1
|
Chu HW, Hwang IC, Kim HM, Park J, Choi H, Choi HM, Yoon YE, Cho GY. Age-dependent implications of left ventricular hypertrophy regression in patients with hypertension. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:1144-1156. [PMID: 38238511 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients with hypertension. However, the effect of age on LVH regression or persistence and its differential prognostic value remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the clinical implications of LVH regression in 1847 patients with hypertension and echocardiography data (at baseline and during antihypertensive treatment at an interval of 6-18 months) according to age. LVH was defined as a left ventricular mass index (LVMI) > 115 g/m2 and >95 g/m2 in men and women, respectively. LVH prevalence at baseline was not different according to age (age < 65 years: 42.6%; age ≥65 years: 45.7%; p = 0.187), but LVH regression was more frequently observed in the younger group (36.4% vs. 27.5%; p = 0.008). Spline curves and multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between reductions in systolic blood pressure and LVMI in the younger group (β = 0.425; p < 0.001), but not the elderly group (β = 0.044; p = 0.308). LVH regression was associated with a lower risk of the study outcome (composite of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure) regardless of age. In conclusion, the association between the reduction in blood pressure and LVH regression was prominent in patients with age < 65 years, but not in those with age ≥65 years. However, an association between LVH regression and lower risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure was observed regardless of patient age, suggesting the prognostic value of the LVH regression not only in the younger patients but also in elderly patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - In-Chang Hwang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyue Mee Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jiesuck Park
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Hyejung Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Hong-Mi Choi
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeonyee E Yoon
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Goo-Yeong Cho
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuchi Bhotla H, Meyyazhagan A, Pushparaj K, Pappuswamy M, Chaudhary A, Arumugam VA, Balasubramanian B, Ragu Varman D, Orlacchio A, Rengasamy KRR. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases in South Asians: Scrutinizing Traditional Risk Factors and Newly Recognized Risk Factors Sarcopenia and Osteopenia/Osteoporosis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102071. [PMID: 37690535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary reasons for complications and death worldwide are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), with a death toll of approximately 18 million per year. CVDs include cardiomyopathy, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart attack, hearth failure, etc. Over 80% of the CVD mortality is recorded from lower and middle-income countries. Records from the past decade have highlighted the increase of CVDs among the South Asian populations, and the prime purpose of the review is to jot down the reasons for the steep spike in CVDs. Studies analyzing the causative factors for the increase of CVDs in South Asians are still to be verified. Apart from known predisposing and lifestyle factors, other emerging risk factors associated with CVDs, namely the musculoskeletal diseases sarcopenia and osteopenia, should be tracked to tackle research gaps in upcoming analyses. This requires loads of scientific efforts. With proper monitoring, the raising alarm that the CVD burden generates can be reduced. This review discusses the already established signs and recognizes important clues to the emerging etiology of CVDs in the Asian population and prevention measures to keep it at bay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haripriya Kuchi Bhotla
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Karthika Pushparaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikantan Pappuswamy
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditi Chaudhary
- Department of Life Science, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijaya Anand Arumugam
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Durairaj Ragu Varman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Antonio Orlacchio
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry (LNPMC), Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tziastoudi M, Pissas G, Golfinopoulos S, Filippidis G, Dousdampanis P, Eleftheriadis T, Stefanidis I. Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors and Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2338. [PMID: 38137939 PMCID: PMC10744560 DOI: 10.3390/life13122338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with high mortality. In both disorders, impaired iron homeostasis, mostly in the form of a functional iron deficiency, is a frequent co-morbidity. In HF, functional iron deficiency and management by i.v. iron supplementation have been proven to affect both prognosis and functional capacity. In the same context, iron supplementation is routine for the adequate management of renal anemia in CKD. In numerous recent studies in HF and in CKD, sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor treatment has been proven to significantly reduce mortality. Furthermore, the same trials showed that these drugs alleviate iron deficiency and anemia. These effects of SGLT2 inhibitors may be due to an amelioration of inflammation with reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and to an enhancement of autophagy with increased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), both associated with modified production of hepcidin and enhanced ferritinophagy. However, the exact pathogenic basis of the beneficial SGLT2 inhibitor action is not fully elucidated. Nevertheless, effects on iron homeostasis might be a potential explanatory mechanism for the powerful SGLT2 inhibitors' cardiovascular and renal outcome benefits. In addition, the interaction between iron supplementation and SGLT2 inhibitors and its potential impact on prognosis remains to be clarified by future studies. This review represents a significant effort to explore the complex relationships involved, seeking to elucidate the intricate mechanisms by which SGLT2 inhibitors influence iron homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tziastoudi
