1
|
Furuya T, Kitahama S, Yamashiro D, Hinakura K, Tamiya H, Ogawa S, Tamura Y, Takahashi T, Yasu T, Suzuki H. Differences Between Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity and Lower Leg Circumference Ratio in Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus 2024; 16:e66902. [PMID: 39280431 PMCID: PMC11401624 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients causes atherosclerosis and microvascular damage. This study investigated the relationship between leg circumference and arterial stiffness in patients with T2DM compared to non-T2DM individuals. Methods Data from two studies were combined to form T2DM (T2DM group) and non-T2DM (N group) cohorts. The variables included age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), ankle-brachial index, height, weight, maximum leg circumference, lower leg circumference ratio, duration of T2DM, Achilles tendon reflex disorder, and the hemoglobin A1c level. Multiple regression analysis was performed with ba-PWV as the dependent variable and the interaction term between leg circumference ratio and T2DM as the independent variable. The control variables included leg circumference ratio, T2DM, SBP, Achilles tendon reflex disorder, age, and sex. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0 (Released 2015; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analysis, with the significance level set to p < 0.05. Results The interaction term between the lower leg circumference ratio and T2DM (β = -0.17, 95% CI: -46.11 to -10.92; p < 0.01) was significantly associated with ba-PWV (AdjR² = 0.51, variance inflation factor <4.12). Simple slope analysis indicated that a decreased lower leg circumference ratio was significantly associated with an increased ba-PWV (β = -0.20, p < 0.05) in the T2DM group. No significant relationship was found in the N group (β = -0.03, p = 0.69). Conclusion A significant interaction was found between the lower leg circumference ratio and T2DM presence, indicating an association between ba-PWV and the leg circumference ratio specific to patients with T2DM. This result suggests that the leg circumference ratio can be substituted for the ba-PWV to evaluate arterial stiffness in T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Furuya
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Itabashi, JPN
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko, JPN
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy, Igaku Academy, Saitama, JPN
| | - Shinji Kitahama
- Department of Endocrinology, Kawatsuru Plaza Clinic, Kawagoe, JPN
| | - Daichi Yamashiro
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Keigo Hinakura
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Hajime Tamiya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, JPN
| | - Susumu Ogawa
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Yuma Tamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko, JPN
| | - Tomoya Takahashi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Takanori Yasu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko, JPN
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, JPN
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu SE, Chen WL. Calf circumference refines sarcopenia in correlating with mortality risk. Age Ageing 2022; 51:6520515. [PMID: 35134846 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afab239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommendations in current guidelines on the use of calf circumference (CC) as a diagnostic measure in sarcopenia is conflicting. In this study, we incorporated CC into conventional models of sarcopenia and compared their predictive scores on mortality. OBJECTIVE To clarify the predictive capacity of CC-added models of sarcopenia on and establish the correlation of CC with mortality risk. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002, 2,532 participants aged 50-85 and comprising 51.7% male were included. METHODS Our definitions contained four sarcopenic components, low CC (C), low muscle strength (S), low muscle mass (M) and low gait speed (G). Cox proportional hazard models and the receiver-operator characteristic curves for all-cause, cardiovascular (CV) and cancer mortality were conducted to compare the different sarcopenia definitions. RESULTS For all-cause mortality, the hazard ratio (HR) of C + S + M + G was 15.062, which was substantially higher than the conventional definition S + M + G (HR = 6.433). Other CC-added definitions such as C + M (HR = 2.260), C + G (HR = 4.978), C + S + M (HR = 5.761) also revealed higher HR than their without-CC counterparts. Similar patterns were observed in CV mortality, for instance, HR of C + S + M + G was 31.812 comparing to the conventional definition S + M + G (HR = 18.434). Concerning accuracy in predicting mortality, the area under the curve (AUC) of CC + S + G + M (AUC = 0.702) and C + S + G (AUC = 0.708) were higher than the conventional definition S + G + M (AUC = 0.697). A significant correlation was found between CC and each of the three conventional components of sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS CC-added definitions of sarcopenia correlated with higher all-cause and CV mortality risks. CC is potentially a simple but valuable screening tool for sarcopenia that could improve diagnostic accuracy when used with other parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shou-En Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 11490, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 11490, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 11490, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan 11490, Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan 