Emotional rescue: the role of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on well-being and job-stress among community nurses

The Meaning of Being a 'Good Nurse' in the ICU During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses were at the forefront of patient care during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. To date, no studies have explored what it meant to be a 'good nurse' in this unique and challenging context. As such, the aim of this study was to construct the meaning of the 'good nurse' in ICUs during a pandemic. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 ICU nurses from three ICUs in Kuwait, who had worked during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were analysed using Charmaz's grounded theory methodology. The analysis showed that the good ICU nurse was defined by their sense of duty, which motivated compassionate and dedicated patient care. However, the nurses' attempts to demonstrate virtue also had negative consequences for them. Selflessness led to unsustainable self-sacrifice, empathy led to emotional labour, and efforts to remain patient and respectful led to exhaustion as the nurses found themselves under increasing pressure. Attempts to remain mentally strong may have partially protected them from stress, but also deprived them of an outlet for authentic emotional expression and support. Ultimately, their efforts to preserve their quality of patient care despite the numerous challenges of the pandemic came at an increasing cost, and resulted in moral distress and impaired well-being.

The Effect of Emotional Coworker Support on Work Engagement Among Pediatric Health Care Providers: The Mediator Role of Emotional Regulation

BACKGROUND

Previous findings demonstrated that healthcare workers with a high level of social support are likely to engage in their work. Healthcare workers are not only engaged in the physical problems of their patients but also in their emotional difficulties. Pediatric professionals must express and regulate their own emotions during their interactions with young patients and their families.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of coworkers' emotional support on healthcare workers' work engagement in pediatric healthcare settings and the emotional regulation mechanisms by which emotional coworker support leads to work engagement.

METHOD

A cross-sectional study was distributed in a Belgian pediatric hospital between October 2021 and December 2021. The sample consisted of 274 healthcare workers who were in direct contact with patients. Participants completed a questionnaire consisting of measures of coworker emotional support, work engagement, emotional suppression, and cognitive reevaluation.

RESULTS

Emotional suppression partially mediated the effects of perceived emotional coworker support on work engagement. Coworkers' emotional support fosters work engagement by reducing the negative effects of emotional suppression. Moreover, cognitive evaluation was positively associated with work engagement.

CONCLUSIONS

These results provide insight into the influence of perceived emotional coworkers, emotional suppression, and cognitive reevaluation on work engagement.

'I never knew it was so prevalent': Experiences and perceptions of student health visitors recognising and responding to domestic abuse in practice placement settings

Background

Health visitors have a key role in supporting and protecting adults and children affected by domestic abuse.

Aims

The study aimed to examine the experiences and perceptions of student health visitors recognising and responding to domestic abuse in practice placement settings.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five student health visitors in the United Kingdom. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis.

Results

Four superordinate themes were identified: 'part and parcel of health visiting practice'; 'challenges in identifying domestic abuse'; 'uncertainty and apprehension'; 'strengthening knowledge and confidence'. All participants had engaged in practice activities related to domestic abuse within SCPHN placements, commonly expressing a sense of disbelief at the scale of the issue in practice. Difficulties and unease regarding identification and management of domestic abuse were reported. Access to support and opportunities to reflect and 'talk things through' were found to be important for students regarding this sphere of practice.

Conclusions

The findings contribute to the body of knowledge about domestic abuse-related practice within nursing. Recommendations made may contribute to practice development and help inform future teaching and educational strategies within SCPHN programmes.

The relationship between community workers' occupational stress, social support and psychological health: an empirical study in Liaoning Province, China

Background

With increasing urbanization in China, the community has assumed the important task of social governance and service provision, which has resulted in an increase in community workers' occupational stress. To date, researchers have studied ways to improve community workers' working ability, but have paid less attention to their health, especially their psychological health. This study examined the relationship between occupational stress, social support and community workers' psychological health.

Methods

A total of 545 community workers from 14 cities in Liaoning Province completed a questionnaire including the Occupational Adaptability Scale for Employees (OASE), the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) and the SCL-90-R scale (a measure of psychological health). Correlational and regression analyses were conducted.

Results

Community workers' occupational stress mainly derives from their workload, career development opportunities and performance appraisals. Participant's psychological health scores were significantly negatively correlated with occupational stress and significantly positively correlated with social support. Social support plays a moderating effect in the relationship between community workers' occupational stress and their psychological health.

Conclusion

It is necessary to establish an effective community support system, reduce the burden on the community, optimize existing work processes and performance appraisal system, create a positive working environment and organizational culture, and promote employee's psychological health.

Ageism Healthcare: Implications for the Psychological Well-Being of Atlantic Canadian Healthcare Professionals

Ageism in healthcare is related to poor outcomes for older patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships between ageism and various aspects of the psychological well-being of healthcare professionals in Atlantic Canada. In 2023, an online survey of 294 healthcare professionals from various disciplines was conducted. This survey included items to measure expectations of aging, stress, burnout, emotional dissonance, and well-being. Results indicated that aging expectations were significantly related to burnout, perceived stress, well-being, and emotional dissonance. With the use of a path analysis, emotional dissonance partially mediated relationships between burnout and well-being with stress. However, aging expectations did not significantly predict emotional dissonance. Differences were found across professional groups on ageism. Conclusions support the need for increased awareness to the relationship between ageist attitudes and professionals' well-being, as well as the need for education and interventions to reduce false expectations about the aging process.

The impact of stretch service goals on unethical behaviors of nurses: A three-wave cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Stretch service goals strive to motivate healthcare practitioners to maintain high quality in service provision. However, little is known about how stretch service goals trigger nurses' unethical behavior.

RESEARCH AIM

This study aimed to investigate the influence of stretch service goals on nurses' unethical behavior, as well as the mediating effects of patient entitlement and nurses' emotional dissonance.

RESEARCH DESIGN

A quantitative cross-sectional study is designed.

PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT

We sourced data by conducting a time-lagged three-wave survey study from March to September 2020. Random sampling was used, and data were collected from 422 nurse-patient pairs in Chinese hospitals. Bootstrapping method and structural equation modeling were employed to verify the conceptual model.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The study was approved by the designated authority within hospitals and ethical committees.

RESULTS

Stretch service goals are not directly related to nurses' unethical behavior. Stretch service goals can trigger nurses' unethical behavior via patient entitlement. Patient entitlement and nurses' emotional dissonance play a chain-mediating role between stretch service goals and nurses' unethical behavior.

