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Hernández-Zepeda C, Negrete-Alcalde LJ, Rosiles-González G, Carrillo-Jovel VH, Abney SE, Betancourt WQ, Gerba CP, Chaidez-Quiroz C, Wilson AM. Human adenovirus-associated health risk in the recreational waters of the Yal-ku lagoon in the Mexican Caribbean. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:372-384. [PMID: 38421631 PMCID: wh_2024_309 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate human faecal contamination impacts in the Yal-ku lagoon in the Mexican Caribbean and to estimate adenovirus infection and illness risks associated with recreational exposure during water activities. A total of 20 water samples (10 from each site × two sites) (50 L) were collected monthly over a period of 12 months from two selected sampling sites in the swimming area of the Yal-ku lagoon. The occurrence of faecal-associated viruses was explored, and human adenovirus (HAdV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) concentrations were quantified. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was used to estimate exposure and subsequent adenovirus infection and illness risk for 1 h of swimming or snorkelling. Somatic and F + -specific coliphages occurred in 100% of the samples. Both HAdV and PMMoV were detected at a 60% frequency thereby indicating persistent faecal inputs. PMMoV concentrations (44-370 GC/L) were relatively lower than the concentrations of HAdV (64-1,000 GC/L). Estimated mean adenovirus risks were greater for snorkelling than for swimming by roughly one to two orders of magnitude and estimated mean illness risks for snorkelling were >32/1,000. Human faecal contamination is frequent in the Yal-ku lagoon, which is associated with human gastrointestinal illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Hernández-Zepeda
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México E-mail:
| | - Luis Jorge Negrete-Alcalde
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Gabriela Rosiles-González
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Victor Hugo Carrillo-Jovel
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8, No 39, Mz 29, SM 64, CP 77524, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Sarah E Abney
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez-Quiroz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Amanda M Wilson
- Department of Community, Environment, & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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2
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Dutra LB, Stein JF, da Rocha BS, Berger A, de Souza BA, Prandi BA, Mangini AT, Jarenkow A, Campos AAS, Fan FM, de Almeida Silva MC, Lipp-Nissinen KH, Loncan MR, Augusto MR, Franco AC, de Freitas Bueno R, Rigotto C. Environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2129-2144. [PMID: 38057673 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since starts the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic identified the presence of genomic fragments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in various environmental matrices: domestic sewage, surface waters, and contaminated freshwater. Environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 is a tool for evaluating trend curves over the months, compared to several clinical cases of the disease. The objective of this study was to monitor the SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples collected in different sites in a metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. During 10 months from 2020 to 2021, 300 samples were collected weekly and biweekly from nine points located in 3 cities: one point from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in São Leopoldo (fortnightly collection), two points in Dilúvio Stream in Porto Alegre (fortnightly collection), two points in Pampa and Luiz Rau Streams (weekly collection), and two points in public fountains (fortnightly collection) in Novo Hamburgo. After collection, samples were concentrated by ultracentrifugation, and viral nucleic acids were extracted using MagMax® Core Nucleic Acid Purifications kits and submitted to RT-qPCR, using E, N1, and N2 gene targets of SARS-CoV-2. Only 7% (3/41) samples from public fountains were positive, with a mean viral load (VL) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA of 5.02 × 101 gc/l (2.41~8.59 × 101 gc/l), while the streams had average VL of 7.43 × 105 gc/l (Pampa), 7.06 × 105 gc/l (Luiz Rau), 2.01 × 105 gc/l (Dilúvio), and 4.46 × 105 cg/l (WWTP). The results showed varying levels of viral presence in different sample types, with a demonstrated correlation between environmental viral load and clinical COVID-19 cases. These findings contribute to understanding virus persistence and transmission pathways in the environment. Continuous monitoring, especially in less developed regions, is crucial for early detection of vaccine resistance, new variants, and potential COVID-19 resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Batista Dutra
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Cytotoxicity, Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, ERS 239 n° 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Janaína Francieli Stein
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Cytotoxicity, Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, ERS 239 n° 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Seixas da Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Cytotoxicity, Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, ERS 239 n° 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Andresa Berger
- Division of Laboratories, Henrique Luis Roessler State Foundation for Environmental Protection (FEPAM), Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90020-021, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Andrade de Souza
- Division of Laboratories, Henrique Luis Roessler State Foundation for Environmental Protection (FEPAM), Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90020-021, Brazil
| | - Bruno Aschidamini Prandi
- Virology Laboratory, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Arthur Tonietto Mangini
- Virology Laboratory, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
| | - André Jarenkow
- State Center for Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90119-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Alves Scarpellini Campos
- State Center for Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90119-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mainardi Fan
- Hydraulic Research Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Helena Lipp-Nissinen
- Division of Laboratories, Henrique Luis Roessler State Foundation for Environmental Protection (FEPAM), Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90020-021, Brazil
| | - Manuel Rodrigues Loncan
- Division of Laboratories, Henrique Luis Roessler State Foundation for Environmental Protection (FEPAM), Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90020-021, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ribeiro Augusto
- Center of Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Virology Laboratory, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Freitas Bueno
- Center of Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Cytotoxicity, Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, ERS 239 n° 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS, CEP 93352-000, Brazil.