- Clinic of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larisa, Greece; (G.P.); (S.G.); (G.F.); (P.D.); (T.E.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Clinic of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41334 Larisa, Greece; (G.P.); (S.G.); (G.F.); (P.D.); (T.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nikpajouh A, Noohi F, Malakpour M, Tajik M, Mahmoudzadeh A, Moghadam P, Salesi M, Raei M, Shahrbaf MA. The Prevalence of Hypertension and Obesity in Iranian Professional Drivers. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:2169-2178. [PMID: 37899925 PMCID: PMC10612542 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i10.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Professional driving is associated with overworking, lack of physical activity, and high stress, which are susceptible to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and obesity in Iranian professional drivers. Methods Overall, 132,452 drivers were included by census sampling methods and those who did not pass periodic examinations were excluded. Demographics and anthropometric data, including height and weight and the driver's blood pressure, were recorded. The criteria for hypertension assumed as the systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mm and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mm, and the criteria for prehypertension assumed as 120-129 systolic and < 80 mm Hg. In addition, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 is assumed as overweight, and BMI ≥ 30 is assumed as obesity. Results Overall, 113,856 male drivers were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of HTN, pre-HTN, and abnormal blood pressure (HTN + pre-HTN) was calculated to be 14.2%, 57.4%, and 71.6%, respectively. Khuzestan, West Azerbaijan, and Yazd had the most prevalence of abnormal blood pressure. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abnormal weight (overweight + obesity) was calculated to be 50.9%, 22.6%, and 73.5%, respectively, and the northwest provinces had the highest prevalence of abnormal weight. Conclusion Professional Iranian drivers have a high prevalence of abnormal blood pressure and weight associated with job-related risk factors. Preventive measures should be taken to confront a possible outbreak of CVDs in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Nikpajouh
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Feridoun Noohi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokhtar Malakpour
- Shakhes Pajouh Research Institute of Engineering Natural Disaster, Faculty of Management, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Tajik
- Shakhes Pajouh Research Institute of Engineering Natural Disaster, Faculty of Management, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mahmoudzadeh
- Shakhes Pajouh Research Institute of Engineering Natural Disaster, Faculty of Management, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Moghadam
- Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Salesi
- Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Life Style Institute, Military Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Shahrbaf
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Murugesan S, Al Khodor S. Salivary microbiome and hypertension in the Qatari population. J Transl Med 2023; 21:454. [PMID: 37422685 PMCID: PMC10329805 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of hypertension in Qatar is 33 percent of the adult population. It is postulated that the salivary microbiome can regulate blood pressure (BP). However, limited investigations exist to prove this hypothesis. Therefore, we examined the difference in the salivary microbiome composition between hypertensive and normotensive Qatari subjects. METHODS A total of 1190 Qatar Genome Project (QGP) participants (Mean age = 43 years) were included in this study. BP for all participants was classified into Normal (n = 357), Stage1 (n = 336), and Stage2: (n = 161) according to the American Heart Association guidelines. 16S-rRNA libraries were sequenced and analyzed using QIIME-pipeline, and PICRUST was used to predict functional metabolic routes. Machine Learning (ML) strategies were applied to identify salivary microbiome-based predictors of hypertension. RESULTS Differential abundant analysis (DAA) revealed that Bacteroides and Atopobium were the significant members of the hypertensive groups. Alpha and beta diversity indices indicated dysbiosis between the normotensive and hypertensive groups. ML-based prediction models revealed that these markers could predict hypertension with an AUC (Area under the curve) of 0.89. Functional predictive analysis disclosed that Cysteine and Methionine metabolism and the sulphur metabolic pathways involving the renin-angiotensin system were significantly higher in the normotensive group. Therefore, members of Bacteroides and Atopobium can serve as predictors of hypertension. Likewise, Prevotella, Neisseria, and Haemophilus can be the protectors that regulate BP via nitric acid synthesis and regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. CONCLUSION It is one of the first studies to assess salivary microbiome and hypertension as disease models in a large cohort of the Qatari population. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and validate the mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvasankar Murugesan
- Maternal and Child Health Division, Research Department, Sidra Medicine, 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- Maternal and Child Health Division, Research Department, Sidra Medicine, 26999, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schutte AE, Jafar TH, Poulter NR, Damasceno A, Khan NA, Nilsson PM, Alsaid J, Neupane D, Kario K, Beheiry H, Brouwers S, Burger D, Charchar FJ, Cho MC, Guzik TJ, Haji Al-Saedi GF, Ishaq M, Itoh H, Jones ESW, Khan T, Kokubo Y, Kotruchin P, Muxfeldt E, Odili A, Patil M, Ralapanawa U, Romero CA, Schlaich MP, Shehab A, Mooi CS, Steckelings UM, Stergiou G, Touyz RM, Unger T, Wainford RD, Wang JG, Williams B, Wynne BM, Tomaszewski M. Addressing global disparities in blood pressure control: perspectives of the International Society of Hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:381-409. [PMID: 36219457 PMCID: PMC9619669 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Raised blood pressure (BP) is the leading cause of preventable death in the world. Yet, its global prevalence is increasing, and it remains poorly detected, treated, and controlled in both high- and low-resource settings. From the perspective of members of the International Society of Hypertension based in all regions, we reflect on the past, present, and future of hypertension care, highlighting key challenges and opportunities, which are often region-specific. We report that most countries failed to show sufficient improvements in BP control rates over the past three decades, with greater improvements mainly seen in some high-income countries, also reflected in substantial reductions in the burden of cardiovascular disease and deaths. Globally, there are significant inequities and disparities based on resources, sociodemographic environment, and race with subsequent disproportionate hypertension-related outcomes. Additional unique challenges in specific regions include conflict, wars, migration, unemployment, rapid urbanization, extremely limited funding, pollution, COVID-19-related restrictions and inequalities, obesity, and excessive salt and alcohol intake. Immediate action is needed to address suboptimal hypertension care and related disparities on a global scale. We propose a Global Hypertension Care Taskforce including multiple stakeholders and societies to identify and implement actions in reducing inequities, addressing social, commercial, and environmental determinants, and strengthening health systems implement a well-designed customized quality-of-care improvement framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aletta E Schutte