CONCLUSIONS

In the context of the healthcare industry, nurses may engage in unethical behavior due to the pressure of achieving stretch service goals. This study contributes to opening the "black box" of stretch service goals and nurses' unethical behavior by exploring the chain-mediating effect of patient entitlement and nurses' emotional dissonance.

An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of Teachers' Lived Experiences of Working with Traumatised Children in the Classroom

This study illuminates teachers' lived experiences of working with traumatised children in school environments. Children who experience trauma display a range of behaviours in the classroom which impact on attainment and outcomes. Dealing with childhood trauma in the classroom is challenging and brings risks to teachers' mental health including secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed to understand the lived experiences of teachers working with traumatised children in the classroom. Findings from in-depth semi-structured interviews with six teachers indicate that teachers increasingly support traumatised children in the classroom but there is a need for targeted trauma-informed training and effective support from senior management to support teachers' mental health and wellbeing.

Relationships among supervisor support, autonomy, job satisfaction and emotional labor on nurses within the Turkey context of healthcare services

Introduction

Healthcare professionals face the challenging task of regulating their emotions within the workplace, which can lead to significant pressure and stress. For nurses, who work in particularly demanding environments, fulfilling the expectations of emotional labor can be challenging.

Methods

This study explores how nurses' perceptions of supervisor support and job autonomy can positively influence emotional labor and job satisfaction via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique.

Results and discussion

Job autonomy is found to negatively affect emotional labor but positively impact job satisfaction. Additionally, job satisfaction is a significant precursor to both surface and deep-acting dimensions of emotional labor. Furthermore, job satisfaction mediates the relationship between supervisor support and deep-acting emotional labor, as well as between job autonomy and both surface and deep-acting emotional labor. These findings shed light on the complex dynamics of emotional labor and job satisfaction in healthcare settings.

The moderating role of age and seniority on nurses' emotional dissonance and perceived health

This study aims to investigate the weight of surface acting (a condition in which subjects must display an emotional state that does not correspond to their real feelings) in the relationship between the emotional load of nursing work and the perception of health, and to evaluate the moderating effect of age and length of service. A moderated mediation analysis was conducted on a sample of 359 Italian nurses. The results confirmed the mediation role of surface acting and showed that both age and seniority have moderating effects so that in conditions of high emotional load, older and more experienced nurses show higher levels of surface acting, and in conditions of high surface acting, younger and less experienced nurses show lower levels of perceived health. In conclusion, surface acting seems a stressor for younger nurses, not yet used to the weight of faking emotions, while the perceived emotional load seems a stressor for older and more experienced nurses. Each result highlights the importance of providing emotional regulation skills training and support to reduce the psychological impact of emotional demands on nurses.

Work engagement, emotional exhaustion, and OCB-civic virtue among nurses: a multilevel analysis of emotional supervisor support

Introduction

This study investigates the moderating role of supervisor emotional support at the group level on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and work engagement with organizational citizenship behavior-civic virtue (OCB-civic virtue) at the individual level among nurses.

Method

A cross-sectional study was carried out on 558 nurses nested in 36 working units from two hospitals in Algiers. A multilevel analysis using Hierarchical Linear Modeling was performed.

Results

Results show that the positive effect of work engagement on OCB-civic virtue was moderated by supervisor emotional support at group level. The nurses emotional exhaustion and OCB-civic virtue negative relationship at the individual level is buffered by supervisor emotional support at group level.

Discussion

In consequence, supervisor emotional support experienced by the team has an influence on the emotional exhaustion and work engagement OCB-civic virtue relationship.

Understanding emotional intelligence and its relationship to clinical reasoning in senior nursing students: A mixed methods study

BACKGROUND

The complex healthcare environment requires nursing students to be prepared to effectively reason in emotionally charged situations. Clinical reasoning is a complex cognitive process that involves many elements, with little attention given to the role of emotions in this process.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the EI of senior Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) students and its relationship to clinical reasoning to gain a better understanding of how emotions are used in clinical learning experiences.

METHODS

This study utilized a convergent parallel mixed methods design.

RESULTS

Quantitative findings indicated a positive relationship between Strategic EI and the clinical reasoning scale of inference (r_s = 0.489, p = .044). A positive relationship was also found between the EI branch of Understanding Emotions and overall clinical reasoning (r_s = 0.559, p = .024) and the clinical reasoning scale of induction (r_s = 0.530, p = .035). The three categories that resulted from the qualitative findings: (1) Sadness for…, (2) Shifting Emotions, and (3) Presence converged with quantitative findings.

CONCLUSION

EI is an important construct when it comes to reasoning and providing care during clinical experiences. Fostering the development of EI may be one way nurse educators can better prepare nurses for safe practice.

How is hydration assessed and managed in acute stroke? A qualitative study of healthcare staff's knowledge, attitudes and experiences

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To explore healthcare staff's experiences of how dehydration is identified and managed in hospitalised patients after acute stroke, and facilitators and challenges to optimising hydration.

BACKGROUND

Optimal hydration post-stroke reduces the risk of neurological deterioration and other complications. Patients are at risk of dehydration in acute stroke, particularly those with dysphagia.

DESIGN

A descriptive qualitative study reported following the COREQ guidelines.

METHODS

Semi-structured interviews, utilising patient vignettes, were conducted in 2018 (Apr-Oct) with a purposive sample of 30 multidisciplinary staff members from two UK stroke units. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis identified common themes which were mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework and the Behaviour Change Wheel.

RESULTS

The themes were mapped to twelve of the fourteen domains in the Theoretical Domains Framework. Participants believed that inadequate hydration management had potentially serious consequences, and described complex knowledge, skills and cognitive elements to effective hydration care. Participants felt that maintaining hydration was a multidisciplinary responsibility requiring good communication. Although the performance of initial dysphagia screening was reinforced by external audit, other areas of post-stroke hydration management were not; notably, there was no established method of assessing hydration. Barriers to maintaining good hydration included lack of staff, out-of-hours working patterns, low priority given to hydration, patients' comorbidities and complex post-stroke disabilities such as dysphagia, aphasia, inattention and hemiparesis.

CONCLUSION

Findings highlighted the importance of assessing and maintaining hydration but identified barriers to, and variation in, clinical practice. To provide optimal care, barriers to the prevention and treatment of dehydration after stroke must be further understood and addressed.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Multidisciplinary teamwork is important in hydration care after stroke, but clarity is required about the specific contributions of each team member. Without this, hydration care becomes 'everybody's and nobody's job'.

Barriers to, and enablers of, paramedics responding to suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases: An integrative review

BACKGROUND

The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has focused attention on healthcare workers' concerns about working during a pandemic, yet research on the effect of the pandemic specifically on paramedics is lacking. This literature review aims to critically examine the current knowledge of paramedics' experience of barriers to, and enablers of, responding to suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases.

