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Gayathri K, Abhinand P, Gayathri V, Prasanna Lakshmi V, Chamundeeswari D, Jiang L, Tian Z, Malathi N. Computational analysis of phytocompounds in Centella asiatica for its antifibrotic and drug-likeness properties - Herb to drug study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33762. [PMID: 39027607 PMCID: PMC11255509 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder with no permanent cure that affects the quality of life due to trismus. Computational pharmacology has accelerated the discovery of drug candidates for the treatment of incurable diseases. The present study aimed to screen the compounds of the miracle herb Centella asiatica with drug-likeness properties based on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. The pharmacological actions of these screened compounds against OSMF were identified by network pharmacology, gene ontology, pathway enrichment analysis, molecular docking, and simulation. Fifteen drug-like ligands were identified after virtual screening viz; asiatic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, bayogenin, gallic acid, isothankunic acid, madecassic acid, madasiatic acid, arjunolic acid, terminolic acid, catechin, epicatechin, and nobiletin. 850 potential targets were predicted for the ligands, which were analyzed against 354 proteins associated with OSMF. Compound pathway analysis and disease pathway analysis identified 53 common proteins. The GO enrichment analysis identified 472 biological process terms, 76 molecular function terms, and 44 cellular component terms. Pathway enrichment analysis predicted 142 KEGG pathways, 35 Biocarta pathways, and 236 Reactome pathways for the target proteins. The analysis revealed that the herb targets crucial events of fibrosis such as inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, collagen deposition, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The common 53 proteins were used for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, which revealed 4 key proteins interacting with the phytocompounds viz; transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), mothers against decapentaplegic-3 (SMAD-3), mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPK-1) and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (SRC). Molecular docking revealed that all ligands had a good binding affinity to the target proteins. Bayogenin had the highest binding affinity towards MAPK-1 (-9.7 kcal/mol), followed by isothankunic acid towards SRC protein (-9.3 kcal/mol). Madasiatic acid had the highest binding affinity to SMAD-3 (-7.6 kcal/mol) and TGF-β1 (-7.1 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated stable ligand protein interactions of bayogenin and MAPK complex, isothankunic acid and SRC complex. This in silico study is the first to identify potential phytochemicals present in Centella asiatica and their target molecules, which might be responsible for reversing OSMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Gayathri
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Dental College, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - P.A. Abhinand
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - V. Gayathri
- Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - V. Prasanna Lakshmi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - D. Chamundeeswari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Oral Pathology, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Oral Pathology, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - N. Malathi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Dental College, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600116, India
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Tong T, Xu A, Tan S, Jiang H, Liu L, Deng S, Wang H. Biological Effects and Biomedical Applications of Areca Nut and Its Extract. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:228. [PMID: 38399443 PMCID: PMC10893415 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dried, mature fruit of the palm tree species Areca catechu L. is known as the areca nut (AN) or betel nut. It is widely cultivated in the tropical regions. In many nations, AN is utilized for traditional herbal treatments or social activities. AN has historically been used to address various health issues, such as diarrhea, arthritis, dyspepsia, malaria, and so on. In this review, we have conducted a comprehensive summary of the biological effects and biomedical applications of AN and its extracts. Initially, we provided an overview of the constituents in AN extract. Subsequently, we summarized the biological effects of AN and its extracts on the digestive system, nervous system, and circulatory system. And we elucidated the contributions of AN and its extracts in antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial applications. Finally, we have discussed the challenges and future perspectives regarding the utilization of AN and its extracts as emerging pharmaceuticals or valuable adjuncts within the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Aiqing Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Shuhua Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Hengzhi Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Senwen Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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Mannarino M, Cherif H, Li L, Sheng K, Rabau O, Jarzem P, Weber MH, Ouellet JA, Haglund L. Toll-like receptor 2 induced senescence in intervertebral disc cells of patients with back pain can be attenuated by o-vanillin. