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Lin J, Jia S, Cao F, Huang J, Chen J, Wang J, Liu P, Zeng H, Zhang X, Cui W. Research Progress on Injectable Microspheres as New Strategies for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Through Promotion of Cartilage Repair. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2024. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202400585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease caused by a variety of factors with joint pain as the main symptom, including fibrosis, chapping, ulcers, and loss of cartilage. Traditional treatment can only delay the progression of OA, and classical delivery system have many side effects. In recent years, microspheres have shown great application prospects in the field of OA treatment. Microspheres can support cells, reproduce the natural tissue microenvironment in vitro and in vivo, and are an efficient delivery system for the release of drugs or biological agents, which can promote cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Thus, they have been widely used in cartilage repair and regeneration. In this review, preparation processes, basic materials, and functional characteristics of various microspheres commonly used in OA treatment are systematically reviewed. Then it is introduced surface modification strategies that can improve the biological properties of microspheres and discussed a series of applications of microsphere functionalized scaffolds in OA treatment. Finally, based on bibliometrics research, the research development, future potential, and possible research hotspots of microspheres in the field of OA therapy is systematically and dynamically evaluated. The comprehensive and systematic review will bring new understanding to the field of microsphere treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjing Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518036 P. R. China
| | - Shicheng Jia
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518036 P. R. China
- Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong 515041 P. R. China
| | - Fuyang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan Shanxi 030001 P. R. China
| | - Jingtao Huang
- Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong 515041 P. R. China
| | - Jiayou Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518036 P. R. China
- Shantou University Medical College Shantou Guangdong 515041 P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518036 P. R. China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University) Shenzhen Guangdong 518035 China
| | - Xintao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Peking University Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518036 P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
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Milano F, Masi A, Madaghiele M, Sannino A, Salvatore L, Gallo N. Current Trends in Gelatin-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051499. [PMID: 37242741 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatin is a highly versatile natural polymer, which is widely used in healthcare-related sectors due to its advantageous properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low-cost, and the availability of exposed chemical groups. In the biomedical field, gelatin is used also as a biomaterial for the development of drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to its applicability to several synthesis techniques. In this review, after a brief overview of its chemical and physical properties, the focus is placed on the commonly used techniques for the development of gelatin-based micro- or nano-sized DDSs. We highlight the potential of gelatin as a carrier of many types of bioactive compounds and its ability to tune and control select drugs' release kinetics. The desolvation, nanoprecipitation, coacervation, emulsion, electrospray, and spray drying techniques are described from a methodological and mechanistic point of view, with a careful analysis of the effects of the main variable parameters on the DDSs' properties. Lastly, the outcomes of preclinical and clinical studies involving gelatin-based DDSs are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Milano
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Annalia Masi
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marta Madaghiele
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luca Salvatore
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Typeone Biomaterials Srl, Via Europa 113, 73021 Calimera, Italy
| | - Nunzia Gallo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Mao Y, Chen Y, Liu C, He X, Zheng Y, Chen X, Wang Y, Chen W, Wu Y, Shen Y, Yang H, Ma S. Cefquinome Sulfate Oily Nanosuspension Designed for Improving its Bioavailability in the Treatment of Veterinary Infections. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2535-2553. [PMID: 35677677 PMCID: PMC9169852 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s348822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cefquinome sulfate (CS) is the first fourth-generation antibiotic for animals, which has a wide antibacterial spectrum, strong antibacterial activity and low drug resistance. However, it is accompanied by problems of poor therapeutic efficacy. In this context, the use of nanosuspensions have been found to be an attractive strategy. The main objective of this work is to develop a new oily nanosuspension to improve bioavailability and stability of CS formulations. Methods After screening the formulations, cefquinome sulfate oily nanosuspension (CS-NSP) was prepared by mortar grinding, using propylene glycol dicaprolate/dicaprate (Labrafac™ PG) as oil medium and caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides (Labrasol®) as stabilizer. The properties of CS-NSP were investigated by testing its physicochemical characteristics, stability, in vitro release, hemolysis, and muscle irritation. The in vivo pharmacokinetics of CS-NSP was studied using rats. Results Results show that CS-NSP presents suitable stability, physicochemical properties and safety. Moreover, a rapid release and high bioavailability of CS-NSP have also been verified in the study. Pharmacokinetic experiments in vivo showed that the bioavailability of CS-NSP was about 1.6 times that of commercial cefquinome sulfate injection (CS-INJ, Chuangdao®) (p<0.01). These advantages of CS-NSP were carried out by small particle size and low viscosity, being associated with the use of Labrafac PG and stabilizer Labrasol. Conclusion The results proved that the new preparation is safe and effective and is expected to become a promising veterinary nanodelivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Mao
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Haifeng Yang, Email
| | - Songbo Ma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, 225300, People’s Republic of China
- Songbo Ma, Email
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Elbadawy M, Soliman A, Abugomaa A, Alkhedaide A, Soliman MM, Aboubakr M. Disposition of Cefquinome in Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo) Following Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111804. [PMID: 34834219 PMCID: PMC8622898 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in turkeys of cefquinome (CFQ), a broad-spectrum 4th-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, were explored after a single injection of 2 mg/kg body weight by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes. In a crossover design and 3-weeks washout interval, seven turkeys were assigned for this objective. Blood samples were collected prior to and at various time intervals following each administration. The concentration of CFQ in plasma was measured using HPLC with a UV detector set at 266 nm. For pharmacokinetic analysis, non-compartmental methods have been applied. Following IV administration, the elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz), distribution volume at steady state (Vdss), and total body clearance (Cltot) of CFQ were 1.55 h, 0.54 L/kg, and 0.32 L/h/kg, respectively. Following the IM administration, CFQ was speedily absorbed with an absorption half-life (t1/2ab) of 0.25 h, a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 2.71 μg/mL, attained (Tmax) at 0.56 h. The bioavailability (F) and in vitro plasma protein binding of CFQ were 95.56% and 11.5%, respectively. Results indicated that CFQ was speedily absorbed with a considerable bioavailability after IM administration. In conclusion, CFQ has a favorable disposition in turkeys that can guide to estimate optimum dosage regimes and eventually lead to its usage to eradicate turkey's susceptible bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Qalioubiya, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (A.A.); Tel.: +81-90-2076-8122 (M.E.); +81-90-1238-1298 (A.A.)
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Dakahliya, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (A.A.); Tel.: +81-90-2076-8122 (M.E.); +81-90-1238-1298 (A.A.)
| | - Adel Alkhedaide
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Mohamed Aboubakr
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Qalioubiya, Egypt;
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Dong Z, Meng X, Yang W, Zhang J, Sun P, Zhang H, Fang X, Wang DA, Fan C. Progress of gelatin-based microspheres (GMSs) as delivery vehicles of drug and cell. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 122:111949. [PMID: 33641932 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin has various attractive features as biomedical materials, for instance, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, biodegradability, and ease of manipulation. In recent years, various gelatin-based microspheres (GMSs) have been fabricated with innovative technologies to serve as sustained delivery vehicles of drugs and genetic materials as well as beneficial bacteria. Moreover, GMSs have exhibited promising potentials to act as both cell carriers and 3D scaffold components in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which not only exhibit excellent injectability but also could be integrated into a macroscale construct with the laden cells. Herein, we aim to thoroughly summarize the recent progress in the preparations and biomedical applications of GMSs and then to point out the research direction in future. First, various methods for the fabrication of GMSs will be described. Second, the recent use of GMSs in tumor embolization and in the delivery of cells, drugs, and genetic material as well as bacteria will be presented. Finally, several key factors that may enhance the improvement of GMSs were suggested as delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxiang Dong
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyue Meng
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Songshan Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hi-tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China; Karolinska Institute Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, HKSTP, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Changjiang Fan
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China.
