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Norscia I, Collarini E, Robino C, Chierto E, Cordoni G. Witness for resolution: post-conflict quadratic affiliation in semi-free ranging pigs. Curr Zool 2024; 70:233-243. [PMID: 38726243 PMCID: PMC11078055 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In social mammals, post-conflict resolution can involve the reunion of former opponents (reconciliation), spontaneous/solicited post-conflict affiliation of a third party with either opponent (triadic contacts), and affiliation between other individuals (hereafter bystanders; quadratic contacts). Quadratic contacts-possibly informing complex cognitive abilities-have been neglected in post-conflict studies. We investigated quadratic affiliation in semi-free ranging pigs Sus scrofa, at the ethical farm Parva-Domus (Cavagnolo, Italy). Kinship was known. We collected behavioral data on adult pigs (n = 104) via video recordings (43 h) followed by video analyses. Affiliative and anxiety behaviors between bystanders were collected under post-conflict (PC; following a conflict between non-bystanders) and matched-control (MC; no conflict) conditions. Quadratic affiliation was present in pigs, as bystanders affiliated more in PC than MC, and such affiliation was followed by a decrease in the anxiety behaviors of both the interacting bystanders. Thus, quadratic contacts may be partly aimed at reducing one's own anxiety (intrinsic regulation). Quadratic affiliation was highest between closely related bystanders, which suggests that such affiliation may be most effective when close kin is involved. Quadratic affiliation was lowest after reconciliation and spontaneous triadic contacts. This suggests that direct peacemaking between opponents and spontaneous triadic contacts with close kin may most likely replace quadratic affiliation. Hence, pigs can be influenced by the negative events that affect other pigs-but not themselves-and their response may be modulated by social factors. Such non-random quadratic affiliation may point toward the presence of elements of social appraisal abilities in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Norscia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Edoardo Collarini
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Torino, C.So Galileo Galilei 22, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Robino
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Torino, C.So Galileo Galilei 22, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Chierto
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Torino, C.So Galileo Galilei 22, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giada Cordoni
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
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Popczyk B, Klich D, Nasiadka P, Nieszała A, Gadkowski K, Sobczuk M, Balcerak M, Kociuba P, Olech W, Purski L. Over 300 km Dispersion of Wild Boar during Hot Summer, from Central Poland to Ukraine. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:170. [PMID: 38200901 PMCID: PMC10778108 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The movement of wild boars is a complex process influenced by both internal conditions and external factors. Despite their typically sedentary lifestyle, dispersion constitutes an integral element of the wild boar's behavior. This report documents the longest observed wild boar dispersal, involving a collared two-year-old male near Warsaw, Poland. The aim of this study was to present the characteristics of movement during the "nomadic phase", drawing comparisons with the "sedentary phase". The other aim was to evaluate the influence of meteorological factors on the minimum daily travel distance of the wild boar. We collected data from two-year-old males. The first exhibited long-distance dispersal and the second only demonstrated local movements. We calculated the minimum daily distance of both wild boars based on collar locations and calculated basic statistics of movement. We used a generalized linear model with a gamma distribution and log link function to assess the potential impact of weather conditions on the minimum daily distance of wild boars. We tested maximum daily temperature, average daily temperature, and the sum of daily precipitation. The wild boar during a "nomadic phase" covered a total of 922 km with a mean minimum daily movement of 6 km. The dispersion distance was 307 km. The highest value of the minimum daily distance reached 31.8 km/day. The second wild boar (near Warsaw) covered a mean minimum daily distance of 1.4 km; the highest value of the minimum daily distance was 3.9 km. Both wild boars exhibited no dependence of minimum daily distance on weather conditions. However, when intensive and non-intensive dispersion were analyzed separately, it was demonstrated that the maximum daily temperature positively influenced the minimum daily distance. We speculate that the wild boar was forced to search for water sources after dark on hot days, which induced a longer traveling distance in an unfamiliar environment. This study highlights the significant spatial capabilities of wild boar in the transmission of genes or pathogens. We speculate that extended daily distances during the initial "nomadic phase" might suggest a panicked escape from a perceived threat. It is plausible that the wild boar found improved shelter within tall cereal crops in July and August, which resulted in lower daily distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Popczyk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland (P.N.); (A.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Daniel Klich
- Department of Genetics and Animal Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland (P.N.); (A.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Paweł Nasiadka
- Department of Genetics and Animal Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland (P.N.); (A.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Angelika Nieszała
- Department of Genetics and Animal Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland (P.N.); (A.N.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Maria Sobczuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland (P.N.); (A.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Balcerak
- Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Kociuba
- Institute of Mathematics, Informatics and Landscape Architecture, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Genetics and Animal Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland (P.N.); (A.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Ludwik Purski
- GIGACO Ltd., Świeradowska 47, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (K.G.)
