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Pinheiro BQ, Cavalcante FEP, Lopes CCC, Marcos RJPC, da Silva LDM, Dos Santos MSA, Faustino AMR. Proliferation and apoptosis dynamics of the normal canine mammary gland during the oestrous cycle evaluated by Ki-67 and Caspase-3 indexes. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14655. [PMID: 38924202 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the normal physiology of the canine mammary gland (CMG) is crucial, as it provides a foundational reference for understanding canine mammary neoplasms. The relation between the Proliferation Index (PI) indicated by Ki-67 expression, along with the Apoptotic Index (AI) determined through Caspase-3 expression during the oestrous cycle, is inadequately documented in existing literature. This study seeks to offer insights into the interplay between PI and AI in the CMG across oestrous cycle phases. An extensive investigation was conducted on a diverse case series of bitches (n = 18). Oestrous cycle stages were determined through vaginal cytology, histological examination of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and oestradiol concentrations. The entire mammary chain was histologically examined, and proliferation and apoptosis were assessed via double immunohistochemistry employing anti-Ki-67 and Caspase-3 antibodies. PI and AI were evaluated through a systematic random sampling approach, counting a minimum of 200 cells for each cell type. There was a significantly higher PI during early dioestrus in all mammary gland components, with a greater proportion of positive cells observed in epithelial cells compared to stromal cells. The highest PI was detected in epithelial cells within the end buds. Significant differences were found in Ki-67 labelling across the cranial mammary glands. A positive and strong correlation was noted between progesterone concentration and PI in epithelial cells. The AI remained consistently low throughout the oestrous cycle, with few differences observed across histological components. Caspase-3 labelling displayed the highest positivity in caudal mammary pairs. A negative and moderate correlation was identified between progesterone concentration and AI in interlobular mesenchymal cells. This study highlights the influence of endocrine regulation on cell proliferation indices in mammary tissue, emphasizing the need to consider these hormonal variations in toxicopathological studies involving canine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Queiroz Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Reprodução de Carnívoros, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Célia Cristina Carreiras Lopes
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Departamento de Microscopia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Pereira Córdova Marcos
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Departamento de Microscopia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Marta Susana Amaro Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Departamento de Microscopia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto Manuel Rodrigues Faustino
- Departamento de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, ICBAS-UP, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rueda JR, Porto CD, Franco RP, da Costa IB, Bueno LMC, Girio RJS, Manhoso FFR, Bueno PCDS, Repetti CSF. Mammary neoplasms in female dogs: Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:99-114. [PMID: 38751991 PMCID: PMC11093647 DOI: 10.17221/4/2024-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increase in the life expectancy of domestic animals and their increasingly affectionate relationship with their owners, it is possible to observe an increase in cases of neoplasms in these animals. Mammary neoplasia mainly affects older females who have not been castrated, due to hormonal dependence for the development of the tumour. The main form of treatment is surgery. This study aims to carry out an updated review on mammary neoplasms in female dogs covering the anatomy, physiology, prevalence, causes, diagnoses, treatments, prevention and prognosis, based on scientific articles by renowned researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Reato Rueda
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Marilia – UNIMAR, Marilia/SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Dias Porto
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Marilia – UNIMAR, Marilia/SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Raul Jose Silva Girio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Marilia – UNIMAR, Marilia/SP, Brazil
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Dolka I, Czopowicz M, Stopka D, Wojtkowska A, Kaszak I, Sapierzyński R. Risk factor analysis and clinicopathological characteristics of female dogs with mammary tumours from a single-center retrospective study in Poland. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5569. [PMID: 38448646 PMCID: PMC10917774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This is a comprehensive retrospective study to characterize female dogs with canine mammary tumors (CMTs) using a dataset retrieved from the archives of the Division of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine in Warsaw, and to identify prognostic factors. Clinical and histopathological data of 1447 dogs with CMTs were included. Malignant tumours were found in 83.3% (n = 1206), benign tumours in 11.7% (n = 169), and non-neoplastic lesions in 5.0% (n = 72) of dogs. Dogs most often had grade II carcinomas (38.2%, 215/562) of a single histological subtype (88.5%, 1281/1447), mostly simple carcinoma (35.3%, 510/1447). Dogs with a median age of 10 years significantly often had larger (≥ 3 cm) and malignant CMTs, whereas intact females had smaller tumours (median size 2.0 cm). However, the threshold value for the age of the dog in the differentiation of malignant and non-neoplastic/benign masses could not be determined. Most females were hormonally active (76.4%, 372/487). Hormonally active dogs significantly more often had