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Girard MG, Johnson GD. Novel neurocranial fenestrae and expansions in Monomitopus and Selachophidium (Teleostei: Ophidiidae), with comments on the morphology, taxonomy, and evolution of the genera. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21753. [PMID: 39049499 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The Ophidiidae is a group of more than 300 species of fishes characterized by elongated, snake-like bodies and continuous dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. While describing a new species in the genus Monomitopus, we discovered a bilaterally paired fenestra on the dorsomedial surface of the neurocranium. We surveyed the distribution of this fenestra across species of Monomitopus and previously hypothesized allies in the genera Dannevigia, Dicrolene, Homostolus, Neobythites, and Selachophidium, finding variation in its presence and size. We also found a prominent bilaterally paired lateral fenestra and a posterior expansion of the exoccipital in the neurocrania of M. americanus and S. guentheri, with soft tissue connecting the back of the neurocranium to the first epineural and pectoral girdle in S. guentheri. In this study, we describe the distribution of and variation in these features. We integrate morphological characters and DNA data to generate a phylogeny of Monomitopus and allies to understand their relationships and trace the evolutionary history of these novel features. Our results call the monophyly of Monomitopus into question. The presence of the lateral neurocranial fenestra and posterior expansion of the exoccipital support the reclassification of M. americanus as a species of Selachophidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Girard
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Division of Ichthyology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - G David Johnson
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Girard MG, Santos MD, Bemis KE. New species of redbait from the Philippines (Teleostei, Emmelichthyidae, Emmelichthys). Zookeys 2024; 1196:95-109. [PMID: 38602272 PMCID: PMC10999954 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1196.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a new species of redbait in the genus Emmelichthys collected from fish markets on Panay and Cebu islands in the Visayas region of the Philippines. The species is externally similar to E.struhsakeri but is diagnosable by two prominent fleshy papillae associated with the cleithrum and fewer pectoral-fin rays (18-19 vs. 19-21) and gill rakers (30-33 vs. 34-41). Additionally, mitochondrial DNA differentiates this taxon from other species of Emmelichthys. We generate mitochondrial genomes for two of the three type specimens and several other emmelichthyids to place the new taxon in a phylogenetic context. Analysis of the protein-coding mitochondrial loci calls into question the monophyly of two emmelichthyid genera (Emmelichthys and Erythrocles) and highlights the need for subsequent analyses targeting the intrarelationships of the Emmelichthyidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Girard
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USANational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USAUniversity of KansasLawrenceUnited States of America
| | - Mudjekeewis D. Santos
- Genetic Fingerprinting Laboratory, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Quezon City, 1103, PhilippinesGenetic Fingerprinting Laboratory, National Fisheries Research and Development InstituteQuezon CityPhilippines
| | - Katherine E. Bemis
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USANational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
- National Systematics Laboratory, Office of Science and Technology, NOAA Fisheries, Washington, DC, 20560, USANational Systematics Laboratory, Office of Science and TechnologyWashingtonUnited States of America
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Bemis KE, Girard MG, Santos MD, Carpenter KE, Deeds JR, Pitassy DE, Flores NAL, Hunter ES, Driskell AC, Macdonald KS, Weigt LA, Williams JT. Biodiversity of Philippine marine fishes: A DNA barcode reference library based on voucher specimens. Sci Data 2023; 10:411. [PMID: 37355644 PMCID: PMC10290705 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of fishes is essential for understanding their biology and to ensure food safety for consumers. DNA barcoding is an important tool because it can verify identifications of both whole and processed fishes that have had key morphological characters removed (e.g., filets, fish meal); however, DNA reference libraries are incomplete, and public repositories for sequence data contain incorrectly identified sequences. During a nine-year sampling program in the Philippines, a global biodiversity hotspot for marine fishes, we developed a verified reference library of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences for 2,525 specimens representing 984 species. Specimens were primarily purchased from markets, with additional diversity collected using rotenone or fishing gear. Species identifications were verified based on taxonomic, phenotypic, and genotypic data, and sequences are associated with voucher specimens, live-color photographs, and genetic samples catalogued at Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. The Biodiversity of Philippine Marine Fishes dataset is released herein to increase knowledge of species diversity and distributions and to facilitate accurate identification of market fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Bemis
- National Systematics Laboratory, Office of Science and Technology, NOAA Fisheries, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA.
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA.
| | - Matthew G Girard
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA.
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA.
| | - Mudjekeewis D Santos
- Genetic Fingerprinting Laboratory, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Quezon City, 1103, Philippines
| | - Kent E Carpenter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, USA
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Diane E Pitassy
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA
| | - Nicko Amor L Flores
- Genetic Fingerprinting Laboratory, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Quezon City, 1103, Philippines
| | - Elizabeth S Hunter
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Amy C Driskell
- Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA
| | - Kenneth S Macdonald
- Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA
| | - Lee A Weigt
- Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Williams
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA.
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Girard MG, Davis MP, Tan HH, Wedd DJ, Chakrabarty P, Ludt WB, Summers AP, Smith WL. Phylogenetics of archerfishes (Toxotidae) and evolution of the toxotid shooting apparatus. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac013. [PMID: 35814192 PMCID: PMC9259087 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Archerfishes (Toxotidae) are variously found in the fresh- and brackish-water environments of Asia Pacific and are well known for their ability to shoot water at terrestrial prey. These shots of water are intended to strike their prey and cause it to fall into the water for capture and consumption. While this behavior is well known, there are competing hypotheses (blowpipe vs. pressure tank hypothesis) of how archerfishes shoot and which oral structures are involved. Current understanding of archerfish shooting structures is largely based on two species, Toxotes chatareus and T. jaculatrix. We do not know if all archerfishes possess the same oral structures to shoot water, if anatomical variation is present within these oral structures, or how these features have evolved. Additionally, there is little information on the evolution of the Toxotidae as a whole, with all previous systematic works focusing on the interrelationships of the family. We first investigate the limits of archerfish species using new and previously published genetic data. Our analyses highlight that the current taxonomy of archerfishes does not conform to the relationships we recover. Toxotes mekongensis and T. siamensis are placed in synonymy of T. chatareus, Toxotes carpentariensis is recognized as a species and removed from synonymy of T. chatareus, and the genus Protoxotes is recognized for T. lorentzi based on the results of our analyses. We then take an integrative approach, using a combined analysis of discrete hard- and soft-tissue morphological characters with genetic data, to construct a phylogeny of the Toxotidae. Using the resulting phylogenetic hypothesis, we then characterize the evolutionary history and anatomical variation within the archerfishes. We discuss the variation in the oral structures and the evolution of the mechanism with respect to the interrelationships of archerfishes, and find that the oral structures of archerfishes support the blowpipe hypothesis but soft-tissue oral structures may also play a role in shooting. Finally, by comparing the morphology of archerfishes to their sister group, we find that the Leptobramidae has relevant shooting features in the oral cavity, suggesting that some components of the archerfish shooting mechanism are examples of co-opted or exapted traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Girard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - M P Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN, 56301, USA
| | - H H Tan
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, 117377, SGP
| | - D J Wedd
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0810, AUS
| | - P Chakrabarty
- Ichthyology Section, Museum of Natural Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - W B Ludt
- Department of Ichthyology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - A P Summers
- Department of Biology and SAFS, University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA, 98250, USA
| | - W L Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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