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Zhao J, Feng Y, Liu X, Li H, Guo H, Ke J, Long X. The relationship of ALPK1, hyaluronic acid and M1 macrophage polarization in the temporomandibular joint synovitis. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18172. [PMID: 38494837 PMCID: PMC10945073 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
M1 macrophage polarization and synovitis play an important role in the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA). Reduced molecular weight of hyaluronic acid (HA) in synovial fluid of patients with TMJOA. In addition, high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) is often used clinically to treat TMJ inflammation. As a pattern recognition receptor of the cytoplasm, ALPK1 was found to be pro-inflammatory in a variety of diseases. However, the relationship of ALPK1, HA and M1 macrophage polarization in TMJ synovitis remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the role of ALPK1 and HA in macrophage polarization and TMJ synovitis and the underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that ALPK1 was highly upregulated in the synovial macrophages in the inflamed TMJ synovium of patients. Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA) promoted the expression of ALPK1 and M1 macrophage-associated genes. Besides, rhALPK1 promoted the expression of M1 macrophage-associated factors and the nuclear translocation of PKM2. Furthermore, ALPK1 knockout mice exhibited limited infiltration of macrophages and decreased expression levels of M1 macrophage-associated genes in CFA-induced TMJ synovitis. While HMW-HA inhibited the expression of ALPK1 and M1 macrophage polarization. Our results elucidated that ALPK1 promoted TMJ synovitis by promoting nuclear PKM2-mediated M1 macrophage polarization, whereas HMW-HA inhibited the expression of ALPK1 as well as M1 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yaping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Huilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xing Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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Punzon-Jimenez P, Machado-Lopez A, Perez-Moraga R, Llera-Oyola J, Grases D, Galvez-Viedma M, Sibai M, Satorres-Perez E, Lopez-Agullo S, Badenes R, Ferrer-Gomez C, Porta-Pardo E, Roson B, Simon C, Mas A. Effect of aging on the human myometrium at single-cell resolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:945. [PMID: 38296945 PMCID: PMC10830479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-associated myometrial dysfunction can prompt complications during pregnancy and labor, which is one of the factors contributing to the 7.8-fold increase in maternal mortality in women over 40. Using single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, we have constructed a cellular atlas of the aging myometrium from 186,120 cells across twenty perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. We identify 23 myometrial cell subpopulations, including contractile and venous capillary cells as well as immune-modulated fibroblasts. Myometrial aging leads to fewer contractile capillary cells, a reduced level of ion channel expression in smooth muscle cells, and impaired gene expression in endothelial, smooth muscle, fibroblast, perivascular, and immune cells. We observe altered myometrial cell-to-cell communication as an aging hallmark, which associated with the loss of 25 signaling pathways, including those related to angiogenesis, tissue repair, contractility, immunity, and nervous system regulation. These insights may contribute to a better understanding of the complications faced by older individuals during pregnancy and labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Punzon-Jimenez
- Carlos Simon Foundation, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Machado-Lopez
- Carlos Simon Foundation, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raul Perez-Moraga
- Carlos Simon Foundation, Valencia, Spain
- R&D Department, Igenomix, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Daniela Grases
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mustafa Sibai
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Badenes
- Department of Surgery, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Beatriz Roson
- Carlos Simon Foundation, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Simon
- Carlos Simon Foundation, Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BIDMC, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Aymara Mas
- Carlos Simon Foundation, Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
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Ezzat GM, Meki ARMA, Meligy FY, Omar H, Nassar AY. Antiapoptotic and chemotaxis-stimulating effects of poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide)-chitosan and whey proteins against aflatoxicosis-induced splenic and thymic atrophy. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9805-9824. [PMID: 37840065 PMCID: PMC10676322 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxin B (AFB) induces toxicological effects on the liver and immune organs. The whey proteins can modulate the immune response during aflatoxicosis. Our work evaluates the novel polylactic acid-glycolic acid-chitosan-encapsulated bovine and camel whey proteins against AFB-induced thymic and splenic atrophy in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy adult male Wister albino rats were divided into a control healthy group (G1) and six AFB1-intoxicated groups (G2-G7). One of the following supplements: distilled water, camel whey proteins (CWP), bovine whey proteins, poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)- chitosan-loaded with camel whey protein microparticles (CMP), PLGA-chitosan loaded with bovine whey protein microparticles (BMP), and PLGA-chitosan nanoparticles were administered as prophylactic supplements to AFB1-intoxicated groups. The AFB-treated group showed significantly higher hepatic levels of oxidative stress and lower levels of antioxidants. In the aflatoxicated group, atrophy of the splenic lymphatic nodules and disfigurement in the organisation with an apparent decrease in the thickness of the cortex in the thymus were observed, as well as a decrease in splenic and thymic CD4+T and CD8+T lymphocytes. Moreover, CXCL12 levels were downregulated, whereas tumour necrosis factor-alpha, nuclear factor kappa B, and cleaved caspase-3 levels were upregulated. CWP, BMP, and CMP supplements markedly decreased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, as well as significantly raised CXCL12, CD4+T, and CD8+T cells. CONCLUSIONS The CWP, BMP, and CMP supplements rescue the liver and immune tissues from the toxic effects of AFB through their antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and chemotaxis-enhancing roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M Ezzat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt.