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3
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Wellens KR, Lee SM, Winans JC, Pusey AE, Murray CM. Female chimpanzee associations with male kin: trade-offs between inbreeding avoidance and infanticide protection. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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4
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Genomic tools reveal complex social organization of an invasive large mammal (Sus scrofa). Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Castillo-Contreras R, Marín M, López-Olvera JR, Ayats T, Fernandez Aguilar X, Lavín S, Mentaberre G, Cerdà-Cuéllar M. Zoonotic Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. carried by wild boars in a metropolitan area: occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility and public health relevance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153444. [PMID: 35092769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are the most reported zoonotic agents in Europe. They can be transmitted from wildlife to humans, and wild boars (Sus scrofa) can harbour them. In the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (MAB, NE Spain) wild boars are found in urbanized areas. To assess the potential public health risk of this increasing wild boar population, we collected stool samples from 130 wild boars from the MAB (June 2015 - February 2016), to determine the Campylobacter and Salmonella occurrence and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. We also investigated the genetic diversity and virulence potential of Campylobacter. Campylobacter prevalence in wild boars was 61%. Forty six percent of wild boars carried Campylobacter lanienae, 16% carried Campylobacter coli, and 1% carried Campylobacter hyointestinalis; 4% carried both C. lanienae and C. coli, and 1% carried both C. lanienae and C. hyointestinalis. This is the first report of C. hyointestinalis in wildlife in Spain. Using pulse-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, we observed a high genetic diversity of Campylobacter and identified new sequence types. Thirty-three percent of C. coli and 14% of C. lanienae isolates showed a high virulence potential. All of the Campylobacter isolates analysed were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Multidrug resistance was only detected in C. coli (67%). Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was detected in four wild boars (3%) and included a S. Enteritidis serovar (1/4 wild boars) and a multidrug-resistant (ASSuT) monophasic S. Typhimurium serovar (1/4 wild boars) which is associated with human infections and pig meat in Europe. The characteristics of some of the Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates recovered suggest an anthropogenic origin. Wild boars are a reservoir of Campylobacter and have the potential to spread antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter and Salmonella in urbanized areas in the MAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Castillo-Contreras
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Marín
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Ramón López-Olvera
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernandez Aguilar
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Lavín
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology and Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Serra Húnter fellow; Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H) and Departament de Ciència Animal, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària (ETSEA), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Av. Rovira Roure 191, E-25098 Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Saito R, Kondo NI, Nemoto Y, Kumada R, Nakajima N, Tamaoki M. Genetic Population Structure of Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa) in Fukushima Prefecture. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:491. [PMID: 35203198 PMCID: PMC8868446 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to reveal the dispersal and gene flow of the local wild boar (Sus scrofa) population and find their genetic boundary in Fukushima Prefecture. After the nuclear incident in 2011, the land was considered a difficult-to-return zone, and the increase in the number of wild boars was pronounced. To provide an effective management strategy for the wild boar population, we used multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq) and clarified the genetic structure of wild boars. We obtained 328 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from 179 samples. STRUCTURE analysis showed that the most likely number of population cluster was K = 2. Molecular analysis of variance showed significant genetic differences between groups of wild boars inhabiting in the east and west across the Abukuma River. The migration rate from the eastern population to the western population is higher than in the reverse case based on BayesAss analysis. Our study indicates that both the Abukuma River and anthropogenic urbanization along the river may affect the migration of wild boars and the population in western was established mainly by the migration from other neighboring prefectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Saito
- Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu-machi 963-7700, Japan;
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu-machi 963-7700, Japan;
| | - Natsuko Ito Kondo
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Yamagata 305-8506, Japan; (N.I.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Yui Nemoto
- Okutama Practice Forest, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hikawa 2137, Okutama 198-0212, Japan;
| | - Reiko Kumada
- Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu-machi 963-7700, Japan;
| | - Nobuyoshi Nakajima
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Yamagata 305-8506, Japan; (N.I.K.); (N.N.)
| | - Masanori Tamaoki
- Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu-machi 963-7700, Japan;
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Yamagata 305-8506, Japan; (N.I.K.); (N.N.)
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7
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Podgórski T, Pepin KM, Radko A, Podbielska A, Łyjak M, Woźniakowski G, Borowik T. How do genetic relatedness and spatial proximity shape African swine fever infections in wild boar? Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2656-2666. [PMID: 34902218 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The importance of social and spatial structuring of wildlife populations for disease spread, though widely recognized, is still poorly understood in many host-pathogen systems. In particular, system specific kin relationships among hosts can create contact heterogeneities and differential disease transmission rates. Here, we investigate how distance-dependent infection risk is influenced by genetic relatedness in a novel host-pathogen system: wild boar (Sus scrofa) and African swine fever (ASF). We hypothesized that infection risk would correlate positively with proximity and relatedness to ASF-infected individuals but expected those relationships to weaken with distance between individuals due to decay in contact rates and genetic similarity. We genotyped 323 wild boar samples (243 ASF-negative and 80 ASF-positive) collected in north-eastern Poland in 2014-2016 and modeled the effects of geographic distance, genetic relatedness, and ASF virus transmission mode (direct or carcass-based) on the probability of ASF infection. Infection risk was positively associated with spatial proximity and genetic relatedness to infected individuals with generally stronger effect of distance. In the high-contact zone (0-2 km), infection risk was shaped by the presence of infected individuals rather than by relatedness to them. In the medium-contact zone (2-5 km), infection risk decreased but was still associated with relatedness and paired infections were more frequent among relatives. At farther distances, infection risk further declined with relatedness and proximity to positive individuals, and was 60% lower among unrelated individuals in the no-contact zone (33% in10-20 km) compared with among relatives in the high-contact zone (93% in 0-2 km). Transmission mode influenced the relationship between proximity or relatedness and infection risk. Our results indicate that the presence of nearby infected individuals is most important for shaping ASF infection rates through carcass-based transmission, while relatedness plays an important role in shaping transmission rates between live animals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, Białowieża, 17-230, Poland.,Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526
| | - Anna Radko
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, Balice, 32-083, Poland
| | - Angelika Podbielska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, Balice, 32-083, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łyjak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, Pulawy, 24-100, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Deparment of Diagnosis and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Tomasz Borowik
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, Białowieża, 17-230, Poland
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8
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Zero-inflated-censored Weibull and gamma regression models to estimate wild boar population dispersal distance. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF STATISTICS AND DATA SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42081-021-00124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe dynamics of the wild boar population has become a pressing issue not only for ecological purposes, but also for agricultural and livestock production. The data related to the wild boar dispersal distance can have a complex structure, including excess of zeros and right-censored observations, thus being challenging for modeling. In this sense, we propose two different zero-inflated-right-censored regression models, assuming Weibull and gamma distributions. First, we present the construction of the likelihood function, and then, we apply both models to simulated datasets, demonstrating that both regression models behave well. The simulation results point to the consistency and asymptotic unbiasedness of the developed methods. Afterwards, we adjusted both models to a simulated dataset of wild boar dispersal, including excess of zeros, right-censored observations, and two covariates: age and sex. We showed that the models were useful to extract inferences about the wild boar dispersal, correctly describing the data mimicking a situation where males disperse more than females, and age has a positive effect on the dispersal of the wild boars. These results are useful to overcome some limitations regarding inferences in zero-inflated-right-censored datasets, especially concerning the wild boar’s population. Users will be provided with an R function to run the proposed models.
