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Diao Y, Jin J, Xiong X, Yu C, Tian Y, Li D, Liu H. Transcription Factor VM1G_06867: A Requirement for Growth, Pathogenicity, Development, and Maintenance of Cell Wall Integrity in Valsa mali. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:692. [PMID: 37367628 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple canker disease, caused by Valsa mali, is one of the most serious apple tree diseases in China. VmSom1 is an important transcription factor that acts on the cyclic adenosine signaling pathway (cAMP/PKA), regulating the growth, development, morphological differentiation, and pathogenic forces of the pathogen. We perform transcriptome analysis of the VmSom1 deletion mutant and the wild-type strain 11-175 and identify a significantly differentially expressed gene, VM1G_06867, a zinc finger motif transcription factor in V. mali. In this study, we obtain the VM1G_06867 gene using the single deletion mutant via homologous recombination. To determine the relationship between VmSom1 and VM1G_06867, we also obtain a double deletion mutant ΔVmSom1/06867. Compared to the wild-type strain 11-175, the single deletion mutant VM1G_06867 shows a drastic reduction in growth rate and forms more pycnidia on the PDA medium. Additionally, the growth of the mutant is inhibited by SDS, Congo red, and fluorescent brighteners. In comparison to the single deletion mutant VmSom1, the double deletion mutant ΔVmSom1/06867 shows no significant change in growth or conidiation and is unable to produce conidia. The growth rate is significantly increased in Congo red, NaCl, and Sorbitol mediums. These results demonstrate that VM1G_06867 plays important roles in growth, pathogenicity, asexual development, and maintenance of cell wall integrity. VM1G_06867 can recover osmotic stress and cell wall integrity defects caused by the deletion of VmSom1, as well as restore the loss of pathogenicity caused by the deletion of the VmSom1 gene, but not completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Diao
- Shandong Research Center for Forestry Harmful Biological Control Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jiyang Jin
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry Administration, Forestry College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- Mountain Tai Forest Ecosystem Research Station of State Forestry Administration, Forestry College, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Chengming Yu
- Shandong Research Center for Forestry Harmful Biological Control Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yehan Tian
- Shandong Research Center for Forestry Harmful Biological Control Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Duochuan Li
- Shandong Research Center for Forestry Harmful Biological Control Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Huixiang Liu
- Shandong Research Center for Forestry Harmful Biological Control Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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Wang F, Han R, Chen S. An Overlooked and Underrated Endemic Mycosis-Talaromycosis and the Pathogenic Fungus Talaromyces marneffei. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0005122. [PMID: 36648228 PMCID: PMC10035316 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00051-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Talaromycosis is an invasive mycosis endemic in tropical and subtropical Asia and is caused by the pathogenic fungus Talaromyces marneffei. Approximately 17,300 cases of T. marneffei infection are diagnosed annually, and the reported mortality rate is extremely high (~1/3). Despite the devastating impact of talaromycosis on immunocompromised individuals, particularly HIV-positive persons, and the increase in reported occurrences in HIV-uninfected persons, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for talaromycosis have received far too little attention worldwide. In 2021, scientists living in countries where talaromycosis is endemic raised a global demand for it to be recognized as a neglected tropical disease. Therefore, T. marneffei and the infectious disease induced by this fungus must be treated with concern. T. marneffei is a thermally dimorphic saprophytic fungus with a complicated mycological growth process that may produce various cell types in its life cycle, including conidia, hyphae, and yeast, all of which are associated with its pathogenicity. However, understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of T. marneffei has been limited until recently. To achieve a holistic view of T. marneffei and talaromycosis, the current knowledge about talaromycosis and research breakthroughs regarding T. marneffei growth biology are discussed in this review, along with the interaction of the fungus with environmental stimuli and the host immune response to fungal infection. Importantly, the future research directions required for understanding this serious infection and its causative pathogenic fungus are also emphasized to identify solutions that will alleviate the suffering of susceptible individuals worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - RunHua Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shi Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Biomedical Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Yap A, Glarcher I, Misslinger M, Haas H. Characterization and engineering of the xylose-inducible xylP promoter for use in mold fungal species. Metab Eng Commun 2022; 15:e00214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Bauer I, Misslinger M, Shadkchan Y, Dietl AM, Petzer V, Orasch T, Abt B, Graessle S, Osherov N, Haas H. The Lysine Deacetylase RpdA Is Essential for Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2773. [PMID: 31866965 PMCID: PMC6905131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current suboptimal treatment options of invasive fungal infections and emerging resistance of the corresponding pathogens urge the need for alternative therapy strategies and require the identification of novel antifungal targets. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common airborne opportunistic mold pathogen causing invasive and often fatal disease. Establishing a novel in vivo conditional gene expression system, we demonstrate that downregulation of the class 1 lysine deacetylase (KDAC) RpdA leads to avirulence of A. fumigatus in a murine model for pulmonary aspergillosis. The xylP promoter used has previously been shown to allow xylose-induced gene expression in different molds. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that this promoter also allows in vivo tuning of A. fumigatus gene activity by supplying xylose in the drinking water of mice. In the absence of xylose, an A. fumigatus strain expressing rpdA under control of the xylP promoter, rpdAxylP, was avirulent and lung histology showed significantly less fungal growth. With xylose, however, rpdAxylP displayed full virulence demonstrating that xylose was taken up by the mouse, transported to the site of fungal infection and caused rpdA induction in vivo. These results demonstrate that (i) RpdA is a promising target for novel antifungal therapies and (ii) the xylP expression system is a powerful new tool for in vivo gene silencing in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Misslinger
