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Feng Y, Yang X, Cai G, Wang S, Liu P, Li Y, Chen W, Li W. Identification and Characterization of High-Molecular-Weight Proteins Secreted by Plasmodiophora brassicae That Suppress Plant Immunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:462. [PMID: 39057347 PMCID: PMC11278463 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate intracellular parasitic protist that causes clubroot disease on cruciferous plants. So far, some low-molecular-weight secreted proteins from P. brassicae have been reported to play an important role in plant immunity regulation, but there are few reports on its high-molecular-weight secreted proteins. In this study, 35 putative high-molecular-weight secreted proteins (>300 amino acids) of P. brassicae (PbHMWSP) genes that are highly expressed during the infection stage were identified using transcriptome analysis and bioinformatics prediction. Then, the secretory activity of 30 putative PbHMWSPs was confirmed using the yeast signal sequence trap system. Furthermore, the genes encoding 24 PbHMWSPs were successfully cloned and their functions in plant immunity were studied. The results showed that ten PbHMWSPs could inhibit flg22-induced reactive oxygen burst, and ten PbHMWSPs significantly inhibited the expression of the SA signaling pathway marker gene PR1a. In addition, nine PbHMWSPs could inhibit the expression of a marker gene of the JA signaling pathway. Therefore, a total of 19 of the 24 tested PbHMWSPs played roles in suppressing the immune response of plants. Of these, it is worth noting that PbHMWSP34 can inhibit the expression of JA, ET, and several SA signaling pathway marker genes. The present study is the first to report the function of the high-molecular-weight secreted proteins of P. brassicae in plant immunity, which will enrich the theory of interaction mechanisms between the pathogens and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Feng
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.F.); (X.Y.); (S.W.); (P.L.); (Y.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.F.); (X.Y.); (S.W.); (P.L.); (Y.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Gaolei Cai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shiyan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiyan 442000, China;
| | - Siting Wang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.F.); (X.Y.); (S.W.); (P.L.); (Y.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Pingu Liu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.F.); (X.Y.); (S.W.); (P.L.); (Y.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Yan Li
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.F.); (X.Y.); (S.W.); (P.L.); (Y.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wang Chen
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.F.); (X.Y.); (S.W.); (P.L.); (Y.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Mukhopadhyay S, Garvetto A, Neuhauser S, Pérez-López E. Decoding the Arsenal: Protist Effectors and Their Impact on Photosynthetic Hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:498-506. [PMID: 38551366 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-23-0196-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between various microbial pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and their plant hosts have traditionally been the focus of phytopathology. In recent years, a significant and growing interest in the study of eukaryotic microorganisms not classified among fungi or oomycetes has emerged. Many of these protists establish complex interactions with photosynthetic hosts, and understanding these interactions is crucial in understanding the dynamics of these parasites within traditional and emerging types of farming, including marine aquaculture. Many phytopathogenic protists are biotrophs with complex polyphasic life cycles, which makes them difficult or impossible to culture, a fact reflected in a wide gap in the availability of comprehensive genomic data when compared to fungal and oomycete plant pathogens. Furthermore, our ability to use available genomic resources for these protists is limited by the broad taxonomic distance that these organisms span, which makes comparisons with other genomic datasets difficult. The current rapid progress in genomics and computational tools for the prediction of protein functions and interactions is revolutionizing the landscape in plant pathology. This is also opening novel possibilities, specifically for a deeper understanding of protist effectors. Tools like AlphaFold2 enable structure-based function prediction of effector candidates with divergent protein sequences. In turn, this allows us to ask better biological questions and, coupled with innovative experimental strategies, will lead into a new era of effector research, especially for protists, to expand our knowledge on these elusive pathogens and their interactions with photosynthetic hosts. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Mukhopadhyay
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- L'Institute EDS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Garvetto
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- L'Institute EDS, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Roychowdhury R, Mishra S, Anand G, Dalal D, Gupta R, Kumar A, Gupta R. Decoding the molecular mechanism underlying salicylic acid (SA)-mediated plant immunity: an integrated overview from its biosynthesis to the mode of action. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14399. [PMID: 38894599 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone, well-known for its regulatory role in shaping plant immune responses. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying SA biosynthesis, perception, and downstream signalling cascades. Through the concerted efforts employing genetic, biochemical, and omics approaches, our understanding of SA-mediated defence responses has undergone remarkable expansion. In general, following SA biosynthesis through Avr effectors of the pathogens, newly synthesized SA undergoes various biochemical changes to achieve its active/inactive forms (e.g. methyl salicylate). The activated SA subsequently triggers signalling pathways associated with the perception of pathogen-derived signals, expression of defence genes, and induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to tailor the intricate regulatory networks that coordinate plant immune responses. Nonetheless, the mechanistic understanding of SA-mediated plant immune regulation is currently limited because of its crosstalk with other signalling networks, which makes understanding this hormone signalling more challenging. This comprehensive review aims to provide an integrated overview of SA-mediated plant immunity, deriving current knowledge from diverse research outcomes. Through the integration of case studies, experimental evidence, and emerging trends, this review offers insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing SA-mediated immunity and signalling. Additionally, this review discusses the potential applications of SA-mediated defence strategies in crop improvement, disease management, and sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Roychowdhury
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Sapna Mishra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Debalika Dalal
- Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati Central University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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Jia R, Yu L, Chen J, Hu L, Cao S, Dong X, Ma Q, Wang Y. Molecular evolution of methylesterase family genes and the BnMES34 is a positive regulator of Plasmodiophora brassicae stress response in Arabidopsis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129333. [PMID: 38218279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Methylesterases (MES) are involved in hydrolysis of carboxylic esters, which have substantial roles in plant metabolic activities and defense mechanisms. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate Brassica napus BnMESs and characterize their role in response to Plasmodiophora brassicae stress. Forty-four BnMES members were identified and categorized into three groups based on their phylogenetic relationships and structural similarities. Through functional predictions in the promoter regions and analysis of RNA-Seq data, BnMES emerged as pivotal in growth, development, and stress responses to B. napus, particularly BnMES34, was strongly induced in response to P. brassicae infection. Gene Ontology analyses highlighted BnMES34's role in regulation of plant disease resistance responses. Furthermore, overexpression of BnMES34 in A. thaliana exhibited milder clubroot symptoms, and reduced disease indices, suggesting positive regulatory role of BnMES34 in plant's response to P. brassicae stress. Molecular docking and enzyme activity verification indicated that BnMES34 has the ability to generate salicylic acid via methyl salicylate, and further experimentally validated in vivo. This discovery indicates that the overexpression of BnMES34 in Arabidopsis confers resistance against clubroot disease. Overall, our research suggests that BnMES34 has a beneficial regulatory role in enhancing stress resistance to P. brassicae in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ligang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shang Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaomin Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China..
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Li C, Luo S, Feng L, Wang Q, Cheng J, Xie J, Lin Y, Fu Y, Jiang D, Chen T. Protist ubiquitin ligase effector PbE3-2 targets cysteine protease RD21A to impede plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1764-1778. [PMID: 38035763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases of Brassica oil and vegetable crops worldwide. Understanding the pathogen infection strategy is crucial for the development of disease control. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, the molecular mechanism by which this pathogen promotes infection remains largely unknown. P. brassicae E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 (PbE3-2) is a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in P. brassicae with E3 ligase activity in vitro. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase assay and apoplast washing fluid extraction showed that PbE3-2 harbors a functional signal peptide. Overexpression of PbE3-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in higher susceptibility to P. brassicae and decreases in chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and expression of marker genes in salicylic acid signaling. PbE3-2 interacted with and ubiquitinated host cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 21A (RD21A) in vitro and in vivo. Mutant plants deficient in RD21A exhibited similar susceptibility and compromised immune responses as in PbE3-2 overexpression plants. We show that PbE3-2, which targets RD21A, is an important virulence factor for P. brassicae. Two other secretory RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in P. brassicae performed the same function as PbE3-2 and ubiquitinated RD21A. This study reveals a substantial virulence functional role of protist E3 ubiquitin ligases and demonstrates a mechanism by which protist E3 ubiquitin ligases degrade host immune-associated cysteine proteases to impede host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shaofeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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Ando S, Otawara S, Tabei Y, Tsushima S. Plasmodiophora brassicae affects host gene expression by secreting the transcription factor-type effector PbZFE1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:454-467. [PMID: 37738570 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae hijacks the metabolism and development of host cruciferous plants and induces clubroot formation, but little is known about its regulatory mechanisms. Previously, the Pnit2int2 sequence, a sequence around the second intron of the nitrilase gene (BrNIT2) involved in auxin biosynthesis in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, was identified as a specific promoter activated during clubroot formation. In this study, we hypothesized that analysis of the transcriptional regulation of Pnit2int2 could reveal how P. brassicae affects the host gene regulatory system during clubroot development. By yeast one-hybrid screening, the pathogen zinc finger protein PbZFE1 was identified to specifically bind to Pnit2int2. Specific binding of PbZFE1 to Pnit2int2 was also confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The binding site of PbZFE1 is essential for promoter activity of Pnit2int2 in clubbed roots of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (Pnit2int2-2::GUS), indicating that PbZFE1 is secreted from P. brassicae and functions within plant cells. Ectopic expression of PbZEF1 in A. thaliana delayed growth and flowering time, suggesting that PbZFE1 has significant impacts on host development and metabolic systems. Thus, P. brassicae appears to secrete PbZFE1 into host cells as a transcription factor-type effector during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugihiro Ando