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9
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortazar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Winckler C, Abrahantes JC, Dhollander S, Ivanciu C, Papanikolaou A, Van der Stede Y, Blome S, Guberti V, Loi F, More S, Olsevskis E, Thulke HH, Viltrop A. ASF Exit Strategy: Providing cumulative evidence of the absence of African swine fever virus circulation in wild boar populations using standard surveillance measures. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06419. [PMID: 33717352 PMCID: PMC7926520 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA assessed the role of seropositive wild boar in African swine fever (ASF) persistence. Surveillance data from Estonia and Latvia investigated with a generalised equation method demonstrated a significantly slower decline in seroprevalence in adult animals compared with subadults. The seroprevalence in adults, taking more than 24 months to approach zero after the last detection of ASFV circulation, would be a poor indicator to demonstrate the absence of virus circulation. A narrative literature review updated the knowledge on the mortality rate, the duration of protective immunity and maternal antibodies and transmission parameters. In addition, parameters potentially leading to prolonged virus circulation (persistence) in wild boar populations were reviewed. A stochastic explicit model was used to evaluate the dynamics of virus prevalence, seroprevalence and the number of carcasses attributed to ASF. Secondly, the impact of four scenarios on the duration of ASF virus (ASFV) persistence was evaluated with the model, namely a: (1) prolonged, lifelong infectious period, (2) reduction in the case-fatality rate and prolonged transient infectiousness; (3) change in duration of protective immunity and (4) change in the duration of protection from maternal antibodies. Only the lifelong infectious period scenario had an important prolonging effect on the persistence of ASF. Finally, the model tested the performance of different proposed surveillance strategies to provide evidence of the absence of virus circulation (Exit Strategy). A two-phase approach (Screening Phase, Confirmation Phase) was suggested for the Exit Strategy. The accuracy of the Exit Strategy increases with increasing numbers of carcasses collected and tested. The inclusion of active surveillance based on hunting has limited impact on the performance of the Exit Strategy compared with lengthening of the monitoring period. This performance improvement should be reasonably balanced against an unnecessary prolonged 'time free' with only a marginal gain in performance. Recommendations are provided for minimum monitoring periods leading to minimal failure rates of the Exit Strategy. The proposed Exit Strategy would fail with the presence of lifelong infectious wild boar. That said, it should be emphasised that the existence of such animals is speculative, based on current knowledge.