METHODS

An integrative review was undertaken using articles found by a systematic search of four research databases. Inclusion criteria included paramedics or emergency medical technicians who had experience of barriers or enablers responding to patients during the coronavirus pandemic.

RESULTS

Nine articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Barriers included communication and poor leadership, fear of infection to self and family, frequent changes in guidelines and inconsistencies across agencies, stress/burnout, and concerns with personal protective equipment. Enablers included job security, perceived social support, solidarity with other paramedics, and use of modern technologies for communication.

CONCLUSIONS

There are unique experiences of working during the COVID-19 pandemic in the prehospital environment. Particular challenges occurred with leadership, communication within the organisation and between agencies, and working in an unpredictable environment.

Emotional intelligence and coping strategies among intensive care unit nurses

BACKGROUND

Stress is an integral part of daily work for nurses, especially those who work in intensive care units (ICUs). However, chronic stress can affect nurses' mental and physical well-being, increasing their risk of burnout and decreasing the quality of care. A higher emotional intelligence (EI) level may be correlated with greater use of effective coping strategies, leading to a reduction of the adverse effects of stress.

AIM

This study aimed to examine the relationship between EI and coping strategies among adult ICU nurses in Poland.

STUDY DESIGN

A cross-sectional survey design was used. Current adult ICU nurses in nine Polish hospitals were invited to participate. The survey instruments used were: the Polish version of the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test, the Inventory to Measure Coping Strategies with Stress (Brief-COPE), and a self-constructed questionnaire.

RESULTS

114/543 (21%) nurses completed the survey. ICU nurses showed an average level of EI (70.2%). The main stress coping strategies were active coping and planning, the rarest being substance use, behavioural disengagement, and denial. For nurses with a higher EI level, the most frequently used strategies included positive reframing (R = 0.43; p < .001), active coping (R = 0.38; p < .001), planning (R = 0.37; p < .001) and religion (R = 0.25; p = .006). Nurses were less likely to utilize strategies of behavioural disengagement (R = -0.32; p = .001) and self-blame (R = -0.40; p < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

EI may have an impact on coping strategies, as a higher EI level was correlated with the greater use of effective coping strategies in ICU nurses.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Training in coping with stress and increasing EI may have a positive impact on reducing the risk of burnout in nurses and thus improving the quality of care delivered.

Profiling health professionals' personality traits, behaviour styles and emotional intelligence: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Non-cognitive traits have been theorised to predict characteristics, career choice and outcomes of health professionals and could represent a homogenous group. This study aims to profile and compare personality traits, behaviour styles and emotional intelligence of health practitioners across a variety of professions.

METHODS

Empirical literature was systematically reviewed. A two-concept search strategy was applied to four databases (CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, ProQuest). Title/abstract and full text articles were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodological quality was assessed using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Data was synthesised narratively and meta-aggregated where feasible.

RESULTS

Three hundred twenty-one studies representing 153 assessment tools of personality (n = 83 studies), behaviour (n = 8), and emotional intelligence (n = 62) were included. Most studies (n = 171) explored personality (medicine, nursing, nursing assistants, dentistry, allied health, paramedics), revealing variation in traits across professions. Behaviour styles were least measured with only ten studies exploring these across four health professions (nursing, medicine, occupational therapy, psychology). Emotional intelligence (n = 146 studies) varied amongst professions (medicine, nursing, dentistry, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, radiology) with all exhibiting average to above-average scores.

CONCLUSION

Personality traits, behaviour styles and emotional intelligence are all key characteristics of health professionals reported in the literature. There is both heterogeneity and homogeneity within and between professional groups. The characterisation and understanding of these non-cognitive traits will aid health professionals to understand their own non-cognitive features and how these might be useful in predicting performance with potential to adapt these to enhance success within their chosen profession.

General wellbeing and work impacts among community pharmacists during crisis management

BACKGROUND

Community pharmacists are highly accessible for advice, as most pharmacies are open long hours and no appointment is needed. Community pharmacists, as essential community health workers, play a critical role in the fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine the general wellbeing and work impacts of pharmacists and the factors important for adaptability and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

This study adopted a cross-sectional design. Community pharmacists from various professional networks in Australia were invited through emails and social media posts to complete an anonymous online survey during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria, Australia.

RESULTS

Sixty-five community pharmacists completed the online survey. The respondents reported fair levels of general wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a mean self-related health score of 33.57 (s.d.=13.19) out of a maximal of 96, despite relatively high levels of job stress and emotional labour. Lower levels of general wellbeing were correlated with higher levels of job stress (r =0.645, P <0.01) and emotional labour (r =0.513, P <0.01), and lower levels of occupational self-efficacy (r =-0.566, P <0.01). Leader member exchange was negatively correlated with job stress (r =-0.419, P <0.01) and positively correlated with psychological safety (r =0.693, P <0.01). The linear regression models showed that female pharmacists had lower occupational self-efficacy (β =-0.286, P =0.024), but higher psychological safety (β =0.234, P =0.042). Higher work ability was associated with lower job stress (β =-0.529, P <0.001), higher occupational self-efficacy (β =0.511, P =0.001), and poorer self-related health (β =-0.659, P <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings highlight the importance of a supportive work environment in helping community pharmacists to feel psychologically safe and reduce stress during a crisis.

Social group membership, burnout, and subjective well-being in new nurses in the life transition period: A cross-sectional study

AIM

To assess differences in social group memberships and burnout levels by work tenure among new nurses and identify factors associated with their subjective well-being.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study.

METHODS

Participants were 356 registered nurses who had fewer than 3 years of work tenure. Data were collected from February-March 2021. Participants' social identity, burnout, and subjective well-being were assessed using validated questionnaires. STROBE checklist was applied.

RESULTS

Multiple group membership was positively associated with life satisfaction and positive affect and negatively with burnout. Burnout influenced new nurses' negative effect in their life transition period. To improve new nurses' subjective well-being, it is essential to focus on their social group membership, encourage participation in group activities, and improve access to sociopsychological resources that can help them take their first steps as professional staff and develop as healthy members of society, which will foster sustainable healthcare systems.

The Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship Between Conflict Management Styles and Burnout among Firefighters

Background

While the organizational factors that account for firefighters' burnout have been extensively explored, the individual factors related to how they regulate interpersonal conflicts and emotions remain to be investigated. Previous research has demonstrated the association between emotional intelligence and conflict management styles and burnout, but no study has looked at the interrelationships among these factors in high-risk sectors. The present exploratory study aimed to fill this research gap by investigating the relationships between conflict management style, emotional intelligence and burnout in a sample of firefighters.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 240 French firefighters. Measures comprised validated scales of conflict management styles, emotional intelligence and burnout.

