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Roitberg ES, Recknagel H, Elmer KR, Braña F, Rodríguez Díaz T, Žagar A, Kuranova VN, Epova LA, Bauwens D, Giovine G, Orlova VF, Bulakhova NA, Eplanova GV, Arribas OJ. Viviparity is associated with larger female size and higher sexual size dimorphism in a reproductively bimodal lizard. J Anim Ecol 2024. [PMID: 39225034 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Squamate reptiles are central for studying phenotypic correlates of evolutionary transitions from oviparity to viviparity because these transitions are numerous, with many of them being recent. Several models of life-history theory predict that viviparity is associated with increased female size, and thus more female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Yet, the corresponding empirical evidence is overall weak and inconsistent. The lizard Zootoca vivipara, which occupies a major part of Northern Eurasia and includes four viviparous and two non-sister oviparous lineages, represents an excellent model for testing these predictions. We analysed how sex-specific body size and SSD is associated with parity mode, using body length data for nearly 14,000 adult individuals from 97 geographically distinct populations, which cover almost the entire species' range and represent all six lineages. Our analyses controlled for lineage identity, climatic seasonality (the strongest predictor of geographic body size variation in previous studies of this species) and several aspects of data heterogeneity. Parity mode, lineage and seasonality are significantly associated with female size and SSD; the first two predictors accounted for 14%-26% of the total variation each, while seasonality explained 5%-7%. Viviparous populations exhibited a larger female size than oviparous populations, with no concomitant differences in male size. The variation of male size was overall low and poorly explained by our predictors. Albeit fully expected from theory, the strong female bias of the body size differences between oviparous and viviparous populations found in Z. vivipara is not evident from available data on three other lizard systems of closely related lineages differing in parity mode. We confront this pattern with the data on female reproductive traits in the considered systems and the frequencies of evolutionary changes of parity mode in the corresponding lizard families and speculate why the life-history correlates of live-bearing in Z. vivipara are distinct. Comparing conspecific populations, our study provides the most direct evidence for the predicted effect of parity mode on adult body size but also demonstrates that the revealed pattern may not be general. This might explain why across squamates, viviparity is only weakly associated with larger size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny S Roitberg
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Recknagel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Florentino Braña
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tania Rodríguez Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Anamarija Žagar
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Dirk Bauwens
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Giovine
- Stazione Sperimentale Regionale per Lo Studio e la Conservazione Degli Anfibi in Lombardia-Lago di Endine, Lovere, Italy
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2
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Wang CF, Du Y, Guo K, Ji X. Species-Specific Seasonal Shifts in Reproductive Allocation in the Southern Grass Lizard, Takydromus sexlineatus (Lacertidae). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1167. [PMID: 38672315 PMCID: PMC11047575 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We designed a common garden design to collect data on female reproductive traits from three populations of the southern grass lizard Takydromus sexlineatus, testing the hypothesis that a species-specific pattern of seasonal shifts in reproductive allocation should be shared by geographically separated populations. Of the seven examined traits, six differed among populations, with four of the six also differing among successive clutches. Females grew longer during the breeding season and produced more eggs in the first clutch than in the subsequent clutches; egg size was unchanged throughout the breeding season. After removing the influence of female size or postpartum body mass we found the following. First, postpartum body mass, clutch mass, and relative clutch mass were greater in the Wuzhishan population than in the Shaoguan and Zhaoqing populations. Second, egg size was greatest in the Wuzhishan population and smallest in the Zhaoqing population. Third, clutch size was greatest in the Wuzhishan population and smallest in the Shaoguan population. Females did not trade-off egg size against number within each population × clutch combination. Our study validates the hypothesis tested, supports the conventional view that reproductive output is highly linked to maternal body size in lizards, and follows the classic prediction that females with different amounts of resources to invest in reproduction should give priority to adjusting the total number rather than size of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Feng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (C.-F.W.); (K.G.)
- Institute for Eco-Environmental Research of Sanyang Wetland, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325014, China
| | - Yu Du
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Herpetological Research, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China;
| | - Kun Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (C.-F.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Xiang Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (C.-F.W.); (K.G.)