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:117. [PMID: 33863359 PMCID: PMC8051055 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increased level of senescent cells and toll-like teceptor-1, -2, -4, and -6 (TLR) expression in degenerating intervertebral discs (IVDs) from back pain patients. However, it is currently not known if the increase in expression of TLRs is related to the senescent cells or if it is a more general increase on all cells. It is also not known if TLR activation in IVD cells will induce cell senescence. METHODS Cells from non-degenerate human IVD were obtained from spine donors and cells from degenerate IVDs came from patients undergoing surgery for low back pain. Gene expression of TLR-1,2,4,6, senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) markers was evaluated by RT-qPCR in isolated cells. Matrix synthesis was verified with safranin-O staining and Dimethyl-Methylene Blue Assay (DMMB) confirmed proteoglycan content. Protein expression of p16INK4a, SASP factors, and TLR-2 was evaluated by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and/or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS An increase in senescent cells was found following 48-h induction with a TLR-2/6 agonist in cells from both non-degenerate and degenerating human IVDs. Higher levels of SASP factors, TLR-2 gene expression, and protein expression were found following 48-h induction with TLR-2/6 agonist. Treatment with o-vanillin reduced the number of senescent cells, and increased matrix synthesis in IVD cells from back pain patients. Treatment with o-vanillin after induction with TLR-2/6 agonist reduced gene and protein expression of SASP factors and TLR-2. Co-localized staining of p16INK4a and TLR-2 demonstrated that senescent cells have a high TLR-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together our data demonstrate that activation of TLR-2/6 induce senescence and increase TLR-2 and SASP expression in cells from non-degenerate IVDs of organ donors without degeneration and back pain and in cells from degenerating human IVD of patients with disc degeneration and back pain. The senescent cells showed high TLR-2 expression suggesting a link between TLR activation and cell senescence in human IVD cells. The reduction in senescence, SASP, and TLR-2 expression suggest o-vanillin as a potential disease-modifying drug for patients with disc degeneration and back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mannarino
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hosni Cherif
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Li Li
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kai Sheng
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Shriner's Hospital for Children, Montreal, Canada
| | - Oded Rabau
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Shriner's Hospital for Children, Montreal, Canada
| | - Peter Jarzem
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael H Weber
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean A Ouellet
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Shriner's Hospital for Children, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
- Shriner's Hospital for Children, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Room C9.173,1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
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Wang Y, Luo D, Yuan X, Luo Y, Cheng X, Gao Y, Xie X. Oxidative-protective effect of nuclear receptor coactivator 7 on arecoline-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 130:565-573. [PMID: 32988808 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in inflammatory activities and tumorigenesis in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Nuclear receptor coactivator 7 (NCOA7) is capable of regulating cellular responses to ROS. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of NCOA7 in endothelial cells and the role of NCOA7 in areca nut-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of NCOA7 in endothelia. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with various dosages of arecoline (0, 5, 10, 20 μg/mL); then NCOA7 expression, the correlation of NCOA7 with EndMT, and the potential signaling were analyzed by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. RESULTS NCOA7 was significantly elevated in OSF tissues, as detected with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. After arecoline treatment, NCOA7 expression and EndMT were induced in HUVECs. Transfection of HUVECs with si-NCOA7, which reduced 73% of NCOA7 expression, aggravated the arecoline-induced EndMT process. Inhibition of ROS markedly, but not completely, reverses this arecoline-induced EndMT in si-NCOA7 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights NCOA7 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention to mediate EndMT via ROS species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Di Luo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yin Luo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiufeng Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China.