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus, High Street, Sydney 2052 NSW, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, King Street, Newton, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team, SAMRC Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease; North-West University, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- SAMRC Development Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
| | - Tazeen H Jafar
- Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Department of Renal Medicine, 8 College Rd., Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Neil R Poulter
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 7RH, UK
| | - Albertino Damasceno
- Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, 3453 Avenida Julius Nyerere, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nadia A Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Center for Health Evaluation and Outcomes Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jafar Alsaid
- Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Queensland University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dinesh Neupane
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hind Beheiry
- International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sofie Brouwers
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center Aalst, OLV Clinic Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fadi J Charchar
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Myeong-Chan Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8585, Japan
| | - Erika S W Jones
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Taskeen Khan
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yoshihiro Kokubo
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Praew Kotruchin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Elizabeth Muxfeldt
- University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Hypertension Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Augustine Odili
- Circulatory Health Research Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mansi Patil
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Asha Kiran JHC Hospital, Chinchwad, India
| | - Udaya Ralapanawa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Central Province, Sri Lanka
| | - Cesar A Romero
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital Unit and RPH Research Foundation, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Abdulla Shehab
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ching Siew Mooi
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - U Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Cardiovascular & Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine. University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - George Stergiou
- Hypertension Centre STRIDE-7, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM - Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard D Wainford
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics and the Whitaker, Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji-Guang Wang
- Department of Hypertension, Centre for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials, The Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bryan Williams
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London (UCL), National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), UCL Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Brandi M Wynne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Heart Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hassannejad R, Shafie D, Turk-Adawi KI, Hajaj AM, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Lui M, Kopec JA, Abdul Rahim HF, Safiri S, Fadhil I, Anwar WA, Mokdad AH, Shariful Islam SM, Sarrafzadegan N. Changes in the burden and underlying causes of heart failure in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2019: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 56:101788. [PMID: 36593790 PMCID: PMC9803705 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of heart failure (HF) is high globally, but information on its burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is limited. This study provides a systematic analysis of the burden and underlying causes of HF in the EMR, including at the country level, between 1990 and 2019. Methods We used the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data for estimates of prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and underlying causes of HF in the EMR. Age-standardised prevalence, YLDs, and underlying causes of HF were compared by 5-year age groups (considering 15 years old and more), sex (male and female), and countries. Findings In contrast with the decreasing trend of HF burden globally, EMR showed an increasing trend. Globally, the HF age-standardised prevalence and YLDs decreased by 7.06% (95% UI: -7.22%, -6.9%) and 6.82% (95% UI: -6.98%, -6.66%) respectively, from 1990 to 2019. The HF age-standardised prevalence and YLDs in the EMR in 2019 were 706.43 (95% UI: 558.22-887.87) and 63.46 (95% UI: 39.82-92.59) per 100,000 persons, representing an increase of 8.07% (95% UI: 7.9%, 8.24%) and 8.79% (95% UI: 8.61%, 8.97%) from 1990, respectively. Amongst EMR countries, the age-standardised prevalence and YLDs were highest in Kuwait, while Pakistan consistently had the lowest HF burden. The dramatic increase of the age-standardised prevalence and YLDs were seen in Oman (28.79%; 95% UI: 28.51%, 29.07% and 29.56%; 95% UI: 29.28%, 29.84%), while Bahrain witnessed a reduction over the period shown (-9.66%; 95% UI: -9.84%, -9.48% and-9.14%; 95% UI: -9.32%, -8.96%). There were significant country-specific differences in trends of HF burden from 1990 to 2019. Males had relatively higher rates than females in all age groups. Among all causes of HF in 2019, ischemic heart disease accounted for the highest age-standardised prevalence and YLDs, followed by hypertensive heart disease. Interpretation The burden of HF in the EMR was higher than the global, with increasing age-standardised prevalence and YLDs in countries of the region. A more comprehensive approach is needed to prevent underlying causes and improve medical care to control the burden of HF in the region. Funding None.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Hassannejad
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davood Shafie
- Heart Failure Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Karam I. Turk-Adawi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Hajaj
- QU Health Research and Graduate Studies, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Michelle Lui
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population & Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jacek A. Kopec