11490, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Enyama Y, Takeshita Y, Tanaka T, Sako S, Kanamori T, Takamura T. Distinct effects of carbohydrate ingestion timing on glucose fluctuation and energy metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study. Endocr J 2021; 68:1225-1236. [PMID: 34121047 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This randomized, open-label, and parallel-group study aimed to investigate the effects of altering the timing of carbohydrate intake at breakfast or dinner on blood glucose fluctuations and energy metabolism. A total of 43 participants with type 2 diabetes were assigned to either the breakfast or dinner group. Participants were provided an isocaloric carbohydrate-restricted diet constituting 10% carbohydrate only at breakfast or dinner for 2 days during the study. Glucose fluctuations were compared using a continuous glucose monitoring system (iPro2) and body composition, energy expenditure, blood biochemistry, and endocrine function changes. The carbohydrate restriction either at breakfast or dinner significantly decreased postprandial glucose excursion and mean 24-h blood glucose levels. The incremental blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) for 2 h (iAUC0-2h) at lunch significantly increased in the breakfast group, whereas no significant differences were observed in the iAUC0-2h between breakfast and lunch in the dinner group. Carbohydrate restriction reduced diet-induced thermogenesis at breakfast (intragroup comparison; 223 ± 117 to 109 ± 104 kcal, p = 0.002) but did not affect diet-induced thermogenesis at dinner. However, fasting plasma free fatty acids were comparable in both groups, prelunch free fatty acids increased significantly only in the breakfast group (0.20 ± 0.09 to 0.63 ± 0.19 mEq/L, p < 0.001). Carbohydrate restriction in the diet once daily decreases mean 24-h blood glucose levels and exerts unique metabolic effects depending on the timing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Enyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yumie Takeshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takeo Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Saori Sako
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kanamori
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gonzalez MC, Mehrnezhad A, Razaviarab N, Barbosa-Silva TG, Heymsfield SB. Calf circumference: cutoff values from the NHANES 1999-2006. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1679-1687. [PMID: 33742191 PMCID: PMC8433492 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calf circumference (CC) is used in geriatric studies as a simple and practical skeletal muscle (SM) marker for diagnosing low SM and sarcopenia. Currently applied CC cutoff points were developed in samples including older participants; values representative of the full adult lifespan are lacking. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop CC cutoff points and to identify relevant confounding factors from the large and diverse NHANES 1999-2006 population sample. METHODS Demographic, anthropometric, and imaging data (DXA, appendicular lean mass) from the adult (age ≥18 y) NHANES sample were partitioned into subgroups according to sex, age, ethnicity, and race. Adults aged 18-39 y and BMI (in kg/m2) 18.5-24.9 were set as a reference population; CC cutoff points were derived at 1 and 2 SDs below the mean. RESULTS The sample included 17,789 participants, 51.3% males and 48.7% females, with respective ages (mean ± SD) of 43.3 ± 16.1 y and 45.5 ± 16.9 y. CC was strongly correlated with appendicular lean mass, r = 0.84 and 0.86 for males and females (both P < 0.001), respectively. Significant differences in mean CC were present across sex, ethnic, self-reported race, and BMI groups. Adjusting CC for adiposity using BMI revealed a decrease in CC beginning after the second decade in males and third decade in females. Rounded CC cutoff values for moderately and severely low CC were 34 cm and 32 cm (males), and 33 cm and 31 cm (females), respectively. Our findings support the use of BMI-adjusted CC values for participants outside the normal-weight BMI range (18-24.9). CONCLUSIONS This study defined CC values in a diverse population sample along with a BMI-adjustment approach that helps to remove the confounding effects of adiposity and thereby improves CC as a useful clinical estimate of SM mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Gonzalez
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hsiang CH, Wu CJ, Kao TW, Chen WL. Calf circumference and risk of cardiovascular disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20:1133-1137. [PMID: 33009856 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Calf circumference (CC) is an anthropometric parameter that is easily obtained. Increasingly, research has shown that CC related to cardiovascular events. We aimed to determine the correlation between CC and Framingham risk score (FRS) for the 10-year cardiovascular disease risk assessment in Taiwanese elderly aged ≥65 years. METHODS We included 540 men and 683 women aged ≥65 years. All participants and data were collected from geriatric physical screenings in Tri-Service General Hospital in Taiwan during 2017. The correlation between CC and FRS-coronary heart disease (CHD) were calculated. We used multivariate regression models to investigate the correlation between CC and FRS-CHD. Covariate adjustments were investigated by performing an extended model. RESULTS A significantly negative association was observed between FRS-CHD and CC in both genders in both models (all P < 0.05). Male and female participants were divided into quartiles at the CC level (Q1-Q4) and we compared their baseline characteristics separately. We further explored the association between CC divided in quartiles and the FRS-CHD, which exhibited a significant negative correlation comparing the largest quartiles with the first quartile in a fully adjusted model in both genders (P < 0.05). In addition, the higher quartiles of CC seemed to have a lower FRS-CHD with statistical significance (P for trend <0.05). DISCUSSION CC had a strongly negative correlation with FRS-CHD in both genders. In the future, CC might be an applicable tool in geriatric research in Taiwan for the early detection of developing cardiovascular events. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1133-1137.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Hsiang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wei Kao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Isobe Y, Nakatsumi Y, Sugiyama Y, Hamaoka T, Murai H, Takamura M, Kaneko S, Takata S, Takamura T. Severity Indices for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Reflecting Glycemic Control or Insulin Resistance. Intern Med 2019; 58:3227-3234. [PMID: 31327833 PMCID: PMC6911756 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3005-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to identify obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) severity indices reflecting the anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of patients with OSAS. Methods A total of 76 patients with OSAS underwent nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). We also investigated the effects of nCPAP on OSAS-associated muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), risk for cardiovascular diseases, and insulin secretion and sensitivity. Results Among the OSAS severity indices, HbA1c was significantly correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index, whereas HOMA-beta, HOMA-IR, and hepatic insulin resistance were significantly correlated with % SpO2<90%, independent of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Burst incidence of MSNA was independently associated with only a 3% oxygen desaturation index. nCPAP therapy significantly lowered the OSAS severity indices and reduced the burst rate, burst incidence, and heart rate. Conclusion The OSAS severity indices reflecting apnea/hypopnea are associated with glycemic control, whereas those reflecting hypoxia, particularly % SpO2<90%, are associated with hepatic insulin resistance independent of obesity. Both types of OSAS severity indices, especially the 3% oxygen desaturation index (reflecting intermittent hypoxia), are independently associated with MSNA, which is dramatically lowered with the use of nCPAP therapy. These findings may aid in interpreting each OSAS severity index and understanding the pathophysiology of OSAS in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Isobe
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Yasuto Nakatsumi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Municipal Hospital, Japan
| | - Yu Sugiyama
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Municipal Hospital, Japan
| | - Takuto Hamaoka
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Murai
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takamura
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takata
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Municipal Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Validity of basal metabolic rate prediction equations in elderly women living in an urban tropical city of Brazil. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 32:158-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
8
|
Influence of Body Composition on Arterial Stiffness in Middle-Aged Adults: Healthy UAL Cross-Sectional Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070334. [PMID: 31277306 PMCID: PMC6681323 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Several anthropometric and body composition parameters have been linked to arterial stiffness (AS) as a biomarker of cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about which of these closely related factors is more strongly associated with AS. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship of different anthropometric and body composition parameters with AS in middle-aged adults. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 186 middle-aged participants (85 women, 101 men; age = 42.8 ± 12.6 years) evaluated as part of the Healthy UAL study, a population study conducted at the University of Almería with the main purpose of analyzing the etiology and risk factors associated with cardio-metabolic diseases. Anthropometric measures included neck, waist, and hip circumferences, as well as the waist-to-height ratio (WHtr). Bioimpedance-derived parameters included fat-free mass index (FFMI), fat mass index (FMI), and percent of body fat (%BF). AS was measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV). The relationships of interest were examined through stepwise regression analyses in which age and sex were also introduced as potential confounders. Results: Neck circumference (in the anthropometric model; R2: 0.889; β: age = 0.855, neck = 0.204) and FFMI (in the bio-impedance model; R2: 0.891; β: age = 0.906, FFMI = 0.199) emerged as significant cross-sectional predictors of AS. When all parameters were included together (both anthropometry and bio-impedance), both neck circumference and FFMI appeared again as being significantly associated with AS (R2: 0.894; β: age = 0.882, FFMI = 0.126, neck = 0.093). Conclusion: It was concluded that FFMI and neck circumference are correlated with AS regardless of potential confounders and other anthropometric and bioimpedance-derived parameters in middle-aged adults.