Results

Results showed that the integrating conflict style reduced burnout. They also revealed the effects of emotion regulation on burnout, whereby the awareness and management of one's own emotions reduced burnout. Moreover, awareness of one's own emotions moderated the relationship between integrating conflict resolution style and burnout, whereby the effect of integrating style on reduced burnout was higher when awareness of one's own emotions was high.

Conclusion

These results reveal that strategies used by firefighters to regulate their emotions in order to meet the emotional demands specific to their job are important for reducing the emotional exhaustion component of burnout. Training programs for conflict and emotion management are needed to preserve the mental health of firefighters and ensure the safety of interventions.

Investigating the relationship between the depression levels of midwives and nurses and their emotional labor and secondary traumatic stress levels in the COVID-19 pandemic period with structural equation modelling

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between depression levels in midwives and nurses and their emotional labor and secondary traumatic stress levels in the COVID-19 pandemic process structural equation modelling. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 313 midwives and nurses. According to the model formed based on the presence of depression, as the Emotional Labor scores of the participants increased, their Beck Depression scores decreased 0.947-fold, while as their Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale scores increased, their Beck Depression scores increased 1.116-fold. It was determined that the scores of the participants in the Emotional Labor and Secondary Traumatic Stress Scales explained 42.8% of their Beck Depression Inventory scores. It was concluded that the depression statuses of the participants were affected by their emotional labor and secondary traumatic stress statuses.

Meaningful work, pleasure in working, and the moderating effects of deep acting and COVID-19 on nurses' work

Aims

This study aims to verify the association between nurses' perception of the meaningfulness of their work and their pleasure in working, and whether this relationship may change based on the level of deep acting performed to cope with emotional regulation demands and the influence of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the healthcare work.

Methods

Nurses from both private and public Italian institutions (N = 239) completed an online questionnaire between June 2021 and January 2022. A moderated moderation model was tested through SPSS Process macro. The design is cross‐sectional.

Results

The results show that the perception of meaningfulness of work is positively associated with pleasure in working, especially in conditions of high deep acting. This relationship is further moderated by the COVID‐19 influence so that the association between meaningful work and pleasure in working is stronger in conditions of high COVID‐19 influence and at higher levels of deep acting performed.

Conclusion

Perceiving one's work as meaningful can be a job resource that protects nurses from the negative effects of emotional regulation demands and even from the stress of dealing with COVID‐19.

Impact

The study addresses the problem of nurses' emotional regulation demands at work and evaluates the protective role of meaningful work. The findings could be useful for planning prevention interventions (through training in adaptive emotional regulation strategies) or protection interventions (through the promotion of effective coping strategies and the stimulation of one's work engagement).

Buffering the Effects of Burnout on Healthcare Professionals' Health-The Mediating Role of Compassionate Relationships at Work in the COVID Era

Managing the COVID-19 pandemic posed several challenges for healthcare professionals, which likely heightened their risk of burnout (Amanullah and Ramesh Shankar, 2020) and, consequently, their general physical and mental health. Although it may not be possible to address and eliminate the causes of burnout, current research informs healthcare organizations about protective strategies to reduce its detrimental consequences. The promotion of compassionate interactions among healthcare professionals may play such a role. Compassion within healthcare organizations positively affects individual performance and well-being. Building on these considerations and within the framework of the Conservation of Resources theory, this study explores the relationships among burnout dimensions, received compassion at work, and general health in 711 Italian healthcare professionals (68.5% female), aged between 21 and 73 years (Mage = 36.4, SD = 11.2). Analyses were conducted to investigate the association between burnout and general well-being (H1) and between burnout symptoms and perceived compassion at work (H2); and the mediational role of compassion in the relationship between burnout symptoms and general well-being. H1 and H2 were confirmed (r < 0.01 for both), and a SEM model showed the mediating role of compassion at work in the association between burnout symptoms and general well-being (RMSEA < 0.08, SRMR < 0.08, CFI and TLI > 0.90). Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed in the paper.

The Effects of a Non-Technical Skills Training Program on Emotional Intelligence and Resilience in Undergraduate Nursing Students

There is a growing body of research on emotional intelligence and resilience in nursing students. However, there is little evidence of the development of these variables in intervention programs. This study aims to analyze the effects of a non-technical skills training program in emotional intelligence and resilience. Sixty students in the second year of Nursing Education from a Spanish public university completed this psychoeducational course. The pre-experimental design was longitudinal with pre- and post-intervention evaluation. The course consisted of 12 sessions of classroom education, three small-group workshops and a set of individual activities. Results in the emotional intelligence dimensions showed that Clarity (t = 3.10, p = 0.003) and Repair (t = 3.59, p < 0.001) increased significantly after participation in the program. Furthermore, the participants had a higher Resilience index when they had completed the program, with a statistically significant difference from the pre-course mean (t = 2.83, p = 0.006). This non-technical skills training program was an effective method of improving emotional intelligence and resilience in nursing students. Therefore, its use is recommended as a psychoeducational strategy for training undergraduate nursing students, as it improves their personal and professional competencies, resulting in higher-quality care.

A Meta-Analysis of the Relationships Between Emotional Intelligence and Employee Outcomes

Emotional intelligence is an emerging field since the 1990s due to its important outcomes for employees. This study is a psychometric meta-analysis examining the links between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction, job performance, and job stress of employees. In this meta-analysis, carefully selected studies on emotional intelligence since the origin of the concept in 1990 were included along with studies examining its outcomes. For this analysis, three streams of emotional intelligence, consistent with previous meta-analyses, were considered: ability, self-report, and mixed emotional intelligence. This meta-analysis is an attempt to add to the literature by analyzing the relationships between emotional intelligence and selected employee outcomes over a period of time beginning in 1990. The three streams of emotional intelligence were separately analyzed to examine their relationship with employee outcomes. These outcomes were included in the study based on select research studies. Our study results showed that emotional intelligence and its three streams were positively related to organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, job satisfaction, and job performance and negatively related to job stress.