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yana Shadkchan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Aspergillus and Antifungal Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Anna-Maria Dietl
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Orasch
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beate Abt
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Graessle
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nir Osherov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Aspergillus and Antifungal Research Laboratory, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Tsang CC, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Sixty Years from Segretain’s Description: What Have We Learned and Should Learn About the Basic Mycology of Talaromyces marneffei? Mycopathologia 2019; 184:721-729. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Wang Q, Du M, Wang S, Liu L, Xiao L, Wang L, Li T, Zhuang H, Yang E. MADS-Box Transcription Factor MadsA Regulates Dimorphic Transition, Conidiation, and Germination of Talaromyces marneffei. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1781. [PMID: 30131782 PMCID: PMC6090077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Talaromyces marneffei exhibits a temperature-dependent dimorphic transition, which is closely related with its pathogenicity. This species grows as multinucleate mycelia that produce infectious conidia at 25°C, while undergoes a dimorphic transition to generate uninucleate yeast form cells at 37°C. The mechanisms of phenotype switching are not fully understood. The transcription factor madsA gene is a member of the MADS-box gene family. Previously, it was found that overexpression of madsA gene resulted in mycelial growth instead of yeast form at 37°C. In the current study, the madsA deletion mutant (ΔmadsA) and complemented strain (CMA) were constructed by genetic manipulation. We compared the phenotypes, growth, conidiation, conidial germination and susceptibility to stresses (including osmotic and oxidative) of the ΔmadsA with the wild-type (WT) and CMA strains. The results showed that the ΔmadsA displayed a faster process of the yeast-to-mycelium transition than the WT and CMA. In addition, the deletion of madsA led to a delay in conidia production and conidial germination. The tolerance of ΔmadsA conidia to hydrogen peroxide was better than that of the WT and CMA strains. Then, RNA-seq was performed to identify differences in gene expression between the ΔmadsA mutant and WT strain during the yeast phase, mycelium phase, yeast-to-mycelium transition and mycelium-to-yeast transition, respectively. Gene ontology functional enrichment analyses indicated that some important processes such as transmembrane transport, oxidation-reduction process, protein catabolic process and response to oxidative stress were affected by the madsA deletion. Together, our results suggest that madsA functions as a global regulator involved in the conidiation and germination, especially in the dimorphic transition of T. marneffei. Its roles in the survival, pathogenicity and transmission of T. marneffei require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangyi Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Du
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Linxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Microbiology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Linqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ence Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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McBride JA, Gauthier GM, Klein BS. Turning on virulence: Mechanisms that underpin the morphologic transition and pathogenicity of Blastomyces. Virulence 2018. [PMID: 29532714 PMCID: PMC6779398 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1449506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the mechanisms underlying temperature adaptation and virulence of the etiologic agents of blastomycosis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Blastomyces gilchristii, and Blastomyces percursus. In response to temperature, Blastomyces undergoes a reversible morphologic switch between hyphae and yeast known as the phase transition. The conversion to yeast for Blastomyces and related thermally dimorphic fungi is essential for virulence. In the yeast phase, Blastomyces upregulates the essential virulence factor, BAD1, which promotes attachment to host cells, impairs activation of immune cells, and blunts cytokine release. Blastomyces yeast also secrete dipeptidyl-peptidase IVA (DPPIVA), a serine protease that blunts the action of cytokines released from host immune cells. In vivo transcriptional profiling of Blastomyces yeast has uncovered genes such as PRA1 and ZRT1 involved in zinc scavenging that contribute to virulence during murine pulmonary infection. The discovery and characterization of genes important for virulence has led to advances at the bedside regarding novel diagnostics, vaccine development, and new targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A McBride
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 600 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 1675 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA
| | - Gregory M Gauthier
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 600 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 600 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 1675 Highland Avenue, Madison , WI , USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , 1550 Linden Drive, Madison , WI , USA
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8