Collapse
|
9
|
Choe EY, Lee YH, Choi YJ, Huh BW, Lee BW, Kim SK, Kang ES, Cha BS, Lee EJ, Huh KB, Younossi ZM. Waist-to-calf circumstance ratio is an independent predictor of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:1082-1091. [PMID: 28990251 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Although a combination of central obesity and decreased skeletal muscle mass has been associated with various cardiometabolic disorders, its influence on the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is unclear. We investigated whether waist-to-calf circumference ratio (WCR) predicts NAFLD or hepatic fibrosis in T2D. METHODS Patients with T2D (n = 5507) were enrolled in this study. Hepatic steatosis was diagnosed using abdominal ultrasound and predicting score. NAFLD was defined as 'hepatic steatosis absent other causes of chronic liver disease,' such as virus or alcoholism. Degree of hepatic fibrosis was calculated using non-invasive serum biomarker-based models. Insulin resistance was assessed by short insulin tolerance test. RESULTS The prevalence of NAFLD and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 , Asian definition) were 46.4% and 38.9%, respectively. NAFLD prevalence was higher with increasing WCR tertiles: lowest tertile (36% in men, 28% in women) versus highest tertile (53.8% in men, 58.2% in women, both P < 0.001 after stratification by insulin resistance status. Increasing WCR tertiles were independently associated with presence of NAFLD: odds ratio (OR) = 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-1.68 and OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.31-1.86, in the middle and highest tertiles, respectively. Furthermore, patients with NAFLD and the highest WCR tertile had significant fibrosis (OR = 8.62, 95% CI = 1.39-53.36, P = 0.021). Also, WCR was correlated with risk of sarcopenia (OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 2.50-4.05, P < 0.001, highest tertile). CONCLUSIONS Higher WCR is associated with increased risk of NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis independent of insulin resistance. This suggests that WCR may be a useful index to predict high risk of hepatic steatosis in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Yeong Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Korean Association of Health Promotion, Incheon, Korea.,Graduate school, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate school, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Choi
- Huh's Diabetes Center and the 21st Century Diabetes and Vascular Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Wook Huh
- Huh's Diabetes Center and the 21st Century Diabetes and Vascular Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kap Bum Huh
- Huh's Diabetes Center and the 21st Century Diabetes and Vascular Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Zobair M Younossi
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu CJ, Kao TW, Chang YW, Peng TC, Wu LW, Yang HF, Chen WL. Does the Additional Component of Calf Circumference Refine Metabolic Syndrome in Correlating With Cardiovascular Risk? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1151-1160. [PMID: 29346655 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Calf circumference (CC) was a useful anthropometric tool, but there was limited study on the effect of CC on metabolic syndrome (MetS) for cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to determine whether adding CC as a component of MetS refined correlating MetS with cardiovascular, all-cause, and cancer mortality risks. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data set for 1999 through 2002, we analyzed four types of MetS: (1) increased waist circumference and two or more of four MetS components (WaistMetS); (2) decreased CC and two or more of four MetS components (CalfMetS); (3) increased waist-to-calf ratio and two or more of four MetS components (WCRMetS); and (4) decreased CC and three or more of five MetS components (CC+MetS). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE The cause-specific hazard ratios were measured as categorized by the four types of MetS. RESULTS For cardiovascular mortality, the adjusted hazard ratios for WaistMetS, CalfMetS, WCRMetS, and CC+MetS were 1.867, 1.871, 1.949, and 2.306, respectively (all P < 0.001). Notably, CalfMetS showed the strongest positive correlation with serum C-reactive protein levels, and WCRMetS had the strongest positive relationship with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Adding CC to the components of MetS correlated with higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk than the traditional definition of MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jung Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Wei Kao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yaw-Wen Chang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tao-Chun Peng
