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Konaka S, Hirota SK, Sato Y, Matsumoto N, Suyama Y, Tsumura Y. Secondary contact zone and genetic introgression in closely related haplodiploid social spider mites. Heredity (Edinb) 2024:10.1038/s41437-024-00708-y. [PMID: 39090316 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
How frequently hybridisation and gene flow occur in the contact zones of diverging taxa is important for understanding the speciation process. Stigmaeopsis sabelisi and Stigmaeopsis miscanthi high-aggression form (hereafter, S. miscanthi HG) are haplodiploid, social spider mites that infest the Chinese silver grass, Miscanthus sinensis. These two species are closely related and parapatrically distributed in Japan. In mountainous areas, S. sabelisi and S. miscanthi HG are often found in the highlands and lowlands, respectively, suggesting that they are in contact at intermediate altitudes. It is estimated that they diverged from their common ancestors distributed in subtropical regions (south of Japan) during the last glacial period, expanded their distribution into the Japanese Archipelago, and came to have such a parapatric distribution (secondary contact). As their reproductive isolation is strong but incomplete, hybridisation and genetic introgression are expected at their distributional boundaries. In this study, we investigated their spatial distribution patterns along the elevation on Mt. Amagi using male morphological differences, and investigated their hybridisation status using single-nucleotide polymorphisms by MIG-seq. We found their contact zone at altitudes of 150-430 m, suggesting that their contact zone is prevalent in the parapatric area, which is in line with a previous study. Interspecific mating was predicted based on the sex ratio in the contact zone. No obvious hybrids were found, but genetic introgression was detected although it was extremely low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Konaka
- Master Program in Biology, Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shun K Hirota
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
- Botanical Gardens, Osaka Metropolitan University 2000 Kisaichi, Katano City, Osaka, 576-0004, Japan
| | - Yukie Sato
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences / Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Master Program in Biology, Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tsumura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences / Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
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Oide Y, Osakabe M. Asymmetry in the reproductive interference between two closely related species of spider mites, Panonychus citri and Panonychus osmanthi (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10493-023-00823-1. [PMID: 37470937 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
An incomplete species recognition system may cause reproductive interference. Interspecific mating between Panonychus citri and Panonychus osmanthi produced apparently normal F1 hybrid females. However, the F1 females laid few eggs, and the produced eggs did not hatch (suggesting hybrid breakdown). Several common host plants of P. citri and P. osmanthi have been determined, including Japanese pear, peach, and citrus. However, P. osmanthi has been found only on its particular host plants in the genus Osmanthus. To assess the potential for reproductive interference between P. citri and P. osmanthi, we evaluated the competitiveness (1 ♀ × 2 ♂♂) and preference (2 ♀♀ × 1 ♂) of males in mating and guarding behavior and assessed the effect of second mating on offspring paternity using Japanese pear leaf disks. We found that P. citri males were superior competitors. Moreover, the species recognition ability of P. citri males was lower than that of P. osmanthi males, and frequent occurrence of reproductive interference should therefore be expected. In a mixed population (2 ♀♀ × 2 ♂♂), 41% of females copulated with heterospecific males, although the mating superiority of P. citri was not proven. The ratio of effective second mating with conspecific males after heterospecific mating was higher in the crosses to P. citri females (77.8%) than P. osmanthi females (14.3%). Therefore, P. citri females had more chance than P. osmanthi females to recover from the fitness cost imposed by heterospecific mating through subsequent conspecific mating. To date, P. osmanthi has not been detected on host plants other than Osmanthus species. Reproductive interference by P. citri males may therefore narrow the range of host plants available for P. osmanthi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Oide
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- , Kyoto, 612-8431, Japan.
