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Kumar N, Kar S, Shukla P. Role of regulatory pathways and multi-omics approaches for carbon capture and mitigation in cyanobacteria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 366:128104. [PMID: 36257524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are known for their metabolic potential and carbon capture and sequestration capabilities. These cyanobacteria are not only an effective source for carbon minimization and resource mobilization into value-added products for biotechnological gains. The present review focuses on the detailed description of carbon capture mechanisms exerted by the various cyanobacterial strains, the role of important regulatory pathways, and their subsequent genes responsible for such mechanisms. Moreover, this review will also describe effectual mechanisms of central carbon metabolism like isoprene synthesis, ethylene production, MEP pathway, and the role of Glyoxylate shunt in the carbon sequestration mechanisms. This review also describes some interesting facets of using carbon assimilation mechanisms for valuable bio-products. The role of regulatory pathways and multi-omics approaches in cyanobacteria will not only be crucial towards improving carbon utilization but also will give new insights into utilizing cyanobacterial bioresource for carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niwas Kumar
- Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies and Institutions, Navrangapura, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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2
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Uniyal S, Bhandari M, Singh P, Singh RK, Tiwari SP. Cytokinin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria: Insights for crop improvement. Front Genet 2022; 13:933226. [PMID: 36160007 PMCID: PMC9504062 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.933226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins, a type of phytohormones that induce division of cytoplasm, have considerable value in agriculture due to their influences on several physiological processes of plants such as morphogenesis, development of chloroplast, seed dormancy, leaf senescence, etc. Previously, it was assumed that plants obtain cytokinin from the soil produced by microbes as these hormones were first discovered in soil-inhabiting bacteria i.e., Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Later, the cytokinin biosynthesis gene, i.e., ipt gene, has been reported in plants too. Though plants synthesize cytokinins, several studies have reported that the exogenous application of cytokinins has numerous beneficial effects including the acceleration of plant growth and boosting economic yield. Cyanobacteria may be employed in the soil not only as the source of cytokinins but also as the source of other plant growth-promoting metabolites. These organisms biosynthesize the cytokinins using the enzyme isopentenyl transferases (IPTs) in a fashion similar to the plants; however, there are few differences in the biosynthesis mechanism of cytokinins in cyanobacteria and plants. Cytokinins are important for the establishment of interaction between plants and cyanobacteria as evidenced by gene knockout experiments. These hormones are also helpful in alleviating the adverse effects of abiotic stresses on plant development. Cyanobacterial supplements in the field result in the induction of adventitious roots and shoots on petiolar as well as internodal segments. The leaf, root, and stem explants of certain plants exhibited successful regeneration when treated with cyanobacterial extract/cell suspension. These successful regeneration practices mark the way of cyanobacterial deployment in the field as a great move toward the goal of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Uniyal
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Munni Bhandari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rahul Kunwar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shree Prakash Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, V.B.S Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Anand G, Gupta R, Marash I, Leibman-Markus M, Bar M. Cytokinin production and sensing in fungi. Microbiol Res 2022; 262:127103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Frébortová J, Frébort I. Biochemical and Structural Aspects of Cytokinin Biosynthesis and Degradation in Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061314. [PMID: 34208724 PMCID: PMC8234997 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for quite some time that cytokinins, hormones typical of plants, are also produced and metabolized in bacteria. Most bacteria can only form the tRNA-bound cytokinins, but there are examples of plant-associated bacteria, both pathogenic and beneficial, that actively synthesize cytokinins to interact with their host. Similar to plants, bacteria produce diverse cytokinin metabolites, employing corresponding metabolic pathways. The identification of genes encoding the enzymes involved in cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism facilitated their detailed characterization based on both classical enzyme assays and structural approaches. This review summarizes the present knowledge on key enzymes involved in cytokinin biosynthesis, modifications, and degradation in bacteria, and discusses their catalytic properties in relation to the presence of specific amino acid residues and protein structure.