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Wu Y, Xu L, Yin Z, Feng H, Huang L. Transcription factor VmSeb1 is required for the growth, development, and virulence in Valsa mali. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:132-138. [PMID: 29959044 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor Seb1 contains two C2H2 zinc finger motifs which are similar to the Msn2/4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The homologous proteins of Seb1 function to regulate the response to various stresses or decomposing and utilizing pectin in some fungi. In this study, we characterized a homologue of Seb1 gene, VmSeb1, in Valsa mali, which causes a highly destructive bark disease on apple. VmSeb1 deletion mutant showed a drastic reduction in growth rate in vitro. It is also important for conidiation because VmSeb1 deletion mutant formed more pycnidia on PDA medium. Deletion mutant of VmSeb1 increased melanin genes expression. In addition, the sensitivity to oxidative stress increased and cell wall inhibitor in VmSeb1 deletion mutant, as its growth was more severely inhibited by H2O2 and Congo red than that in the wild-type. The virulence assay showed that the lesion length caused by the VmSeb1 deletion mutant was smaller compared to wild-type on detached apple twigs. However, expression of pectinase genes and pectinase activity in deletion mutant were the same as those of the wild-type during infection. These results indicate that VmSeb1 plays important roles in growth, asexual development, response to oxidative stress, maintenance of cell wall integrity, and virulence. However, VmSeb1 is not involved in the regulation of pectinase genes expression in V. mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, China-Australia Joint Research Centre for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China.
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9
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Lopes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM, Zhang Y, Nino-Vega G, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP, de Hoog S. Sporotrichosis between 1898 and 2017: The evolution of knowledge on a changeable disease and on emerging etiological agents. Med Mycol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Department of Cell Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hector M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gustavo Nino-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, and Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Morphological changes are a very common and effective strategy for pathogens to survive in the mammalian host. During interactions with their host, human pathogenic fungi undergo an array of morphological changes that are tightly associated with virulence. Candida albicans switches between yeast cells and hyphae during infection. Thermally dimorphic pathogens, such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces species transform from hyphal growth to yeast cells in response to host stimuli. Coccidioides and Pneumocystis species produce spherules and cysts, respectively, which allow for the production of offspring in a protected environment. Finally, Cryptococcus species suppress hyphal growth and instead produce an array of yeast cells—from large polyploid titan cells to micro cells. While the morphology changes produced by human fungal pathogens are diverse, they all allow for the pathogens to evade, manipulate, and overcome host immune defenses to cause disease. In this review, we summarize the morphology changes in human fungal pathogens—focusing on morphological features, stimuli, and mechanisms of formation in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten Nielsen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-625-4979; Fax: +1-612-626-0623
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11
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Wu Y, Ren Y, Zhou X, Cai M, Zhang Y. Transcription factorAgseb1affects development, osmotic stress response, and secondary metabolism in marine-derivedAspergillus glaucus. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:873-882. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Yanna Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing; Shanghai China
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12
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Fungal Dimorphism and Virulence: Molecular Mechanisms for Temperature Adaptation, Immune Evasion, and In Vivo Survival. Mediators Inflamm 2017. [PMID: 28626345 PMCID: PMC5463121 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8491383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermally dimorphic fungi are a unique group of fungi within the Ascomycota phylum that respond to shifts in temperature by converting between hyphae (22–25°C) and yeast (37°C). This morphologic switch, known as the phase transition, defines the biology and lifestyle of these fungi. The conversion to yeast within healthy and immunocompromised mammalian hosts is essential for virulence. In the yeast phase, the thermally dimorphic fungi upregulate genes involved with subverting host immune defenses. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms governing the phase transition and recent advances in how the phase transition promotes infection.
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13
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Timpano H, Chan Ho Tong L, Gautier V, Lalucque H, Silar P. The PaPsr1 and PaWhi2 genes are members of the regulatory network that connect stationary phase to mycelium differentiation and reproduction in Podospora anserina. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 94:1-10. [PMID: 27353975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, entrance into stationary phase is complex as it is accompanied by several differentiation and developmental processes, including the synthesis of pigments, aerial hyphae, anastomoses and sporophores. The regulatory networks that control these processes are still incompletely known. The analysis of the "Impaired in the development of Crippled Growth (IDC)" mutants of the model filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina has already yielded important information regarding the pathway regulating entrance into stationary phase. Here, the genes affected in two additional IDC mutants are identified as orthologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae WHI2 and PSR1 genes, known to regulate stationary phase in this yeast, arguing for a conserved role of these proteins throughout the evolution of ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Timpano
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France; Univ Paris Sud 11, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Laetitia Chan Ho Tong
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Valérie Gautier
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Hervé Lalucque
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France.