- Institute for Eco-Environmental Research of Sanyang Wetland, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325014, China
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3
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Is Fluctuating Asymmetry a Sufficient Indicator of Stress Level in Two Lizard Species (Zootoca vivipara and Lacerta agilis) from Alpine Habitats? Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpine habitats are exposed to increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change. The negative impacts can lead to chronic stress that can affect the survival and reproductive success of individuals and even lead to population extinction. In this study, we analyse different morphological and ecological traits and indices of abiotic and biotic stressors (such as head size and shape, fluctuating asymmetry, body condition index, tail autotomy, and population abundance) in alpine and subalpine populations of two lacertid species (Zootoca vivipara and Lacerta agilis) from Serbia and North Macedonia. These lizards live under different conditions: allotopy/syntopy, different anthropogenic pressure, and different levels of habitat protection. We found differences between syntopic and allotopic populations in pileus size, body condition index (in both species), pileus shape, fluctuating asymmetry (in L. agilis), and abundance (in Z. vivipara). Differences between populations under anthropogenic pressure and populations without it were observed in pileus shape, body condition index (in both species), pileus size, fluctuating asymmetry, tail autotomy and abundance (in L. agilis). On the basis of our results, it is necessary to include other stress indicators in addition to fluctuating asymmetry to quickly observe and quantify the negative effects of threat factors and apply protective measures.
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De Meester G, Van Linden L, Torfs J, Pafilis P, Šunje E, Steenssens D, Zulčić T, Sassalos A, Van Damme R. Learning with lacertids: Studying the link between ecology and cognition within a comparative framework. Evolution 2022; 76:2531-2552. [PMID: 36111365 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cognition is an essential tool for animals to deal with environmental challenges. Nonetheless, the ecological forces driving the evolution of cognition throughout the animal kingdom remain enigmatic. Large-scale comparative studies on multiple species and cognitive traits have been advanced as the best way to facilitate our understanding of cognitive evolution, but such studies are rare. Here, we tested 13 species of lacertid lizards (Reptilia: Lacertidae) using a battery of cognitive tests measuring inhibitory control, problem-solving, and spatial and reversal learning. Next, we tested the relationship between species' performance and (a) resource availability (temperature and precipitation), habitat complexity (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and habitat variability (seasonality) in their natural habitat and (b) their life history (size at hatching and maturity, clutch size, and frequency). Although species differed markedly in their cognitive abilities, such variation was mostly unrelated to their ecology and life history. Yet, species living in more variable environments exhibited lower behavioral flexibility, likely due to energetic constrains in such habitats. Our standardized protocols provide opportunities for collaborative research, allowing increased sample sizes and replication, essential for moving forward in the field of comparative cognition. Follow-up studies could include more detailed measures of habitat structure and look at other potential selective drivers such as predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles De Meester
- Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.,Section of Zoology and Marine Biology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Lisa Van Linden
- Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Jonas Torfs
- Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Panayiotis Pafilis
- Section of Zoology and Marine Biology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Emina Šunje
- Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Herpetological Association in Bosnia and Herzegovina: BHHU: ATRA, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dries Steenssens
- Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Tea Zulčić
- Herpetological Association in Bosnia and Herzegovina: BHHU: ATRA, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Athanasios Sassalos
- Section of Zoology and Marine Biology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Raoul Van Damme
- Functional Morphology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
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Smolinský R, Hiadlovská Z, Maršala Š, Škrabánek P, Škrobánek M, Martínková N. High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9407. [PMID: 36262266 PMCID: PMC9576000 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators attack conspicuous prey phenotypes that are present in the environment. Male display behavior of conspicuous nuptial coloration becomes risky in the presence of a predator, and adult males face higher predation risk. High predation risk in one sex will lead to low survival and sex ratio bias in adult cohorts, unless the increased predation risk is compensated by higher escape rate.Here, we tested the hypothesis that sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) have sex-specific predation risk and escape rate. We expected the differences to manifest in changes in sex ratio with age, differences in frequency of tail autotomy, and in sex-specific survival rate.We developed a statistical model to estimate predation risk and escape rate, combining the observed sex ratio and frequency of tail autotomy with likelihood-based survival rate. Using Bayesian framework, we estimated the model parameters. We projected the date of the tail autotomy events from growth rates derived from capture-recapture data measurements.We found statistically stable sex ratio in age groups, equal frequency of tail regenerates between sexes, and similar survival rate. Predation risk is similar between sexes, and escape rate increases survival by about 5%. We found low survival rate and a low number of tail autotomy events in females during months when sand lizards mate and lay eggs, indicating high predator pressure throughout reproduction. Our data show that gravid females fail to escape predation.The risks of reproduction season in an ectotherm are a convolution of morphological changes (conspicuous coloration in males and body allometry changes in gravid females), behavior (nuptial displays), and environmental conditions which challenge lizard thermal performance. Performance of endotherm predators in cold spring months endangers gravid females more than displaying males in bright nuptial coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Smolinský
