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Jiang C, Li S, Su H, Zhou N, Yao Y. Kidney Bean Protein Prevents High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet-Induced Obesity, Cognitive Impairment, and Disruption of Gut Microbiota Composition. Foods 2024; 13:1718. [PMID: 38890944 PMCID: PMC11171623 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A long-term intake of a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD), even a high-fat, high-fructose but low-protein diet (HFFD + LP), could cause obesity associated with cognitive impairments. In the present study, rats were subjected to a normal diet (ND), an HFFD diet, an HFFD + LP diet, and an HFFD with kidney bean protein (KP) diet for 8 weeks to evaluate the effect of KP on HFFD- or HFFD + LP-induced obesity and cognitive impairment. The results demonstrated that compared with the HFFD diet, KP administration significantly decreased the body weight by 7.7% and the serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) levels by 14.4% and 46.8%, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, KP suppressed HFFD-induced cognitive impairment, which was evidenced by 8.7% less time required to pass the water maze test. The 16s RNA analysis of the colonic contents showed that the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Butyricimonas, and Alloprevotella was increased by KP by 5.9, 44.2, and 79.2 times. Additionally, KP supplementation primarily affected the choline metabolic pathway in the liver, and the synthesis and functional pathway of neurotransmitters in the brain, thereby improving obesity and cognitive function in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (C.J.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Green Planting and Deep Processing of Famous-Region Drug in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China;
| | - Shiyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (C.J.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (C.J.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Nong Zhou
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Green Planting and Deep Processing of Famous-Region Drug in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China;
| | - Yang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (C.J.); (S.L.); (H.S.)
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Green Planting and Deep Processing of Famous-Region Drug in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China;
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Ma X, Kim JK, Shin YJ, Park HS, Lee DY, Yim SV, Kim DH. Lipopolysaccharide-producing Veillonella infantium and Escherichia fergusonii cause vagus nerve-mediated cognitive impairment in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:136-148. [PMID: 38428648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota communicates bidirectionally with the brain through the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems of the gut. In our preliminary study, the fecal microbiota of volunteers with mild cognitive impairment (Fmci) exhibited a higher abundance of Escherichia fergusonii (NK2001), Veillonella infantium (NK2002), and Enterococcus faecium (NK2003) populations compared with those of healthy volunteers. Therefore, we examined the effects of Fmci, NK2001 (gram-negative), NK2002 (gram-negative-like), and NK2003 (gram-positive) on cognitive impairment-like behavior, neuroinflammation, and colitis in mice with or without antibiotics. Fmci transplantation increased cognitive impairment-like behavior, hippocampal tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression, and the size of toll-like receptor (TLR)4+Iba1+, TLR2+Iba1+, and NF-κB+Iba1+ cell populations independent of antibiotic treatment. Oral gavage of NK2001, NK2002, or NK2003, which induced TNF-α expression in Caco-2 cells, significantly increased cognitive impairment-like behavior and hippocampal TNF-α expression and Iba1-positive cell populations and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in mice. Celiac vagotomy significantly decreased NK2001- or NK2002-induced cognitive impairment-like behavior and hippocampal Iba1+ cell population and TNF-α expression and increased NK2001- or NK2002-suppressed hippocampal BDNF expression. However, NK2003-induced cognitive impairment-like behavior and hippocampal Iba1+ cell population and TNF-α expression were partially, but not significantly, attenuated by celiac vagotomy. Furthermore, celiac vagotomy did not affect NK2001-, NK2002-, or NK2003-induced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in the blood and feces and TNF-α expression and NF-κB-positive cell population in the colon. In conclusion, LPS-producing NK2001 and NK2002 and LPS-nonproducing NK2003 may induce NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation through the translocation of byproducts such as LPS and peptidoglycan into the brain through gut-blood/vagus nerve-brain and gut-blood-brain pathways, respectively, resulting in cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ma
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea; School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Jung Shin
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hee-Seo Park
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong-Yun Lee
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
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Medeiros D, McMurry K, Pfeiffer M, Newsome K, Testerman T, Graf J, Silver AC, Sacchetti P. Slowing Alzheimer's disease progression through probiotic supplementation. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1309075. [PMID: 38510467 PMCID: PMC10950931 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1309075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The lack of affordable and effective therapeutics against cognitive impairment has promoted research toward alternative approaches to the treatment of neurodegeneration. In recent years, a bidirectional pathway that allows the gut to communicate with the central nervous system has been recognized as the gut-brain axis. Alterations in the gut microbiota, a dynamic population of trillions of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, have been implicated in a variety of pathological states, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, probiotic treatment as an affordable and accessible adjuvant therapy for the correction of dysbiosis in AD has not been thoroughly explored. Here, we sought to correct the dysbiosis in an AD mouse model with probiotic supplementation, with the intent of exploring its effects on disease progression. Transgenic 3xTg-AD mice were fed a control or a probiotic diet (Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 and Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601) for 12 weeks, with the latter leading to a significant increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. Cognitive functions were evaluated via Barnes Maze trials and improvements in memory performance were detected in probiotic-fed AD mice. Neural tissue analysis of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus of 10-month-old 3xTg-AD mice demonstrated that astrocytic and microglial densities were reduced in AD mice supplemented with a probiotic diet, with changes more pronounced in probiotic-fed female mice. In addition, elevated numbers of neurons in the hippocampus of probiotic-fed 3xTg-AD mice suggested neuroprotection induced by probiotic supplementation. Our results suggest that probiotic supplementation could be effective in delaying or mitigating early stages of neurodegeneration in the 3xTg-AD animal model. It is vital to explore new possibilities for palliative care for neurodegeneration, and probiotic supplementation could provide an inexpensive and easily implemented adjuvant clinical treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destynie Medeiros
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Kristina McMurry
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Melissa Pfeiffer
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Kayla Newsome
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Todd Testerman
- Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, UConn, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Joerg Graf
- Department of Molecular Cellular Biology, UConn, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Adam C. Silver
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Paola Sacchetti
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
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Yun SW, Park HS, Shin YJ, Ma X, Han MJ, Kim DH. Lactobacillus gasseri NK109 and Its Supplement Alleviate Cognitive Impairment in Mice by Modulating NF-κB Activation, BDNF Expression, and Gut Microbiota Composition. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030790. [PMID: 36771498 PMCID: PMC9921112 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-related gut microbiota dysbiosis initiates gut inflammation and microbiota dysbiosis, which induce the occurrence of psychiatric disorders including dementia. The alleviation of gut microbiota dysbiosis by probiotics is suggested to be able to alleviate psychiatric disorders including cognitive impairment (CI). Therefore, to understand how probiotics could alleviate CI, we examined the effects of anti-inflammatory Lactobacillus gasseri NK109 and its supplement (NS, mixture of NK109 and soybean embryo ethanol extract) on cognitive function in aged (Ag), 5XFAD transgenic (Tg), or mildly cognition-impaired adult fecal microbiota (MCF)-transplanted mice. Oral administration of NK109 or NS decreased CI-like behaviors in Ag mice. Their treatments suppressed TNF-α and p16 expression and NF-κB-activated cell populations in the hippocampus and colon, while BDNF expression was induced. Moreover, they partially shifted the β-diversity of gut microbiota in Ag mice to those of young mice: they decreased Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Helicobacteriaceae populations and increased Rikenellaceae and Prevotellaceae populations. Oral administration of NK109 or NS also reduced CI-like behaviors in Tg mice. Their treatments induced BDNF expression in the hippocampus, decreased hippocampal TNF-α and Aβ expression and hippocampal and colonic NF-κB-activated cell populations. NK109 and NS partially shifted the β-diversity of gut microbiota in Tg mice: they decreased Muribaculaceae and Rhodospiraceae populations and increased Helicobacteriaceae population. Oral administration of NK109 or NS decreased MCF transplantation-induced CI-like behaviors in mice. NK109 and NS increased hippocampal BDNF expression, while hippocampal and colonic TNF-α expression and NF-κB-activated cell populations decreased. These findings suggest that dementia can fluctuate the gut microbiota composition and NK109 and its supplement NS can alleviate CI with systemic inflammation by inducing BDNF expression and suppressing NF-κB activation and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Won Yun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seo Park
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jung Shin
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoyang Ma
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Joo Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.H.); (D.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0553 (M.J.H.); +82-2-961-0374 (D.-H.K.)