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Reiner G, Rumpel M, Zimmer K, Willems H. Genetic Differentiation of Wild Boar Populations in a Region Endangered by African Swine Fever. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Reiner
- Working Group Wildlife Biology Justus‐Liebig University 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Martin Rumpel
- Working Group Wildlife Biology Justus‐Liebig University 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Karl Zimmer
- Institute of Veterinary Diagnostics Landesuntersuchungsamt 56068 Koblenz Germany
| | - Hermann Willems
- Working Group Wildlife Biology Justus‐Liebig University 35392 Giessen Germany
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11
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Pepin KM, Golnar A, Podgórski T. Social structure defines spatial transmission of African swine fever in wild boar. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200761. [PMID: 33468025 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial spread of infectious disease is determined by spatial and social processes such as animal space use and family group structure. Yet, the impacts of social processes on spatial spread remain poorly understood and estimates of spatial transmission kernels (STKs) often exclude social structure. Understanding the impacts of social structure on STKs is important for obtaining robust inferences for policy decisions and optimizing response plans. We fit spatially explicit transmission models with different assumptions about contact structure to African swine fever virus surveillance data from eastern Poland from 2014 to 2015 and evaluated how social structure affected inference of STKs and spatial spread. The model with social structure provided better inference of spatial spread, predicted that approximately 80% of transmission events occurred within family groups, and that transmission was weakly female-biased (other models predicted weakly male-biased transmission). In all models, most transmission events were within 1.5 km, with some rare events at longer distances. Effective reproductive numbers were between 1.1 and 2.5 (maximum values between 4 and 8). Social structure can modify spatial transmission dynamics. Accounting for this additional contact heterogeneity in spatial transmission models could provide more robust inferences of STKs for policy decisions, identify best control targets and improve transparency in model uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Andrew Golnar
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland.,Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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12
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Choi SK, Kim KS, Ranyuk M, Babaev E, Voloshina I, Bayarlkhagva D, Chong JR, Ishiguro N, Yu L, Min MS, Lee H, Markov N. Asia-wide phylogeography of wild boar (Sus scrofa) based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome: Revising the migration routes of wild boar in Asia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238049. [PMID: 32834019 PMCID: PMC7444817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics of pigs has been well studied in Europe and Asia, but most of previous studies of molecular phylogeny of Sus scrofa have been based on sequences of both wild and domestic forms. In this study we analysed genetic traits of Sus scrofa from 13 regions in Asia (including previously undisclosed Eastern Caucasus and Trans-Baikal regions) using purely wild boar samples. Mitochondrial control region and Y-chromosome genes (AMELY & USP9Y) were employed to resolve phylogeographic relationships. We discussed spatio-temporal dynamics of wild boar distribution and compared molecular data to morphological and cytogenetic data on wild boar variability and taxonomy. A total of 51 haplotypes were detected in mtDNA control region and five haplotypes were found in combined sequences of Y-chromosome genes. The phylogeography of Asia-wide wild boars supported a hypothesis of migration from South-East Asia to South Asia, followed by migration to East and West Asia. We present a hypothesis about independent dispersal of wild boars into West Asia from South and North-East Asia. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny generally fits the morphologically based intraspecies taxonomy. Distribution of chromosomal variants of wild boar presently does not show clear correlation with mtDNA clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kyoung Choi
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Seok Kim
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Maryana Ranyuk
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Elmar Babaev
- Caspian Institute of biological Resources of Dagestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russian Federation
| | - Inna Voloshina
- Lazovsky State Nature Reserve, Lazo, Primorsky Krai, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Naotaka Ishiguro
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Li Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mi-Sook Min
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Lee
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HL); (NM)
| | - Nickolay Markov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
- * E-mail: (HL); (NM)
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13
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Taylor RA, Podgórski T, Simons RRL, Ip S, Gale P, Kelly LA, Snary EL. Predicting spread and effective control measures for African swine fever-Should we blame the boars? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:397-416. [PMID: 32564507 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An ongoing, continually spreading, outbreak of African swine fever (ASF), following its identification in Georgia in 2007, has resulted in 17 European and 12 Asian countries reporting cases by April 2020, with cases occurring in both wild boar and domestic pigs. Curtailing further spread of ASF requires understanding of the transmission pathways of the disease. ASF is self-sustaining in the wild boar population, and they have been implicated as one of the main drivers of transmission within Europe. We developed a spatially explicit model to estimate the risk of infection with ASF in wild boar and pigs due to natural movement of wild boar that is applicable across the whole of Europe. We demonstrate the model by using it to predict the probability that early cases of ASF in Poland were caused by wild boar dispersion. The risk of infection in 2015 is computed due to wild boar cases in Poland in 2014, compared against reported cases in 2015, and then the procedure is repeated for 2015-2016. We find that long- and medium-distance spread of ASF (i.e. >30 km) is unlikely to have occurred due to wild boar dispersal, due in part to the generally short distances wild boar will travel (<20 km on average). We also predict the relative success of different control strategies in 2015, if they were implemented in 2014. Results suggest that hunting of wild boar reduces the number of new cases, but a larger region is at risk of ASF compared with no control measure. Alternatively, introducing wild boar-proof fencing reduces the size of the region at risk in 2015, but not the total number of cases. Overall, our model suggests wild boar movement is only responsible for local transmission of disease; thus, other pathways are more dominant in medium- and long-distance spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Taylor
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland.,Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Robin R L Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Sophie Ip
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Gale
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Louise A Kelly
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma L Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
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14
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Pearson SK, Johnston GR, Bull CM, Fenner AL, Gardner MG. Fine‐scale genetic structuring in a group‐living lizard, the gidgee skink (