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Ito K, Takatsuki K. Hybridisation between host races broadens the host range of offspring in Eotetranychus asiaticus (Acari: Tetranychidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10493-023-00811-5. [PMID: 37369864 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Host adaptation in herbivorous arthropods is one of the first steps to sympatric speciation, and spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) are useful model organisms for studying this phenomenon. Many researchers have studied the process of host adaptation via artificial selection experiments. Recent analyses suggest that hybridisation has diversified host ranges, although empirical evidence is scarce. We explored the host exploitation of two strains of Eotetranychus asiaticus established from Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Pentaphylacaceae) and Japanese cinnamon, Cinnamomum yabunikkei (Lauraceae), and evaluated the effect of hybridisation on offspring host use. Transplant experiments showed that females oviposited and immature mites developed only on their native hosts, suggesting specialisation to the secondary metabolites of each host plant. However, F1 hybrids from reciprocal crosses developed on both host plants (survival rate: 92-100%) with normal female-biased sex ratios. Furthermore, all backcrosses to the parental strains yielded B1 offspring that were also viable on both host plants with normal sex ratios (69-87% and 39-92% females on T. gymnanthera and C. yabunikkei, respectively). B1 survival rates in interstrain crosses were varied (11-63%) and lower than those in intrastrain crosses (88-93%). We could not detect any reproductive barriers in these experiments, and host preference may be the sole factor determining pre-mating isolation. The survival rates and sex ratios we observed suggest cytochromosome interactions. In conclusion, hybridisation, which results in heterozygotes and recombination, is an underexplored way to provide spider mites with a novel host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsura Ito
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Kanta Takatsuki
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Monobeotsu, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
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Sato Y, Fujiwara S, Egas M, Matsuda T, Gotoh T. Patterns of reproductive isolation in a haplodiploid mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis: prezygotic isolation, hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:177. [PMID: 34551724 PMCID: PMC8459536 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolution of reproductive isolation is an important process, generating biodiversity and driving speciation. To better understand this process, it is necessary to investigate factors underlying reproductive isolation through various approaches but also in various taxa. Previous studies, mainly focusing on diploid animals, supported the prevalent view that reproductive barriers evolve gradually as a by-product of genetic changes accumulated by natural selection by showing a positive relationship between the degree of reproductive isolation and genetic distance. Haplodiploid animals are expected to generate additional insight into speciation, but few studies investigated the prevalent view in haplodiploid animals. In this study, we investigate whether the relationship also holds in a haplodiploid spider mite, Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher). RESULTS We sampled seven populations of the mite in the Palaearctic region, measured their genetic distance (mtDNA) and carried out cross experiments with all combinations. We analyzed how lack of fertilization rate (as measure of prezygotic isolation) as well as hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility (as measures of postzygotic isolation) varies with genetic distance. We found that the degree of reproductive isolation varies among cross combinations, and that all three measures of reproductive isolation have a positive relationship with genetic distance. Based on the mtDNA marker, lack of fertilization rate, hybrid female inviability and hybrid female sterility were estimated to be nearly complete (99.0-99.9% barrier) at genetic distances of 0.475-0.657, 0.150-0.209 and 0.145-0.210, respectively. Besides, we found asymmetries in reproductive isolation. CONCLUSIONS The prevalent view on the evolution of reproductive barriers is supported in the haplodiploid spider mite we studied here. According to the estimated minimum genetic distance for total reproductive isolation in parent population crosses in this study and previous work, a genetic distance of 0.15-0.21 in mtDNA (COI) appears required for speciation in spider mites. Variations and asymmetries in the degree of reproductive isolation highlight the importance of reinforcement of prezygotic reproductive isolation through incompatibility and the importance of cytonuclear interactions for reproductive isolation in haplodiploid spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Sato
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science/Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Martijn Egas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomoko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.,Nihon BioData Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 213-0012, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Gotoh
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan. .,Faculty of Economics, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki, Ibaraki, 301-8555, Japan.
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Suzuki T, Yano K, Ohba SY, Kawano K, Sekiné K, Bae YJ, Tojo K. Genome-wide molecular phylogenetic analyses and mating experiments which reveal the evolutionary history and an intermediate stage of speciation of a giant water bug. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5179-5195. [PMID: 34390528 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate stages of speciation are important for understanding the processes involved in the creation of biodiversity, and also comprise a number of interesting phenomena. However, difficulties are associated with dividing clear speciation stages because speciation is a continuous process. Therefore, the elucidation of speciation is an interesting and important task in evolutionary biology. We herein present an example of a species in an intermediate stage of speciation using the giant water bug Appasus japonicus (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae) that was investigated using mating experiments and phylogenetic analyses of the mtDNA COI (658 bp) and 16S rRNA (435 bp) regions, and nDNA SSR (13 loci) and its genome-wide SNPs (11,241 SNPs). The results of our phylogenetic analyses based on their mtDNA dataset and the genome-wide SNPs dataset strongly supported the paraphyly of the Japanese populations. Therefore, it is suggested that their ancestral lineage which being distributed in the Japanese Archipelago subsequently migrated to the Eurasian Continent (i.e., "back-dispersal" occurred). Furthermore, the results of the mating experiments suggested that among A. japonicus, even between closely related lineages, pre-mating reproductive isolation has been established by the differentiation of copulatory organ morphologies. In contrast, pre-mating reproductive isolation is not established in the absence of the differentiation of copulatory organ morphologies, even if genetic differentiation is prominent. These results suggested that their phylogenetic distance does not predict pre-mating reproductive isolation. Furthermore, in the present study, we present a clear example of pre-mating reproductive isolation driving speciation between closely related lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Suzuki
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Present Address: Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koki Yano
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Ohba
- Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawano
- The Firefly Museum of Toyota Town, Nakamura 50-3, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 750-0441, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sekiné