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.H.); (D.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0553 (M.J.H.); +82-2-961-0374 (D.-H.K.)
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Kim JH, Ra JH, Kang H, Park SD, Shim JJ, Lee JL. Lactobacillus paracasei HP7 with Portulaca oleracea Linn. Alleviates Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Decline via Regulation of Neurotrophic Factor and Inflammation Signals in Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:414-422. [PMID: 36721752 PMCID: PMC9843713 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.4.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
People often experience cognitive deterioration of various degrees, from early-stage mild cognitive impairment to severe cognitive decline. Cognitive deterioration is related to many diseases and studied to alleviated inflammation reaction or oxidative stress. In the present study, the levels of various memory-related proteins: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), amyloid beta (Aβ) 42, Aβ40, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were measured. Among Lactobacillus paracasei HP7 (HP7), Portulaca oleracea Linn. (PO) and HP7 together with PO (HP7A), the HP7A group had the best effect on increasing BDNF expression and suppressing Aβ40 expression. Also, we measured the protective effect on scopolamine-induced cognitive decline in mice. In the acquisition test, the HP7A group most reliably relieved cognitive decline from days 2 to 5 of scopolamine injection. When the probe test was performed on the day 6 of scopolamine injection, the HP7A group had the shortest escape latency. Based on the results of the Morris water maze tasks, we suggest that HP7A is most useful for ameliorating cognitive decline. It is suggested that the HP7A ameliorating scopolamine-induced cognitive decline via the increase of BDNF expression and the suppression of Aβ40 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- R&BD Center, hy Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi 17086, Korea
| | - Je Hyeon Ra
- R&BD Center, hy Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi 17086, Korea
| | - Heerim Kang
- R&BD Center, hy Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi 17086, Korea
| | | | | | - Jung-Lyoul Lee
- R&BD Center, hy Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi 17086, Korea,
Correspondence to Jung-Lyoul Lee, E-mail:
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Food for the mind: The journey of probiotics from foods to ANTI-Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Fang Y, Wang J, Zhao M, Zheng Q, Ren C, Wang Y, Zhang J. Progress and Challenges in Targeted Protein Degradation for Neurodegenerative Disease Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11454-11477. [PMID: 36006861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are currently incurable diseases that cause progressive degeneration of nerve cells. Many of the disease-causing proteins of NDs are "undruggable" for traditional small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs). None of the compounds that attenuated the amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation process have entered clinical practice, and many phase III clinical trials of SMIs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have failed. In recent years, emerging targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), lysosome-targeting chimaeras (LYTACs), and autophagy-targeting chimeras (AUTACs) with TPD-assistive technologies such as click-formed proteolysis-targeting chimeras (CLIPTACs) and deubiquitinase-targeting chimera (DUBTAC) have developed rapidly. In vitro and in vivo experiments have also confirmed that TPD technology can target the degradation of ND pathogenic proteins, bringing hope for the treatment of NDs. Herein, we review the latest TPD technologies, introduce their targets and technical characteristics, and discuss the emerging TPD technologies with potential in ND research, with the hope of providing a new perspective for the development of TPD technology in the NDs field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxu Fang
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Min Zhao
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinwen Zheng
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Fan X, Wang S, Hu S, Yang B, Zhang H. Host-microbiota interactions: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the acute and chronic phases of cerebral ischemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:967300. [PMID: 36032153 PMCID: PMC9411800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gut microbiota and brain function has been studied intensively in recent years, and gut microbiota has been linked to a couple of neurological disorders including stroke. There are multiple studies linking gut microbiota to stroke in the “microbiota-gut-brain” axis. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an important mediator of acute ischemic damage and can result in subsequent neuroinflammation. AHR can affect these responses by sensing microbiota metabolites especially tryptophan metabolites and is engaged in the regulation of acute ischemic brain injury and chronic neuroinflammation after stroke. As an important regulator in the “microbiota-gut-brain” axis, AHR has the potential to be used as a new therapeutic target for ischemic stroke treatment. In this review, we discuss the research progress on AHR regarding its role in ischemic stroke and prospects to be used as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke treatment, aiming to provide a potential direction for the development of new treatments for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Fan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuqi Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingjie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Zhang,
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Ahmad Alwi NA, Lim SM, Mani V, Ramasamy K. Lactobacillus Spp.-Enhanced Memory is Strain-Dependent and Associated, in Part, with Amyloidogenic and anti-Oxidant/Oxidative Stress Interplay in Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice. J Diet Suppl 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35876040 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explored mechanisms underpinning enhanced memory in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice (male; 10-12 months; n = 6/group) supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12 (LAB12)/Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS). Morris Water Maze test was performed before brains were harvested for gene expression and biochemical studies. LAB-supplemented mice exhibited reduced escape latency and distance but significant increased time spent in platform zone. This was associated with downregulated beta-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) mRNA and significant reduced nitric oxide in brains. LAB12 also significantly increased glutathione. The LAB-enhanced memory is strain-dependent and could be mediated, in part, through amyloidogenic pathway and anti-oxidant/oxidative stress interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Amalina Ahmad Alwi
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Lactobacillus pentosus Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuronal Pyroptosis via Promoting BIRC3-Mediated Inactivation of NLRC4. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2124876. [PMID: 35783533 PMCID: PMC9246584 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2124876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neurodegenerative disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Lactobacillus pentosus (L. pentosus) plays a neuron-protective role. This study aimed to investigate the effects of L. pentosus on neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish neurodegenerative diseases model in vivo and with L. pentosus strain S-PT84. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to determine mRNA levels. Western blot was performed to detect protein expression. Cellular behaviors were detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The interaction between baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3) and NLR family CARD domain containing 4 (NLRC4) was predicted by STING and verified by western blot. Result L. pentosus suppressed LPS-induced pyroptosis and promoted the cell viability of neurons. Additionally, L. pentosus suppressed the release of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18) and the protein expression of pyroptosis biomarkers (cleaved caspase1 (CL-CASP1) and N-terminal fragment gasdermin D (GSDMD-N)). Moreover, L. pentosus upregulated BIRC3, which induced the inactivation of NLRC4. However, BIRC3 knockdown alleviated the effects of L. pentosus and induced neuronal degeneration. Conclusion L. pentosus may play a neuron-protective role via regulating BIRC3/NLRC4 signaling pathways. Therefore, L. pentosus may be a promising strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Zhang S, Paul S, Kundu P. NF-κB Regulation by Gut Microbiota Decides Homeostasis or Disease Outcome During Ageing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:874940. [PMID: 35846362 PMCID: PMC9285657 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.874940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings and their indigenous microbial communities have coexisted for centuries, which led to the development of co-evolutionary mechanisms of communication and cooperation. Such communication machineries are governed by sophisticated multi-step feedback loops, which typically begin with the recognition of microbes by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), followed by a host transcriptional response leading to the release of effector molecules. Our gastrointestinal tract being the main platform for this interaction, a variety of host intestinal cells tightly regulate these loops to establish tolerance towards the microbial communities of the gut and maintain homeostasis. The transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is an integral component of such a communication apparatus, which plays a critical role in determining the state of homeostasis or inflammation associated with dysbiosis in the host. Here we outline the crucial role of NF-κB in host response to microbial cues in the context of ageing and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Zhang
