabolites were found to be inactive while their parent compounds exhibited strong sensory effects. Capsaicin interacted irreversibly with heptic drug metabolizing enzymes, thereby inhibiting their activity as indicated by prolongation of pentobarbital sleeping time in rats. Such inhibition of drug metabolism was not observed with omega-hydroxycapsaicin. These findings suggest that metabolism of capsaicinoids via hydroxylation of their side chains plays an important role in the detoxification of these pharmacologically active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Surh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Korea
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te Koppele JM, Mulder GJ. Stereoselective glutathione conjugation by subcellular fractions and purified glutathione S-transferases. Drug Metab Rev 1991; 23:331-54. [PMID: 1935575 DOI: 10.3109/03602539109029763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M te Koppele
- Division of Pharmacochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Seago A, Baker MH, Houghton J, Jarman M, Leung CS, Rowlands MG. 1-Alkyl analogues of aminoglutethimide. Comparative inhibition of cholesterol side chain cleavage and aromatase and metabolism of the 1-propyl derivative, a highly selective inhibitor of aromatase. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:2167-72. [PMID: 3377817 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A homologous series of 1-n-alkyl-derivatives of aminoglutethimide (AG) has been synthesised and tested for inhibitory activity towards the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (desmolase) from bovine adrenals and human placental aromatase in an attempt to find a selective aromatase inhibitor. Activity against desmolase declined from an IC50 value of 30 microM for the parent drug to 220 microM for the n-propyl derivative but increased again thereafter. Against aromatase, activity was least for the methyl and ethyl derivatives and highest (IC50 = 1.6 microM) for the hexyl and octyl analogues. The optimal ratio IC50 (desmolase):IC50 aromatase of 44 was found for the n-propyl derivative, which was therefore selected for preliminary metabolism studies using rat and mouse liver microsomes and hepatocytes and in these species in vivo. There were parallels with AG, most notably in the analogous formation from the n-propyl derivative of an arylhydroxylamine in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seago
- Drug Development Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, U.K
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Baker MH, Foster AB, Leclercq F, Jarman M, Rowlands MG, Turner JC. Effect of omega-trifluorination on the microsomal metabolism of ethyl and pent-1-yl p-nitrophenyl ether. Xenobiotica 1986; 16:195-203. [PMID: 3705616 DOI: 10.3109/00498258609043522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
p-Nitrophenyl pent-1-yl ether was metabolized (65-70%) in the presence of liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats to give the 4-(major), 3-(minor), and 2-hydroxypent-1-yl (minor) derivatives which were characterized by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry; O-dealkylation (reflecting 1-hydroxylation) and 5-hydroxylation did not occur to a significant extent. 5,5,5-Trifluorination of the pent-1-yl group markedly reduced the extent of metabolism (to approximately 10%). p-Nitrophenyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether was virtually completely resistant to microsomal metabolism under conditions where the ethyl analogue was extensively O-dealkylated.
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VandenHeuvel WJ, Arison BH, Flynn H, Gatto GJ, Mertel HE, Wislocki PG. Urinary metabolites of the antiprotozoal agent cis-3a,4,5,6,7,7a- hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole in the rat. J Pharm Sci 1984; 73:1731-4. [PMID: 6527245 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600731218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1H-NMR and MS were employed to identify 13 rat urinary metabolites of 14C-labeled cis-3a,4,5,6,7,7a- hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole (MK-0436). The major free (unconjugated) metabolite was cis-3a,4,5,6,7, 7a-hexahydro-3-carboxamido-1,2-benzisoxazole; it was also the second most abundant metabolite released during hydrolysis of the conjugated fraction. All other identified metabolites were hydroxylated analogues substituted at C(4)-C(7a) of the cyclohexane ring. the 4-equatorial,5-axial,7a-triol was the second most abundant metabolite excreted in an unconjugated form. Four monohydroxy (5-axial, 6-axial, 6-equatorial, 7-equatorial) metabolites of the drug were identified; they were found in the conjugated fraction only and were released by hydrolysis. The 5-axial hydroxy compound is the major conjugated metabolite and is overall the most abundant of all the metabolites. Six dihydroxy metabolites were identified: one was found exclusively in the free state, three as conjugates only (including the 7-axial,7a-diol, which is the major dihydroxy species), and two both free and conjugated. A second triol was found both free and conjugated.