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population & Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hanan F. Abdul Rahim
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ibtihal Fadhil
- Eastern Mediterranean NCD Alliance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wagida A. Anwar
- Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
- Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Egypt
| | - Ali H. Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population & Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maeda D, Dotare T, Matsue Y, Teramoto K, Sunayama T, Tromp J, Minamino T. Blood pressure in heart failure management and prevention. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:817-833. [PMID: 36604473 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-01158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a leading cause of heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. Its role in the pathogenesis of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) differs from that in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Moreover, rigorous blood pressure control may reduce the incidence of heart failure. However, once heart failure develops, prognosis is affected by blood pressure, which may differ between patients with and without heart failure. Therefore, the association between guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for heart failure and its uptitration must be considered for blood pressure management and should not be overlooked. Heart failure medications affect the blood pressure and efficacy per baseline blood pressure value. This review discusses the potential mechanisms by which hypertension leads to HFrEF or HFpEF, the impact of hypertension on incident heart failure, and the recommended approaches for blood pressure management in patients with heart failure. Comparison between patients with and without heart failure regarding blood pressure The association between CV events and SBP is linear in patients without heart failure; however, it becomes J-shaped or inverse linear in those with heart failure. The management of BP, including optimal BP or pharmacotherapy, differs between the two populations. ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARNi angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, BB beta-blockers, BP blood pressure, CV cardiovascular, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, GDMT guideline-directed medical therapy, HF heart failure, HFrEF heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, SBP systolic blood pressure, SGLT2i sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Maeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishi Dotare
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Matsue
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kanako Teramoto
- National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biostatistics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sunayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jasper Tromp
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore & the National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liao L, Zhang L, Chen H, Teng D, Xu B, Gong L, Zhong L, Wang C, Dong H, Jia W, Yang J, Shi Z. Identification of Key Genes from the Visceral Adipose Tissues of Overweight/Obese Adults with Hypertension through Transcriptome Sequencing. Cytogenet Genome Res 2022; 162:541-559. [PMID: 36521430 PMCID: PMC10534961 DOI: 10.1159/000528702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obese (OW/OB) adults are at increased risk of hypertension due to visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation. In this study, we explored gene level differences in the VAT of hypertensive and normotensive OW/OB patients. VAT samples obtained from six OW/OB adults (three hypertensive, three normotensive) were subjected to transcriptome sequencing analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis was conducted for all gene expression data to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with |log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1 and q < 0.05. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional enrichment analyses were performed on the DEGs, and hub genes were identified by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The proposed hub genes were validated using quantitative real-time PCR in ten other samples from five hypertensive and five normotensive patients. In addition, we performed ROC analysis and Spearman correlation analysis. A total of 84 DEGs were identified between VAT samples from OW/OB patients with and without hypertension, among which 21 were significantly upregulated and 63 were significantly downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that spleen function was related to hypertension in OW/OB adults. Meanwhile, PPI network analysis identified the following top 10 hub genes: CD79A, CR2, SELL, CD22, IL7R, CCR7, TNFRSF13C, CXCR4, POU2AF1, and JAK3. Through qPCR verification, we found that CXCR4, CD22, and IL7R were statistically significant. qPCR verification suggested that RELA was statistically significant. However, qPCR verification indicated that NFKB1 and KLF2 were not statistically significant. These hub genes were mainly regulated by the transcription factor RELA. The AUC of ROC analysis for CXCR4, IL7R, and CD22 was 0.92. What is more, VAT CXCR4 and CD22 were positively related to RELA relative expression levels. Taken together, our research demonstrates that CXCR4, IL7R, and CD22 related to VAT in hypertensive OW/OB adults could serve as future therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Da Teng
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bowen Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Haibin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Wenjuan Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Basic Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Miao H, Zou C, Yang S, Chia Y, Van Huynh M, Sogunuru GP, Tay JC, Wang T, Kario K, Zhang Y. Targets and management of hypertension in heart failure: focusing on the stages of heart failure. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 24:1218-1225. [PMID: 36196463 PMCID: PMC9532909 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is highly prevalent worldwide and is the major risk factor for heart failure (HF). More than half of the patients with HF in Asia suffer from hypertension. According to the 2022 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Failure Society of America HF guideline, there are four stages of HF, including at risk for HF (stage A), pre-HF (stage B), symptomatic HF (stage C), and advanced HF (stage D). Given the high prevalence of hypertension as well as HF and the stronger association between hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in Asians compared to the west, measures to prevent and alleviate the progression to clinical HF, especially controlling the blood pressure (BP), are of priority for Asian populations. After reviewing evidence-based studies, we propose a BP target of less than 130/80 mmHg for patients at stages A, B, and C. However, relatively higher BP may represent an opportunity to maximize guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), which could potentially result in a better prognosis for patients at stage D. Traditional antihypertensive drugs are the cornerstones for the management of hypertension at stages A and B. Notably, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are inferior to other drug classes for the preventing of HF, whereas diuretics are superior to others. For patients at stage C, GDMT is essential which also helps the control of BP. In particular, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are newer therapies recommended for the treatment of HF and presumably even in hypertension to prevent HF. Regarding patients at stage D, GDMT is also recommended if tolerable and measures should be taken to improve hemodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Miao