multiple tumours. Multiple tumours were significantly smaller (median 2.5 cm) than single ones. Among pedigree dogs, small-breed dogs were mostly recorded (43%, 428/1006). Twelve breeds had an increased risk of CMTs, regardless of tumour behaviour, compared with the theoretical distribution of pedigree dogs in Poland. Four breeds were often affected only by malignant and other four breeds only by non-neoplastic/benign CMT. Large-breed dogs were significantly younger and affected by larger CMT (median 4 cm) compared with small- and medium-breed dogs. Ninety dogs with a malignant CMT and complete records were included in the full analysis of CMT-specific survival (CMT-SS) with a median follow-up time of 20.0 months. We showed that the timing of ovariohysterectomy in relation to mastectomy was significantly associated with grade, CMT-SS, and CMT-related death. We indicated the low diagnostic accuracy of palpation of regional lymph nodes (RLN) in the prediction of their metastatic involvement. By multivariable analysis, dogs with neoplastic emboli, tumour ulceration, and simple or complex carcinoma had a significantly higher risk of local recurrence. Tumour size > 3 cm was as a strong independent predictor of lung metastases. Compared with dogs with an easily separated localized tumour, dogs with a multiple/diffuse malignant CMT pattern had a fivefold higher risk of death. The risk of death was significantly higher in the presence of neoplastic emboli (~ fivefold) and tumour ulceration (~ fourfold). Furthermore, the presence of neoplastic emboli and large tumour size were independent predictors of CMT-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Stopka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Wojtkowska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases With Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kaszak
- Department of Small Animal Diseases With Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Pimentel PAB, da Silva PHS, de Sena BV, Flecher MC, Cassali GD, Horta RDS. The role of lymph nodes and their drainage in canine mammary gland tumours: Systematic review. Res Vet Sci 2024; 168:105139. [PMID: 38194890 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Mammary gland tumours are the most common neoplasms in intact bitches. Over the last decades, veterinary oncology has evolved in detecting and determining the lymph nodes to be removed in these patients for an accurate staging and prognosis, as well as to achieve better disease control and higher overall survival time. Our objective was to describe recent advances related to lymphatic drainage in bitches with mammary gland tumours, focusing on surgery, diagnosis, and prognosis. Through a systematic review using PubMed as the database, a thorough multi-step search reduced 316 studies to 30 for analysis. Vital dyes appear to be crucial in reducing the overall surgery time through transoperative staining of the lymph nodes. Imaging contrasts provide information regarding specific tumour drainage; however, there is still little evidence for their use. The axillary and superficial inguinal lymph nodes are well-established as regional lymph nodes of the cranial and caudal mammary glands. In sequence, accessory axillary, medial iliac, popliteal, and sternal lymph nodes should receive attention if they demonstrate contrast drainage, even considering that the literature has not shown a relationship between drainage and metastasis in these cases. In conclusion, recent studies have provided us with more support in regional lymph node excision regarding the TNM staging system. Studies are highly heterogeneous and method comparisons do not fit due to the non-uniformity of samples, materials, and procedures. We suggest further studies with a larger sample size, complete follow-up of patients, contrast use, and lymph node morphological and immunohistochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruna Voltolin de Sena
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mayra Cunha Flecher
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Dos Santos Horta
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Sakalauskaitė S, Riškevičienė V, Šengaut J, Juodžiukynienė N. Association of mast cell density, microvascular density and endothelial area with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in canine mammary gland carcinomas. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:14. [PMID: 35761297 PMCID: PMC9235230 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cell density has been shown to have both enhancing and inhibiting effects on tumour progression and the ability to predict breast cancer behaviour in humans. However, prognostic results have been contradictory. Some previous studies suggested involvement of mast cells in the progression of canine mammary tumours. This study investigated total, intratumoural and peritumoural mast cell densities by Giemsa staining, and their association with clinicopathological parameters and the disease outcome of canine mammary tumours. In addition, since mast cells promote angiogenesis, the microvascular density and endothelial area were evaluated by CD31 immunostaining. Results Intratumoural mast cell density was associated with tumour size, lymph node involvement and tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte count, while peritumoural mast cell density was associated with grade. The endothelial area was associated with grade, mitotic index, tubular formation and proliferation index. Tumours with a high grade, high total intratumoural mast cell density and a larger endothelial area were associated with shorter disease-free survival. Intratumoural mast cell density and grade were found to be independent prognostic factors. Conclusions These results suggest that intratumoural mast cell density and the endothelial area can be used to evaluate the aggressiveness of canine mammary carcinomas, while intratumoural mast cell density could be of use as an independent predictor of a prognosis of disease-free survival. Peritumoural mast cell density does not seem to influence tumour behaviour.