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Liu FL, Chen CL, Lai CC, Lee CC, Chang DM. Arecoline suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and attenuates LPS-induced bone loss in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 69:153195. [PMID: 32200293 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca nut has anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antihypertensive, and antidepressant properties. The pathological hallmarks of inflammatory joint diseases are an increased number of osteoclasts and impaired differentiation of osteoblasts, which may disrupt the bone remodeling balance and eventually lead to bone loss. PURPOSE The present study assessed the effects of arecoline, the main alkaloid found in areca nut, on osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and function. METHOD M-CSF/RANKL-stimulated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were incubated with several concentrations of arecoline, and TRAP staining and pit formation were assessed to monitor osteoclast formation. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and western blot analyses were used to analyze the expression of osteoclast-associated genes and signaling pathways. The effects of arecoline on bone were investigated in an in vivo mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced trabecular bone loss after oral administration of arecoline. Alizarin red S staining and assays to measure ALP activity and the transcription level of osteoblast-related genes were used to evaluate the effects of arecoline on osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. RESULTS In a dose-dependent manner, arecoline at concentrations of 50-100 μM reduced both the development of TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts and the formation of resorption pits in M-CSF/RANKL-stimulated BMMs. In M-CSF/RANKL-stimulated BMMs, arecoline also suppressed the expression and translocation of c-Fos and NFATcl, and osteoclast differentiated-related genes via interference with the AKT, MAPK, and NF-kB activation pathways. Femur bone loss and microcomputed tomography parameters were recovered by oral administration of arecoline in the mouse LPS-induced bone loss model. Lastly, arecoline increased ALP activity, bone mineralization, and the expression of osteoblast differentiation-related genes, such as ALP and Runx2, in MC3T3-E1 cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that arecoline may attenuate or prevent bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and promoting osteoblastogenesis. These findings provide evidence supporting arecoline's use as a potential therapeutic agent in bone-loss disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Lan Liu
- Division of Allergy-Immunology-Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Biobank Management Center of the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Lai
- Division of Allergy-Immunology-Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chung Lee
- Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Division of Allergy-Immunology-Rheumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institutes of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wessels I, Pupke JT, von Trotha KT, Gombert A, Himmelsbach A, Fischer HJ, Jacobs MJ, Rink L, Grommes J. Zinc supplementation ameliorates lung injury by reducing neutrophil recruitment and activity. Thorax 2020; 75:253-261. [PMID: 31915307 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zinc is well known for its anti-inflammatory effects, including regulation of migration and activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Zinc deficiency is associated with inflammatory diseases such as acute lung injury (ALI). As deregulated neutrophil recruitment and their hyper-activation are hallmarks of ALI, benefits of zinc supplementation on the development of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced ALI were tested. METHODS 64 C57Bl/6 mice, split into eight groups, were injected with 30 µg zinc 24 hours before exposure to aerosolised LPS for 4 hours. Zinc homoeostasis was characterised measuring serum and lung zinc concentrations as well as metallothionein-1 expression. Recruitment of neutrophils to alveolar, interstitial and intravascular space was assessed using flow cytometry. To determine the extent of lung damage, permeability and histological changes and the influx of protein into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured. Inflammatory status and PMN activity were evaluated via tumour necrosis factor α levels and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. The effects of zinc supplementation prior to LPS stimulation on activation of primary human granulocytes and integrity of human lung cell monolayers were assessed as well. RESULTS Injecting zinc 24 hours prior to LPS-induced ALI indeed significantly decreased the recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs and prevented their hyperactivity and thus lung damage was decreased. Results from in vitro investigations using human cells suggest the transferability of the finding to human disease, which remains to be tested in more detail. CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation attenuated LPS-induced lung injury in a murine ALI model. Thus, the usage of zinc-based strategies should be considered to prevent detrimental consequences of respiratory infection and lung damage in risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Johanna Theresa Pupke
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Thilo von Trotha
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Marienhospital Aachen, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Alexander Gombert
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Anika Himmelsbach
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Clinic I, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Henrike Josephine Fischer
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Michael J Jacobs
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Jochen Grommes
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany .,Department of Vascular Surgery, Rhein-Maas Klinikum GmbH, Wurselen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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Chemistry, metabolism and pharmacology of carcinogenic alkaloids present in areca nut and factors affecting their concentration. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 110:104548. [PMID: 31805361 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Areca Nut (AN), the seed of tropical palm tree Areca catechu, is a widely chewed natural product with estimated 600 million users across the world. Various AN products, thriving in the market, portray 'Areca nut' or 'Supari' as mouth freshener and safe alternative to smokeless tobacco. Unfortunately, AN is identified as a Group 1 human carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Wide variation in the level of alkaloids, broadly ranging from 2 to 10 mg/gm dry weight, is observed in diverse variety of AN sold worldwide. For the first time, various factors influencing the formation of carcinogenic alkaloids in AN at various stages, including during the growth, processing, and storage of the nut, are discussed. Current review illustrates the mechanism of cancer induction by areca alkaloids in humans and also compiles dose-dependent pharmacology and toxicology data of arecoline, the most potent carcinogenic alkaloid in AN. Careful monitoring of the arecoline content in AN can potentially be used as a tool in product surveillance studies to identify the variations in characteristics of various AN sample sold worldwide. The article will help to generate public awareness and sensitize the government bodies to initiate campaigns against AN use and addiction.