- Department of CardiologyFuwai HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Changhong Zou
- Department of CardiologyFuwai HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of CardiologyFuwai HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yook‐Chin Chia
- Department of Medical SciencesSchool of Medical and Life SciencesSunway UniversityBandar SunwayMalaysia
- Department of Primary Care MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Minh Van Huynh
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Medicine and PharmacyHue UniversityVietnam
| | - Guru Prasad Sogunuru
- Advanced Heart Failure & Device Therapies, MEDWAY HEART INSTITUTEChennaiTamil NaduIndia
- College of Medical SciencesKathmandu UniversityBharatpurNepal
| | - Jam Chin Tay
- Department of General MedicineTan Tock Seng HospitalSingaporeSingapore
| | - Tzung‐Dau Wang
- Cardiovascular Center and Divisions of Cardiology and Hospital MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipei CityTaiwan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineJichi Medical University School of MedicineTochigiJapan
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of CardiologyFuwai HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Connaughton M, Dabagh M. Association of Hypertension and Organ-Specific Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061074. [PMID: 35742125 PMCID: PMC9222904 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and cancer are two of the leading global causes of death. Hypertension, known as chronic high blood pressure, affects approximately 45% of the American population and is a growing condition in other parts of the world, particularly in Asia and Europe. On the other hand, cancer resulted in approximately 10 million deaths in 2020 worldwide. Several studies indicate a coexistence of these two conditions, specifically that hypertension, independently, is associated with an increased risk of cancer. In the present study, we conducted a meta-analysis initially to reveal the prevalence of hypertension and cancer comorbidity and then to assess which organ-specific cancers were associated with hypertension by calculating the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Our analysis shows that hypertension plays a role in cancer initiation. Our extended analysis on how the hypertension-associated angiogenesis factors are linked to cancer demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 appear to be two key factors facilitating cancer in hypertensive patients. This work serves as an important step in the current assessment of hypertension-promoted increased risk of 19 different cancers, particularly kidney, renal cell carcinoma, breast, colorectal, endometrial, and bladder. These findings provide new insight into how to treat and prevent cancer in hypertensive patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan versus olmesartan in Japanese patients with essential hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:824-833. [PMID: 35058583 PMCID: PMC9010294 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This phase III study assessed the efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan compared with those of olmesartan in Japanese patients with essential hypertension. Patients (n = 1161, aged ≥20 years) with mild to moderate hypertension (mean sitting systolic blood pressure [msSBP] ≥150 to <180 mmHg) were randomized to receive sacubitril/valsartan 200 mg (n = 387), sacubitril/valsartan 400 mg (n = 385), or olmesartan 20 mg (n = 389) once daily for 8 weeks. The primary assessment was a reduction in msSBP from baseline with sacubitril/valsartan 200 mg vs. olmesartan 20 mg at Week 8. Secondary assessments included msSBP reduction with sacubitril/valsartan 400 mg vs. olmesartan at Week 8 and reductions in mean sitting diastolic blood pressure (msDBP), mean sitting pulse pressure (msPP), and overall blood pressure (BP) control rate for all treatment groups at Week 8. Sacubitril/valsartan 200 mg provided a significantly greater reduction in msSBP from baseline than olmesartan at Week 8 (between-treatment difference: −5.01 mmHg [95% confidence interval: −6.95 to −3.06 mmHg, P < 0.001 for noninferiority and superiority]). Greater reductions in msSBP with sacubitril/valsartan 400 mg vs. olmesartan, as well as in msDBP and msPP with both doses of sacubitril/valsartan vs. olmesartan (P < 0.05 for all), were also observed. Patients treated with sacubitril/valsartan achieved an overall higher BP control rate. The safety and tolerability profiles of sacubitril/valsartan were generally comparable to those of olmesartan. The adverse event rate with sacubitril/valsartan was not dose-dependent. Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan was effective and provided superior BP reduction, with a higher proportion of patients achieving target BP goals than treatment with olmesartan in Japanese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan is effective and provided superior blood pressure (BP) reductions with a higher proportion of patients achieving target BP goals versus olmesartan in Japanese patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension.![]()
Collapse
|
13
|