The Effect of University Students' Emotional Intelligence, Learning Motivation and Self-Efficacy on Their Academic Achievement-Online English Courses

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on education worldwide. The disease first hit China and numerous Chinese cities then started to conduct online courses. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effect of the Shanghai students’ emotional intelligence, learning motivation, and self-efficacy on their academic achievement when they participated in online English classes during the latter phase of the pandemic in China. Furthermore, the research also examines whether the students’ emotional intelligence can influence their academic achievement through the mediation effect of their learning motivation and self-efficacy. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the social cognitive Expectancy-Value Model were employed to build the research framework, and the method of structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to conduct the model verification. Ten universities in Shanghai, China were selected for sampling. In total, 450 students were surveyed of which 404 questionnaires were valid. The results show that the students’ emotional intelligence did not directly affect their academic achievement. Nevertheless, the students’ emotional intelligence had a positive effect on their learning motivation and self-efficacy. In addition, mediation analysis showed that the relation between emotional intelligence and academic achievement was sequentially mediated by learning motivation and self-efficacy.

Adaptation strategies in transnational education: a case study of an australian Master of Health Administration Course offered to chinese managers

BACKGROUND

Management decisions in health influence patient care outcomes; however, health management development courses in China are rare. This study aims to document and evaluate a transnational Master of Health Administration (MHA) course launched in 2000 for the benefit of Chinese health managers.

METHODS

A case study of the MHA program jointly run by an Australian university and a Chinese Medical University was conducted. We reviewed the development of the MHA course through a document analysis (key events recorded in achieves, minutes, and audits) followed by reflection (by two course coordinators), extracting key themes related to adaptative strategies. We then conducted a questionnaire survey of 139 graduates seeking their views on relevance, satisfaction and challenges associated with each subject within the course, the relevance of key management skills (as determined by the Australasian College of Health Service Management competency framework), and the impact of the course on their personal career trajectories. Chi-square tests identified differences in the responses by age, gender, pre-training position, and current workplace.

RESULTS

The curriculum pedagogy followed the principles of practice-based reflective learning. Research findings and student feedback shaped the curriculum design and subject content, to enhance management practices of the students. Survey participants expressed high levels of satisfaction and confirmed the relevance of all study subjects. Two subjects, health economics and data management, were perceived as being the most challenging. Of the ten management skills we assessed, relatively low self-rated confidence was found in "strategic thinking" and "planning". Younger and less experienced graduates were more likely to report learning challenges (p < 0.05). Frontline managers were least likely to obtain promotion by changing employers (χ² = 6.02, p < 0.05) or being seconded to another position (χ² = 9.41, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

This case study illustrates the suitability of cross-country partnerships in health management training, which offers opportunities for managers to systematically explore and acquire a comprehensive set of management skills applicable to their career needs. Opportunities for developing training aligned to career development opportunities are critical for attracting and developing a competent and well-prepared health service management workforce in China.

Does Emotional Intelligence Increase Satisfaction with Life during COVID-19? The Mediating Role of Depression

COVID-19 has spread rapidly and become a health crisis around the world, and negatively affected the mental state of individuals. Emotional intelligence (EI) can play an important role in coping with the mental problems experienced due to the pandemic. This study examined how individuals' emotional intelligence levels affect depression and satisfaction with life during the COVID-19 period. The study was designed as quantitative and cross-sectional and reached 578 adult participants online. Emotional intelligence trait scale-short form, depression subscale (DASS-21), satisfaction with life scale, and sociodemographic questions as control variables were used as data collection tools in the study. The data obtained were conducted using SPSS 24, PROCESS-Macro, and Amos 25 statistical programs. The hypotheses established were tested by correlation, multiple regression, mediating, and moderating analyzes. Results confirmed that emotional intelligence had a positive association with satisfaction with life and a negative association with depression. In addition, interaction analyses found that age and family type had a moderating effect on satisfaction with life, and depression had a mediating effect. After discussing the importance of emotional intelligence as a coping mechanism in dealing with problems, some suggestions were made to policymakers and practitioners.

Professional identity, wellness, and future hope among nurse interns in Egypt

Objective

Since nursing is a performance-based profession, clinical learning environments play an important role in the acquisition of professional abilities and train nursing students to enter the nursing profession and become a registered nurse. The study aimed to investigate the relations among professional identity, wellness, and future hope in nurse interns.

Methods

A cross-sectional, analytic, descriptive, correlational study design was used to test these relations in the study where 210 nurse interns’ students were selected using a convenience sampling from Zagazig University hospitals and Suez Canal University hospitals in Egypt. The questionnaires consisted of 4 parts, namely demographic characteristics, Professional Identity Scale for Nursing Students (PISNS), Holistic Health and Wellness Survey, and Hope scale.

Results

Less than half of the study sample had chosen nursing specialty by own will (43.8%), while slightly more than half of them had a “very good” graduation level, and had no nursing role model. The lowest mean professional identity score was for independence in career choice while the highest was for social modeling. The reported physical wellness mean-score was the least, while social wellness was the highest. Professional identity, wellness, and future hope scores differed significantly based on nurse interns’ personal characteristics. There were statistically significant, positive, weak-to-moderate correlations among the scores of professional identity, wellness, and future hope; however, the “choice of nursing study by own will” was a statistically significant independent positive predictor of the scores of professional identity, wellness, and future hope.

Conclusions

Nurse interns’ professional identity, wellness, and future hope were positively inter-correlated. However, nurse interns’ wellness was the lowest, and it should be fostered as it was the main predictor for future hope. The internship programs should be modulated to improve nurse interns’ professional identity, particularly regarding independence, and should foster their well-being in the clinical environment.

The Influence of E-Learning and Emotional Intelligence on Psychological Intentions: Study of Stranded Pakistani Students

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the government to close the educational institutions globally, to contain the infection of the disease, which has affected the academic activities of local and international students significantly. This unexpected shift from offline classes to online learning has created psychological disruption among the students. At that backdrop, this study aims to investigate the influence of e-learning and emotional intelligence (EI) on the study stress, burnout, and performance of Pakistani students by applying emotion regulation theory. The data (N = 387) is based on international students, enrolled in 10 different universities in China. The results indicate that both e-learning and EI have significantly affected perceived study stress, burnout, and performance of students. These findings have provided evidence that online classes and EI can influence study stress, burnout, and performance of students. The study concludes that EI has significant impact on the psychological pressure of a student.

Nurses' perceptions of emotional intelligence in the clinical setting: A qualitative systematic review

AIM

The aim of the study is to explore available literature on nurses'/midwives' perceptions of emotional intelligence in the clinical setting.

BACKGROUND

Emotional intelligence is a crucial skill in nursing practice but little is known about nurses' perceptions of it.

EVALUATION

Eight electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched until November 2020. Quality appraisal was performed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklist. Data analysis was conducted using Sandelowski and Barroso's two-step approach of meta-summary and meta-synthesis.