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Yuan SHC, Chang SC, Huang Y, Liu HP. Serum Level of Tumor-Overexpressed AGR2 Is Significantly Associated with Unfavorable Prognosis of Canine Malignant Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102923. [PMID: 34679944 PMCID: PMC8532596 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine malignant mammary tumor (MMT) is a prevalent malignancy in intact female dogs. A current lack of easily accessible tumor biomarkers hinders a timely assessment of the disease outcome. This study reveals that anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) is overexpressed in canine MMT tissues, and elevated levels of extracellular AGR2 in sera of MMT dogs are significantly associated with progression and remote metastasis of MMT and an unfavorable overall survival of the patients. Hence, serum eAGR2 level is significantly associated with an adverse outcome of MMT dogs and holds a predictive potential in MMT prognosis. Abstract Canine malignant mammary tumors (MMTs) are prevalent malignancy in intact female dogs with a high incidence of metastasis and recurrence. A current lack of easily accessible tumor biomarkers hinders a timely assessment of the disease outcome. We previously identified anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) with higher protein abundance in canine MMT tissues compared with normal counterparts. AGR2 is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein disulfide isomerase involved in the regulation of protein processing and also exists extracellularly via secretion to exert pro-oncogenic functions. In the present study, we validated overexpression of AGR2 in canine MMT tissues from 45 dogs using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, and assessed serum AGR2 levels in 81 dogs with MMTs and 21 benign cases using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our data revealed that serum eAGR2 levels are significantly correlated with MMT progression (p = 0.0007) and remote tumor metastasis (p = 0.002). Moreover, elevated levels of serum eAGR2 are associated with an unfavorable overall survival of MMT dogs in later stage (p = 0.0158). Area under the time-dependent ROC curve (AUC) of serum eAGR2 level as a prognostic indicator was 0.839. Collectively, this study uncovered that serum eAGR2 level is significantly associated with an adverse outcome of MMT dogs and holds a predictive potential in MMT prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hsien-Chi Yuan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (S.H.-C.Y.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Shih-Chieh Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (S.H.-C.Y.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Yenlin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33378, Taiwan;
| | - Hao-Ping Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (S.H.-C.Y.); (S.-C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22840368 (ext. 51)
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Tanis JB, Simlett-Moss AB, Ossowksa M, Maddox TW, Guillem J, Lopez-Jimenez C, Polton G, Burrow R, Finotello R. Canine anal sac gland carcinoma with regional lymph node metastases treated with sacculectomy and lymphadenectomy: Outcome and possible prognostic factors. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:276-292. [PMID: 34590408 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The staging system commonly used in canine anal sac gland carcinoma (ASGC) is a revised Tumour-Node-Metastasis (TNM) system published in 2007. This staging system consists in four stages and, for dogs with nodal metastases, the size of the metastatic lymph node (mLN) defines the N stage. However, we hypothesise that (1) the mLN size has no prognostic significance when the mLN can be excised, (2) a high number of mLNs is associated with poorer prognosis and (3) the measurement of the mLN on imaging is not reproducible. To investigate these hypotheses, medical records and diagnostic images of dogs with ASGC and mLN, treated with sacculectomy and lymphadenectomy, with or without chemotherapy, were reviewed. Interobserver variability for mLN measurement was assessed. Prognostic factors including mLN size and number were investigated. Time to documented progression (TDP) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were evaluated. Progression-free interval (PFI) was analysed with interval-censored data analysis. Fifty-seven dogs were included. The median PFI, TDP and DSS were 110 (95%CI 61.5-185.5), 196 (95%CI 162-283) and 340 days (95%CI 321-471), respectively. For measurement of the largest mLN, interobserver agreement was excellent but limits of agreement reached 39.7%. Neither the size of the largest mLN nor the use of adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with outcome. The number of mLNs was associated with outcome and having more than four mLNs was associated with shorter PFI (p < .001), TDP (p = .004) and DSS (p < .001). While mLN size measurement was not consistently reproducible and did not influence outcome in our cohort, number of mLNs did. Further studies are required for development of a revised staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoit Tanis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Angharad B Simlett-Moss
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Malgorzata Ossowksa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Thomas W Maddox
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - James Guillem
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | | | - Gerry Polton
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, UK
| | - Rachel Burrow
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Runcorn, UK