Egernia stokesii
). AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Pearson
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University of South Australia GPO Box 2100 Adelaide South Australia 5001Australia
| | - Gregory R. Johnston
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University of South Australia GPO Box 2100 Adelaide South Australia 5001Australia
- South Australian Museum Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology School of Medicine University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - C. Michael Bull
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University of South Australia GPO Box 2100 Adelaide South Australia 5001Australia
| | - Aaron L. Fenner
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University of South Australia GPO Box 2100 Adelaide South Australia 5001Australia
| | - Michael G. Gardner
- College of Science and Engineering Flinders University of South Australia GPO Box 2100 Adelaide South Australia 5001Australia
- South Australian Museum Adelaide South Australia Australia
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15
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Pepin KM, Golnar AJ, Abdo Z, Podgórski T. Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: Insight for control. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2846-2859. [PMID: 32211160 PMCID: PMC7083705 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental sources of infection can play a primary role in shaping epidemiological dynamics; however, the relative impact of environmental transmission on host-pathogen systems is rarely estimated. We developed and fit a spatially explicit model of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in wild boar to estimate what proportion of carcass-based transmission is contributing to the low-level persistence of ASFV in Eastern European wild boar. Our model was developed based on ecological insight and data from field studies of ASFV and wild boar in Eastern Poland. We predicted that carcass-based transmission would play a substantial role in persistence, especially in low-density host populations where contact rates are low. By fitting the model to outbreak data using approximate Bayesian computation, we inferred that between 53% and 66% of transmission events were carcass-based that is, transmitted through contact of a live host with a contaminated carcass. Model fitting and sensitivity analyses showed that the frequency of carcass-based transmission increased with decreasing host density, suggesting that management policies should emphasize the removal of carcasses and consider how reductions in host densities may drive carcass-based transmission. Sensitivity analyses also demonstrated that carcass-based transmission is necessary for the autonomous persistence of ASFV under realistic parameters. Autonomous persistence through direct transmission alone required high host densities; otherwise re-introduction of virus periodically was required for persistence when direct transmission probabilities were moderately high. We quantify the relative role of different persistence mechanisms for a low-prevalence disease using readily collected ecological data and viral surveillance data. Understanding how the frequency of different transmission mechanisms vary across host densities can help identify optimal management strategies across changing ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Pepin
- National Wildlife Research CenterUSDAAPHISFort CollinsCOUSA
| | | | - Zaid Abdo
- Microbiology, Immunology, and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesBiałowieżaPoland
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife BiologyFaculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life SciencesPraha 6Czech Republic
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16
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Cukor J, Linda R, Václavek P, Šatrán P, Mahlerová K, Vacek Z, Kunca T, Havránek F. Wild boar deathbed choice in relation to ASF: Are there any differences between positive and negative carcasses? Prev Vet Med 2020; 177:104943. [PMID: 32172021 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal, infectious disease affecting wild boars and domestic pigs, mostly resulting in their deaths. Previous studies showed that carcasses of infected wild boars pose a serious threat for ASF virus transmission and leaving of dead bodies in the environment enables persistence of the disease in the given affected area. Therefore, the prompt finding and removal of the carcasses is crucial for effective ASF control. This study reveals habitat preferences of ASF-positive wild boars for their deathbeds, which could greatly improve the effectivity in the search for infected carcasses. The vast majority (71%) of carcasses were found in forests (although forests occupy only 26.6% of the high-risk area - Zlin region, Czech Republic), especially in young forest stands; 91.3% of infected wild boar carcasses, which were found in forests, were in stands of up to 40 years of age, where infected individuals search for calm and quiet places. The preference of younger forest stands is significantly higher for infected individuals (p < 0.001). On meadows, infected individuals preferred a higher herb layer (p = 0.002) compared to non-infected individuals. A higher preference of places more distant from roads and forest edges was observed for the infected individuals as well (p < 0.001 in both cases). No differences in deathbed habitat preference were observed between selected sex-age categories. The distance between carcasses and water source was observed to be dependent on current mean temperature. Carcasses were found closer to the water sources at higher mean temperature. Because of the comparable character of the landscape, presented models are applicable across Central Europe and have the potential to greatly facilitate the search for infected carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cukor
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, v.v.i., Strnady 136, 252 02, Jíloviště, Czech Republic; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague 6 Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Rostislav Linda
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, v.v.i., Strnady 136, 252 02, Jíloviště, Czech Republic; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague 6 Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Václavek
- State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Rantířovská 93/20, 586 01, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šatrán
- State Veterinary Administration, Slezská 7/100, 120 56, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Mahlerová
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague 6 Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Vacek
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague 6 Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Kunca
- Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Department of Game Management, Těšnov 65/17, 11000, Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - František Havránek
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, v.v.i., Strnady 136, 252 02, Jíloviště, Czech Republic
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17