- Faculty of Geo-environmental Science, Rissho University, Magechi 1700, Kumagaya, 360-0194, Japan.,Korean Entomological Institute, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Yeon Jae Bae
- Korean Entomological Institute, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Koji Tojo
- Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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Cruz MA, Magalhães S, Sucena É, Zélé F. Wolbachia and host intrinsic reproductive barriers contribute additively to postmating isolation in spider mites. Evolution 2021; 75:2085-2101. [PMID: 34156702 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia are maternally-inherited bacteria that induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in many arthropod species. However, the ubiquity of this isolation mechanism for host speciation processes remains elusive, as only few studies have examined Wolbachia-induced incompatibilities when host populations are not genetically compatible. Here, we used three populations of two genetically differentiated colour forms of the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae to dissect the interaction between Wolbachia-induced and host-associated incompatibilities, and their relative contribution to postmating isolation. We found that these two sources of incompatibility act through different mechanisms in an additive fashion. Host-associated incompatibility contributes 1.5 times more than Wolbachia-induced incompatibility in reducing hybrid production, the former through an overproduction of haploid sons at the expense of diploid daughters (ca. 75% decrease) and the latter by increasing the embryonic mortality of daughters (by ca. 49%). Furthermore, regardless of cross direction, we observed near-complete F1 hybrid sterility and complete F2 hybrid breakdown between populations of the two forms, but Wolbachia did not contribute to this outcome. We thus show mechanistic independence and an additive nature of host-intrinsic and Wolbachia-induced sources of isolation. Wolbachia may contribute to reproductive isolation in this system, thereby potentially affecting host differentiation and distribution in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Cruz
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, 3° Piso Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Magalhães
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, 3° Piso Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Élio Sucena
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Flore Zélé
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, 3° Piso Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal.,ISEM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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Singh P, Ballmer DN, Laubscher M, Schärer L. Successful mating and hybridisation in two closely related flatworm species despite significant differences in reproductive morphology and behaviour. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12830. [PMID: 32732887 PMCID: PMC7393371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive traits are some of the fastest diverging characters and can serve as reproductive barriers. The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano, and its congener M. janickei are closely related, but differ substantially in their male intromittent organ (stylet) morphology. Here, we examine whether these morphological differences are accompanied by differences in behavioural traits, and whether these could represent barriers to successful mating and hybridization between the two species. Our data shows that the two species differ in many aspects of their mating behaviour. Despite these differences, the species mate readily with each other in heterospecific pairings. Although both species have similar fecundity in conspecific pairings, the heterospecific pairings revealed clear postmating barriers, as few heterospecific pairings produced F1 hybrids. These hybrids had a stylet morphology that was intermediate between that of the parental species, and they were fertile. Finally, using a mate choice experiment, we show that the nearly two-fold higher mating rate of M. lignano caused it to mate more with conspecifics, leading to assortative mating, while M. janickei ended up mating more with heterospecifics. Thus, while the two species can hybridize, the mating rate differences could possibly lead to higher fitness costs for M. janickei compared to M. lignano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel N Ballmer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Laubscher
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schärer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
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Tuni C, Mestre L, Berger-Tal R, Lubin Y, Bilde T. Mate choice in naturally inbred spiders: testing the role of relatedness. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sato Y, Tsuda Y, Sakamoto H, Egas M, Gotoh T, Saito Y, Zhang Y, Lin J, Chao J, Mochizuki A. Phylogeography of lethal male fighting in a social spider mite. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1590-1602. [PMID: 30847058 PMCID: PMC6392385 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When males fight for access to females, such conflict rarely escalates into lethal fight because the risks and costs involved, that is, severe injury or death, are too high. The social spider mite, Stigmaeopsis miscanthi, does exhibit lethal male fights, and this male-male aggressiveness varies among populations. To understand the evolution of lethal fighting, we investigated aggressiveness in 42 populations and phylogenetic relationships in 47 populations along the Japanese archipelago. By analysis of the male weapon morph, a proxy for aggressiveness, we confirmed the existence of a mildly aggressive (ML) form, besides the low aggression (LW) and high aggression (HG) forms reported earlier. To evaluate demographic history of these three forms, we employed the approximate Bayesian computation approach using mtCOI sequences and taking into consideration the postlast glacial expansion history of the host plant, Miscanthus sinensis. As results, hierarchical split models are more likely to explain the observed genetic pattern than admixture models, and the ML form in the subtropical region was considered the ancestral group. The inferred demographic history was consistent with the one reconstructed for the host plant in a previous study. The LW form was split from the ML form during the last glacial period (20,000-40,000 years BP), and subsequently, the HG form was split from the ML form at the end of or after the last glacial period (5,494-10,988 years BP). The results also suggest that the mite invaded Japan more than once, resulting in the present parapatric distribution of LW and HG forms in eastern Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Sato
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science CenterUniversity of TsukubaUedaNaganoJapan
- Institute for Agro‐Environmental SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Yoshiaki Tsuda
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science CenterUniversity of TsukubaUedaNaganoJapan
| | - Hironori Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of AgricultureIbaraki UniversityAmiIbarakiJapan
- National Institute for Environmental StudiesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Martijn Egas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tetsuo Gotoh
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of AgricultureIbaraki UniversityAmiIbarakiJapan
- Faculty of EconomicsRyutsu Keizai UniversityRyugasakiIbarakiJapan
| | - Yutaka Saito
- Institute of Plant ProtectionFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhouChina
- Research Faculty of AgricultureHokkaido UniversitySapporoKita‐kuJapan
| | - Yan‐Xuan Zhang
- Institute of Plant ProtectionFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhouChina
| | - Jian‐Zhen Lin
- Institute of Plant ProtectionFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFuzhouChina
| | - Jung‐Tai Chao
- Division of Forest ProtectionTaiwan Forestry Research InstituteTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Atsushi Mochizuki
- Institute for Agro‐Environmental SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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