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Li J, Yao M, Zhu X, Li Q, He J, Chen L, Wang W, Zhu C, Shen T, Cao R, Fang C. YAP-Induced Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Oral Submucous Fibrosis. J Dent Res 2019; 98:920-929. [PMID: 31282845 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519851804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant disorder. Current studies have shown that chewing areca nut is considered the main cause of OSF, and endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT) participates in the occurrence and development of the fibrotic lesion. However, the specific molecular mechanisms and treatments remain unclear. Here, we report the mechanism of arecoline-induced EndMT and the importance of this mechanism in OSF, and we also identify potential therapeutics for decreasing OSF incidence. We demonstrate the overexpression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) in human samples and that it was significantly associated with OSF pathologic stage. Arecoline activated YAP by increasing reactive oxygen species levels and inducing the PERK pathway (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3), resulting in the initiation of EndMT and leading to OSF. Verteporfin, a YAP–TEA domain pathway inhibitor, suppressed EndMT and decreased collagen accumulation, resulting in the alleviation of OSF in mice. These data indicate that arecoline regulates the activity of YAP and highlight an alternative method for treating OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - M. Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - X. Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Q. Li
- Department of Stomatology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - J. He
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - L. Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - W. Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - C. Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - T. Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - R. Cao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - C. Fang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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You Y, Huang Y, Wang D, Li Y, Wang G, Jin S, Zhu X, Wu B, Du X, Li X. Angiotensin (1-7) inhibits arecoline-induced migration and collagen synthesis in human oral myofibroblasts via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4668-4680. [PMID: 30246378 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline induces oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) via promoting the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Angiotensin (1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) protects against fibrosis by counteracting angiotensin II (Ang-II) via the Mas receptor. However, the effects of Ang-(1-7) on OSF remain unknown. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is identified as the novel mechanism of fibrosis. Whereas the effects of arecoline on NLRP3 inflammasome remain unclear. We aimed to explore the effect of Ang-(1-7) on NLRP3 inflammasome in human oral myofibroblasts. In vivo, activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes with an increase of Ang-II type 1 receptor (AT1R) protein level and ROS production in human oral fibrosis tissues. Ang-(1-7) improved arecoline-induced rats OSF, reduced protein levels of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and the NLRP3 inflammasome. In vitro, arecoline increased ROS along with upregulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang-II/AT1R axis and NLRP3 inflammasome/interleukin-1β axis in human oral myofibroblasts, which were reduced by NOX4 inhibitor VAS2870, ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine, and NOX4 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Furthermore, arecoline induced collagen synthesis or migration via the Smad or RhoA-ROCK pathway respectively, which could be inhibited by NLRP3 siRNA or caspase-1 blocker VX-765. Ang-(1-7) shifted the balance of RAS toward the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis, inhibited arecoline-induced ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to attenuation of migration or collagen synthesis. In summary, Ang-(1-7) attenuates arecoline-induced migration and collagen synthesis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome in human oral myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua You
- Department of Emergency, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Stomatology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Emergency, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cadre's Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Emergency, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Emergency, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- Department of Emergency, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xintao Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Stomatology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinya Du