- Laboratory for Microbiota-Host Interactions, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Soumyajeet Paul
- Laboratory for Microbiota-Host Interactions, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Parag Kundu
- Laboratory for Microbiota-Host Interactions, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Parag Kundu,
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Kang Y, Qin S, Chai J. Neuroinflammation as the Underlying Mechanism of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:843069. [PMID: 35418837 PMCID: PMC8995749 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.843069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common neurological complication following surgery and general anesthesia, especially in elderly patients. Severe cases delay patient discharge, affect the patient’s quality of life after surgery, and are heavy burdens to society. In addition, as the population ages, surgery is increasingly used for older patients and those with higher prevalences of complications. This trend presents a huge challenge to the current healthcare system. Although studies on POCD are ongoing, the underlying pathogenesis is still unclear due to conflicting results and lack of evidence. According to existing studies, the occurrence and development of POCD are related to multiple factors. Among them, the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in POCD has become a focus of research in recent years, and many clinical and preclinical studies have confirmed the correlation between neuroinflammation and POCD. In this article, we reviewed how central nervous system inflammation occurred, and how it could lead to POCD with changes in peripheral circulation and the pathological pathways between peripheral circulation and the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, we proposed some potential therapeutic targets, diagnosis and treatment strategies at the cellular and molecular levels, and clinical applications. The goal of this article was to provide a better perspective for understanding the occurrence of POCD, its development, and preventive strategies to help manage these vulnerable geriatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Youzhuang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yihan Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shangyuan Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Chai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Chai,
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13
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Alemohammad SMA, Noori SMR, Samarbafzadeh E, Noori SMA. The role of the gut microbiota and nutrition on spatial learning and spatial memory: a mini review based on animal studies. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:1551-1563. [PMID: 35028854 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is believed to constitute a bidirectional communication mechanism that affects both mental and digestive processes. Recently, the role of the gut microbiota in cognitive performance has been the focus of much research. In this paper, we discuss the effects of gut microbiota and nutrition on spatial memory and learning. Studies have shown the influence of diet on cognitive capabilities such as spatial learning and memory. It has been reported that a high-fat diet can alter gut microbiota which subsequently leads to changes in spatial learning and memory. Some microorganisms in the gut that can significantly affect spatial learning and memory are Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Helicobacter pylori. For example, a reduction in the amount of A. muciniphila in the gut leads to increased intestinal permeability and induces immune response in the brain which then negatively affects cognitive performances. We suggest that more studies should be carried out regarding the indirect effects of nutrition on cognitive activities via alteration in gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Noori
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Samarbafzadeh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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14
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Mohseni AH, Casolaro V, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Keyvani H, Taghinezhad-S S. Modulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by probiotics as a fruitful target for orchestrating the immune response. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-17. [PMID: 33615993 PMCID: PMC7899637 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1886844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B or Akt (PKB/Akt) signaling pathways are considered as two but somewhat interconnected significant immune pathways which play complex roles in a variety of physiological processes as well as pathological conditions. Aberrant activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways has been reported to be associated in a wide variety of human diseases. Over the past few years, growing evidence in in vitro and in vivo models suggest that this sophisticated and subtle cascade mediates the orchestration of the immune response in health and disease through exposure to probiotics. An expanding body of literature has highlighted the contribution of probiotics and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic syndrome, skin diseases, allergy, salmonella infection, and aging. However, longitudinal human studies are possibly required to verify more conclusively whether the investigational tools used to understand the regulation of these pathways might provide effective approaches in the prevention and treatment of various disorders. In this Review, we summarize the experimental evidence from recent peer-reviewed studies and provide a brief overview of the causal relationship between the effects of probiotics and their metabolites on the components of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Mohseni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Hossein Keyvani Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran, Tel +98 21 88715350
| | - Sedigheh Taghinezhad-S
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,CONTACT Sedigheh Taghinezhad-S Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1477893855, Iran
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15
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Rai SN, Tiwari N, Singh P, Mishra D, Singh AK, Hooshmandi E, Vamanu E, Singh MP. Therapeutic Potential of Vital Transcription Factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease With Particular Emphasis on Transcription Factor EB Mediated Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:777347. [PMID: 34970114 PMCID: PMC8712758 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.777347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular self-digestion and recycling pathway that helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation at various steps of the autophagic and endolysosomal pathway has been reported in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington disease (HD) and is cited as a critically important feature for central nervous system (CNS) proteostasis. Recently, another molecular target, namely transcription factor EB (TFEB) has been explored globally to treat neurodegenerative disorders. This TFEB, is a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway. Multiple research studies suggested therapeutic potential by targeting TFEB to treat human diseases involving autophagy-lysosomal dysfunction, especially neurodegenerative disorders. A common observation involving all neurodegenerative disorders is their poor efficacy in clearing and recycle toxic aggregated proteins and damaged cellular organelles due to impairment in the autophagy pathway. This dysfunction in autophagy characterized by the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates leads to a progressive loss in structural integrity/functionality of neurons and may even result in neuronal death. In recent years TFEB, a key regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, has received considerable attention. It has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in numerous neurodegenerative disorders like AD and PD. In various neurobiology studies involving animal models, TFEB has been found to ameliorate neurotoxicity and rescue neurodegeneration. Since TFEB is a master transcriptional regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis pathway and plays a crucial role in defining autophagy activation. Studies have been done to understand the mechanisms for TFEB dysfunction, which may yield insights into how TFEB might be targeted and used for the therapeutic strategy to develop a treatment process with extensive application to neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we explore the role of different transcription factor-based targeted therapy by some natural compounds for AD and PD with special emphasis on TFEB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Divya Mishra
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mohan P Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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16