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Perrone R, Carbonara G, Tortorella V. Chemical Studies on Drug Metabolism: Oxidation with Ruthenium Tetroxide of Some Medicinal AlicyclicN-Methylamines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19843170106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Smith DA, Neale MG. Metabolism and clearance of proxicromil--studies in rat, hamster, rabbit, dog, squirrel monkey, cynomolgus monkey, baboon and man. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1983; 8:225-32. [PMID: 6653614 DOI: 10.1007/bf03188752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Proxicromil was extensively metabolized and eliminated as metabolites in urine and faeces by the rat, hamster, rabbit, squirrel monkey, cynomolgus monkey, baboon and man after oral administration. The pathway of metabolism in these species was by hydroxylation of the alicyclic ring principally to yield monohydroxylated metabolites with trace amounts of a dihydroxylated product. Elimination of proxicromil by the dog, however, was essentially as the unchanged drug. The lack of metabolism of the drug by the dog resulted in the dog having a dependence on biliary excretion of the unchanged drug for clearance. These differences in clearance routes between species were reflected in the plasma clearance of the drug. The value for rat, a species capable of metabolism, was approximately 20 fold (4.1 ml min-1 kg-1) greater than the corresponding value for dog (0.2 ml min-1 kg-1). Inhibiting the metabolism of proxicromil in the rat with SKF-525A lowered plasma clearance of proxicromil (0.6 ml min-1 kg-1) and elevated the proportion of unchanged drug cleared by biliary excretion.
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Vandenheuvel WJ, Onofrey D, Zweig JS, Pile J, Kirkman-Bey N, Arison BH. Identification of canine urinary metabolites of the antiprotozoal agent 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole . J Pharm Sci 1980; 69:1288-92. [PMID: 7452458 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600691115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite fractions from the urine of a dog dosed with 3a,4,5,6,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole (MK-0436) were obtained by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography. These fractions were of suitable purity for structural elucidation. Data obtained by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy allowed the identification of seven major metabolites of this drug. Biotransformation in each case involved hydroxylation (mono or di) of the hexahydrobenzisoxazole ring.
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Vandenheuvel WJ, Arison BH, Miller TW, Kulsa P, Eskola P, Mrozik H, Miller AK, Skeggs H, Zimmerman SB, Miller BM. Urinary metabolites of 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole in the dog. J Pharm Sci 1979; 68:1156-8. [PMID: 115987 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600680926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The antiprotozoal drug 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,2-benzisoxazole (I), which exhibits activity against trypanosomiasis, is also antibacterial in vivo. Since the urine from a dog dosed with I showed a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than I itself, metabolites from this urine were isolated and partially characterized. The metabolites were mono- and dihydroxy-substituted species with the hydroxyl groups on carbons 4--7 of the hexahydrobenzisoxazole ring. These observations led to the synthesis of several such hydroxy derivatives of I, and their properties fully supported the proposed positions of metabolic hydroxylation. One synthetic compound, the 6,7-cis-dihydroxy compound, exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Salmonella schottmuelleri in mice and greater trypanocidal activity in vivo against Trypanosoma cruzi (Brazil strain) than I.
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Pottier J, Busigny M, Raynaud JP. Biotransformations of glafenine in the rat and in man. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1979; 4:109-15. [PMID: 39763 DOI: 10.1007/bf03189410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformations of a therapeutic dose of the non-narcotic analgesic, glafenine, have been studied in the rat and in man. In the rat, the ester bond is extensively hydrolysed to give glafenic acid which is the major metabolite excreted in bile and in urine. Two minor pathways have been identified one leading by hydroxylation of the benzene ring of glafenine or glafenic acid in para of the amino-substituent to the corresponding phenols, the other, by oxidation of the quinoline nitrogen of glafenic acid, to its N-oxide. In vivo this N-oxide is partly reduced into the parent compound. Hydroxyglafenic acid is the product of both direct oxidation of glafenic acid and hydrolysis of hydroxyglafenine. The glyceric esters are conjugated as glucuro-ethers and/or sulfo-esters and the carboxylic metabolites as acyl glucuronides. The conjugation rate, high for glafenine, its phenol homologue and glafenic acid, is low for hydroxyglafenic acid and the N-oxide. The analogous urinary excretion patterns in man and in the rat suggest a similarity in the biotransformation of glafenine in these two species.
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Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of diphenylmethane and its regioisomeric1 diphenylmethyl alcohols. J Chromatogr A 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)98492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Testa B, Bünzli JC, Purcell WP. Regioelectronic factors in metabolic hydroxylation of aliphatic carbon atoms. J Theor Biol 1978; 70:339-44. [PMID: 633925 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(78)90247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Plugar' VN, Gorovits TT, Tulyaganov N, Rashkes YV. Transformations of alkaloids of the quinazolin-4-one group in the animal organism. Chem Nat Compd 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00563951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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