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Microalgae, soil and plants: A critical review of microalgae as renewable resources for agriculture. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Rashotte AM. The evolution of cytokinin signaling and its role in development before Angiosperms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 109:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Biswal DP, Panigrahi KCS. Light- and hormone-mediated development in non-flowering plants: An overview. PLANTA 2020; 253:1. [PMID: 33245411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light, hormones and their interaction regulate different aspects of development in non-flowering plants. They might have played a role in the evolution of different plant groups by conferring specific adaptive evolutionary changes. Plants are sessile organisms. Unlike animals, they lack the opportunity to abandon their habitat in unfavorable conditions. They respond to different environmental cues and adapt accordingly to control their growth and developmental pattern. While phytohormones are known to be internal regulators of plant development, light is a major environmental signal that shapes plant processes. It is plausible that light-hormone crosstalk might have played an important role in plant evolution. But how the crosstalk between light and phytohormone signaling pathways might have shaped the plant evolution is unclear. One of the possible reasons is that flowering plants have been studied extensively in context of plant development, which cannot serve the purpose of evolutionary comparisons. In order to elucidate the role of light, hormone and their crosstalk in the evolutionary adaptation in plant kingdom, one needs to understand various light- and hormone-mediated processes in diverse non-flowering plants. This review is an attempt to outline major light- and phytohormone-mediated responses in non-flowering plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Biswal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Cytokinin and Ethylene Cell Signaling Pathways from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112526. [PMID: 33238457 PMCID: PMC7700396 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) and ethylene (ET) are among the most ancient organic chemicals on Earth. A wide range of organisms including plants, algae, fungi, amoebae, and bacteria use these substances as signaling molecules to regulate cellular processes. Because of their ancestral origin and ubiquitous occurrence, CKs and ET are also considered to be ideal molecules for inter-kingdom communication. Their signal transduction pathways were first historically deciphered in plants and are related to the two-component systems, using histidine kinases as primary sensors. Paradoxically, although CKs and ET serve as signaling molecules in different kingdoms, it has been supposed for a long time that the canonical CK and ET signaling pathways are restricted to terrestrial plants. These considerations have now been called into question following the identification over recent years of genes encoding CK and ET receptor homologs in many other lineages within the tree of life. These advances shed new light on the dissemination and evolution of these hormones as both intra- and inter-specific communication molecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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Stirk WA, van Staden J. Potential of phytohormones as a strategy to improve microalgae productivity for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ortiz-Moreno ML, Solarte-Murillo LV, Sandoval-Parra KX. BIOFERTILIZATION WITH CHLOROPHYTA AND CYANOPHYTA: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v25n2.77183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta are photosynthetic organisms characterized by their biochemical plasticity, which has allowed them to develop in different environments and have a faster growth rate than plants. Depending on the species and environmental conditions, these organisms can produce nitrogenous enzymes, for atmospheric nitrogen fixation; phosphatases, that solubilize phosphorus; phytohormones, that promote plant growth; and hygroscopic polysaccharides, that prevent erosion and improve soil characteristics. In this sense, the aim of this review was to analyze the available information on the use of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta as biofertilizers and their potential application in organic food production. Multiple studies and researches were found demonstrating the advantages of these microorganisms when being used to improve plants productivity, and also at the same time, leading to sustainable agriculture that is respectful to the environment. However, their high production cost has become a limiting factor for their commercialization.
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Kabbara S, Bidon B, Kilani J, Osman M, Hamze M, Stock AM, Papon N. Cytokinin Sensing in Bacteria. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E186. [PMID: 31991754 PMCID: PMC7072313 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has long been known that bacteria detect and react to plant chemicals to establish an interaction, the cellular signaling mechanisms involved in these perception processes have hitherto remained obscure. Some exciting recent advances in the field have described, for the first time, how some phytopathogenic bacteria sense the host plant hormones, cytokinins. These discoveries not only advance the understanding of cell signaling circuitries engaged in cytokinin sensing in non-plant organisms, but also increase our knowledge of the broad role of these ancient molecules in regulating intra- and interspecific communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Kabbara
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, F-49333 Angers, France; (S.K.); (B.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Baptiste Bidon
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, F-49333 Angers, France; (S.K.); (B.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaafar Kilani
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, F-49333 Angers, France; (S.K.); (B.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (M.O.); (M.H.)
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (M.O.); (M.H.)
| | - Ann M. Stock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d’Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP, EA 3142), SFR ICAT 4208, UNIV Angers, UNIV Brest, F-49333 Angers, France; (S.K.); (B.B.); (J.K.)