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Lekchand Dasriya V, Samtiya M, Dhewa T, Puniya M, Kumar S, Ranveer S, Chaudhary V, Vij S, Behare P, Singh N, Aluko RE, Puniya AK. Etiology and management of Alzheimer's disease: Potential role of gut microbiota modulation with probiotics supplementation. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14043. [PMID: 34927261 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading type of dementia in aging people and is a progressive condition that causes neurodegeneration, resulting in confusion, memory loss, and deterioration of mental functions. AD happens because of abnormal twisting of the microtubule tau protein in neurons into a tangled neurofibrillary structure. Different factors responsible for AD pathogenesis include heavy metals, aging, cardiovascular disease, and environmental and genetic factors. Market available drugs for AD have several side effects that include hepato-toxicity, accelerated cognitive decline, worsened neuropsychiatric symptoms, and triggered suicidal ideation. Therefore, an emerging alternative therapeutic approach is probiotics, which can improve AD by modulating the gut-brain axis. Probiotics modulate different neurochemical pathways by regulating the signalling pathways associated with inflammation, histone deacetylation, and microglial cell activation and maturation. In addition, probiotics-derived metabolites (i.e., short-chain fatty acid, neurotransmitters, and antioxidants) have shown ameliorative effects against AD. Probiotics also modulate gut microbiota, with a beneficial impact on neural signalling and cognitive activity, which can attenuate AD progression. Therefore, the current review describes the etiology and mechanism of AD progression as well as various treatment options with a focus on the use of probiotics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In an aging population, dementia concerns are quite prevalent globally. AD is one of the most commonly occurring cognition disorders, which is linked to diminished brain functions. Scientific evidence supports the findings that probiotics and gut microbiota can regulate/modulate brain functions, one of the finest strategies to alleviate such disorders through the gut-brain axis. Thus, gut microbiota modulation, especially through probiotic supplementation, could become an effective solution to ameliorate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mrinal Samtiya
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Tejpal Dhewa
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Monica Puniya
- Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, FDA Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Soniya Ranveer
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Vishu Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Shilpa Vij
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Pradip Behare
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Namita Singh
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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17
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Research Progress on the Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Development of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3883204. [PMID: 34869762 PMCID: PMC8642009 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3883204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), as one of the common postoperative complications, mainly occurs after surgery and anesthesia, especially in the elderly. It refers to cognitive function changes such as decreased learning and memory ability and inability to concentrate. In severe cases, there could be personality changes and a decline in social behavior. At present, a great deal of research had been carried out on POCD, but its specific mechanism remains unclear. The release of peripheral inflammation-related factors, the degradation and destruction of the blood-brain barrier, the occurrence of central inflammation, and the neuronal apoptosis and synaptic loss could be promoted by neuroinflammation indicating that inflammatory mechanisms may play key roles in the occurrence of POCD.
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18
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Lee DY, Shin YJ, Kim JK, Jang HM, Joo MK, Kim DH. Alleviation of cognitive impairment by gut microbiota lipopolysaccharide production-suppressing Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium longum in mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:10750-10763. [PMID: 34608923 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02167b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a risk factor for the outbreak of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, we isolated Lactobacillus plantarum NK151 and Bifidobacterium longum NK173 from a human fecal bacteria collection, which inhibited Escherichia coli LPS production, and examined their effects on the Escherichia coli K1- or LPS-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Oral gavage of NK151, NK173, or their (4 : 1) mixture (NKm) significantly alleviated Escherichia coli K1-induced cognitive impairment-like behaviors in the Y-maze and novel object recognition tasks. Their treatments decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression and NF-κB+/Iba1+ and LPS+/Iba1+ cell populations in the hippocampus, while the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)+/neuronal nuclei (NeuN)+ cell population and BDNF to proBNDF expression increased. They suppressed LPS-induced cognition impairment-like behaviors and neuroinflammation marker levels in the hippocampus. Treatment with them reduced Escherichia coli K1- or LPS-induced LPS and apolipoprotein E levels in the blood and inflammatory marker levels in the colon. Furthermore, treatment with them modulated fecal Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia populations. Of these gut bacteria, Bacteroidaceae, Odoribacteraceae, Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Rikenellaceae, Helicobacteraceae, and Deferribacteraceae are correlated with cognitive function and blood and fecal LPS levels. These findings suggest that NK151 and NK173 may alleviate cognitive impairment with colitis by upregulating NF-κB-mediated BDNF expression through the suppression of fecal and blood bacterial LPS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yun Lee
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Jung Shin
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Hyo-Min Jang
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Min-Kyung Joo
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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19
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Yun SW, Kim JK, Han MJ, Kim DH. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NK112 mitigates Escherichia coli-induced depression and cognitive impairment in mice by regulating IL-6 expression and gut microbiota. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:541-551. [PMID: 34511050 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota communicates with the brain through microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes and other pathways. Excessive expression of interleukin (IL)-6 is closely associated with the occurrence of the psychiatric disorders depression and dementia. Therefore, to understand whether IL-6 expression-suppressing probiotics could alleviate psychiatric disorders, we isolated IL-6 expression-inhibiting Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (formerly Lactobacillus paracasei) NK112 from the human faecal bacteria strain collection (Neurobiota Research Center, Seoul, Korea) and examined its therapeutic effect for the depression and cognitive impairment in mice. C57 BL/6J mice with depression and cognitive impairment were prepared by exposure to Escherichia coli K1. Oral gavage of NK112 significantly alleviated K1-induced anxious, depressive, and memory-impaired behaviours in the elevated plus maze, tail-suspension and Y-maze tasks, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression, and nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) activation in the hippocampus, while K1-suppressed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression increased. Treatment with NK112 also improved K1-induced myeloperoxidase activity, IL-6 and TNF-α expression, and NF-κB activation in the colon and reduced K1-induced Proteobacteria population in the gut microbiota. Heat-killed NK112 and its lysate supernatant, and precipitate fractions also improved anxiety/depression, cognitive impairment, and colitis in mice. In conclusion, NK112, even if heat-killed or lysed, alleviated K1 stress-induced colitis, anxiety/depression, and cognitive impairment by suppressing IL-6, TNF-α, and BDNF expression through the regulation of gut microbiota and NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Yun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - J-K Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - M J Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - D-H Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Cell-Free Culture Supernatant of Probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum Protects Against H 2O 2-Induced Premature Senescence by Suppressing ROS-Akt-mTOR Axis in Murine Preadipocytes. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:563-576. [PMID: 31332650 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding cellular anti-senescence attributes of probiotic bacteria vis-à-vis modulation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and mTOR signaling is very limited. The present study assessed anti-senescence potential of secretory metabolites of probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum (Lact. fermentum) using H2O2-induced model of senescence in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Application of H2O2-induced cellular senescence characterized by increased cell size and SA-β-gal activity, activation of SASP and reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage response and induction of cell cycle inhibitors (p53/p21WAF1/p16INK4a). Further, a robust stimulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and AMPK signaling was also observed in H2O2-treated cells. However, exposure of cells to cell-free supernatant of Lact. fermentum significantly attenuated phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and alleviated senescence markers p53, p21WAF1, SA-β-gal, p38MAPK, iNOS, cox-2, ROS, NF-κB, and DNA damage response. These results provide evidence that secretory metabolites of Lact. fermentum can mitigate the development as well as severity of stress-induced senescence thereby indicating its utility for use as anti-aging or age-delaying agent.