- Department of Biology, Faculty of EducationMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hiadlovská
- Institute of Animal Physiology and GeneticsCzech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Štěpán Maršala
- Institute of Automation and Computer ScienceBrno University of TechnologyBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Pavel Škrabánek
- Institute of Automation and Computer ScienceBrno University of TechnologyBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Michal Škrobánek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of EducationMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Natália Martínková
- Institute of Vertebrate BiologyCzech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
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6
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Ljubisavljević K, Anđelković M, Urošević A, Roitberg ES. Female reproductive characteristics of the Balkan sand lizard Lacerta agilis bosnica (Schreiber, 1912). REV SUISSE ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.35929/rsz.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Ljubisavljević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Anđelković
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Urošević
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evgeny S. Roitberg
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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7
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Blokhin I, Veselova N, Blokhin G. Phenotypic traits of sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) and the environmental factor effects. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224303003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The comparative analysis of the variability of the sand lizard’s (Lacerta agilis) phenotypic traits was carried out. Lizards were trapping in four different localities. 12 morphometric characters and 22 scaling parameters were included in controlled traits; comparisons of populations were performed using Student’s t-test and discriminant analysis. Lizards were captured in the village Yamnoye, Voronezh Region, the village Verkhnekardail’skiy in the Volgograd Region, and in the villages Sredniy and Poperechnyy of the Stavropol Territory. The village Yamnoye is experiencing the greatest anthropogenic pressure due to its proximity to Voronezh city and the airport. The largest number of statistically significant differences in morphometric characters was found between lizards of the Stavropol Territory and lizards from the villages Verkhnekardail’skiy and Yamnoye, between which there were significantly low number statistically significant differences in the same characters. Sexual dimorphism was most pronounced in lizards of the locality with the highest anthropogenic load - the village Yamnoye. When analyzing the characteristics of scaly cover of lizards of closes localities in villages Yamnoye and Verkhnekardail’skiy, there were more statistically significant differences than between the lizards of the last and the most remote Stavropol Territory. When assessing the severity of sexual dimorphism in terms of scaling, statistically significant differences between males and females were observed in population lizards of the Stavropol Territory and the village Verkhnekardail’skiy. The sexual dimorphism on scaly cover in lizard population of the village Yamnoye was not revealed and a relatively reduced diversity of the scaly cover was observed. Our data indicate that the variability of various phenotypic characteristics of the sand lizard is related in different ways to the influence of environmental factors, such as the geocological position of the localities of animal reproduction, anthropogenic load.
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Variation in size and shape sexual dimorphism in the Sceloporus scalaris species group (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from the Transvolcanic Belt of Mexico. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We attempted to identify the factors influencing size and shape dimorphism between sexes, as well as among populations and species in the Sceloporus scalaris group (Sceloporus aeneus, S. scalaris, S. bicanthalis and S. subniger). Our analysis focused on five morphological characteristics: snout–vent length, head length, head width, forearm length and tibia length. The effect of environmental variables (precipitation and temperature) on these variables was also tested. We found differences in morphological traits between sexes, and among populations of the same species. The oviparous species (S. aeneus and S. scalaris) were larger in overall body size than the viviparous species (S. bicanthalis and S. subniger). Differences in overall body size among populations were recorded only in S. aeneus and S. scalaris. Male-biased sexual size dimorphism occurred in oviparous but not viviparous lizards (except for one population of S. bicanthalis). An absence of sexual size dimorphism was also recorded in S. subniger and some populations of the remaining species. Two different shape patterns were found; the first was female-biased with larger relative body length in almost all populations, which could be explained by fecundity, and the second was male-biased with relatively larger head and limbs in a few populations, which may be explained by sexual selection. The patterns of sexual size and shape dimorphism show that environment, rather than phylogeny, may be determining the extent of sexual dimorphism. These types of studies show the importance of an integrated evaluation of interpopulation and interspecies variation to determine the factors that generate sexual dimorphism.