Changes in prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among adults in Bangladesh: An analysis of two waves of nationally representative surveys. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259507. [PMID: 34855768 PMCID: PMC8638884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bangladesh is one of the countries where the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension is rising due to rising living standards, sedentary lifestyles, and epidemiological transition. Among the NCDs, hypertension is a major risk factor for CVD, accounting for half of all coronary heart disease worldwide. However, detailed research in this area has been limited in Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to estimate changes in the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among Bangladeshi adult population. The study also sought to identify socioeconomic status-related inequality of hypertension prevalence in Bangladesh. Methods Cross-sectional analysis was conducted using nationally representative two waves of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) in 2011 and 2017–18. Survey participants were adults 18 years or older- which included detailed biomarker and anthropometric measurements of 23539 participants. The change in prevalence of hypertension was estimated, and adjusted odds ratios were obtained using multivariable survey logistic regression models. Further, Wagstaff decomposition method was also used to analyze the relative contributions of factors to hypertension. Results From 2011 to 2018, the hypertension prevalence among adults aged ≥35 years increased from 25.84% to 39.40% (p<0.001), with the largest relative increase (97%) among obese individuals. The prevalence among women remained higher than men whereas the relative increase among men and women were 75% and 39%, respectively. Regression analysis identified age and BMI as the independent risk factors of hypertension. Other risk factors of hypertension were sex, marital status, education, geographic region, wealth index, and diabetes status in both survey years. Female adults had significantly higher hypertension risk in both survey years in the overall analysis in, however, in the subgroup analysis, the gender difference in hypertension risk was not significant in rural 2011 and urban 2018 samples. Decomposition analysis revealed that the contributions of socio-economic status related inequality of hypertension in 2011 were46.58% and 20.85% for wealth index and BMI, respectively. However, the contributions of wealth index and BMI have shifted to 12.60% and 55.29%, respectively in 2018. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension among Bangladeshi adults has increased significantly, and there is no subgroup where it is decreasing. Population-level approaches directed at high-risk groups (overweight, obese) should be implemented thoroughly. We underscore prevention strategies by following strong collaboration with stakeholders in the health system of the country to adopt healthy lifestyle choices.
Collapse
|
14
|
Arafa A, Lee HH, Eshak ES, Shirai K, Liu K, Li J, Anni NS, Shim SY, Kim HC, Iso H. Modifiable Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Korea and Japan. Korean Circ J 2021; 51:643-655. [PMID: 34227266 PMCID: PMC8326218 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and a major contributor to disability worldwide. Since the majority of cardiovascular events are preventable, identification of modifiable CVD risk factors and implementation of primordial prevention strategies should be a public health priority. In this aspect, the American Heart Association declared a strategic goal to reduce total CVD mortality in the US by 20% within 10 years via eliminating 7 major CVD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, and poor-quality diet) in 2010, and their strategy has been achieving. However, the applicability of similar metrics to prevent CVD among East Asians requires an in-depth investigation of the modifiable CVD risk factors based on national and regional evidence-based findings. Herein, this review article aims to discuss several modifiable risk factors for CVDs, using epidemiological evidence from cohort studies and nationally representative data of 2 East Asian countries: Korea and Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Arafa
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Hyeok Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ehab S Eshak
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Kokoro Shirai
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Keyang Liu
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Sun Young Shim
- Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khanam M, Hasan E, Sarker AR. Prevalence and Factors of Hypertension Among Bangladeshi Adults. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2021; 28:393-403. [PMID: 34018151 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-021-00461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, especially in South Asian countries including Bangladesh. AIM This study aimed to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and inequality of hypertension in Bangladesh. METHODS This study analyzed the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data from 2017-2018. A total of 12,863 people aged 18 years and above were included in this study. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to observe the effects of different factors and reported as adjusted ORs (AORs) with 95% CIs. Concentration index and concentration curve were used to measure the inequality in the distribution of hypertension among people with varying socio-economic status. RESULTS This study found that the prevalence of hypertension was 27.43% while this rate was 28.43% among females and 26.11% among males. The prevalence was the highest (49.26%) among those from the highest age group and among individuals who belonged to the richest households (p < 0.001). The concentration index for hypertension was 0.07. Our study suggests that the risk of having hypertension was higher among respondents who were female, elderly, were overweight or obese; had diabetes; or were from Barisal and Rangpur divisions. CONCLUSION Our study showed that more than one quarter of respondents had hypertension. Early diagnosis and proper management of the risk factors for hypertension are crucial to halt this emerging public health problem. A joint effort involving public, private, and non-governmental organizations is necessary to tackle the burden of hypertension faced by Bangladesh and similar developing countries in South Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moriam Khanam
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emran Hasan
- Department of Economics, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Population Studies Division, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hamano M, Nomura S, Iida M, Komuro I, Yamanishi Y. Prediction of single-cell mechanisms for disease progression in hypertrophic remodelling by a trans-omics approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8112. [PMID: 33854108 PMCID: PMC8047020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a heterogeneous disease with multiple risk factors and various pathophysiological types, which makes it difficult to understand the molecular mechanisms involved. In this study, we proposed a trans-omics approach for predicting molecular pathological mechanisms of heart failure and identifying marker genes to distinguish heterogeneous phenotypes, by integrating multiple omics data including single-cell RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and gene interactome data. We detected a significant increase in the expression level of natriuretic peptide A (Nppa), after stress loading with transverse aortic constriction (TAC), and showed that cardiomyocytes with high Nppa expression displayed specific gene expression patterns. Multiple NADH ubiquinone complex family, which are associated with the mitochondrial electron transport system, were negatively correlated with Nppa expression during the early stages of cardiac hypertrophy. Large-scale ChIP-seq data analysis showed that Nkx2-5 and Gtf2b were transcription factors characteristic of high-Nppa-expressing cardiomyocytes. Nppa expression levels may, therefore, represent a useful diagnostic marker for heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Hamano