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14
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Two-Component Signaling Regulates Osmotic Stress Adaptation via SskA and the High-Osmolarity Glycerol MAPK Pathway in the Human Pathogen Talaromyces marneffei. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00086-15. [PMID: 27303703 PMCID: PMC4863612 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00086-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For successful infection to occur, a pathogen must be able to evade or tolerate the host's defense systems. This requires the pathogen to first recognize the host environment and then signal this response to elicit a complex adaptive program in order to activate its own defense strategies. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, two-component signaling systems are utilized to sense and respond to changes in the external environment. The hybrid histidine kinases (HHKs) at the start of the two-component signaling pathway have been well characterized in human pathogens. However, how these HHKs regulate processes downstream currently remains unclear. This study describes the role of a response regulator downstream of these HHKs, sskA, in Talaromyces marneffei, a dimorphic human pathogen. sskA is required for asexual reproduction, hyphal morphogenesis, cell wall integrity, osmotic adaptation, and the morphogenesis of yeast cells both in vitro at 37°C and during macrophage infection, but not during dimorphic switching. Comparison of the ΔsskA mutant with a strain in which the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) of the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway (SakA) has been deleted suggests that SskA acts upstream of this pathway in T. marneffei to regulate these morphogenetic processes. This was confirmed by assessing the amount of phosphorylated SakA in the ΔsskA mutant, antifungal resistance due to a lack of SakA activation, and the ability of a constitutively active sakA allele (sakA(F316L) ) to suppress the ΔsskA mutant phenotypes. We conclude that SskA regulates morphogenesis and osmotic stress adaptation in T. marneffei via phosphorylation of the SakA MAPK of the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway. IMPORTANCE This is the first study in a dimorphic fungal pathogen to investigate the role of a response regulator downstream of two-component signaling systems and its connection to the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway. This study will inspire further research into the downstream components of two-component signaling systems and their role during pathogenic growth.
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Boyce KJ, Andrianopoulos A. Fungal dimorphism: the switch from hyphae to yeast is a specialized morphogenetic adaptation allowing colonization of a host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:797-811. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Marty AJ, Broman AT, Zarnowski R, Dwyer TG, Bond LM, Lounes-Hadj Sahraoui A, Fontaine J, Ntambi JM, Keleş S, Kendziorski C, Gauthier GM. Fungal Morphology, Iron Homeostasis, and Lipid Metabolism Regulated by a GATA Transcription Factor in Blastomyces dermatitidis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004959. [PMID: 26114571 PMCID: PMC4482641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to temperature, Blastomyces dermatitidis converts between yeast and mold forms. Knowledge of the mechanism(s) underlying this response to temperature remains limited. In B. dermatitidis, we identified a GATA transcription factor, SREB, important for the transition to mold. Null mutants (SREBΔ) fail to fully complete the conversion to mold and cannot properly regulate siderophore biosynthesis. To capture the transcriptional response regulated by SREB early in the phase transition (0–48 hours), gene expression microarrays were used to compare SREB∆ to an isogenic wild type isolate. Analysis of the time course microarray data demonstrated SREB functioned as a transcriptional regulator at 37°C and 22°C. Bioinformatic and biochemical analyses indicated SREB was involved in diverse biological processes including iron homeostasis, biosynthesis of triacylglycerol and ergosterol, and lipid droplet formation. Integration of microarray data, bioinformatics, and chromatin immunoprecipitation identified a subset of genes directly bound and regulated by SREB in vivo in yeast (37°C) and during the phase transition to mold (22°C). This included genes involved with siderophore biosynthesis and uptake, iron homeostasis, and genes unrelated to iron assimilation. Functional analysis suggested that lipid droplets were actively metabolized during the phase transition and lipid metabolism may contribute to filamentous growth at 22°C. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA interference, and overexpression analyses suggested that SREB was in a negative regulatory circuit with the bZIP transcription factor encoded by HAPX. Both SREB and HAPX affected morphogenesis at 22°C; however, large changes in transcript abundance by gene deletion for SREB or strong overexpression for HAPX were required to alter the phase transition. Blastomyces dermatitidis belongs to a group of human pathogenic fungi that convert between two forms, mold and yeast, in response to temperature. Growth as yeast (37°C) in tissue facilitates immune evasion, whereas growth as mold (22°C) promotes environmental survival, sexual reproduction, and generation of transmissible spores. Despite the importance of dimorphism, how fungi regulate temperature adaptation is poorly understood. We identified SREB, a transcription factor that regulates disparate processes including dimorphism. SREB null mutants, which lack SREB, fail to fully complete the conversion to mold at 22°C. The goal of our research was to characterize how SREB regulates transcription during the switch to mold. Gene expression microarray along with chromatin binding and biochemical analyses indicated that SREB affected several processes including iron homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis, and lipid droplet formation. In vivo, SREB directly bound and regulated genes involved with iron uptake, lipid biosynthesis, and transcription. Functional analysis suggested that lipid metabolism may influence filamentous growth at 22°C. In addition, SREB interacted with another transcription factor, HAPX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J. Marty