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Ramírez‐Bautista A, Cruz‐Elizalde R, Stephenson BP, Hernández‐Salinas U. Geographic variation in female body size and clutch size of the lizard
Sceloporus variabilis
(Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) in Mexico. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Ramírez‐Bautista
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Hidalgo México
| | - Raciel Cruz‐Elizalde
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera” Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Ciudad de México México
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10
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Kaczmarski M, Ziemblińska K, Tryjanowski P. Sand lizards Lacerta agilis with higher digit ratios are more likely to autotomy. J Anat 2020; 237:1103-1113. [PMID: 32659045 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Digit ratio is a morphological feature regarded as a biomarker of the balance of sex hormones during early development. The exposure of embryos to a set of sex hormones and the mutual relations between those hormones cause the emergence of individual morphological and/or behavioural characteristics as well as differences between sexes. We have thus hypothesised that differences in one of these morphological traits-digit ratio-may be a proxy representing a tendency towards tail autotomy. The aim of this study is to investigate the digit ratio (2D:3D, 2D:4D, 3D:4D) of the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis, Lacertidae, a species characterised by well-developed sexual dimorphism, whereby females are larger than males. We also tested associations between patterns in digit ratio and caudal autotomy, a common defensive mechanism among lizards. To our knowledge, the relationship between a tendency towards autotomy and digit ratio pattern has never been researched. To date, studies on autotomy have mainly focused on the consequences, costs or evolutionary background of tail loss. Hence, researchers examined mostly the frequency of autotomy in the context of predatory pressure or habitat conditions, omitting an individual's behavioural tendency to shed its tail. However, behavioural traits can affect an individual's exposure to predator attack and consequently the need to use an anti-predator strategy. Thus, following this logic, dropping the tail may be the result of the lizard's intraspecific personality characteristics, resulting from the effect of hormones on behaviour or innate traits. Therefore, we suggest that the inclusion of autotomy as a factor explaining observed digit ratio patterns and their variability between taxa has great potential. We used computerised measurements of photographed limbs to determine the length of digits. We found that the digit ratios for all four limbs were significantly lower in females than in males, excluding the 3D:4D ratio for the right hindlimbs. Therefore, the results confirmed the pattern already observed for most lizards. The novel element in our study is the detection of the relationship between a tendency towards caudal autotomy and digit ratio. Individuals with a tendency towards autotomy have a higher 2D:4D ratio in the right forelimbs and a lower 2D:3D ratio in the right hindlimbs. Obtained results suggest that these morphological characteristics are most likely related to intraspecific differences (between bold and shy individuals) which consequently may determine an individual's reaction or susceptibility to be a prey and escape behaviour. Thus, our results are probably the first attempt to link digit ratio to the susceptibility of lizards to tail autotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Kaczmarski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Klaudia Ziemblińska
- Department of Meteorology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Roitberg ES, Orlova VF, Bulakhova NA, Kuranova VN, Eplanova GV, Zinenko OI, Arribas O, Kratochvíl L, Ljubisavljević K, Starikov VP, Strijbosch H, Hofmann S, Leontyeva OA, Böhme W. Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in the most widely ranging lizard: testing the effects of reproductive mode and climate. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4531-4561. [PMID: 32551042 PMCID: PMC7297768 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive mode, ancestry, and climate are hypothesized to determine body size variation in reptiles but their effects have rarely been estimated simultaneously, especially at the intraspecific level. The common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) occupies almost the entire Northern Eurasia and includes viviparous and oviparous lineages, thus representing an excellent model for such studies. Using body length data for >10,000 individuals from 72 geographically distinct populations over the species' range, we analyzed how sex-specific adult body size and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is associated with reproductive mode, lineage identity, and several climatic variables. Variation in male size was low and poorly explained by our predictors. In contrast, female size and SSD varied considerably, demonstrating significant effects of reproductive mode and particularly seasonality. Populations of the western oviparous lineage (northern Spain, south-western France) exhibited a smaller female size and less female-biased SSD than those of the western viviparous (France to Eastern Europe) and the eastern viviparous (Eastern Europe to Far East) lineages; this pattern persisted even after controlling for climatic effects. The phenotypic response to seasonality was complex: across the lineages, as well as within the eastern viviparous lineage, female size and SSD increase with increasing seasonality, whereas the western viviparous lineage followed the opposing trends. Altogether, viviparous populations seem to follow a saw-tooth geographic cline, which might reflect the nonmonotonic relationship of body size at maturity in females with the length of activity season. This relationship is predicted to arise in perennial ectotherms as a response to environmental constraints caused by seasonality of growth and reproduction. The SSD allometry followed the converse of Rensch's rule, a rare pattern for amniotes. Our results provide the first evidence of opposing body size-climate relationships in intraspecific units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina F. Orlova