| | - Riccardo Finotello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Banchi P, Morello EM, Bertero A, Ricci A, Rota A. A retrospective study and survival analysis on bitches with mammary tumours spayed at the same time of mastectomy. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:172-178. [PMID: 34351034 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to retrospectively assess whether spaying at the same time of mastectomy increased disease-free survival (DFS) in bitches with mammary tumours and to investigate the utility of clinical data when designing a surgical plan that includes gonadectomy. Characteristics of 225 bitches carrying 489 tumours were retrieved. Of the116 bitches that underwent surgery, 52 bitches underwent mastectomy and ovariectomy, 46 bitches underwent mastectomy alone, whereas 18 bitches were already spayed. Analysis by Kaplan-Meier and in-between groups comparisons using Student's T, Chi-square, and one-way ANOVA tests were performed. DFS was longer for bitches that underwent ovariectomy and mastectomy compared to those that were left intact (p = .00064) or were already spayed (p = .0098). Spaying status affected tumour size (spayed: 2.75 cm ± 2.72; intact: 1.76 cm ± 2.04; p = .039), but not malignancy (p > .05). Differences in age were detected between animals with benign and malignant tumours (years: 9.1 ± 2.8 and 10 ± 2.3; p = .004), with multiple and single tumours (years: 10.18 ± 2.6 and 9.3 ± 2.8; p = .007), and between purebred and mixed breed bitches (years: 10.46 ±1.78 and 9.27 ±2.68; p = .005). Malignant tumours were larger than benign ones (2.17 cm±2.31 and 1.34 cm ±1.82; p = .005) and size increased according to the degree of malignancy. DFS was shorter for animals presenting tumours >2 cm in size (p < .006) and with tumours in the first pair of thoracic mammary glands (p = .00009). Gonadectomy should be suggested to owners of intact bitches carrying mammary tumours and age, size of the tumour, and location should be carefully considered when performing surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Banchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Emanuela Maria Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Ricci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Ada Rota
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Pazzi P, Celliers A, du Plessis EC, Kristensen AT, Goddard A. The prevalence of intra-tumoral and distant thrombi, as well as tumour-cell emboli in canine neoplasia. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:154-163. [PMID: 34314552 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macroscopic thromboembolic disease has been associated with canine neoplasia, whereas prevalence studies of concurrent microthrombi and tumour-cell emboli are lacking. This retrospective study investigated microthrombi and tumour cell emboli by reviewing pathology records of dogs diagnosed with lymphoma, sarcoma, carcinoma and mast cell tumours with a concurrent description of thrombi or emboli. Pathology reports and medical records of cases with either tumour biopsies and/or post mortems with a diagnosis of neoplasia were reviewed for the presence of microthrombi, macrothrombi and/or tumour-cell emboli and the association with tumour type. Of the 28 895 canine cases in the database, 21 252 (73.5%) were antemortem biopsy specimens and 7643 were post mortems (26.5%); 2274 solid tumours were identified, 2107 (92.7%) were antemortem biopsy diagnoses and 167 (7.3%) were post mortem diagnoses. The prevalence of solid tumour types in the database (28 895 cases) was 872 (3.0%) lymphoma, 722 (2.5%) sarcoma, 455 (1.6%) carcinoma and 225 (0.8%) mast cell tumour. The prevalence of microthrombi associated with these tumours was 58/2274 (2.6%). Intra-tumoral microthrombi were reported in 53/2274 (2.3%) cases, the majority in sarcomas (37/53, 69.8%). No macrothrombi were reported. Tumour-cell emboli were identified in 39/2274 (1.7%) cases, 31/39 (79.5%) were extra-tumoral or distant emboli, and carcinoma the most commonly associated tumour (29/39; 74.4%). Microthrombi were reported in 2.6% of cases, the majority in sarcomas and tumour-cell emboli were identified in 1.7% of cases, the majority carcinomas. Prospective investigations are necessary to explore the potential clinical and prognostic implications of microthrombi and tumour-cell emboli in canine neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pazzi
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anri Celliers
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amelia Goddard
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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10
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Impact of Histological Subtype on Survival in Canine Mammary Carcinomas: a Retrospective Analysis of 155 Cases. J Comp Pathol 2021; 186:23-30. [PMID: 34340801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is the most common type of neoplasm in intact female dogs. While a previous study in Western countries validated the 2011 classification as an independent prognostic indicator in CMC, its role in CMC prognostication in Asian countries such as Korea remains unclear. In the present study, we estimate the survival rates in CMC types defined by the 2011 classification, elucidate the prognostic significance of the histological subtype and grade and that of the lymphatic invasion status in CMC, and validate the 2011 classification as an independent prognostic indicator in a large cohort of CMCs (excluding cases of multicentric CMCs). A total of 155 CMC cases retrieved from archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, along with 2-year follow-up data, were retrospectively analysed. A significant association was found between the histological subtype of the 2011 classification and the tumour-specific survival. Carcinosarcoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma subtypes were associated with the poorest prognosis. Dogs with comedocarcinoma and solid carcinoma followed a disease course that was more aggressive than that observed in dogs with a carcinoma arising in a benign mixed tumour. Moreover, age, histological grade and lymphatic invasion status significantly correlated with tumour-specific survival in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, histological subtype, age and lymphatic invasion status remained independent prognostic factors for CMC.