| | - Abdel-Raheim M A Meki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, New Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fatma Y Meligy
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Petra, Amman, 11196, Jordan
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hend Omar
- Animal Health Research Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Y Nassar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
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Benny M, Bandstra ES, Saad AG, Lopez-Alberola R, Saigal G, Paidas MJ, Jayakumar AR, Duara S. Maternal SARS-CoV-2, Placental Changes and Brain Injury in 2 Neonates. Pediatrics 2023; 151:e2022058271. [PMID: 37021494 PMCID: PMC10467358 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-058271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae are a potential concern in neonates following in utero exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We report 2 neonates born to SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers, who displayed early-onset (day 1) seizures, acquired microcephaly, and significant developmental delay over time. Sequential MRI showed severe parenchymal atrophy and cystic encephalomalacia. At birth, neither infant was SARS-CoV-2 positive (nasopharyngeal swab, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction), but both had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and increased blood inflammatory markers. Placentas from both mothers showed SARS-CoV-2-nucleocapsid protein and spike glycoprotein 1 in the syncytiotrophoblast, fetal vascular malperfusion, and significantly increased inflammatory and oxidative stress markers pyrin domain containing 1 protein, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 βη, stromal cell-derived factor 1, interleukin 13, and interleukin 10, whereas human chorionic gonadotropin was markedly decreased. One infant (case 1) experienced sudden unexpected infant death at 13 months of age. The deceased infant's brain showed evidence of SARS-CoV-2 by immunofluorescence, with colocalization of the nucleocapsid protein and spike glycoprotein around the nucleus as well as within the cytoplasm. The constellation of clinical findings, placental pathology, and immunohistochemical changes strongly suggests that second-trimester maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection with placentitis triggered an inflammatory response and oxidative stress injury to the fetoplacental unit that affected the fetal brain. The demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 in the deceased infant's brain also raises the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 infection of the fetal brain directly contributed to ongoing brain injury. In both infants, the neurologic findings at birth mimicked the presentation of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy of newborn and neurologic sequelae progressed well beyond the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merline Benny
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Emmalee S. Bandstra
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ali G. Saad
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Roberto Lopez-Alberola
- Division of Child Neurology Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Gaurav Saigal
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael J. Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Arumugam R. Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Shahnaz Duara
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Wang J, Bian L, Du Y, Wang D, Jiang R, Lu J, Zhao X. The roles of chemokines following intracerebral hemorrhage in animal models and humans. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1091498. [PMID: 36704330 PMCID: PMC9871786 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1091498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one common yet devastating stroke subtype, imposing considerable burdens on families and society. Current guidelines are limited to symptomatic treatments after ICH, and the death rate remains significant in the acute stage. Thus, it is crucial to promote research to develop new targets on brain injury after ICH. In response to hematoma formation, amounts of chemokines are released in the brain, triggering the infiltration of resident immune cells in the brain and the chemotaxis of peripheral immune cells via the broken blood-brain barrier. During the past decades, mounting studies have focused on the roles of chemokines and their receptors in ICH injury. This review summarizes the latest advances in the study of chemokine functions in the ICH. First, we provide an overview of ICH epidemiology and underlying injury mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ICH. Second, we introduce the biology of chemokines and their receptors in brief. Third, we outline the roles of chemokines in ICH according to subgroups, including CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL12, CCL17, CXCL8, CXCL12, and CX3CL1. Finally, we summarize current drug usage targeting chemokines in ICH and other cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. This review discusses the expressions of these chemokines and receptors under normal or hemorrhagic conditions and cell-specific sources. Above all, we highlight the related data of these chemokines in the progression and outcomes of the ICH disease in preclinical and clinical studies and point to therapeutic opportunities targeting chemokines productions and interactions in treating ICH, such as accelerating hematoma absorption and alleviating brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liheng Bian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixuan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jingjing Lu, ✉