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Eastwood J, Walton G, Van Hemert S, Williams C, Lamport D. The effect of probiotics on cognitive function across the human lifespan: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:311-327. [PMID: 34171323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently the scientific community has seen a growing interest in the role of the gut-brain axis and, in particular, how probiotic supplementation may influence neural function and behaviour via manipulation of the gut microbiota. The purpose of this review was to systematically review the current literature exploring the effect of probiotic intervention on cognitive function. PsychINFO, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for human trials. Studies selected for inclusion administered a probiotic intervention and included at least one behavioural measure of cognitive performance. A total of 30 experimental papers were included, exploring the effect of probiotics across a variety of ages, populations and cognitive domains. The evidence suggests there may be potential for probiotics to enhance cognitive function or attenuate cognitive decline, particularly in clinically relevant adult populations for whom cognitive dysfunction may be present. However, the limited number of studies and the quality of the existing research makes it challenging to interpret the data. Further research is clearly warranted. PROSPERO: CRD42020164820.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Eastwood
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6BZ, UK
| | - Gemma Walton
- Food Microbial Sciences Unit, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Saskia Van Hemert
- Winclove Probiotics, Hulstweg 11, 1032LB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claire Williams
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6BZ, UK
| | - Daniel Lamport
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6BZ, UK.
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22
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Ruiz-Gonzalez C, Roman P, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Rodriguez-Arrastia M, Cardona D. Effects of probiotics supplementation on dementia and cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110189. [PMID: 33285265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a chronic syndrome characterized by cognitive and behavioral symptoms, which may include short-term memory impairment and problems related to orientation, language, attention and perception. Although cognitive impairment (CI) is increasingly considered the main geriatric condition predisposing to dementia, its early management could still promote symptomatic relief and delay disease progression. Recently, probiotics treatment has been studied as a potential new therapeutic approach to attenuate dementia-related decline and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to review and analyse the available evidence on the effect of probiotics on MCI and dementia. METHODS A systematic search and meta-analysis were performed on Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Web of Science, PubMed-Medline, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, ScienceDirect and Open Grey. Search terms included diagnoses of interest (dementia and MCI) and the intervention of interest (probiotic, lactobacillus and bifidobacterium). Original articles reporting the use of probiotics supplementation for the treatment of dementia and MCI were screened and studied independently by two researchers. After that, a random and fixed effects model was used at the meta-analysis stage of the results to determine its effect size. RESULTS A total of 16 articles (10 preclinical and 6 clinical) that met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, and 15 articles (10 preclinical and 5 clinical) for meta-analysis were finally included. In humans, the administration of probiotics improved general cognitive function after the treatment period. Similarly, an improvement in memory and spatial/non-spatial learning was identified in the probiotic group of animals compared to the control group. On the other hand, the results showed an increase in the levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, an improvement in the inflammatory profile and regulation of cellular biomarkers after probiotics administration. CONCLUSION Probiotics supplementation could be an adequate therapeutic strategy both in dementia and CI based on clinical and preclinical evidence. However, it is therefore important to translate preclinical data into clinical data where the evidence is more limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristofer Ruiz-Gonzalez
- Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Pablo Roman
- Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almería, Spain; Health Sciences Research Group (CTS-451), University of Almería, Spain.
| | - Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodriguez-Arrastia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pre-Department of Nursing, Jaume I University, 12071 Castello de la Plana, Spain; Research Group CYS, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, 12071 Castello de la Plana, Spain
| | - Diana Cardona
- Department of Nursing Science, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almería, Spain
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An 8-Week Administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus plantarum Combined with Exercise Training Alleviates Neurotoxicity of Aβ and Spatial Learning via Acetylcholine in Alzheimer Rat Model. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1495-1505. [PMID: 33715084 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of 8 weeks of an administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus plantarum combined with exercise training on neurotoxicity of Aβ, spatial learning, acetylcholine (ACH), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in Alzheimer rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 5 in each): (1) healthy control (control), (2) Alzheimer disease (AD), (3) AD with treadmill exercise (AD + Exe), (4) AD with probiotic (combined administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus plantarum) treatment (AD + Pro), and (5) AD with treadmill exercise and probiotic treatment (AD + Exe + Pro). AD was induced by intra-cerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 peptide. Then, the training groups exercised on treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 days per weeks. The rats were treated daily with probiotic supplements via gavage for 8 weeks. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was administered to measure spatial learning. Then, the animals were sacrificed and Vegf and ACH were analyzed using the qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods, respectively. Results showed that the β-amyloid plaques were significantly increased in the brains of the AD group compared with the control group (p < 0.001). The combined use of probiotics and exercise training significantly increased the time spent in the target quadrant after removing the platform, compared with the AD group in the Morris water maze test (p < 0.001). Crystal violet analysis showed that sole (p < 0.01) and combined exercise training and probiotic supplementation (p < 0.001) significantly reduced the number of dead cells in the brains of rats compared with the AD group. AD significantly decreased Vegf mRNA and ACH in the CA1 area of the hippocampus (p < 0.001). However, mono and combined therapy (exercise and probiotics) significantly increased ACH in the rats' brain compared with the AD group. Overall, 8 weeks of an administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus plantarum combined with exercise training can improve spatial learning impairment in the AD rats. Exercise and probiotics seem to offer potential benefits to AD patients by upregulating ACH.