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11
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Whitlock J, Taeymans O, Monti P. A comparison of cytological quality between fine-needle aspiration and non-aspiration techniques for obtaining ultrasound-guided samples from canine and feline lymph nodes. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e25. [PMID: 33729570 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In small animal medicine, ultrasound-guided fine-needle lymph node sampling plays a pivotal role in the diagnostic investigation of a range of pathologies including the staging of neoplastic disease. Traditionally fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been employed to produce samples, but fine needle non-aspiration cytology (FNNAC) has been suggested to generate superior sample quality and diagnosticity. METHODS In a randomised control trial, 104 canine and feline lymph nodes were each sampled by both techniques. The cytological samples were then submitted to pathologists who were blinded to the technique used to generate each sample. They determined if the sample was diagnostic or non-diagnostic and graded the sample in terms of the degree of cellularity, cellular preservation and haemodilution. RESULTS It was found that lymph node samples obtained using the FNAC technique were more likely to be diagnostic (p = 0.043) than samples obtained using the FNNAC technique. In addition, FNAC samples had significantly higher cellularity than FNNAC counterparts (P = 0.043). No significant difference in cell preservation or haemodilution was found between samples from the FNAC and FNNAC groups. CONCLUSION In this study, FNAC was superior to non-aspiration cytology for the sampling of canine and feline lymph nodes as it generated a higher number of diagnostic samples with greater cellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Whitlock
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Diagnostic Imaging, Solihull, UK
| | | | - Paola Monti
- Dick White Referrals, Diagnostic Pathology, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Pecile A, Groppetti D, Ferrari R, Grieco V, Giudice C, Spediacci C, Stefanello D, Boracchi P. Solitary and multiple simultaneous malignant epithelial mammary tumours in dogs: An explorative retrospective study. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:153-161. [PMID: 33524825 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours represent a hard-prognostic task for veterinary clinicians. TNM staging and grading systems refer to a single tumour. Significant limits come to light when these systems are applied to multiple mammary tumours due to the arbitrary criterion in determining which single tumour is representative of the patient's prognosis. This study explored some clinical features of 50 dogs affected by at least one malignant mammary tumour. Clinical features and staging, together with histological classification and grading, have been related to disease-free survival (DFS) with the purpose to evaluate their impact on prognosis. The prognosis was worse in 10-11-year-old dogs (P < 0.05), in dogs affected by complex carcinoma (P < 0.05), and in patients assigned to Peña grade I (P < 0.05). The bodyweight was not linearly related to DFS (P < 0.01), and patients with a low number of neoformations (n ≤ 2) showed a better prognosis than dogs with 3-5 tumours (P < 0.05). Both the average and the total size of malignant tumours were related to DFS (P < 0.05). Dogs assigned with stage I had the best DFS (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the Peña grade I alone would not seem to guarantee a favourable prognosis when applied to mammary tumours in dogs affected by multiple simultaneous presentations. Different characteristics, besides tumour grading, such as tumour immunophenotype and expression of hormonal receptors, could in the future, contribute to elucidate the clinical behaviour of multiple canine mammary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - D Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - R Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - V Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - C Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - C Spediacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - D Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Boracchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanzetti 5, 20133 Milan, Italy
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13
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Stan F, Gudea A, Damian A, Gal AF, Papuc I, Pop AR, Martonos C. Ultrasonographic Algorithm for the Assessment of Sentinel Lymph Nodes That Drain the Mammary Carcinomas in Female Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2366. [PMID: 33321917 PMCID: PMC7763578 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The status of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) is decisive in staging, prognosis, and therapeutic approach. Using an ultrasonographic examination algorithm composed of B-mode, Doppler technique, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and elastography, this study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of the four techniques compared to histopathological examination. 96 SLNs belonging to 71 female dogs with mammary gland carcinomas were examined. After examinations, mastectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed. Histopathological examination confirmed the presence of metastases in 54 SLNs. The elasticity score had the highest accuracy-89.71%, identifying metastases in SLNs with 88.9.9% sensitivity (SE) and 90.5% specificity (SP), ROC analysis providing excellent results. The S/L (short axis/long axis) ratio showed 83.3% SE and 78.6% SP as a predictor of the presence of metastases in SLN having a good accuracy of 81.2%. On Doppler examination, the resistivity index(RI) showed good accuracy of 80% in characterizing lymph nodes with metastases versus unaffected ones; the same results being obtained by CEUS examination. By assigning to each ultrasonographic parameter a score (0 or 1) and summing up the scores of the four techniques, we obtained the best diagnostic performance in identifying lymph node metastases with 92.2% accuracy. In conclusion, the use of the presented algorithm provides the best identification of metastases in SLNs, helping in mammary carcinoma staging and appropriate therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Stan
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (A.G.); (A.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Alexandru Gudea
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (A.G.); (A.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Aurel Damian
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (A.G.); (A.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Adrian Florin Gal
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ionel Papuc
- Department of Semiology and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Raul Pop
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Reproductive Pathology, Biotechnologies in Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cristian Martonos
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania; (A.G.); (A.D.); (C.M.)