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Taylor RA, Condoleo R, Simons RRL, Gale P, Kelly LA, Snary EL. The Risk of Infection by African Swine Fever Virus in European Swine Through Boar Movement and Legal Trade of Pigs and Pig Meat. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:486. [PMID: 31998765 PMCID: PMC6962172 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is currently spreading westwards throughout Europe and eastwards into China, with cases occurring in both wild boar and domestic pigs. A generic risk assessment framework is used to determine the probability of first infection with ASF virus (ASFV) at a fine spatial scale across European Union Member States. The framework aims to assist risk managers across Europe with their ASF surveillance and intervention activities. Performing the risk assessment at a fine spatial scale allows for hot-spot surveillance, which can aid risk managers by directing surveillance or intervention resources at those areas or pathways deemed most at risk, and hence enables prioritization of limited resources. We use 2018 cases of ASF to estimate prevalence of the disease in both wild boar and pig populations and compute the risk of initial infection for 2019 at a 100 km2 cell resolution via three potential pathways: legal trade in live pigs, natural movement of wild boar, and legal trade in pig meat products. We consider the number of pigs, boar and amount of pig meat entering our area of interest, the prevalence of the disease in the origin country, the probability of exposure of susceptible pigs or boar in the area of interest to introduced infected pigs, boar, or meat from an infected pig, and the probability of transmission to susceptible animals. We provide maps across Europe indicating regions at highest risk of initial infection. Results indicate that the risk of ASF in 2019 was predominantly focused on those regions which already had numerous cases in 2018 (Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, Romania, and Latvia). The riskiest pathway for ASFV transmission to pigs was the movement of wild boar for Eastern European countries and legal trade of pigs for Western European countries. New infections are more likely to occur in wild boar rather than pigs, for both the pig meat and wild boar movement pathways. Our results provide an opportunity to focus surveillance activities and thus increase our ability to detect ASF introductions earlier, a necessary requirement if we are to successfully control the spread of this devastating disease for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Condoleo
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Robin R. L. Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Gale
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Kelly
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Portanier E, Garel M, Devillard S, Duhayer J, Poirel MT, Henri H, Régis C, Maillard D, Redman E, Itty C, Michel P, Bourgoin G. Does host socio-spatial behavior lead to a fine-scale spatial genetic structure in its associated parasites? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:64. [PMID: 31697232 PMCID: PMC6836744 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal nematodes, especially Haemonchus contortus, are widespread pathogenic parasites of small ruminants. Studying their spatial genetic structure is as important as studying host genetic structure to fully understand host-parasite interactions and transmission patterns. For parasites having a simple life cycle (e.g., monoxenous parasites), gene flow and spatial genetic structure are expected to strongly rely on the socio-spatial behavior of their hosts. Based on five microsatellite loci, we tested this hypothesis for H. contortus sampled in a wild Mediterranean mouflon population (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.) in which species- and environment-related characteristics have been found to generate socio-spatial units. We nevertheless found that their parasites had no spatial genetic structure, suggesting that mouflon behavior was not enough to limit parasite dispersal in this study area and/or that other ecological and biological factors were involved in this process, for example other hosts, the parasite life cycle, or the study area history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Portanier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathieu Garel
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Sébastien Devillard
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jeanne Duhayer
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France - Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Poirel
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Hélène Henri
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corinne Régis
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniel Maillard
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CA-T3B 2C3 Calgary, Canada
| | - Christian Itty
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Patricia Michel
- GIEC du Caroux-Espinouse, Fagairolles, 34610 Castanet-Le-Haut, France
| | - Gilles Bourgoin
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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19
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Scherer C, Radchuk V, Staubach C, Müller S, Blaum N, Thulke HH, Kramer-Schadt S. Seasonal host life-history processes fuel disease dynamics at different spatial scales. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1812-1824. [PMID: 31330575 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers underlying disease dynamics is still a major challenge in disease ecology, especially in the case of long-term disease persistence. Even though there is a strong consensus that density-dependent factors play an important role for the spread of diseases, the main drivers are still discussed and, more importantly, might differ between invasion and persistence periods. Here, we analysed long-term outbreak data of classical swine fever, an important disease in both wild boar and livestock, prevalent in the wild boar population from 1993 to 2000 in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. We report outbreak characteristics and results from generalized linear mixed models to reveal what factors affected infection risk on both the landscape and the individual level. Spatiotemporal outbreak dynamics showed an initial wave-like spread with high incidence during the invasion period followed by a drop of incidence and an increase in seroprevalence during the persistence period. Velocity of spread increased with time during the first year of outbreak and decreased linearly afterwards, being on average 7.6 km per quarter. Landscape- and individual-level analyses of infection risk indicate contrasting seasonal patterns. During the persistence period, infection risk on the landscape level was highest during autumn and winter seasons, probably related to spatial behaviour such as increased long-distance movements and contacts induced by rutting and escaping movements. In contrast, individual-level infection risk peaked in spring, probably related to the concurrent birth season leading to higher densities, and was significantly higher in piglets than in reproductive animals. Our findings highlight that it is important to investigate both individual- and landscape-level patterns of infection risk to understand long-term persistence of wildlife diseases and to guide respective management actions. Furthermore, we highlight that exploring different temporal aggregation of the data helps to reveal important seasonal patterns, which might be masked otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Scherer
- Department Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktoriia Radchuk
- Department Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sophie Müller
- Department Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Blaum
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Thulke
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kramer-Schadt