KEY ISSUES

Five themes emerged from the 17 included studies: (1) understanding emotional intelligence in clinical nursing, (2) nurses' utilization of emotional intelligence, (3) benefits of being an emotionally intelligent nurse, (4) barriers to developing emotional intelligence and (5) recommendations to enhance emotional intelligence.

CONCLUSIONS

Nurses expressed interest in enhancing their emotional intelligence, and they identified barriers and provided corresponding recommendations to support their endeavours. Future studies should be geographically distributed and include nurses from all sectors of the profession to amass a holistic and comprehensive conceptual understanding of emotional intelligence.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT

Policy makers and nursing educators should tactically and successfully integrate emotional intelligence training into the nursing profession and curricula.

The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Nurse-Nurse Collaboration

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and nurse-nurse collaboration among registered nurses in Jordan.

DESIGN

This study used a cross-sectional, quantitative survey design to query 342 nurses who worked in two hospitals in Jordan.

METHODS

We used Arabic versions of valid, reliable instruments to measure emotional intelligence and nurse-nurse communication.

FINDINGS

A total of 311 questionnaires were returned (91% response rate). Nurses' emotional intelligence was positively and significantly correlated with the nurse-nurse collaboration subscales. The results also indicated a statistically significant mean difference in communication subscale scores by gender and nursing unit.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrated that nurse-nurse collaboration is linked to benefits for nurses in terms of improved job satisfaction, better nurse retention, improved quality of patient care, and enhanced healthcare efficiency and productivity. This suggests that improving nurse-nurse collaboration may have spillover effects of benefits, not only for nurses but for patients, organizations, and the overall healthcare system.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Building an environment that encourages collaboration among nurses can greatly impact the performance of nurses and its benefit to nurses. Encouraging employees to participate in activities and to collaborate in making this an integral part of their evaluation will contribute to improving the teamwork in patient care.

A literature review of emotional intelligence and nursing education

AIM

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current state of knowledge about emotional intelligence (EI) in nursing education BACKGROUND: Human relationships and emotions are an integral part of nursing care and contribute to care quality. This part of the profession must be addressed in nursing education to prepare students and deal with their emotions and the patients's. Research on emotional intelligence (EI) in nursing has been particularly developed recently. A broad understanding of many benefits of EI is crucial to include EI in this training program.

DESIGN

Systematic literature review METHODS: Undertaken using electronic database (Cairn; PubMed; Science Direct; Wiley online library) and specific search terms. This research covered articles published in English and French between 2007 and 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines (PRISMA) directed the systematic review process.

RESULTS

57 articles are included in this systematic review. The literature focuses on EI and nursing education. The findings categorized into four themes: EI and performances; EI and Physical and mental health; EI and Social Relationship; and EI program.

CONCLUSIONS

This literature review reveals that EI has many benefits in nursing students. Several training programs aimed at developing this concept have proven to be effective in nursing education. We believe that a synthesis of this knowledge will then allow us to better understand the benefits of EI for a further implementation in nursing education. Perspectives and recommendations will also be formulated to enable the implementation of emotional skill development programs in such training.

The effects of emotional intelligence training on the job performance of Australian aged care workers

BACKGROUND

Emotional intelligence (EI) training is popular among human resource practitioners, but there is limited evidence of the impact of such training on health care workers.

PURPOSE

In the current article, we examine the effects of EI training on quality of resident care and worker well-being and psychological empowerment in an Australian aged care facility. We use Bar-On's (1997) conceptualization of EI.

METHODOLOGY/APPROACH

We used a quasiexperimental design in 2014-2015 with experimental (training) and control (nontraining) groups of 60 participants in each group in two geographically separate facilities. Our final poststudy sample size was 27 participants for the training group and 17 participants for the control group. Over a 6-month period, we examined whether staff improved their well-being, psychological empowerment, and job performance measured as enhanced quality of care (self-rated and client-rated) by applying skills in EI.

RESULTS

The results showed significant improvement among workers in the training group for EI scores, quality of care, general well-being, and psychological empowerment. There were no significant differences for the control group.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Through examining the impact of EI training on staff and residents of an aged care facility, we demonstrate the benefits of EI training for higher quality of care delivery. This study demonstrates the practical process through which EI training can improve the work experiences of aged care workers, as well as the quality of care for residents.

Emotional intelligence: predictor of employees' wellbeing, quality of patient care, and psychological empowerment

BACKGROUND

The study explored the role of emotional intelligence (EI) on employees' perceived wellbeing and empowerment, as well as their performance, by measuring their quality of care.

METHODS

The baseline data for the present project was collected from 78 staff of a Victorian aged care organization in Australia. Self-administered surveys were used to assess participants' emotional intelligence, general well-being, psychological empowerment, quality of care, and demographic characteristics. The model fit was assessed using structural equation modelling by AMOS (v 24) software.

RESULTS

The evaluated model confirmed that emotional intelligence predicts the employees' psychological empowerment, wellbeing, and quality of care in a statistically significant way.

CONCLUSIONS

The current research indicates that employees with higher EI will more likely deliver a better quality of patient care. Present research extends the current knowledge of the psychological empowerment and wellbeing of employees with a particular focus on emotional intelligence as an antecedent in an under-investigated setting like aged care setting in Australia.

Analysis of the Relationship between the Psychological Well-Being, Emotional Intelligence, Willpower, and Job-Efficacy of Clinical Nurses: A Structural Model Application

The aim of this study to discover the relationship between psychological well-being, emotional intelligence, willpower, and job-efficacy. The data were collected from 26 May to 30 May 2020 by distributing a questionnaire to 317 clinical nurses with six months of experience in a general hospital located in Seoul. Three hundred copies were collected and used for final data analysis. The results of the study verified that the direct factors of psychological well-being, emotional intelligence, and willpower affect the job-efficacy of clinical nurses and confirmed that emotional intelligence is a mediating factor between psychological well-being and job-efficacy. This study is meaningful in that it proves the necessity of establishing various curriculums focusing on these factors so that nursing students can best perform their duties as professional nurses. In particular, it is suggested that an educational program and curriculum be established that can strengthen the psychological well-being and enhance the emotional intelligence of nursing students. It is expected that such training will equip professional clinical nurses to effectively handle future work in their stress-filled field.