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14
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Ferrari R, Chiti LE, Manfredi M, Ravasio G, De Zani D, Zani DD, Giudice C, Gambini M, Stefanello D. Biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes after injection of methylene blue and lymphoscintigraphic guidance in 30 dogs with mast cell tumors. Vet Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
| | - Lavinia E. Chiti
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
| | - Martina Manfredi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
| | - Donatella De Zani
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
| | - Davide D. Zani
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
| | - Chiara Giudice
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
| | - Matteo Gambini
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano Lodi Italy
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15
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da Rocha AA, Carvalheira J, Gärtner F. α-catenin, β-catenin and P-120-catenin immunoexpression in canine mammary tissues and their relationship with E-cadherin. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:197-202. [PMID: 32200159 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammary tumors represent the second most common neoplasia in the canine species, where more than 50% of the cases are classified as malignant. The histological classification is used as a prognostic tool. Cadherins and catenins are responsible for cell adhesion and are intrinsic connected with the process of metastasis. E-cadherin expression in canine mammary tissues have been extensively studied. However, the studies with catenins are still scarce in the canine species. This study evaluated 74 canine mammary tissues by assessing the expression of E-cadherin and α, β and P-120 catenin molecules using the immunohistochemistry technique and their relationship with clinicopathological parameters. Three patterns of expression were identified in this study: membranous, cytoplasmic and both (membranous and cytoplasmic). In benign tumors, more than 80% of the cases had preserved expression and in malignant tumors 20% of the cases had reduced expression. A correlation between E-cadherin and P-120-catenin expression was found as well as a significant relationship between the histological type and the expression of α-catenin in malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Alvarenga da Rocha
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Júlio Carvalheira
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Research Centre for Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Institute of Biomedical Science Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; i3S, University of Porto, i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Sorenmo KU, Durham AC, Kristiansen V, Pena L, Goldschmidt MH, Stefanovski D. Developing and testing prognostic bio-scoring systems for canine mammary gland carcinomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:479-488. [PMID: 31099972 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinomas (CMC) represent a range of histolopathological subtypes with diverse biological behaviours. Several individual factors, including stage, grade, subtypes and presence of invasion, predict outcome. Less is known how these factors interact and impact prognosis. The purpose of this work was to develop and test comprehensive bio-scoring systems in CMCs. Clinical and histopathological data from 127 dogs with MCs treated through two prospective studies were obtained. All dogs underwent standardized pre-surgical staging, treatments and regular follow-up visits. All tumours were evaluated, classified and graded according to published guidelines. Time to primary metastasis was the main endpoint in this study. Two bio-scoring systems were developed: The multivariate scoring (MVS) was based on traditional statistical analysis where only factors significant in the multivariate analysis (tumour size and grade) were kept for the final model. The refined flexible scoring (RFS) system was based on results from subgroup analysis, which guided the development of a flexible system. Progressive worsening prognosis was observed with increasing bio-scores in both systems. MVS: Median primary metastasis-free survival (TTM1 days) was not reached in dogs with bio-scores 0 to 5, 10, 15 and 648, 149, 317, in MVS groups 25, 30, 40, respectively. Similarly, TTM1 was not reached in dogs with RFS 0, 1, 2 and 374, 407 and 149, in dogs with bio-scores 3, 4, 5, respectively. However, a more distinct separation between dogs with high risk vs low risk for metastasis was observed with RFS, suggesting superior overall prognostication regarding the risk for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin U Sorenmo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy C Durham
- Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Veronica Kristiansen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Pena
- Department of Animal Medicine Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School. Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael H Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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17
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Silva P, Uscategui RAR, Maronezi MC, Gasser B, Pavan L, Gatto IRH, de Almeida VT, Vicente WRR, Feliciano MAR. Ultrasonography for lymph nodes metastasis identification in bitches with mammary neoplasms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17708. [PMID: 30532025 PMCID: PMC6286329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of B-mode, Doppler ultrasonography and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography in the identification of axillary and inguinal lymph nodes metastasis in bitches with mammary neoplasms. The axillary (n = 96) and inguinal (n = 100) lymph nodes of 100 bitches were evaluated using B-Mode, Colour Doppler and ARFI-elastography. After this evaluation, mastectomy and lymph nodes excision were performed and these structures were histologically classified as free, reactive or metastatic. Ultrasonographic parameters were compared by Chi-Square or ANOVA tests and if they are significant, discriminative power analysis according to histopathological classification was performed (ROC analysis). The ARFI-elastography shear wave velocity (SWV) enabled metastasis identification in inguinal (sensitivity 95% specificity 87%) and axillary lymph nodes (sensitivity 100% specificity 94%). While B-Mode ultrasound Short/Long axis ratio evaluation of inguinal and axillary lymph nodes only resulted in a sensitivity around of 71% and specificity of 55%. In conclusion, B-Mode ultrasonography may contribute to diagnosis of metastasis in axillary and inguinal lymph nodes of bitches affected by mammary neoplasm with limited accuracy, while SWV evaluation proved to be an excellent diagnosis tool, which allows differentiation between free, reactive and tumour metastatic lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Silva
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andres Ramirez Uscategui
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Unaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marjury Cristina Maronezi