- Department Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Podgórski T, Borowik T, Łyjak M, Woźniakowski G. Spatial epidemiology of African swine fever: Host, landscape and anthropogenic drivers of disease occurrence in wild boar. Prev Vet Med 2019; 177:104691. [PMID: 31122672 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Host abundance and landscape structure often interact to shape spatial patterns of many wildlife diseases. Emergence, spread, and persistence of African swine fever (ASF) among wild boar in eastern Europe has raised questions on the factors underlying ASF dynamics in this novel host-pathogen system. This work identifies drivers of ASF occurrence in natural wild boar population. We evaluated factors shaping the probability of ASF-postitive wild boar during the first three years (2014-2016) of the ASF epidemic in Poland. We expected to observe positive effects of wild boar density, proportion of forested area, human activity, and proximity to previous infections on ASF case probability. We tested these predictions using the infection status of 830 wild boar samples and generalized mixed-effects models. The probability of ASF case increased from 3 to 20% as population density rose from 0.4 to 2 ind./km2. The positive effect of population density on ASF case probability was stronger at locations near previous ASF incidents. ASF was more likely to occur in forested areas, with the probability of detecting an ASF positive sample rising from 2 to 11% as forest cover around the sample increased from 0.5 to 100%. This pattern was consistent at both low and high wild boar densities. Indicators of human activity were poor predictors of ASF occurrence. Disease control efforts, such as culling and carcass search, should be focused on high-density populations where chances of detecting and eliminating ASF-positive wild boar are higher. The intensity of control measures should decrease with distance from the infected area to match the observed spatial pattern of ASF case probability. Woodlands represent areas of the highest risk of ASF case occurrence. Distribution and connectivity of suitable habitats over the landscape can be used to prioritize disease-management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland; Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomasz Borowik
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
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21
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Early vocal ontogeny in a polytocous mammal: no evidence of social learning among sibling piglets, Sus scrofa. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Podgórski T, Śmietanka K. Do wild boar movements drive the spread of African Swine Fever? Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1588-1596. [PMID: 29799177 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The spatial behaviour of hosts can seriously affect the transmission of pathogens and spatial spread of diseases. Understanding the relationship between host movements and disease dynamics is of prime importance for optimizing disease control efforts. African swine fever (ASF), a devastating disease of wild and domestic suids, has been spreading continuously through eastern Europe since 2007. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) has been implicated in the epidemiology of this disease, but the role of wild boar movements in ASF dynamics and spread has not been studied and remains largely speculative. Here, we examined whether monthly parameters of wild boar movements (dispersal distance of yearlings, home range size of adult males and females) can explain variation in the spatio-temporal dynamics of the ASF outbreak in the wild boar population in north-eastern Poland, 2014-2015. We expected to observe a positive relationship between host mobility and disease spread. Contrary to our expectations, we found that movements of wild boar, despite their seasonal variation, were poor predictors of ASF dynamics in space and time. During the 2 years of the study, ASF spread gradually at a steady pace of 1.5 km/month without significant changes across seasons. None of the analysed movement parameters explained variation in the measures of ASF occurrence and spread (i.e., number of cases, prevalence, size and expansion rate of the outbreak area). We believe that the factor limiting the influence of host movements on ASF dynamics is the severity of the disease, which quickly hampers extensive movements and restricts disease transmission to only the most immediate individuals. Three natural factors constrain direct disease transmission: wild boar social structure, the short duration of low-level virus shedding and high virus-induced lethality, followed by indirect transmission through infected carcasses. These most likely shape the gradual spread of ASF in space and its persistence in already infected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
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23
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Podgórski T, Apollonio M, Keuling O. Contact rates in wild boar populations: Implications for disease transmission. J Wildl Manage 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute; Polish Academy of Sciences; Stoczek 1 17-230 Bialowieza Poland
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Sassari; Via Vienna 2 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Oliver Keuling
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bischofsholer Damm 15 30173 Hannover Germany
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24
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Śmietanka K, Woźniakowski G, Kozak E, Niemczuk K, Frączyk M, Bocian Ł, Kowalczyk A, Pejsak Z. African Swine Fever Epidemic, Poland, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1201-7. [PMID: 27314611 PMCID: PMC4918169 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.151708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the virus was repeatedly introduced and that the disease is maintained in wild boar. In Poland, African swine fever (ASF) emerged in February 2014; by August 2015, the virus had been detected in >130 wild boar and in pigs in 3 backyard holdings. We evaluated ASF spread in Poland during these 18 months. Phylogenetic analysis indicated repeated incursions of genetically distinct ASF viruses of genotype II; the number of cases positively correlated wild boar density; and disease spread was very slow. More cases were reported during summer than autumn. The 18-month prevalence of ASF in areas under various animal movement restrictions was 18.6% among wild boar found dead or killed by vehicles and only 0.2% in hunted wild boar. Repeated introductions of the virus into the country, the primary role of wild boar in virus maintenance, and the slow spread of the disease indicate a need for enhanced biosecurity at pig holdings and continuous and intensive surveillance for fast detection of ASF.
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25
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Portanier E, Garel M, Devillard S, Marchand P, Andru J, Maillard D, Bourgoin G. Introduction history overrides social factors in explaining genetic structure of females in Mediterranean mouflon. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9580-9591. [PMID: 29187991 PMCID: PMC5696436 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine‐scale spatial genetic structure of populations results from social and spatial behaviors of individuals such as sex‐biased dispersal and philopatry. However, the demographic history of a given population can override such socio‐spatial factors in shaping genetic variability when bottlenecks or founder events occurred in the population. Here, we investigated whether socio‐spatial organization determines the fine‐scale genetic structure for both sexes in a Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.) population in southern France 60 years after its introduction. Based on multilocus genotypes at 16 loci of microsatellite DNA (n = 230 individuals), we identified three genetic groups for females and two for males, and concurrently defined the same number of socio‐spatial units using both GPS‐collared individuals (n = 121) and visual resightings of marked individuals (n = 378). The socio‐spatial and genetic structures did not match, indicating that the former was not the main driver of the latter for both sexes. Beyond this structural mismatch, we found significant, yet low, genetic differentiation among female socio‐spatial groups, and no genetic differentiation in males, with this suggesting female philopatry and male‐biased gene flow, respectively. Despite spatial disconnection, females from the north of the study area were genetically closer to females from the south, as indicated by the spatial analysis of the genetic variability, and this pattern was in accordance with the common genetic origin of their founders. To conclude, more than 14 generations later, genetic signatures of first introduction are not only still detectable among females, but they also represent the main factor shaping their present‐time genetic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Portanier