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Salami M. Interplay of Good Bacteria and Central Nervous System: Cognitive Aspects and Mechanistic Considerations. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:613120. [PMID: 33642976 PMCID: PMC7904897 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.613120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract hosts trillions of microorganisms that is called “gut microbiota.” The gut microbiota is involved in a wide variety of physiological features and functions of the body. Thus, it is not surprising that any damage to the gut microbiota is associated with disorders in different body systems. Probiotics, defined as living microorganisms with health benefits for the host, can support or restore the composition of the gut microbiota. Numerous investigations have proved a relationship between the gut microbiota with normal brain function as well as many brain diseases, in which cognitive dysfunction is a common clinical problem. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that the existence of a healthy gut microbiota is crucial for normal cognitive processing. In this regard, interplay of the gut microbiota and cognition has been under focus of recent researches. In the present paper, I review findings of the studies considering beneficial effects of either gut microbiota or probiotic bacteria on the brain cognitive function in the healthy and disease statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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A Probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri Alleviates Escherichia coli-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Mice by Regulating IL-1β Expression and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113441. [PMID: 33182607 PMCID: PMC7697804 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive expression of interleukin (IL)-1β in the brain causes depression and cognitive dysfunction. Herein, we investigated the effect of Lactobacillus gasseri NK109, which suppressed IL-1β expression in activated macrophages, on Escherichia coli K1-induced cognitive impairment and depression in mice. Germ-free and specific pathogen-free mice with neuropsychiatric disorders were prepared by oral gavage of K1. NK109 alleviated K1-induced cognition-impaired and depressive behaviors, decreased the expression of IL-1β and populations of NF-κB+/Iba1+ and IL-1R+ cells, and increased the K1-suppressed population of BDNF+/NeuN+ cells in the hippocampus. However, its effects were partially attenuated by celiac vagotomy. NK109 treatment mitigated K1-induced colitis and gut dysbiosis. Tyndallized NK109, even if lysed, alleviated cognitive impairment and depression. In conclusion, NK109 alleviated neuropsychiatric disorders and colitis by modulating IL-1β expression, gut microbiota, and vagus nerve-mediated gut-brain signaling.
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TSAI YC, CHENG LH, LIU YW, JENG OJ, LEE YK. Gerobiotics: probiotics targeting fundamental aging processes. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2020; 40:1-11. [PMID: 33520563 PMCID: PMC7817508 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is recognized as a common risk factor for many chronic diseases and functional decline. The newly emerging field of geroscience is an interdisciplinary field that aims to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging. Several fundamental biological processes have been proposed as hallmarks of aging. The proposition of the geroscience hypothesis is that targeting holistically these highly integrated hallmarks could be an effective approach to preventing the pathogenesis of age-related diseases jointly, thereby improving the health span of most individuals. There is a growing awareness concerning the benefits of the prophylactic use of probiotics in maintaining health and improving quality of life in the elderly population. In view of the rapid progress in geroscience research, a new emphasis on geroscience-based probiotics is in high demand, and such probiotics require extensive preclinical and clinical research to support their functional efficacy. Here we propose a new term, "gerobiotics", to define those probiotic strains and their derived postbiotics and para-probiotics that are able to beneficially attenuate the fundamental mechanisms of aging, reduce physiological aging processes, and thereby expand the health span of the host. We provide a thorough discussion of why the coining of a new term is warranted instead of just referring to these probiotics as anti-aging probiotics or with other similar terms. In this review, we highlight the needs and importance of the new field of gerobiotics, past and currently on-going research and development in the field, biomarkers for potential targets, and recommended steps for the development of gerobiotic products. Use of gerobiotics could be a promising intervention strategy to improve health span and longevity of humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chieh TSAI
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National
Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao CHENG
- Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd., Taipei 10448, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wenn LIU
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National
Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | | | - Yuan-Kun LEE
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National
University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Wang M, Lei M, Samina N, Chen L, Liu C, Yin T, Yan X, Wu C, He H, Yi C. Impact of Lactobacillus plantarum 423 fermentation on the antioxidant activity and flavor properties of rice bran and wheat bran. Food Chem 2020; 330:127156. [PMID: 32531631 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rice bran (RB) and wheat bran (WB) fermented with L. plantarum 423 had enhanced odor intensity, especially for sulfides and aromatics. The hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (73.28 ± 3.18%) and oxygen radical-scavenging activity (2.12 ± 0.08 mmol·TE/g) of RB fermentation broth were better than those of WB fermentation broth. Even at 2 μg/ml, the purified antioxidant fractions from the WB fermentation broth showed strong intracellular ROS-scavenging activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the purified antioxidant fractions (200 μg/ml) from the RB fermentation broth had a good antiaging effect. The dominant antioxidant components in the RB and WB fermentation broths were acids (70.21%) and ketones (10.64%), these components jointly give the RB and WB fermentation broths a variety of antioxidant properties. These results are beneficial for developing RB and WB deep-processing technology and laid the foundation for the preparation of antioxidant fractions with L. plantarum 423.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ming Lei
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Noor Samina
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - LeiLei Chen
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - CongLing Liu
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - TingTing Yin
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - XiaoTao Yan
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Cuiling Wu
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Hailun He
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - CuiPing Yi
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, China.