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Hata A, Meuchi Y, Liu M, Torii S, Katayama H. Surfactant Treatment for Efficient Gene Detection of Enteric Viruses and Indicators in Surface Water Concentrated by Ultrafiltration. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:8-20. [PMID: 36592278 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-022-09543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The hollow fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF)-based microbial concentration method is widely applied for monitoring pathogenic viruses and microbial indicators in environmental water samples. However, the HFUF-based method can co-concentrate substances that interfere with downstream molecular processes-nucleic acid extraction, reverse transcription (RT), and PCR. These inhibitory substances are assumed to be hydrophobic and, therefore, expected to be excluded by a simple surfactant treatment before the silica membrane-based RNA extraction process. In this study, the efficacy and limitations of the sodium deoxycholate (SD) treatment were assessed by quantifying a process control and indigenous viruses using 42 surface water samples concentrated with HFUF. With some exceptions, which tended to be seen in samples with high turbidity (> 4.0 NTU), virus recovery by the ultrafiltration method was sufficiently high (> 10%). RNA extraction-RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) efficiency of the process control was insufficient (10%) for 30 of the 42 HFUF concentrates without any pretreatments, but it was markedly improved for 21 of the 30 inhibitory concentrates by the SD treatment. Detection rates of indigenous viruses were also improved and no substantial loss of viral RNA was observed. The SD treatment was particularly effective in mitigating RT-qPCR inhibition, although it was not effective in improving RNA extraction efficiency. The methodology is simple and easily applied. These findings indicate that SD treatment can be a good alternative to sample dilution, which is widely applied to mitigate the effect of RT-qPCR inhibition, and can be compatible with other countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yuno Meuchi
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Lanrewaju AA, Enitan-Folami AM, Sabiu S, Edokpayi JN, Swalaha FM. Global public health implications of human exposure to viral contaminated water. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981896. [PMID: 36110296 PMCID: PMC9468673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are common waterborne pathogens found in environmental water bodies contaminated with either raw or partially treated sewage discharge. Examples of these viruses include adenovirus, rotavirus, noroviruses, and other caliciviruses and enteroviruses like coxsackievirus and polioviruses. They have been linked with gastroenteritis, while some enteric viruses have also been implicated in more severe infections such as encephalitis, meningitis, hepatitis (hepatitis A and E viruses), cancer (polyomavirus), and myocarditis (enteroviruses). Therefore, this review presents information on the occurrence of enteric viruses of public health importance, diseases associated with human exposure to enteric viruses, assessment of their presence in contaminated water, and their removal in water and wastewater sources. In order to prevent illnesses associated with human exposure to viral contaminated water, we suggest the regular viral monitoring of treated wastewater before discharging it into the environment. Furthermore, we highlight the need for more research to focus on the development of more holistic disinfection methods that will inactivate waterborne viruses in municipal wastewater discharges, as this is highly needed to curtail the public health effects of human exposure to contaminated water. Moreover, such a method must be devoid of disinfection by-products that have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Abimbola Motunrayo Enitan-Folami,
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Joshua Nosa Edokpayi
- Water and Environmental Management Research Group, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Feroz Mahomed Swalaha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Song K, Wang H, Jiao Z, Qu G, Chen W, Wang G, Wang T, Zhang Z, Ling F. Inactivation efficacy and mechanism of pulsed corona discharge plasma on virus in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126906. [PMID: 34416696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of viruses in water is a major risk for human and animal health due to their high resistance to disinfection. Pulsed corona discharge plasma (PCDP) efficiently inactivates bacteria by causing damage to biological macromolecules, but its effect on waterborne virus has not been reported. This study evaluated the inactivation efficacy of PCDP to viruses using spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) as a model. The results showed that 4-log10 reduction of SVCV infectivity in cells was reached after 120 s treatment, and there was no significant difference in survival of fish infected with SVCV inactivated by PCDP for 240 s or more longer compared to the control fish without virus challenge, thus confirming the feasibility of PCDP to waterborne virus inactivation. Moreover, the high input energy density caused by voltage significantly improved the inactivation efficiency. The further research indicated that reactive species (RS) generated by pulsed corona discharge firstly reacted with phosphoprotein (P) and polymerase complex proteins (L) through penetration into the SVCV virions, and then caused the loss of viral infectivity by damage to genome and other structural proteins. This study has significant implications for waterborne virus removal and development of novel disinfection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zhi Jiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