The Relationship between Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence as a Protective Factor for Healthcare Professionals: Systematic Review

Emotional intelligence is an essential trait and skill for healthcare professionals. Mindfulness meditation has proved to be effective in increasing the wellbeing of those who practice it, leading to better mental health, self-care and job satisfaction. This paper aims to identify the recent evidence on the relationship between mindfulness and emotional intelligence among healthcare professionals and students. A systematic review was conducted including the databases PubMed, Cinhal, PsycINFO and Web of Science. The main variables were emotional intelligence skills and mindfulness practice. Data were extracted according to the following outcomes: authors, year of publication, country, study design, participants, mindfulness training intervention, tools used in data collection and main results. The following inclusion criteria were applied: peer-reviewed articles; published in English or Spanish; published between 2010 and 2020; quantitative methodology; a study population of healthcare professionals or students; the relationship with the aim of the study. The Joanna Briggs Institute criteria were followed for assessing the methodological quality of the selected studies. Three researchers were involved in the review. After the selection process, 10 studies were selected out of the 197 references initially identified. These studies revealed a positive relationship between mindfulness and emotional intelligence, particularly the capacity to regulate emotions. Furthermore, mindfulness is negatively related to emotional exhaustion. Training interventions based on mindfulness have proved to be useful in promoting emotional balance, emotional awareness, emotional acceptance, emotion recognition, expressive suppression and a reduction in emotional exhaustion. This study could serve as a basis for further research on the benefits of emotional intelligence and practicing mindfulness for the bio-psycho-social welfare of healthcare professionals.

Emotional labor of nurses in the front line against the COVID-19 pandemic

OBJECTIVE

To analyze nurses' experiences in the front line of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic regarding the performance of emotional labor (EL), aiming at its characterization and identification of support strategies and development opportunities of nurses and practices.

METHODS

Qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study, with content analysis of eleven written narratives and reports from a focus group composed of nurses with experience in caring for patients with COVID-19 from different Hospital Centers in Lisbon, Portugal.

RESULTS

Five themes were extracted: 1) Challenges experienced by nurses in the frontline; 2) Emotions experienced by nurses in service care; 3) Emotional responses of nurses and patients: impact on care; 4) EL of nurses in the patient care process; 5) Opportunities for development in the face of the emotional challenge required of nurses in combating COVID-19.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

The nurses demonstrated the ability to transform this profoundly emotional experience positively.

Collegial surface acting emotional labour, burnout and intention to leave in novice and pre-retirement nurses in the United Kingdom: A cross-sectional study

Aim

To investigate the relationship between surface and deep acting in nurses' patient-focused and collegial emotional labour, with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment and intention to leave.

Design

A cross-sectional descriptive study using the Emotional Labour Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory and intention to leave Yes/No questions with 118 Registered Nurses to measure patient-focused and collegial emotional labour, burnout and intention to leave.

Results

Surface acting in patient-focused and collegial emotional labour was found to have positive associations with burnout and intention to leave their current job. Only surface acting in patient-focused emotional labour was positively associated with intention to leave the organization and/or the profession. The novice nurses carried out more deep acting collegial emotional labour than the pre-retirement nurses.

Conclusions

Collegial emotional labour is significant to nurses' intention to leave their current job but not their intention to leave the organization and/or the profession.

Emotional intelligence and authentic leadership among Saudi nursing leaders in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have found that emotional intelligence has a remarkable influence on authentic leadership. However, the conceivable relationship between emotional intelligence and authentic leadership was unclear, as were the hypothetical bases used in previous studies.

PURPOSE

To determine the correlation between emotional intelligence and authentic leadership of the nursing leaders and the socio-demographic characteristics by which emotional intelligence and authentic leadership vary.

METHODS

Data derived from 152 of the distributed 180 questionnaires were analyzed (84.44% response rate). Nurse leaders in the academy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were assessed from April to July of 2019. t-Tests were used to test gender differences, while the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were employed for age, position, and years of experience. The relationship between the emotional intelligence and authentic leadership scores was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients (bivariate r). The relationships of the four dimensions in the emotional intelligence construct and overall emotional intelligence were assessed using multiple regression analysis and simple linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

Age and years of experience significantly and positively related to emotional intelligence, whereas gender, age, and years of experience in the current position (p = 0.026) were significant regarding authentic leadership. The emotional intelligence total score strongly and positively related to authentic leadership. The regression results on the four emotional intelligence dimensions indicated that the extent of using emotions had the strongest influence on authentic leadership (B = 0.99) followed by appraisal of one's emotions (B = 0.70) and appraisal of others' emotions (B = 0.69). The simple regression analysis indicated that, for every one-point increase in total emotional intelligence score, authentic leadership score increased by 0.086.

CONCLUSION

Age and years of experience were significant factors explaining variation in emotional intelligence, whereas gender, age, and years of experience in the current position were significant for explaining variation in authentic leadership. Using emotions was the strongest influence on authentic leadership, and the emotional intelligence dimension measuring regulation of emotion had no significant influence on authentic leadership.

Personality, trait EI and coping with COVID 19 measures

The study views the preventive measures undertaken by government to combat COVID 19 as stressor for individuals, and examines how individuals' personal traits including emotional intelligence and personality factors influence their coping strategies. The concept of trait EI is used in this study to understand its relationship with personality factors and their respective effects on the opted outcomes. Coping strategies in this study are categorised into task, emotion and avoidance-oriented coping. The results show that emotional intelligence is significantly related to all coping strategies whereas only certain personality factors make unique variances. When both emotional intelligence and personality are in the same equation, with the latter being controlled, the former shows incremental variance and the influence of personality factors is reduced. Detailed discussion of these findings and implications for policy makers and researchers are highlighted and conclude the paper.

Emotional Intelligence and Work Perceptions Among Nurse Managers

Background

Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to a person's ability to acknowledge the feelings of oneself and others, and to control those feelings so as to behave in a socially acceptable manner. We investigated the relationships between the characteristics of EI among nurse managers, and their perceptions of how much their position's roles and responsibilities can be delegated to other staff members.

Methods

We surveyed 150 nurse managers working at 30 hospitals by using an anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of basic attributes, EI and work perception. The emotional intelligence scale (EQS) domain scores were analyzed by means of one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. EQS scores were compared with corresponding averages for working adults in the instructions. The perceived importance of duties of nurse managers was compared between the resulting EQS scores 'High' and 'Low' groups.

Results

The analysis population consisted of 105 nurse managers. Their EQS scored higher in all three domains, and with the exception of Altruism for all factor scores than the average for working adults. The perceived importance of the typical duties of nurse managers were compared between the High and Low groups for each EQS domain. Significant differences were observed between nurse managers with High and Low Intrapersonal emotional quotient (EQ) on four tasks. No significant differences were found for any of the responsibilities when nurse managers with High and Low Interpersonal EQ or Situational EQ were compared.