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Aimee T. Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robert Zarnowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Teigan G. Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Bond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anissa Lounes-Hadj Sahraoui
- Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Calais, France
| | - Joël Fontaine
- Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Calais, France
| | - James M. Ntambi
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sündüz Keleş
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gregory M. Gauthier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Gauthier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bugeja HE, Andrianopoulos A. Morphogenesis and pathogenesis: control of cell identity in a dimorphic pathogen. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ma15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sun J, Li X, Feng P, Zhang J, Xie Z, Song E, Xi L. RNAi-mediated silencing of fungal acuD gene attenuates the virulence of Penicillium marneffei. Med Mycol 2014; 52:167-78. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kadosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Song XS, Li HP, Zhang JB, Song B, Huang T, Du XM, Gong AD, Liu YK, Feng YN, Agboola RS, Liao YC. Trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase is required for development, virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis apart from trehalose biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 63:24-41. [PMID: 24291007 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (TPS1) and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (TPS2) are required for trehalose biosynthesis in yeast and filamentous fungi, including Fusarium graminearum. Three null mutants Δtps1, Δtps2 and Δtps1-Δtps2, each carrying either a single deletion of TPS1 or TPS2 or a double deletion of TPS1-TPS2, were generated from a toxigenic F. graminearum strain and were not able to synthesize trehalose. In contrast to its reported function in yeasts and filamentous fungi, TPS1 appeared dispensable for development and virulence. However, deletion of TPS2 abolished sporulation and sexual reproduction; it also altered cell polarity and ultrastructure of the cell wall in association with reduced chitin biosynthesis. The cell polarity alteration was exhibited as reduced apical growth and increased lateral growth and branching with increased hyphal and cell wall widths. Moreover, the TPS2-deficient strain displayed abnormal septum development and nucleus distribution in its conidia and vegetative hyphae. The Δtps2 mutant also had 62% lower mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar and 99% lower virulence on wheat compared with the wild-type. The Δtps1, Δtps2 and Δtps1-Δtps2 mutants synthesized over 3.08-, 7.09- and 2.47-fold less mycotoxins, respectively, on rice culture compared with the wild-type. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the Δtps1, Δtps2 and Δtps1-Δtps2 mutants had 486, 1885 and 146 genotype-specific genes, respectively, with significantly changed expression profiles compared with the wild-type. Further dissection of this pathway will provide new insights into regulation of fungal development, virulence and trichothecene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Shi Song
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Ping Li
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Du
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Dong Gong
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ke Liu
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ni Feng
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Rebecca S Agboola
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Blatzer M, Gsaller F, Abt B, Schrettl M, Specht T, Haas H. An endogenous promoter for conditional gene expression in Acremonium chrysogenum: the xylan and xylose inducible promoter xyl1(P.). J Biotechnol 2013; 169:82-6. [PMID: 24246269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acremonium chrysogenum is the natural producer of the beta-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C and therefore of significant biotechnological importance. Here we identified and characterized the xylanase-encoding xyl1 gene and demonstrate that its promoter, xyl1(P), is suitable for conditional expression of heterologous genes in A. chrysogenum. This was shown by xylose and xylan-inducible xyl1(P)-driven expression of genes encoding green fluorescence protein and phleomycin resistance. Moreover, we demonstrate the potential of the xyl1(P) promoter for selection marker recycling. Taken together, these finding will help to overcome the limitation in genetic tools in this important filamentous fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blatzer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fungal Biotechnology, Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabio Gsaller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fungal Biotechnology, Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beate Abt
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fungal Biotechnology, Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Schrettl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fungal Biotechnology, Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestraße 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Thomas Specht
- Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestraße 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fungal Biotechnology, Division of Molecular Biology/Biocenter, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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