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Sun Q, Zhang S, Liu X, Huo Y, Su B, Li X. Effects of a probiotic intervention on Escherichia coli and high-fat diet-induced intestinal microbiota imbalance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:1243-1257. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Westfall S, Pasinetti GM. The Gut Microbiota Links Dietary Polyphenols With Management of Psychiatric Mood Disorders. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1196. [PMID: 31749681 PMCID: PMC6848798 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of depression is multifactorial yet generally aggravated by stress and its associated physiological consequences. To effectively treat these diverse risk factors, a broad acting strategy is required and is has been suggested that gut-brain-axis signaling may play a pinnacle role in promoting resilience to several of these stress-induced changes including pathogenic load, inflammation, HPA-axis activation, oxidative stress and neurotransmitter imbalances. The gut microbiota also manages the bioaccessibility of phenolic metabolites from dietary polyphenols whose multiple beneficial properties have known therapeutic efficacy against depression. Although several potential therapeutic mechanisms of dietary polyphenols toward establishing cognitive resilience to neuropsychiatric disorders have been established, only a handful of studies have systematically identified how the interaction of the gut microbiota with dietary polyphenols can synergistically alleviate the biological signatures of depression. The current review investigates several of these potential mechanisms and how synbiotics, that combine probiotics with dietary polyphenols, may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for depression. In particular, synbiotics have the potential to alleviate neuroinflammation by modulating microglial and inflammasome activation, reduce oxidative stress and balance serotonin metabolism therefore simultaneously targeting several of the major pathological risk factors of depression. Overall, synbiotics may act as a novel therapeutic paradigm for neuropsychiatric disorders and further understanding the fundamental mechanisms of gut-brain-axis signaling will allow full utilization of the gut microbiota's as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Efficacy and Safety of Lactobacillus Plantarum C29-Fermented Soybean (DW2009) in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 12-Week, Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020305. [PMID: 30717153 PMCID: PMC6412773 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early intervention using dietary supplements may be effective in alleviating cognitive impairment among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study investigated the efficacy and safety of Lactobacillus plantarum C29-fermented soybean (DW2009) as a nutritional supplement for cognitive enhancement. One hundred individuals with MCI were randomly assigned to take DW2009 (800 mg/day, n = 50) or placebo (800 mg/day, n = 50) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was change in the composite score of cognitive functions related to memory and attention, measured by computerized neurocognitive function tests. Associations between changes in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and cognitive performance for each treatment group were evaluated. Compared to the placebo group, the DW2009 group showed greater improvements in the combined cognitive functions (z = 2.36, p for interaction = 0.02), especially in the attention domain (z = 2.34, p for interaction = 0.02). Cognitive improvement was associated with increased serum BDNF levels after consumption of DW2009 (t = 2.83, p = 0.007). The results of this clinical trial suggest that DW2009 can be safely administered to enhance cognitive function in individuals with MCI. Increased serum BDNF levels after administering DW2009 may provide preliminary insight into the underlying effects of cognitive improvement, which suggests the importance of the gut-brain axis in ameliorating cognitive deficits in MCI.
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Yang XD, Wang LK, Wu HY, Jiao L. Effects of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide on postoperative cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation through targeting of the gut-brain axis. BMC Anesthesiol 2018; 18:177. [PMID: 30497394 PMCID: PMC6267821 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-018-0642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surgery-induced neuroinflammation plays an important role in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Gut microbiota is a key regulator of neurological inflammation. Nurturing with prebiotics is an effective microbiota manipulation that can regulate host immunity and cognition. The aim of the present study was to test whether administration of the prebiotic Bimuno® (galactooligosaccharide (B-GOS) mixture) could ameliorate POCD and attenuate surgery-induced neuroinflammation through the microbiota-brain-axis. Methods Adult rats undergoing abdominal surgery under isoflurane anesthesia were fed with water or prebiotic B-GOS supplementation (15 g/L) for 3 weeks. Novel objective recognition task was employed for testing cognitive changes on postoperative day three. Expression of microglial marker Iba-1 in the hippocampus was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Expression levels of phenotypic gene markers of activated microglia (M1: iNOS, CD68, CD32; M2: Ym1, CD206, and SOCS3) in hippocampus were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Feces were collected for microbial community analysis. Results Rats exhibited an impairment in novel objective recognition 3 days after surgery compared with control rats (P < .01). In the hippocampus, expressions of Iba-1 and M1 markers of surgical rats were significantly upregulated. Similarly, expressions of SOCS3 and CD206 in the hippocampus were upregulated. Additionally, increasing levels of IL-6 and IL-4 were evident in the hippocampus. Administration of B-GOS significantly alleviated cognitive decline induced by surgery (P < .01). B-GOS-fed rats showed a significantly downregulated activation of microglia and expressions of M1-related genes and SOCS3 and IL-6. While there was no significant difference in expressions of CD206 and Ym1 and IL-4 between the surgical and B-GOS groups. Analysis of gut microbiome found that administration of B-GOS induced a significant change beta diversity of the gut microbiome and proliferation of Bifidobacterium and other potentially anti-inflammatory microbes. Conclusions Administration of B-GOS has a beneficial effect on regulating neuroinflammatory and cognitive impairment in a rat model of abdominal surgery and was associated with the manipulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li-Kuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Hai-Yin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liang Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, #22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, China
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Lee HJ, Hwang YH, Kim DH. Lactobacillus plantarum C29-Fermented Soybean (DW2009) Alleviates Memory Impairment in 5XFAD Transgenic Mice by Regulating Microglia Activation and Gut Microbiota Composition. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800359. [PMID: 30152045 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The study aims to determine whether Lactobacillus plantarum C29-fermented defatted soybean (FDS, DW2009) can attenuate memory impairment in 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Oral administration of FDS or C29 increases cognitive function in Tg mice in passive avoidance, Y-maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tasks. FDS or C29 treatment significantly suppresses amyloid-β, β/γ-secretases, caspase-3 expression, and NF-κB activation, and activates microglia and apoptotic neuron cell populations, and increases BDNF expression in the brain. FDS or C29 treatment suppresses blood and fecal lipopolysaccharide levels and Enterobacteriaceae population and increases lactobacilli/bifidobacteria populations. CONCLUSION FDS and C29 alleviates the decrease in cognitive function and inhibited amyloid-β expression in Tg mice by regulating microglia activation and gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ji Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Yun-Ha Hwang
- DongWha Pharm Research Institute, 35-71, Topsil-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-Shi, Gyeonggi, 17084, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
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Liu YW, Liong MT, Tsai YC. New perspectives of Lactobacillus plantarum as a probiotic: The gut-heart-brain axis. J Microbiol 2018; 56:601-613. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Jang H, Jang SE, Han M, Kim DH. Anxiolytic-like effect of Bifidobacterium adolescentis IM38 in mice with or without immobilisation stress. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:123-132. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the role of gut microbiota in the anxiety, we isolated bifidobacteria and lactobacilli from the human faecal microbiota, investigated their inhibitory effects on the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, and examined the anxiolytic-like effect of Bifidobacterium adolescentis IM38 in mice treated with or without immobilisation stress using the elevated plus maze (EPM) task. Oral administration of IM38 at a dose of 1×109 cfu/mouse showed a significant anxiolytic-like effect both in mice exposed to immobilisation stress and in control mice using the EPM test (P<0.05). Moreover, IM38 treatment significantly increased the amount of time spent on open arms and open arm entries. The anxiolytic-like effect of IM38 was comparable to that of buspirone (1 mg/kg). Moreover, this anxiolytic-like effect was blocked by treatment with flumazenil (3 mg/kg, i.p.), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, but was not affected by treatment with bicuculine or WAY-100635. IM38 treatment also reduced the blood levels of corticosterone and IL-6 in mice with or without immobilisation stress, whereas this effect was abolished by treatment with flumazenil. IM38 treatment also reduced the blood TNF-α level in mice subjected to immobilisation stress but not in normal control mice. Treatment with flumazenil also significantly increased TNF-α and IL-6 levels in immobilisation stress-free mice treated with IM38. These findings suggest that IM38 may attenuate anxiety through modulation of the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor and modulate stress-related cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.M. Jang