Conclusion

The nurse managers' average EQS scores were higher in all areas. The high scores that were exhibited by could be considered desirable qualities for nurse managers. It seemed nurse managers with high scores in intrapersonal EQ struck a good balance between placing importance on EI considerations like managing relationships and creating a comfortable workplace, and management and leadership behaviors like department management and operations and data management.

Impact of stress on nurses working in the district nursing service

This literature review aimed to identify the consequences of working in a highly stressful environment within district nursing teams and the implications this has on nursing practice and the welfare of nurses. The review analysed 10 primary research studies, resulting in three emerging themes that formed the foundation of a discussion; burnout and compassion fatigue; reduced job satisfaction and retention; and emotional injury. The results identified that healthy behaviours, emotional intelligence and effective caseload and staffing management can reduce the negative impact that stress can have on nurses. Organisations need to promote healthy behaviours through support and training and need to reassess how caseloads are managed in correlation with staffing levels. Coaching in emotional intelligence skills is vital and should be provided to all nurses within the DN service.

Do caregivers' personality and emotional intelligence modify their perception of relationship and communication with people with aphasia?

BACKGROUND

There is a wide agreement that family and friends of people with aphasia (PWA) can play a crucial role in the rehabilitation of interpersonal communication. Therefore, speech and language therapists (SLTs) should include family and friends in the process of therapy. However, little has been said about the role of caregivers of severely disabled PWA in the rehabilitation of communication functions.

AIMS

To examine how caregivers of severely disabled PWA perceive their relationship and communication with PWA, how they facilitate communication with PWA, and whether the caregiver's personality and emotional intelligence modify the abovementioned processes.

METHODS & PROCEDURES

The study involved 123 caregivers of severely disabled stroke survivors with aphasia. Participants took part in a structured interview based on a structured interview guide created for the purpose of this study. The standardized psychological questionnaires NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale (SEIS) were used.

OUTCOMES & RESULTS

The caregiver's positive attitude towards the PWA correlated with the active facilitation of communication. The personality traits of caregivers and their level of emotional intelligence were associated with the tendency to use certain techniques to facilitate communication with PWA.

CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS

Caregivers' positive attitude towards PWA is beneficial for the rehabilitation of communicative functions. Personality traits and emotional intelligence could modify the caregiver's strategy of coping with aphasia-related challenges and should be taken into consideration when providing support. What this paper adds What is already known on the subject Interpersonal communication must by definition involve at least two people. Therefore, there are a lot of approaches in SLT where support is given not only to the PWA but also to the communication partners. The most important group is significant others, which is usually understood as family members and friends. There is an increasing recognition that SLTs should include them in therapy. What this paper adds to existing knowledge For those PWA who need constant care, caregivers may have a significant influence on the quality of communication. Their positive attitude towards PWA corresponds with more active facilitation of communication and can make rehabilitation more efficacious. Caregivers should be educated on the cognitive and behavioural aspects of aphasia and encouraged to look actively for a PWA's positive characteristics. Caregivers' personality traits play a role in facilitating communication. For example, caregivers with high agreeableness are more likely to enjoy providing care, while those with higher conscientiousness declare using more techniques to facilitate communication with the PWA. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Caregivers' personality traits play a role in caring. Their positive attitude towards PWA corresponds to more active facilitation of communication, which can lead to more effective rehabilitation. This should be taken into account when training caregivers. Training programmes should include cognitive and behavioural aspects of aphasia as well as emphasize the need to maximize the PWA's abilities.

Evaluation of Emotional Intelligence among Master's Degree Students in Nursing and Midwifery: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Emotional intelligence is an important skill for nurses and midwives and leads them to cleverly work in various fields and contexts, successfully handling colleagues, patients and their families. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the relationship between emotional intelligence, sociodemographic and academic variables in current and former master’s degree students in nursing and midwifery, through the administration of a questionnaire to 71 subjects. Emotional intelligence is significantly related to gender. Females showed higher scores (0.2 points higher than men) for emotional intelligence factors, highlighting an excellent ability to “evaluate and express emotions in relation to others”. Moreover, significant differences in academic performances are shown: both females and midwives demonstrated higher academic performance (a mean degree mark 3.8 points higher than men and a mean degree mark 2.6 point than nurses, respectively). High levels of emotional intelligence in individuals who carried out training activities in the organization area are also evident: These subjects have an ability regarding the “regulation of emotion in the others”, which is significantly higher (p = 0.01) than those interested in other master’s degree areas. Emotional intelligence (EI) is strongly linked to the individual’s characteristics and their personalities and differs from technical and professional skills. EI is also an excellent predictor of professional success.

Emotional Intelligence in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nurses: Decreasing Moral Distress in End-of-Life Care and Laying a Foundation for Improved Outcomes: An Integrative Review

End-of-life care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is one of the most challenging practices for nurses. Negative emotions associated with moral distress often cause care to be incomplete or nurse disengagement. Emotional intelligence in nurses holds potential to address this issue, while improving patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to critically appraise the evidence about emotional intelligence in nursing and to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence, moral distress in NICU nurses, end-of-life care, and other priority nurse and patient outcomes. A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses)-structured integrative review was conducted, and CINAHL, Ovid, PubMed, and other databases were searched. Twelve studies were identified as relevant to this review after exclusion criteria were applied. Evidence supports the efficacy of emotional intelligence in bedside nurses as a method of improving key nurse and patient outcomes. Additionally, research suggests that emotional intelligence can be improved by training interventions. Clinical educators should integrate emotional intelligence concepts and strategies into staff training. Further research is recommended to validate previous findings in the NICU setting. Exploration of the relationship between emotional intelligence and moral distress in NICU nurses would provide a foundation for experimental designs to evaluate the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training interventions.

Factors playing a role in the development of emotional labor behavior of clinical nurses

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate spirituality, sociodemographic features, and occupational features as predictors of nurses' emotional labor.

DESIGN AND METHODS

The study is descriptive cross-sectional and correlational research.

FINDINGS

The results demonstrated that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between the nurses' spirituality and the subdimension of intimate behavior (r = .545) (P < .05). Regarding the nurses' in-depth behaviors, the study found that spirituality (β = .550) and the number of patients that the nurses were responsible for (β = -.154) were statistically significant predictors (P < .05). The subdimensions of superficial behavior, spirituality (β = .498), and rechoosing the profession (β = -.142) were statistically significant predictors as well (P < .05).

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

For the development of emotional labor in clinical nurses, administrators should be sensitive to nurses' spiritual values.