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.,Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technologies, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-0041, Japan
| | - Midori Iida
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamanishi
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bragazzi NL, Zhong W, Shu J, Abu Much A, Lotan D, Grupper A, Younis A, Dai H. Burden of heart failure and underlying causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28:1682-1690. [PMID: 33571994 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To provide the first systematic analysis of the burden and underlying causes of heart failure (HF) in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. METHODS AND RESULTS We collected detailed information on prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and underlying causes of HF from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. Numbers and age-standardized rates of HF prevalence and YLDs were compared by age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), and location. The proportions of HF age-standardized prevalence rates due to 23 underlying causes were also presented. Globally, the age-standardized prevalence and YLD rates of HF in 2017 were 831.0 and 128.2 per 100 000 people, a decrease of -7.2% and -0.9% from 1990, respectively. Nevertheless, the absolute numbers of HF prevalent cases and YLDs have increased by 91.9% and 106.0% from 1990, respectively. There is significant geographic and socio-demographic variation in the levels and trends of HF burden from 1990 to 2017. Among all causes of HF, ischaemic heart disease accounted for the highest proportion (26.5%) of age-standardized prevalence rate of HF in 2017, followed by hypertensive heart disease (26.2%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (23.4%). CONCLUSION HF remains a serious public health problem worldwide, with increasing age-standardized prevalence and YLD rates in countries with relatively low SDI. More geo-specific strategies aimed at preventing underlying causes and improving medical care for HF are warranted to reduce the future burden of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.,Centre for Disease Modelling, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Via Balbi 5, Genova 16126, Italy
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jingxian Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 52 Mei Hua East Road, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Arsalan Abu Much
- Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dor Lotan
- Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Avishay Grupper
- Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Arwa Younis
- Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Haijiang Dai
- Centre for Disease Modelling, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Robert AA, Al Dawish MA. Cardiovascular Disease among Patients with Diabetes: The Current Scenario in Saudi Arabia. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:180-185. [PMID: 32459609 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200527135512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the well-recognized conditions linked to diabetes mellitus (DM) is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Those affected by DM face greater risk for early onset of CVD. Although huge strides have been made in cardiovascular therapy and prevention, with striking results in decreasing diabetesrelated coronary mortality in developed countries, the morbidity and mortality due to CVD continue to remain high among patients with diabetes. While there is an increasing incidence of cardiovascular event survivors with DM across the world, the number of DM patients with higher cardiovascular risk is predicted to soar, presenting a massive challenge for health care systems globally, including Saudi Arabia. A report of the Saudi Scientific Diabetes Society indicates that more than 50% of patients with DM die due to cardiovascular causes. In fact, Saudi Arabia globally ranks among the top 10 countries in the prevalence of diabetes. However, the incidence of CVD and its risk factors among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia have not yet been well documented. This review aims to present an overview of CVD among patients with DM in Saudi Arabia, through a comprehensive review of currently available published literature. The findings indicate that diabetes linked CVD burden in Saudi Arabia is expected to exponentially increase to a very high degree unless a wide-ranging epidemic control program is initiated. The findings emphasize the need for maintenance of a healthy diet accompanied by exercise, an active lifestyle and weight control measures among the population. It is essential that the health care system focus on raising awareness among the population, and implement appropriate measures for prevention, early detection and suitable management of CVD among patients with DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asirvatham Alwin Robert
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abdulaziz Al Dawish
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kemi Y, Hoshide S, Yamashita E, Kario K. The possibility that long-term isometric handgrip exercise contributes to left atrial enlargement in patients with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:2137-2140. [PMID: 33164318 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension guidelines recommend isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) as a non-pharmacological treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate whether IHG is safe for hypertensive patients. The participants were mostly middle-aged to elderly patients with hypertension. Participants wore a pedometer for 4 weeks and were then divided into two groups: Those who had taken at least 7000 steps per day were placed in an IHG-only group (n = 11), and those who took fewer steps were placed in an IHG + walking group (n = 4). Both groups then performed IHG for 12 weeks. No significant blood pressure reduction occurred from before to after intervention in either group. In the IHG-only group, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was significantly higher and left atrial (LA) volume (24.6 ± 9.1 to 36.4 ± 17.9 mL, P = .007) was significantly larger after intervention than before. Long-term IHG may induce both LA enlargement and increased BNP in hypertensive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kemi
- Ueno-mura Clinic, Ueno, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.,Division of Cardiology, Gunma Prefectural Cardiovascular Center, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hoshide