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12
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Chen P, Jiao X, Zhang Y, Wu L, Tang DJ, Li P, Chen X, Chao D, Tang JL, Ming Z. The crystal structure of the phytopathogenic bacterial sensor PcrK reveals different cytokinin recognition mechanism from the plant sensor AHK4. J Struct Biol 2019; 208:69-76. [PMID: 31419523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant cytokinins (CKs) are essential for many central cellular processes and play important roles in the interaction between bacteria and plants. Perception of CK is executed by the CHASE domain in the histidine kinase sensors of a class of two-component regulatory systems. Despite advances in understanding the structural basis for CK perception by the sensor AHK4 in Arabidopsis, the molecular mechanism of CK binding by other sensors is unclear. Here, we report the crystal structure of the CHASE domain in the histidine kinase PcrK of the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris, which senses plant CK, determined at 2.55 Å resolution. The structure reveals that the PcrK has an AHK4-like overall topology and assembles into a homodimer. Strikingly, detailed structural analysis unveils two unique features of the PcrK ligand binding pocket: the size of the pocket is restricted for CK binding, and the PcrK applies a positively charged arginine but not a negatively charged aspartate to recognize the ligand. We propose a model to explain how the PcrK accommodates CK-sized compounds through conformational changes, providing a potential mechanistic framework for understanding ligand recognition by the PcrK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dong-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Peifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Dong Chao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Ji-Liang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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Jaworek P, Kopečný D, Zalabák D, Šebela M, Kouřil Š, Hluska T, Končitíková R, Podlešáková K, Tarkowski P. Occurrence and biosynthesis of cytokinins in poplar. PLANTA 2019; 250:229-244. [PMID: 30980246 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid and aromatic cytokinins occur in poplar as free compounds and constituents of tRNA, poplar isopentenyltransferases are involved in the production of isoprenoid cytokinins, while biosynthesis of their aromatic counterparts remains unsolved. Cytokinins are phytohormones with a fundamental role in the regulation of plant growth and development. They occur naturally either as isoprenoid or aromatic derivatives, but the latter are quite rare and less studied. Here, the spatial expression of all nine isopentenyl transferase genes of Populus × canadensis cv. Robusta (PcIPTs) as analyzed by RT-qPCR revealed a tissue preference and strong differences in expression levels for the different adenylate and tRNA PcIPTs. Together with their phylogeny, this result suggests a functional diversification for the different PcIPT proteins. Additionally, the majority of PcIPT genes were cloned and expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana under an inducible promoter. The cytokinin levels measured in the Arabidopsis-overexpressing lines as well as their phenotype indicate that the studied adenylate and tRNA PcIPT proteins are functional in vivo and thus will contribute to the cytokinin pool in poplar. We screened the cytokinin content in leaves of 12 Populus species by ultra-high performance-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and discovered that the capacity to produce not only isoprenoid, but also aromatic cytokinins is widespread amongst the Populus accessions studied. Important for future studies is that the levels of aromatic cytokinins transiently increase after daybreak and are much higher in older plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jaworek
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Zalabák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šebela
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Kouřil
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hluska
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Končitíková
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Podlešáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Li P, Lei K, Li Y, He X, Wang S, Liu R, Ji L, Hou B. Identification and characterization of the first cytokinin glycosyltransferase from rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:19. [PMID: 30923923 PMCID: PMC6439077 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokinins are one of the five major hormones families in plants and are important for their normal growth and environmental adaptability. In plants, cytokinins are mostly present as glycosides in plants, and their glycosylation modifications are catalyzed by family 1 glycosyltransferases. Current research on cytokinin glycosylation has focused on the biochemical identification of enzymes and the analysis of metabolites in Arabidopsis. There are few studies that examine how cytokinin glycosylation affects its synthesis and accumulation in plants. It is particularly important to understand these processes in food crops such as rice (Oryza sativa); however, to date, cytokinin glycosyltransferase genes in rice have not been reported. RESULTS In this study, we identified eight rice genes that were functionally homologous to an Arabidopsis cytokinin glycosyltransferase gene. These genes were cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic system to obtain their purified proteins. Through enzymatic analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, a single rice glycosyltransferase, Os6, was identified that glycosylated cytokinin in vitro. Os6 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis, and the extraction of cytokinin glycosides showed that Os6 is functionally active in planta. CONCLUSIONS The identification and characterization of the first cytokinin glycosyltransferase from rice is important for future studies on the cytokinin metabolic pathway in rice. An improved understanding of rice cytokinin glycosyltransferases may facilitate genetic improvements in rice quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Kang Lei
- College of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Xingrui He
- College of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Renmin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Lusha Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China.
| | - Bingkai Hou
- College of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 250000, Shandong, China.
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15
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Kabbara S, Schmülling T, Papon N. CHASEing Cytokinin Receptors in Plants, Bacteria, Fungi, and Beyond. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:179-181. [PMID: 29366683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin (CK) signaling pathways were believed to be restricted to terrestrial plants. However, the identification of CK receptor homologs in phytopathogenic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and early diverging fungi has recently been reported. CK signaling in prokaryotic and non-plant eukaryotic organisms sheds new light on the dissemination and evolution of this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Kabbara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), GEIHP, UNIV. Angers, Université Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142), GEIHP, UNIV. Angers, Université Bretagne-Loire, Angers, France.
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