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Wei Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Takamura T, Kita Y, Nakagen M, Sakurai M, Isobe Y, Takeshita Y, Kawai K, Urabe T, Kaneko S. Weight-adjusted lean body mass and calf circumference are protective against obesity-associated insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00347. [PMID: 28721400 PMCID: PMC5499104 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To test the hypothesis that preserved muscle mass is protective against obesity-associated insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities, we analyzed the relationship of lean body mass and computed tomography-assessed sectional areas of specific skeletal muscles with insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities in a healthy cohort. Methods A total of 195 subjects without diabetes who had completed a medical examination were included in this study. Various anthropometric indices such as circumferences of the arm, waist, hip, thigh, and calf were measured. Body composition (fat and lean body mass) was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Sectional areas of specific skeletal muscles (iliopsoas, erector spinae, gluteus, femoris, and rectus abdominis muscles) were measured using computed tomography. Findings Fat and lean body mass were significantly correlated with metabolic abnormalities and insulin resistance indices. When adjusted by weight, relationships of fat and lean body mass with metabolic parameters were mirror images of each other. The weight-adjusted lean body mass negatively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures; fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, alanine aminotransferase, and triglyceride, and insulin levels; and hepatic insulin resistance indices, and positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels and muscle insulin sensitivity indices. Compared with weight-adjusted lean body mass, weight-adjusted sectional areas of specific skeletal muscles showed similar, but not as strong, correlations with metabolic parameters. Among anthropometric measures, the calf circumference best reflected lean body mass, and weight-adjusted calf circumference negatively correlated with metabolic abnormalities and insulin resistance indices. Interpretation Weight-adjusted lean body mass and skeletal muscle area are protective against weight-associated insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities. The calf circumference reflects lean body mass and may be useful as a protective marker against obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Kita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, Hakusan, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Sakurai
- Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Isobe
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yumie Takeshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kohzo Kawai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, Hakusan, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, Hakusan, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of System Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Isobe Y, Sakurai M, Kita Y, Takeshita Y, Misu H, Kaneko S, Takamura T. Fat-free mass and calf circumference as body composition indices to determine non-exercise activity thermogenesis in patients with diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2015; 7:352-8. [PMID: 27330721 PMCID: PMC4847889 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction To investigate the clinical and anthropometrical parameters that are associated with non‐exercise activity thermogenesis that is composed of basal energy expenditure (BEE) and diet‐induced thermogenesis (DIT) in patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance, and BEE and DIT were measured using indirect calorimetry in 40 Japanese patients with diabetes. Results BEE correlated positively with bodyweight, body mass index, fat mass, and fat‐free mass, and correlated negatively with age in both men and women. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, BEE correlated positively with both fat mass and fat‐free mass independently of sex and age. In addition, DIT correlated positively with bodyweight, body mass index, fat mass and fat‐free mass, and correlated negatively with age in women, but not men. Fat‐free mass contributed to DIT at least partly, and an aging‐related decrease in DIT was observed. The best anthropometric parameter that reflected fat mass and fat‐free mass was hip circumference (HC) and calf circumference (CC), respectively, in both men and women. Indeed, both HC (men β = 0.600, P < 0.001; women β = 0.752, P < 0.001) and CC (men β = 0.810, P = 0.012; women β = 0.821, P = 0.002) were correlated with BEE independently of age and sex. In addition, CC (β = 0.653, P = 0.009), but not HC was correlated with DIT significantly only in females, independently of age. Conclusions HC reflects fat mass and was positively associated with BEE, but not with DIT. In contrast, CC reflects fat‐free mass, and was positively associated with BEE in both men and women, and with DIT in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Isobe
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | - Masaru Sakurai
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada Ishikawa Japan
| | - Yuki Kita
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | - Yumie Takeshita
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | - Hirofumi Misu
- Department of Comprehensive Metabology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | - Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Comprehensive Metabology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| |
Collapse
|