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Gasser
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Pavan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian Tavares de Almeida
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilter Ricardo Russiano Vicente
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Radiology, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
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18
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Raposo-Ferreira TMM, Brisson BK, Durham AC, Laufer-Amorim R, Kristiansen V, Puré E, Volk SW, Sorenmo K. Characteristics of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Primary and Paired Metastatic Canine Mammary Carcinomas. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:622-633. [PMID: 29788797 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818776054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process linked to metastasis in many tumor types, including mammary tumors. In this study, we evaluated E-cadherin and vimentin immunolocalization in primary canine mammary carcinomas (20 cases) and their respective metastases, as well as their relationship with the core regulators SNAIL/SLUG. To assess the number of cells undergoing the process of EMT, we quantitated double-positive (E-cadherin+/vimentin+) cells using immunofluorescence, via cell counting and image analysis. In addition, SNAIL/SLUG expression was evaluated by established immunohistochemical methods. Primary tumors had significantly more E-cadherin+/vimentin+ co-expression than their paired respective lymph node or distant metastasis, respectively. Furthermore, the percentage of E-cadherin+/vimentin+ cells in grade II and III carcinomas was significantly higher than in grade I tumors. Primary tumors had significantly higher SNAIL/SLUG expression when analyzed based on the percentage of positive cells compared with their respective distant metastases in pairwise comparisons. An inverse correlation was noted between SNAIL/SLUG immunoreactivity and percentage of E-cadherin+/vimentin+ immunopositive cells in primary tumor samples when SNAIL/SLUG immunoreactivity was grouped into 2 categories (high versus low) based on percentage-positive staining. These results show a positive correlation between E-cadherin+/vimentin+ cells and higher tumor grade, establish differences between primary tumor and their respective metastases, and provide further support that EMT plays a critical role in the metastasis of canine mammary carcinoma. Furthermore, these data suggest that modulation of this process could provide greater therapeutic control and provide support for further research to determine if E-cadherin+/vimentin+ co-immunoreactivity imparts predictive value in the clinical outcome of patients with canine mammary carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita M M Raposo-Ferreira
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Becky K Brisson
- 2 Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Durham
- 3 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- 5 Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Veronica Kristiansen
- 6 Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Puré
- 4 Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,7 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan W Volk
- 2 Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,7 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karin Sorenmo
- 4 Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,7 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Coleto AF, Wilson TM, Soares NP, Gundim LF, Castro IP, Guimarães EC, Bandarra MB, Medeiros-Ronchi AA. Prognostic Value of Occult Isolated Tumour Cells within Regional Lymph Nodes of Dogs with Malignant Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2017; 158:32-38. [PMID: 29422313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are the most common type of neoplasm in bitches. As in women, the presence of metastasis in regional lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor in bitches with mammary carcinomas, but the clinical significance of occult isolated tumour cells (ITCs) within lymph nodes is still undefined in this species. The effectiveness of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in identifying occult ITCs and micrometastasis (MIC) was compared with that of the conventional haematoxylin and eosin staining technique. The relationship between tumour size, histological type, histological grade and the presence of metastasis was evaluated. The overall survival (OS) of female dogs with occult mammary carcinomas and ITCs within lymph nodes was analysed. Fragments of mammary carcinoma and regional lymph nodes of 59 female dogs were also evaluated. Histological sections of mammary carcinoma and lymph node samples were studied for tumour diagnosis and lymph node samples were tested by IHC using a pan-cytokeratin antibody. It was found that 35.2% of occult ITCs and 2.8% of hidden MIC were detected when IHC was used. There was a good correlation between the size of the tumour and metastasis to the lymph nodes (P = 0.77). ITCs were observed more frequently in the medullary region (60.7%) and metastases in the cortical region (44.4%). There was no significant difference in the OS between female dogs with occult ITCs and lymph nodes without ITCs. IHC can detect occult tumour cells in lymph nodes that are negative by histopathological examination. Female dogs with nodal ITCs do not have lower survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Coleto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - T M Wilson
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - N P Soares
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L F Gundim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I P Castro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - E C Guimarães
- Faculty of Mathematics, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M B Bandarra
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A A Medeiros-Ronchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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20
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Oyama MA, Ellenberg SS, Shaw PA. Clinical Trials in Veterinary Medicine: A New Era Brings New Challenges. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:970-978. [PMID: 28557000 PMCID: PMC5508340 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are among the most rigorous ways to determine the causal relationship between an intervention and important clinical outcome. Their use in veterinary medicine has become increasingly common, and as is often the case, with progress comes new challenges. Randomized clinical trials yield important answers, but results from these studies can be unhelpful or even misleading unless the study design and reporting are carried out with care. Herein, we offer some perspective on several emerging challenges associated with RCTs, including use of composite endpoints, the reporting of different forms of risk, analysis in the presence of missing data, and issues of reporting and safety assessment. These topics are explored in the context of previously reported veterinary internal medicine studies as well as through illustrative examples with hypothetical data sets. Moreover, many insights germane to RCTs in veterinary internal medicine can be drawn from the wealth of experience with RCTs in the human medical field. A better understanding of the issues presented here can help improve the design, interpretation, and reporting of veterinary RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - S S Ellenberg