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Nii T, Kuwahara T, Makino K, Tabata Y. A Co-Culture System of Three-Dimensional Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Three-Dimensional Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Combined with Biomolecule Release for Cancer Cell Migration. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:1272-1282. [PMID: 32434426 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to design a cancer invasion model by making use of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) or tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GM) for the sustained release of drugs. The GM containing adenosine (A) (GM-A) were prepared and cultured with TAM to obtain three-dimensional (3D) TAM aggregates incorporating GM-A (3D TAM-GM-A). The GM-A incorporation enabled TAM to enhance the secretion level of vascular endothelial growth factor. When co-cultured with HepG2 liver cancer cells in an invasion assay, the 3D TAM-GM-A promoted the invasion rate of cancer cells. In addition, the E-cadherin expression level decreased to a significantly greater extent compared with that co-cultured with TAM aggregates incorporating GM, whereas the significantly higher expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin was observed. This indicates that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition event was induced. The GM containing transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were prepared to incorporate into 3D CAF (3D CAF-GM-TGF-β1). Following a co-culture of mixed 3D CAF-GM-TGF-β1 and 3D TAM-GM-A and every HepG2, MCF-7 breast cancer cell, or WA-hT lung cancer cell, the invasion rate of every cancer cell enhanced depending on the mixing ratio of 3D TAM-GM-A and 3D CAF-GM-TGF-β1. The amount of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) secreted also enhanced, and the enhancement was well corresponded with that of cancer cell invasion rate. The higher MMP secretion assists the breakdown of basement membrane, leading to the higher rate of cancer cell invasion. This model is a promising 3D culture system to evaluate the invasion ability of various cancer cells in vitro. Impact statement This study proposes a cell culture system to enhance the tumor-associated macrophage function based on the combination of three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates and gelatin hydrogel microspheres (GM) for adenosine delivery. An additional combination of 3D cancer-associated fibroblasts incorporating GM containing transforming growth factor-β1 allowed cancer cells to enhance their invasion rate. This co-culture system is promising to evaluate the ability of cancer cell invasion for anticancer drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nii
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Toshie Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yang Y, Yuan L, Li J, Muhammad I, Cheng P, Xiao T, Zhang X. Preparation and evaluation of tilmicosin microspheres and lung-targeting studies in rabbits. Vet J 2019; 246:27-34. [PMID: 30902186 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tilmicosin (TMS) is a macrolide used extensively for pulmonary infections in clinical veterinary medicine. However, TMS has frequent administration and short elimination half-life. Therefore, tilmicosin-gelatine microspheres (TMS-GMS) were prepared by an emulsion-chemical cross-linking technique as a sustained-release formulation to extend drug half-life. The particle size distribution, in-vitro sustained-release properties, stability, and physical characteristics, as well as pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics, were evaluated in rabbits. TMS-GMS were spherical in shape and had a mean diameter of 11.34±1.20μm; 95.65% of the microspheres varied in size from 5.0 to 25.0μm. Light and thermal stability tests indicated no significant changes in all observed indices. Importantly, compared to crude TMS, slower release of TMS from TMS-GMS was noted in drug release studies (in vitro). Pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics were examined in the lung, liver, heart, kidney and muscle tissue of rabbits following IM injection of TMS-GMS or TMS-injection at a dose of 10mg/kg. The elimination half-life of TMS-GMS (59.21±0.21h) was longer than that of TMS-injection (38.56±0.13h) in the lung. The ratio of peak concentration (Ce) of TMS-GMS to TMS-injection was 2.19 (>1) in the lung, demonstrating the selectivity of TMS-GMS to target the lung compared to that of other tissues (Ce<1). Interestingly, the uptake value of TMS from TMS-GMS was 8.48 times higher in the lung than that for the TMS-injection, and was slightly higher than in the liver (1.85), heart (1.72), kidney (2.44) and muscle (2.79) tissues. TMS-GMS is a sustained-release formulation of TMS with potential to be used in veterinary clinical applications; possible benefits include lung-targeting and prolonged elimination half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University,600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, PR China
| | - L Yuan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University,600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - J Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University,600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, PR China
| | - I Muhammad
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University,600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, PR China
| | - P Cheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University,600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, PR China
| | - T Xiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University,600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, PR China
| | - X Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University,600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, PR China.
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