- Zoological Research MuseumMoscow M.V. Lomonosov State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Nina A. Bulakhova
- Institute of Biological Problems of the NorthMagadanRussia
- Research Institute of Biology and BiophysicsTomsk State UniversityTomskRussia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sylvia Hofmann
- Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UfZLeipzigGermany
| | - Olga A. Leontyeva
- Department of BiogeographyMoscow M. V. Lomonosov State UniversityMoscowRussia
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12
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Ramírez-Bautista A, Cruz-Elizalde R, Galván-Hernández DM, Hernández-Salinas U, Berriozabal-Islas C. Sexual Dimorphism and Reproductive Characteristics of the Cozumel Spiny Lizard, Sceloporus cozumelae (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from Mexico. CURRENT HERPETOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5358/hsj.39.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Ramírez-Bautista
- 1Laboratorio de Ecología de Poblaciones, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias
| | - Raciel Cruz-Elizalde
- 2Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxi
| | | | - Uriel Hernández-Salinas
- 4Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integ
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13
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Garamszegi LZ, Temrin H, Kubinyi E, Miklósi Á, Kolm N. The role of common ancestry and gene flow in the evolution of human-directed play behaviour in dogs. J Evol Biol 2019; 33:318-328. [PMID: 31705702 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among-population variance of phenotypic traits is of high relevance for understanding evolutionary mechanisms that operate in relatively short timescales, but various sources of nonindependence, such as common ancestry and gene flow, can hamper the interpretations. In this comparative analysis of 138 dog breeds, we demonstrate how such confounders can independently shape the evolution of a behavioural trait (human-directed play behaviour from the Dog Mentality Assessment project). We combined information on genetic relatedness and haplotype sharing to reflect common ancestry and gene flow, respectively, and entered these into a phylogenetic mixed model to partition the among-breed variance of human-directed play behaviour while also accounting for within-breed variance. We found that 75% of the among-breed variance was explained by overall genetic relatedness among breeds, whereas 15% could be attributed to haplotype sharing that arises from gene flow. Therefore, most of the differences in human-directed play behaviour among breeds have likely been caused by constraints of common ancestry as a likely consequence of past selection regimes. On the other hand, gene flow caused by crosses among breeds has played a minor, but not negligible role. Our study serves as an example of an analytical approach that can be applied to comparative situations where the effects of shared origin and gene flow require quantification and appropriate statistical control in a within-species/among-population framework. Altogether, our results suggest that the evolutionary history of dog breeds has left remarkable signatures on the among-breed variation of a behavioural phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Hans Temrin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Ma L, Liu P, Su S, Luo LG, Zhao WG, Ji X. Life-history consequences of local adaptation in lizards: Takydromus wolteri (Lacertidae) as a model organism. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lai-Gao Luo
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Ge Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Olsson M, Schwartz TS, Wapstra E, Shine R. How accurately do behavioural observations predict reproductive success in free-ranging lizards? Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190030. [PMID: 30958138 PMCID: PMC6405472 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural ecologists often use data on patterns of male-female association to infer reproductive success of free-ranging animals. For example, a male seen with several females during the mating season is predicted to father more offspring than a male not seen with any females. We explored the putative correlation between this behaviour and actual paternity (as revealed by microsatellite data) from a long-term study on sand lizards ( Lacerta agilis), including behavioural observations of 574 adult males and 289 adult females, and paternity assignment of more than 2500 offspring during 1998-2007. The number of males that contributed paternity to a female's clutch was correlated with the number of males seen accompanying her in the field, but not with the number of copulation scars on her body. The number of females that a male accompanied in the field predicted the number of females with whom he fathered offspring, and his annual reproductive success (number of progeny). Although behavioural data explained less than one-third of total variance in reproductive success, our analysis supports the utility of behavioural-ecology studies for predicting paternity in free-ranging reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18, 413-90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tonia S. Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Erik Wapstra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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16