- Neurobiota Research Center, Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - S.-E. Jang
- Neurobiota Research Center, Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - M.J. Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - D.-H. Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Jones SV, Kounatidis I. Nuclear Factor-Kappa B and Alzheimer Disease, Unifying Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors from Cell to Humans. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1805. [PMID: 29312321 PMCID: PMC5732234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, an eversible, progressive disease that causes problems with memory, thinking, language, planning, and behavior. There are a number of risk factors associated with developing AD but the exact cause remains unknown. The predominant theory is that excessive build-up of amyloid protein leads to cell death, brain atrophy, and cognitive and functional decline. However, the amyloid hypothesis has not led to a single successful treatment. The recent failure of Solanezumab, a monoclonal antibody to amyloid, in a large phase III trial was emblematic of the repeated failure of anti-amyloid therapeutics. New disease targets are urgently needed. The innate immune system is increasingly being implicated in the pathology of number of chronic diseases. This focused review will summarize the role of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a key regulator of innate immunity, in the major genetic and environmental risk factors in cellular, invertebrate and vertebrate models of AD. The paper will also explore the relationship between NF-κB and emerging environmental risk factors in an attempt to assess the potential for this transcription factor to be targeted for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vann Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Chen D, Yang X, Yang J, Lai G, Yong T, Tang X, Shuai O, Zhou G, Xie Y, Wu Q. Prebiotic Effect of Fructooligosaccharides from Morinda officinalis on Alzheimer's Disease in Rodent Models by Targeting the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:403. [PMID: 29276488 PMCID: PMC5727096 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota influences the central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The prebiotics and probiotics can improve the host cognition. A previous study demonstrated that fructooligosaccharides from Morinda officinalis (OMO) exert effective memory improvements in AD-like animals, thereby considered as potential prebiotics; however, the underlying mechanism still remains enigma. Thus, the present study investigated whether OMO is effective in alleviating AD by targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis. OMO was administered in rats with AD-like symptoms (D-galactose- and Aβ1-42-induced deficient rats). Significant and systematic deterioration in AD-like animals were identified, including learning and memory abilities, histological changes, production of cytokines, and microbial community shifts. Behavioral experiments demonstrated that OMO administration can ameliorate the learning and memory abilities in both AD-like animals significantly. AD parameters showed that OMO administration cannot only improve oxidative stress and inflammation disorder, but also regulate the synthesis and secretion of neurotransmitter. Histological changes indicated that OMO administration ameliorates the swelling of brain tissues, neuronal apoptosis, and down-regulation of the expression of AD intracellular markers (Tau and Aβ1-42). 16S rRNA sequencing of gut microbiota indicated that OMO administration maintains the diversity and stability of the microbial community. In addition, OMO regulated the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model treated by overdosed antibiotics and thus showed the prebiotic potential. Moreover, gut microbiota plays a major role in neurodevelopment, leading to alterations in gene expression in critical brain and intestinal regions, thereby resulting in perturbation to the programming of normal cognitive behaviors. Taken together, our findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of the traditional medicine, M. officinalis, on various neurological diseases such as AD, is at least partially contributed by its naturally occurring chemical constituent, OMO, via modulating the interaction between gut ecology and brain physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoxiao Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Tianqiao Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ou Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Gailian Zhou
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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O'Hagan C, Li JV, Marchesi JR, Plummer S, Garaiova I, Good MA. Long-term multi-species Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium dietary supplement enhances memory and changes regional brain metabolites in middle-aged rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 144:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lim SM, Jang HM, Jeong JJ, Han MJ, Kim DH. Lactobacillus johnsonii CJLJ103 attenuates colitis and memory impairment in mice by inhibiting gut microbiota lipopolysaccharide production and NF-κB activation. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Jeong JJ, Kim K, Hwang YJ, Han M, Kim DH. Anti-inflammaging effects of Lactobacillus brevis OW38 in aged mice. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:707-718. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were collected from kimchi and were screened to isolate strains that inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production by Escherichia coli and p16 expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Oral administration of Lactobacillus brevis OW38 (1×109 cfu/mouse) to aged mice (male, 18 months old) for 8 weeks reduced the LPS level in colon fluid and blood. In addition, OW38 treatment also reduced the ratio of Firmicutes or Proteobacteria to Bacteroidetes, which was significantly higher in aged mice than in young mice. Treatment with OW38 in aged mice inhibited the expression of inflammatory markers, such as myeloperoxidase, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-1β, and inhibited NF-κB activation. Furthermore, it induced the expression of colonic tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-1. OW38 treatment also suppressed the expression of senescence markers p16, p53, and SAMHD1 in the colon and the hippocampus of aged mice. In addition, it significantly restored spontaneous alternation as well as the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and doublecortin in aged mice compared to that in young mice (P<0.05). Based on these findings, we conclude that OW38 treatment may ameliorate aging-associated colitis and memory impairment by inhibiting gut microbiota LPS production, NF-κB activation, and p16 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-J. Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - K.A. Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Y.-J. Hwang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - M.J. Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - D.-H. Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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The Gut-Brain Axis, BDNF, NMDA and CNS Disorders. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2819-2835. [PMID: 27553784 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal (GI) microbiota and the 'gut-brain axis' are proving to be increasingly relevant to early brain development and the emergence of psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the influence of the GI tract on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and its relationship with receptors for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR), as these are believed to be involved in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. NMDAR may be associated with the development of schizophrenia and a range of other psychopathologies including neurodegenerative disorders, depression and dementias. An analysis of the routes and mechanisms by which the GI microbiota contribute to the pathophysiology of BDNF-induced NMDAR dysfunction could yield new insights relevant to developing novel therapeutics for schizophrenia and related disorders. In the absence of GI microbes, central BDNF levels are reduced and this inhibits the maintenance of NMDAR production. A reduction of NMDAR input onto GABA inhibitory interneurons causes disinhibition of glutamatergic output which disrupts the central signal-to-noise ratio and leads to aberrant synaptic behaviour and cognitive deficits. Gut microbiota can modulate BDNF function in the CNS, via changes in neurotransmitter function by affecting modulatory mechanisms such as the kynurenine pathway, or by changes in the availability and actions of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the brain. Interrupting these cycles by inducing changes in the gut microbiota using probiotics, prebiotics or antimicrobial drugs has been found promising as a preventative or therapeutic measure to counteract behavioural deficits and these may be useful to supplement the actions of drugs in the treatment of CNS disorders.
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