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive CNRS Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon Villeurbanne France.,Unité Faune de Montagne Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage Juvignac France.,VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon Université de Lyon Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Mathieu Garel
- Unité Faune de Montagne Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage Juvignac France
| | - Sébastien Devillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive CNRS Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon Villeurbanne France
| | - Pascal Marchand
- Unité Faune de Montagne Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage Juvignac France
| | - Julie Andru
- Unité Faune de Montagne Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage Juvignac France.,VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon Université de Lyon Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Daniel Maillard
- Unité Faune de Montagne Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage Juvignac France
| | - Gilles Bourgoin
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive CNRS Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Université de Lyon Villeurbanne France.,VetAgro Sup - Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon Université de Lyon Marcy l'Etoile France
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Pérez‐González J, Costa V, Santos P, Carranza J, Zsolnai A, Fernández‐Llario P, Monteiro NM, Anton I, Beja‐Pereira A. Heterozygosity decrease in wild boar mating system ‐ a case of outbreeding avoidance? J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Pérez‐González
- Ungulate Research Unit Cátedra de Recursos Cinegéticos y Piscícolas (CRCP) University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
| | - V. Costa
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto (CIBIO‐UP) Vairão Portugal
| | - P. Santos
- Departamento de Paisagem, Ambiente e Ordenamento Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas Instituto de Investigaçao e Formaçao Avançada Universidade de Évora Évora Portugal
| | - J. Carranza
- Ungulate Research Unit Cátedra de Recursos Cinegéticos y Piscícolas (CRCP) University of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
| | - A. Zsolnai
- NARIC ‐ Research Institute for Animal Breeding Nutrition and Food Science Herceghalom Hungary
- University of Kaposvár Kaposvár Hungary
| | - P. Fernández‐Llario
- Biology and Ethology Unit University of Extremadura Cáceres Spain
- Innovación en Gestión y Conservación de Ungulados S.L. Cáceres Spain
| | - N. M. Monteiro
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto (CIBIO‐UP) Vairão Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Biomedicina (CEBIMED) Faculty of Health Sciences University Fernando Pessoa Porto Portugal
| | - I. Anton
- NARIC ‐ Research Institute for Animal Breeding Nutrition and Food Science Herceghalom Hungary
| | - A. Beja‐Pereira
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto (CIBIO‐UP) Vairão Portugal
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Norén K, Angerbjörn A, Wallén J, Meijer T, Sacks BN. Red foxes colonizing the tundra: genetic analysis as a tool for population management. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Gayet T, Devillard S, Gamelon M, Brandt S, Say L, Baubet E. On the evolutionary consequences of increasing litter size with multiple paternity in wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa). Evolution 2016; 70:1386-97. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Gayet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1; F-69000, Lyon, CNRS, UMR5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; Unité Cervidés Sangliers; Montfort F-01330 Birieux France
| | - Sébastien Devillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1; F-69000, Lyon, CNRS, UMR5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; NO-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Serge Brandt
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; Unité Cervidés Sangliers; Montfort F-01330 Birieux France
| | - Ludovic Say
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1; F-69000, Lyon, CNRS, UMR5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Eric Baubet
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; Unité Cervidés Sangliers; Montfort F-01330 Birieux France
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Fattebert J, Balme GA, Robinson HS, Dickerson T, Slotow R, Hunter LTB. Population recovery highlights spatial organization dynamics in adult leopards. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Fattebert
- Panthera; New York NY USA
- School of Life Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - G. A. Balme
- Panthera; New York NY USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - H. S. Robinson
- Panthera; New York NY USA
- College of Forestry and Conservation; University of Montana; Missoula MT USA
| | | | - R. Slotow
- School of Life Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; University College; London UK
| | - L. T. B. Hunter
- Panthera; New York NY USA
- School of Life Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
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31
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Vander Wal E, Gagné-Delorme A, Festa-Bianchet M, Pelletier F. Dyadic associations and individual sociality in bighorn ewes. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Focardi S, Morimando F, Capriotti S, Ahmed A, Genov P. Cooperation improves the access of wild boars (Sus scrofa) to food sources. Behav Processes 2015; 121:80-6. [PMID: 26522932 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wild boar is a highly polycotous ungulate species, characterized by a complex and dynamical social organization based on the maintenance of long-term bonds between mother and daughters. The roots of this social organization have to be researched at the individual level, considering adaptations that improve fitness in hostile environments. We used information collected by camera-traps at artificial feeding sites, in two contrasting environments in Bulgaria (mountain habitat) and Italy (sub-Mediterranean habitat). We recorded 417 and 885 distinct groups on 7 and 11 foraging sites in Bulgaria and Italy, respectively. We computed (controlling for time range, study area and supplementary feeding site) an index of effective foraging time of the different social groups. We observed a positive and significant effect of the number of conspecifics of the same social group on the effective foraging time. The impact of the other social classes on effective foraging time is also positive, and males, yearlings, and juveniles benefited more from the presence of other social classes, while females were less affected. The access of the different social groups to foraging sites is not random. Males and yearlings play producers (i.e., search for food) and are prone to attend foraging sites before adult females and subadults, so attaining a larger foraging efficiency with respect to a situation where other groups are already present on the feeding site. Wild boars exhibit a more complex social organisation than previously believed, where cooperation prevails largely on competition. A rough division of labour is also present: yearlings, males, and juveniles use to play producers and assume a significant amount of risk determined by the presence of predators or hunters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Focardi
- ISC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - F Morimando
- ATC 18 Siena 2, Via Massetana Romana 34, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Capriotti
- Associazione Scientifico-Culturale UNIFAUNA, 50026 San Casciano V.P., Italy
| | - A Ahmed
- IBEI-BAN, Boul. T. Osvoboditel 1, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - P Genov
- IBEI-BAN, Boul. T. Osvoboditel 1, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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