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Liang T, Zhou L, He W, Xiao L, Shi L. Variations in the reproductive strategies of three populations of Phrynocephalus helioscopus in China. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5705. [PMID: 30386689 PMCID: PMC6203940 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Egg size and clutch size are key life history traits. During the breeding period, it is possible for females to increase their reproductive output either by increasing the number of eggs if the optimal egg size (OES) is maintained, or by increasing the allocation of energy to each egg. However, the strategies adopted are often influenced by animals’ morphology and environment. Methods Here, we examined variation in female morphological and reproductive traits, tested for trade-offs between egg size and clutch size, and evaluated the relationship between egg size and female morphology in three populations of Phrynocephalus helioscopus. Results Female body size, egg size, and clutch size were larger in the Yi Ning (YN) and Fu Yun (FY) populations than in the Bei Tun (BT) population (the FY and YN populations laid more, and rounder eggs). Egg size was independent of female body size in two populations (BT and FY), even though both populations had an egg-size/clutch size trade-off. In the YN population, egg size and clutch size were independent, but egg size was correlated with female body size, consistent with the hypothesis of morphological constraint. Conclusions Our study found geographical variation in body size and reproductive strategies of P. helioscopus. Egg size was correlated with morphology in the larger-bodied females of the YN population, but not in the smaller-bodied females of the BT population, illustrating that constraints on female body size and egg size are not consistent between populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenfeng He
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lirong Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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17
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Olsson M, Loeb L, Lindsay W, Wapstra E, Fitzpatrick L, Shine R. Extreme plasticity in reproductive biology of an oviparous lizard. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6384-6389. [PMID: 30038742 PMCID: PMC6053574 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most oviparous squamate reptiles lay their eggs when embryos have completed less than one-third of development, with the remaining two-thirds spent in an external nest. Even when females facultatively retain eggs in dry or cold conditions, such retention generally causes only a minor (<10%) decrease in subsequent incubation periods. In contrast, we found that female sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) from an experimentally founded field population (established ca. 20 years ago on the southwest coast of Sweden) exhibited wide variation in incubation periods even when the eggs were kept at standard (25°C) conditions. Females that retained eggs in utero for longer based on the delay between capture and oviposition produced eggs that hatched sooner. In the extreme case, eggs hatched after only 55% of the "normal" incubation period. Although the proximate mechanisms underlying this flexibility remain unclear, our results from this first full field season at the new study site show that females within a single cold-climate population of lizards can span a substantial proportion of the continuum from "normal" oviparity to viviparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Olsson
- Division of Animal EcologyDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
| | - Lisa Loeb
- Division of Animal EcologyDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Willow Lindsay
- Division of Animal EcologyDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Erik Wapstra
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Luisa Fitzpatrick
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
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18
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Shine R, Wapstra E, Olsson M. Seasonal shifts along the oviparity–viviparity continuum in a cold‐climate lizard population. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:4-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - E. Wapstra
- School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - M. Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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19
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Fernández-Montraveta C, Marugán-Lobón J. Geometric morphometrics reveals sex-differential shape allometry in a spider. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3617. [PMID: 28761795 PMCID: PMC5533156 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common scientific wisdom assumes that spider sexual dimorphism (SD) mostly results from sexual selection operating on males. However, testing predictions from this hypothesis, particularly male size hyperallometry, has been restricted by methodological constraints. Here, using geometric morphometrics (GMM) we studied for the first time sex-differential shape allometry in a spider (Donacosa merlini, Araneae: Lycosidae) known to exhibit the reverse pattern (i.e., male-biased) of spider sexual size dimorphism. GMM reveals previously undetected sex-differential shape allometry and sex-related shape differences that are size independent (i.e., associated to the y-intercept, and not to size scaling). Sexual shape dimorphism affects both the relative carapace-to-opisthosoma size and the carapace geometry, arguably resulting from sex differences in both reproductive roles (female egg load and male competition) and life styles (wandering males and burrowing females). Our results demonstrate that body portions may vary modularly in response to different selection pressures, giving rise to sex differences in shape, which reconciles previously considered mutually exclusive interpretations about the origins of spider SD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Peng X, Song CM, Wang K, Chen MH. Geographical Variations in the Life Histories of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in China. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:961-970. [PMID: 31930405 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Population dynamics of an insect can be affected by its life-history traits. Understanding of the life-history variations among geographical populations of an insect pest is important for developing the corresponding control strategies in different regions. Rhopalosiphum padi is a cosmopolitan cereal pest, and life-history traits identification of R. padi from different geographical regions is rare. Here, we experimentally evaluated variations in the life histories and life-table parameters of R. padi populations from six widely ranging geographical regions, including Baoding (HB), Xianyang (SX), Nanyang (HN), Wuhan (HW), Beibei (CB), and Guiyang (GG), in China. Total longevity was similar for HB, CB, and GG populations and generally shorter than that of the SX, HN, and HW populations. The age at first reproduction of HB and HW populations was significantly different from that of the other four populations. Mean fecundity of the SX population was significantly higher than that of the other five populations, and the mean fecundity of the GG population was the lowest. Principal component analysis (PCA) also showed that the life-history and life-table parameters of R. padi differed among the six geographical populations. According to PCA results, the HW population was in one cluster; the GG population was in another cluster; the SX, HN, and CB populations were in one cluster; and the HB population differed from the above three clusters. The complexity of local genetic adaptation in aphids was discussed. The current results will likely be of importance to management practices and population dynamics forecasting of R. padi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (; ; )
| | - Chun-Man Song
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co, Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China
| | - Kang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (; ; )
| | - Mao-Hua Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China (; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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21
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Žagar A, Carretero MA, Vrezec A, Drašler K, Kaliontzopoulou A. Towards a functional understanding of species coexistence: ecomorphological variation in relation to whole‐organism performance in two sympatric lizards. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Žagar
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources InBIO University of Porto 4485‐661 Vairão Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources InBIO University of Porto 4485‐661 Vairão Portugal
| | - Al Vrezec
- National Institute for Biology 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | | | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources InBIO University of Porto 4485‐661 Vairão Portugal
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22
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Ramírez-Bautista A, Lozano A, Hernández-Salinas U, Cruz-Elizalde R. Female Reproductive Characteristics Among Populations of the Oviparous LizardSceloporus aeneus(Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from Central Mexico. HERPETOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-15-00020.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Cruz-Elizalde R, Ramírez-Bautista A. Reproductive cycles and reproductive strategies among populations of the Rose-bellied Lizard Sceloporus variabilis (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) from central Mexico. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1753-68. [PMID: 26929815 PMCID: PMC4758805 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Species with wide distribution, generally show variations in life history characteristics, which can be attributed to environmental causes. In this study, we analyzed the reproductive cycle and reproductive characteristics from three populations (Atlapexco, San Pablo Tetlapayac, and Santa Catarina) of the lizard Sceloporus variabilis from central Mexico. The specific goal of this study was to evaluate life history characteristics such as reproductive period extent, SVL (snout‐vent length) at sexual maturity, clutch size, egg mass and volume, and RCM (relative clutch mass). The San Pablo Tetlapayac population showed a larger clutch size, RCM, egg mass, and a smaller SVL, body mass and reproductive period (January‐September), as well as egg volume than the Atlapexco and Santa Catarina populations. Reproductive cycle and reproductive characteristics were more similar between the Atlapexco and Santa Catarina populations. Differences found in the population of San Pablo Tetlapayac with respect to the Atlapexco and Santa Catarina populations could be attributed to environmental variations where lizard populations occur. Differences in the reproductive period and reproductive characteristics in each population could be the result of both historical (phylogenetic; e.g., reproductive mode) and nonhistorical (environmental; e.g., temperature, food availability) causes. This study showed that populations of the same species are under different selection pressures, and these affect the reproductive characteristics of populations. Our results also indicate that long‐term and targeted studies on predation, use and selection of food, are needed to determine the causes of these variations in populations of S. variabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raciel Cruz-Elizalde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras C. P. 42184 Mineral de La Reforma Hidalgo México
| | - Aurelio Ramírez-Bautista
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Colonia Carboneras C. P. 42184 Mineral de La Reforma Hidalgo México
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24
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Rivero Suárez C, Rodríguez-Domínguez MA, Molina-Borja M. Sexual dimorphism in morphological traits and scaling relationships in two populations ofGallotia stehlini(Fam. Lacertidae: Squamata) from Gran Canaria. AFR J HERPETOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2015.1130755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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