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Division of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - P A Shaw
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Division of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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21
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Rasotto R, Berlato D, Goldschmidt MH, Zappulli V. Prognostic Significance of Canine Mammary Tumor Histologic Subtypes: An Observational Cohort Study of 229 Cases. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:571-578. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817698208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histopathology is considered the gold standard diagnostic method for canine mammary tumors. In 2011, a new histologic classification for canine mammary tumors was proposed. The present study was a 2-year prospective study that validated the 2011 classification as an independent prognostic indicator with multivariate analysis in a population of 229 female dogs, identifying subtype-specific median survival times (MST) and local recurrence/distant metastasis rates. Dogs with benign tumors and carcinoma arising in benign mixed tumors all had an excellent prognosis. Dogs with complex carcinoma and simple tubular carcinoma also experienced prolonged survival. Those with simple tubulopapillary carcinoma, intraductal papillary carcinoma, and carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma had a more than 10-fold higher risk of tumor-related death. The prognosis was even worse for adenosquamous carcinoma (MST = 18 months), comedocarcinoma (MST = 14 months), and solid carcinoma (MST = 8 months). The most unfavorable outcome was for anaplastic carcinoma (MST = 3 months) and carcinosarcoma (MST = 3 months), which also had the highest metastatic rates (89% and 100%, respectively). Adenosquamous carcinoma exhibited the highest local recurrence rate (50%). In the same canine population, the tumor diameter was recognized as a strong predictor of local recurrence/distant metastasis and an independent prognosticator of survival in the multivariate analysis. Excision margins were predictive only of local recurrence, whereas lymphatic invasion and histologic grade were predictive of local recurrence/distant metastasis and survival, although only in univariate analyses. In conclusion, this study validated the 2011 classification scheme and provided information to be used in the clinical setting and as the basis for future prognostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Berlato
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, New Market, Suffolk, UK
| | - Michael H. Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Gundim LF, de Araújo CP, Blanca WT, Guimarães EC, Medeiros AA. Clinical staging in bitches with mammary tumors: Influence of type and histological grade. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2016; 80:318-322. [PMID: 27733787 PMCID: PMC5052884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast tumors are the most common tumors in dogs and the study of disease prognostic factors is important for establishing the appropriate treatment protocols. The purpose of this study was to clinically stage mammary tumors of bitches and correlate the stages with histological type and grade. The tumors of 63 dogs were clinically staged based on the findings of tumor sizing, lymph node evaluation, and radiographic examination. After surgical excision, the tumors were classified histologically and graded. The relationship between the tumor grade, stage, and histological type was evaluated using a binomial test. Stage I tumors were the most numerous (31.75%), followed by tumors at stages II, III, IV, and V. Animals with histological grade I carcinomas presented stage I, II, or III tumors more frequently and stage IV and V tumors less frequently. The number of animals with simple carcinomas that were at stage I of the disease was greater than that at stage V. Carcinomas in the mixed tumors were less aggressive; however, the small number of animals in stage V of the disease made any statistical association impossible. The complex carcinomas presented with the invasion of the lymph nodes and less cellular differentiation in a larger number of animals than did simple carcinomas. Histological grading proved to be the best parameter for the prognostic evaluation of the breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia F. Gundim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Mato Grosso, 3289, Bloco 2S. Campus Umuarama. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Gundim, de Araújo, Blanca, Medeiros); Faculty of Mathematics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Guimarães)
| | - Camila P. de Araújo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Mato Grosso, 3289, Bloco 2S. Campus Umuarama. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Gundim, de Araújo, Blanca, Medeiros); Faculty of Mathematics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Guimarães)
| | - William T. Blanca
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Mato Grosso, 3289, Bloco 2S. Campus Umuarama. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Gundim, de Araújo, Blanca, Medeiros); Faculty of Mathematics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Guimarães)
| | - Ednaldo C. Guimarães
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Mato Grosso, 3289, Bloco 2S. Campus Umuarama. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Gundim, de Araújo, Blanca, Medeiros); Faculty of Mathematics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Guimarães)
| | - Alessandra A. Medeiros
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Mato Grosso, 3289, Bloco 2S. Campus Umuarama. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Gundim, de Araújo, Blanca, Medeiros); Faculty of Mathematics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica. Uberlândia, MG. Brazil (Guimarães)
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Araújo M, Campos L, Damasceno K, Gamba C, Ferreira E, Cassali G. HER-2, EGFR, Cox-2 and Ki67 expression in lymph node metastasis of canine mammary carcinomas: Association with clinical-pathological parameters and overall survival. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:121-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Casey KM, Steffey MA, Affolter VK. Identification of occult micrometastases and isolated tumour cells within regional lymph nodes of previously diagnosed non-metastatic (stage 0) canine carcinomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:785-792. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Casey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - M. A. Steffey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California, Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - V. K. Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA USA
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