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China,Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Xingquan Zhao, ✉
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Yuan Y, Sepúlveda MS, Bi B, Huang Y, Kong L, Yan H, Gao Y. Acute polyethylene microplastic (PE-MPs) exposure activates the intestinal mucosal immune network pathway in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137048. [PMID: 36419273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene is one of the most important plastic types with the highest consumption in the world. Plastics are prone to photodegradation and turn into microplastics, which are magnified as they move across trophic levels. Microplastics would be able to penetrate into lymph even cross cell membranes, causing harm to the lymphatic and/or circulatory systems, accumulating in secondary organs, and impacting the immune system and cell health. The objective of this study was to test that the activation of the intestinal immune network might be caused by disruption of intestinal microbiota after exposure to different polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) concentrations (1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL) in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) for 7 days. The concentrations of PE-MPs (100 and 1000 μg/mL) exposure decreased the goblet cell coverage. The intestinal microbial diversity index (Shannon and Simpson) was increased at 100 and 1000 μg/mL PE-MPs concentrations. The relative abundance of intestinal dominant microbiota phylum Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria increased significantly (P < 0.05); however, phylum Fusobacteria decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of intestinal microbiota at level of genera showed varying degrees of elevation such as Acinetobacter (6.31-fold), Plesiomonas (4.80-fold), Flavobacterium (10.54-fold) and Pseudomonas (5.17-fold) in 1000 μg/mL PE-MPs. Intestinal innate immunity-complement C3 and C4 content first increased and then declined in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of genes from the intestinal immune network for mucosal immunoglobulin production were increased also in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of immune-related genes (pigr, il10 and ighv4-5) were positively correlated with the relative abundance of genera Plesiomonas. In conclusion, PE-MPs increase the infection probability in the intestinal mucosa by altering the abundance of intestinal dominant microbiota at the level of phylum. PE-MPs exposure activated the intestinal immune network pathway for mucosal immunoglobulin production at a concentration of 100 or 1000 μg/mL for 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Marisol S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Baoliang Bi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Plateau Fishery Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lingfu Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Plateau Fishery Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hui Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Plateau Fishery Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Plateau Fishery Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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Shan Y, Shen S, Long J, Tang Z, Wu C, Ni X. Term and Preterm Birth Initiation Is Associated with the Macrophages Shifting to M1 Polarization in Gestational Tissues in Mice. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121759. [PMID: 36552269 PMCID: PMC9775566 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in gestational tissues plays critical role in parturition initiation. We sought to investigate the leukocyte infiltration and cytokine profile in uterine tissues to understand the inflammation during term and preterm labor in the mouse model. Preterm birth was induced by the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or RU38486. The populations of leukocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Macrophages were the largest population in the myometrium and decidua in late gestation. The macrophage population was significantly changed in the myometrium and decidua from late pregnancy to term labor and significantly changed at LPS- and RU386-induced preterm labor. Neutrophils, T cells, and NKT cells were increased in LPS- and RU38486-induced preterm labor. The above changes were accompanied by the increased expression of cytokines and chemokines. In late gestation, M2 macrophages were the predominant phenotype in gestational tissues. M1 macrophages significantly increased in these tissues at term and preterm labor. IL-6 and NLRP3 expression was significantly increased in macrophages at labor, supporting that macrophages exhibit proinflammatory phenotypes. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 mainly suppressed macrophage infiltration in the myometrium at term labor and preterm labor. Our data suggest that the M1 polarization of macrophages contributes to inflammation linked to term and preterm labor initiation in gestational tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Shan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Shiping Shen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jing Long
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhengshan Tang
- International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Cichun Wu
- International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xin Ni
- International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence:
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