- Department of Stomatology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Emergency, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Javed F, Kellesarian SV, Sundar IK, Romanos GE, Rahman I. Recent updates on electronic cigarette aerosol and inhaled nicotine effects on periodontal and pulmonary tissues. Oral Dis 2017; 23:1052-1057. [PMID: 28168771 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarette-derived inhaled nicotine may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal and pulmonary diseases in particular via lung inflammation, injurious, and dysregulated repair responses. Nicotine is shown to have antiproliferative properties and affects fibroblasts in vitro, which may interfere in tissue myofibroblast differentiation in e-cig users. This will affect the ability to heal wounds by decreasing wound contraction. In periodontics, direct exposure to e-vapor has been shown to produce harmful effects in periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts in culture. This is due to the generation of reactive oxygen species/aldehydes/carbonyls from e-cig aerosol, leading to protein carbonylation of extracellular matrix and DNA adducts/damage. A limited number of studies regarding the effects of e-cig in oral and lung health are available. However, no reports are available to directly link the deleterious effects on e-cigs, inhaled nicotine, and flavorings aerosol on periodontal and pulmonary health in particular to identify the risk of oral diseases by e-cigarettes and nicotine aerosols. This mini-review summarizes the recent perspectives on e-cigarettes including inhaled nicotine effects on several pathophysiological events, such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, innate host response, inflammation, cellular senescence, profibrogenic and dysregulated repair, leading to lung remodeling, oral submucous fibrosis, and periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javed
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S V Kellesarian
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - I K Sundar
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - G E Romanos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Dental School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - I Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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11
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Papke RL, Horenstein NA, Stokes C. Nicotinic Activity of Arecoline, the Psychoactive Element of "Betel Nuts", Suggests a Basis for Habitual Use and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140907. [PMID: 26488401 PMCID: PMC4619380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitual chewing of "betel nut" preparations constitutes the fourth most common human self-administration of a psychoactive substance after alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. The primary active ingredient in these preparations is arecoline, which comes from the areca nut, the key component of all such preparations. Arecoline is known to be a relatively non-selective muscarinic partial agonist, accounting for many of the overt peripheral and central nervous system effects, but not likely to account for the addictive properties of the drug. We report that arecoline has activity on select nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes, including the two classes of nAChR most related to the addictive properties of nicotine: receptors containing α4 and β2 subunits and those which also contain α6 and β3 subunits. Arecoline is a partial agonist with about 6-10% efficacy for the α4* and α6* receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Additionally, arecoline is a silent agonist of α7 nAChR; while it does not activate α7 receptors when applied alone, it produces substantial activation when co-applied with the positive allosteric modulator PNU-120696. Some α7 silent agonists are effective inhibitors of inflammation, which might account for anti-inflammatory effects of arecoline. Arecoline's activity on nAChR associated with addiction may account for the habitual use of areca nut preparations in spite of the well-documented risk to personal health associated with oral diseases and cancer. The common link between betel and tobacco suggests that partial agonist therapies with cytisine or the related compound varenicline may also be used to aid betel cessation attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L. Papke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267 Gainesville, Florida, 32610–0267, United States of America
| | - Nicole A. Horenstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida, 32611–7200, United States of America
| | - Clare Stokes
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267 Gainesville, Florida, 32610–0267, United States of America
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Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a premalignant condition caused by betel chewing. It is very common in Southeast Asia but has started to spread to Europe and North America. OSF can lead to squamous cell carcinoma, a risk that is further increased by concomitant tobacco consumption. OSF is a diagnosis based on clinical symptoms and confirmation by histopathology. Hypovascularity leading to blanching of the oral mucosa, staining of teeth and gingiva, and trismus are major symptoms. Major constituents of betel quid are arecoline from betel nuts and copper, which are responsible for fibroblast dysfunction and fibrosis. A variety of extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways might be involved. Treatment of OSF is difficult, as not many large, randomized controlled trials have been conducted. The principal actions of drug therapy include antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxygen radical mechanisms. Potential new drugs are on the horizon. Surgery may be necessary in advanced cases of trismus. Prevention is most important, as no healing can be achieved with available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Academic Teaching Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Fareedi Mukram Ali
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SMBT Dental College, Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishor Patil
- Departments of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SMBT Dental College, Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
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