| | - Weichao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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Rosiles-González G, Carrillo-Jovel VH, Alzate-Gaviria L, Betancourt WQ, Gerba CP, Moreno-Valenzuela OA, Tapia-Tussell R, Hernández-Zepeda C. Environmental Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Groundwater in Quintana Roo, Mexico. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:457-469. [PMID: 34415553 PMCID: PMC8378111 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater has been reported as a result of fecal shedding of infected individuals. In this study, the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was explored in primary-treated wastewater from two municipal wastewater treatment plants in Quintana Roo, Mexico, along with groundwater from sinkholes, a household well, and submarine groundwater discharges. Physicochemical variables were obtained in situ, and coliphage densities were determined. Three virus concentration methods based on adsorption-elution and sequential filtration were used followed by RNA isolation. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 was done by RT-qPCR using the CDC 2020 assay, 2019-nCoV_N1 and 2019-nCoV_N2. The Pepper mild mottle virus, one of the most abundant RNA viruses in wastewater was quantified by RT-qPCR and compared to SARS-CoV-2 concentrations. The use of three combined virus concentration methods together with two qPCR assays allowed the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 58% of the wastewater samples analyzed, whereas none of the groundwater samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater were from 1.8 × 103 to 7.5 × 103 genome copies per liter (GC l-1), using the N1 RT-qPCR assay, and from 2.4 × 102 to 5.9 × 103 GC l-1 using the N2 RT-qPCR assay. Based on PMMoV prevalence detected in all wastewater and groundwater samples tested, the three viral concentration methods used could be successfully applied for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in further studies. This study represents the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in southeast Mexico and provides a baseline for developing a wastewater-based epidemiology approach in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rosiles-González
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8 No 39 SM 64 Mz 29 77500, Cancún, Quintana Roo México
| | - Victor Hugo Carrillo-Jovel
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8 No 39 SM 64 Mz 29 77500, Cancún, Quintana Roo México
| | - Liliana Alzate-Gaviria
- Unidad de Energía Renovable, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto Km 5, 97302 Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Walter Q. Betancourt
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA
| | - Charles P. Gerba
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745 USA
| | - Oscar A. Moreno-Valenzuela
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43, No 130, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Raúl Tapia-Tussell
- Unidad de Energía Renovable, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto Km 5, 97302 Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Cecilia Hernández-Zepeda
- Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 8 No 39 SM 64 Mz 29 77500, Cancún, Quintana Roo México
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Silva MR, Ferreira FC, Maranhão AG, Lanzarini NM, de Carvalho Castro KN, Miagostovich MP. Assessment of Viral Contamination of Five Brazilian Artisanal Cheese Produced from Raw Milk: a Randomized Survey. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:528-534. [PMID: 34318441 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses have been described as important contaminants in fresh and ready-to-eat foods such as sandwiches, deli meat and dairy products. This is a cross-sectional randomized survey to estimate the prevalence of norovirus and human adenovirus (HAdV) from 100 Brazilian artisanal raw milk cheese samples (Minas and Coalho) obtained from different agroindustries in four producing regions in the states of Minas Gerais and one in Piauí, respectively. From October 2017 to April 2018, norovirus genogroups I and II and HAdV were investigated in these cheese samples by RT-qPCR and qPCR, respectively. Viruses were detected in 43 samples, being 26 norovirus GI strains, 14 HAdV, and 3 both viruses. Norovirus GII strains were not detected. Viral concentrations ranged from 6.17 × 104 to 1.44 × 107 genome copies/L-1 and murine norovirus 1 used as internal process control showed 100% success rate of recovery with efficiency of 10%. There was a trend towards a higher positivity rate for both viruses in the rainy season, and HAdV were more commonly found among samples with higher fecal coliform counts. This study is a first step in assessing the risk that this contamination may pose to the consumer of raw products as well as emphasizing the need for good manufacturing practices, quality control systems in the dairy industry and markets. As a randomized survey, we established baseline figures for viruses' prevalence in five types of ready-to-eat raw milk artisanal Brazilian cheese, to allow any monitoring trends, setting control targets and future local risk analyses studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália Maria Lanzarini
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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