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Eiji Yamashita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.,Division of Cardiology, Gunma Prefectural Cardiovascular Center, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
An application of the theory of planned behavior to self-care in patients with hypertension. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1290. [PMID: 32847501 PMCID: PMC7448508 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-care behaviors and positive changes in lifestyle are essential for successful hypertension control. We used a behavioral model based on the theory of planned behavior to assess which factors influence self-care behaviors for controlling hypertension. Methods In this cross-sectional study, five hundred patients with at leastaone-year history of diagnosed hypertension participated in this study. The data collection tool was designed based on the theory of planned behavior. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the main parameters. Results For self-care behaviors, ninety-six (19.2%) and forty-five (9.1%) participants had good knowledge and acceptable behavior(≥8 out of 10 points). Having perceived behavioral control regarding quitting smoking and alcohol intake was associated with the patient’s intention and behavior [b:1.283 ± .095 and b:1.59 ± .014 (p < .001)]. Having perceived behavioral control over the other self-care behaviors had a positive effect on the intention in female patients [b: .885 ± .442 (p = .045)]. Subjective norms had a positive effect on behavioral intention in younger patients [b:4.52 ± 2.24 (P = .04)]. Conclusions Group-specific behavioral barriers are important when improving self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension. Perceived control over self-care behaviors is more important in vulnerable patients, such as the elderly and women.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhou N, Chen X, Xi J, Ma B, Leimena C, Stoll S, Qin G, Wang C, Qiu H. Genomic characterization reveals novel mechanisms underlying the valosin-containing protein-mediated cardiac protection against heart failure. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101662. [PMID: 32795937 PMCID: PMC7426568 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypertension is a key risk factor for heart failure. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Our previous studies found that the valosin-containing protein (VCP), an ATPase-associated protein, was significantly decreased in the hypertensive heart tissues. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that restoration of VCP protected the heart against pressure overload-induced heart failure. With a cardiac-specific transgenic (TG) mouse model, we showed that a moderate increase of VCP was able to attenuate chronic pressure overload-induced maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. RNA sequencing and a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis further demonstrated that overexpression of VCP in the heart normalized the pressure overload-stimulated hypertrophic signals and repressed the stress-induced inflammatory response. In addition, VCP overexpression promoted cell survival by enhancing the mitochondria resistance to the oxidative stress via activating the Rictor-mediated-gene networks. VCP was also found to be involved in the regulation of the alternative splicing and differential isoform expression for some genes that are related to ATP production and protein synthesis by interacting with long no-coding RNAs and histone deacetylases, indicating a novel epigenetic regulation of VCP in integrating coding and noncoding genomic network in the stressed heart. In summary, our study demonstrated that the rescuing of a deficient VCP in the heart could prevent pressure overload-induced heart failure by rectifying cardiac hypertrophic and inflammatory signaling and enhancing the cardiac resistance to oxidative stress, which brought in novel insights into the understanding of the mechanism of VCP in protecting patients from hypertensive heart failure. Deficiency of VCP contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertensive heart failure. Rescue of VCP prevents stress-induced cardiac remodeling and cell death. VCP attenuates stress-induced inflammatory and hypertrophic signaling. VCP promotes cardiac resistance to oxidative stress. VCP mediates a novel epigenetic integrating regulation in the stressed heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Center for Genomics & Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jing Xi
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Ben Ma
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA; Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institution of Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Christiana Leimena
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Shaunrick Stoll
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics & Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA; Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institution of Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kario K. The HOPE Asia Network activity for "zero" cardiovascular events in Asia: Overview 2020. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:321-330. [PMID: 32092244 PMCID: PMC8029853 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of hypertension-related cardiovascular disease and target organ damage, and therefore the benefits of blood pressure (BP) control, is greater in Asian than in Western countries. Asia-specific features of hypertension and its effective management are important and active areas of research. The Hypertension Cardiovascular Outcome Prevention and Evidence in Asia (HOPE Asia) Network was formed in 2016 and is now a member of the World Hypertension League. The main goal of the HOPE Asia Network is to improve the management of hypertension and organ protection toward achieving "zero" cardiovascular events in Asia. Considerable work has already been done on the journey to achieving this goal. We have shown that BP control status in Asia differs between countries, and even between regions within the same country. Several expert panel consensus recommendations and clinical guidance papers are available to support the use of home and ambulatory BP monitoring in the region. In addition, the AsiaBP@Home study prospectively investigated home BP control status across 15 specialist centers using the same validated device and measurement schedule. We have also proposed the concept of systemic hemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome (SHATS), a vicious cycle of BP variability and vascular disease on cardiovascular events and organ damage, and suggested a SHATS score for risk stratification for clinical practice. This special issue of the journal collates Asia-specific resources and data, contributing to advances in hypertension management and cardiovascular disease prevention in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineJichi Medical University School of MedicineTochigiJapan
- The Hypertension Cardiovascular Outcome Prevention and Evidence in Asia (HOPE Asia) NetworkTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|