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramakiaza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Otawara
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramakiaza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tabei
- Division of Plant Sciences, The Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Seiya Tsushima
- Strategic Planning Headquarters, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-1 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan
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Klueken AM, Mahfoud Y, Rößler S, Ludwig-Müller J. Testing Effects of Seed Treatments against Clubroot Disease in Various Oilseed Rape Hybrids. Pathogens 2023; 12:1339. [PMID: 38003803 PMCID: PMC10675021 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot disease, caused by the protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an emerging threat to cruciferous crops, including oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Most of the current commercial cultivars are highly susceptible, and efficient management tools are lacking practical implementation. Over three years and three experimental periods, we studied the effects of isotianil in comparison with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713-HiCFU against clubroot disease under greenhouse experiments. Our results show control effects, which were strongly dependent on seasons, host plant genotype, and clubroot isolates: isotianil and B. amyloliquefaciens QST713-HiCFU reduced disease severity consistently at variable, but field-relevant spore concentrations of clubroot isolates; with seed treatments showing superior effects compared to drench applications. The co-application of isotianil with B. amyloliquefaciens QST713-HiCFU could, in some cases, increase the efficacy. Interestingly, all studied hybrids reacted to treatments, albeit to a somewhat different extent. When tested against a field isolate, the results obtained with the single spore isolate were partially confirmed but with greater variability. Overall, the generally positive effects of isotianil and B. amyloliquefaciens QST713-HiCFU on the reduction of clubroot were repeatedly observed. The inoculation of clubroot disease with different spore counts indicates a dose-response effect for tested products. This study highlights the importance of performing experiments holistically over multiple, consecutive seasons, with various isolates, application types, and different genetic resources of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Michael Klueken
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Disease Control Biology, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany;
| | - Yamen Mahfoud
- Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01217 Dresden, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Sabine Rößler
- Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01217 Dresden, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01217 Dresden, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.R.)
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Jayasinghege CPA, Ozga JA, Manolii VP, Hwang SF, Strelkov SE. Impact of Susceptibility on Plant Hormonal Composition during Clubroot Disease Development in Canola ( Brassica napus). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2899. [PMID: 37631111 PMCID: PMC10459861 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a soilborne disease of crucifers associated with the formation of large root galls. This root enlargement suggests modulation of plant hormonal networks by the pathogen, stimulating cell division and elongation and influencing host defense. We studied physiological changes in two Brassica napus cultivars, including plant hormone profiles-salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-along with their selected derivatives following inoculation with virulent and avirulent P. brassicae pathotypes. In susceptible plants, water uptake declined from the initial appearance of root galls by 21 days after inoculation, but did not have a significant effect on photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, or leaf chlorophyll levels. Nonetheless, a strong increase in ABA levels indicated that hormonal mechanisms were triggered to cope with water stress due to the declining water uptake. The free SA level in the roots increased strongly in resistant interactions, compared with a relatively minor increase during susceptible interactions. The ratio of conjugated SA to free SA was higher in susceptible interactions, indicating that resistant interactions are linked to the plant's ability to maintain higher levels of bioactive free SA. In contrast, JA and its biologically active form JA-Ile declined up to 7-fold in susceptible interactions, while they were maintained during resistant interactions. The ACC level increased in the roots of inoculated plants by 21 days, irrespective of clubroot susceptibility, indicating a role of ethylene in response to pathogen interactions that is independent of disease severity. IAA levels at early and later infection stages were lower only in susceptible plants, suggesting a modulation of auxin homeostasis by the pathogen relative to the host defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn A. Ozga
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (C.P.A.J.); (V.P.M.); (S.-F.H.)
| | | | | | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (C.P.A.J.); (V.P.M.); (S.-F.H.)
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Mishra AK, Kocábek T, Nath VS, Khan A, Matoušek J, Hazzouri KM, Sudalaimuthuasari N, Krofta K, Ludwig-Müller J, Amiri KMA. The multifaceted roles of R2R3 transcription factor HlMYB7 in the regulation of flavonoid and bitter acids biosynthesis, development and biotic stress tolerance in hop (Humulus lupulus L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107636. [PMID: 36958151 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hop (Humulus lupulus) biosynthesizes the highly economically valuable secondary metabolites, which include flavonoids, bitter acids, polyphenols and essential oils. These compounds have important pharmacological properties and are widely implicated in the brewing industry owing to bittering flavor, floral aroma and preservative activity. Our previous studies documented that ternary MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) and binary WRKY1-WD40 (WW) protein complexes transcriptionally regulate the accumulation of bitter acid (BA) and prenylflavonoids (PF). In the present study, we investigated the regulatory functions of the R2R3-MYB repressor HlMYB7 transcription factor, which contains a conserved N-terminal domain along with the repressive motif EAR, in regulating the PF- and BA-biosynthetic pathway and their accumulation in hop. Constitutive expression of HlMYB7 resulted in transcriptional repression of structural genes involved in the terminal steps of biosynthesis of PF and BA, as well as stunted growth, delayed flowering, and reduced tolerance to viroid infection in hop. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid and transient reporter assays revealed that HlMYB7 targets both PF and BA pathway genes and suppresses MBW and WW protein complexes. Heterologous expression of HlMYB7 leads to down-regulation of structural genes of flavonoid pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana, including a decrease in anthocyanin content in Nicotiana tabacum. The combined results from functional and transcriptomic analyses highlight the important role of HlMYB7 in fine-tuning and balancing the accumulation of secondary metabolites at the transcriptional level, thus offer a plausible target for metabolic engineering in hop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tomáš Kocábek
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vishnu Sukumari Nath
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahamed Khan
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Matoušek
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Khaled M Hazzouri
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naganeeswaran Sudalaimuthuasari
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karel Krofta
- Hop Research Institute, Co. Ltd, Kadaňská 2525, 438 46, Žatec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Khaled M A Amiri
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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10
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Vañó MS, Nourimand M, MacLean A, Pérez-López E. Getting to the root of a club - Understanding developmental manipulation by the clubroot pathogen. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 148-149:22-32. [PMID: 36792438 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., the clubroot pathogen, is the perfect example of an "atypical" plant pathogen. This soil-borne protist and obligate biotrophic parasite infects the roots of cruciferous crops, inducing galls or clubs that lead to wilting, loss of productivity, and plant death. Unlike many other agriculturally relevant pathosystems, research into the molecular mechanisms that underlie clubroot disease and Plasmodiophora-host interactions is limited. After release of the first P. brassicae genome sequence and subsequent availability of transcriptomic data, the clubroot research community have implicated the involvement of phytohormones during the clubroot pathogen's manipulation of host development. Herein we review the main events leading to the formation of root galls and describe how modulation of select phytohormones may be key to modulating development of the plant host to the benefit of the pathogen. Effector-host interactions are at the base of different strategies employed by pathogens to hijack plant cellular processes. This is how we suspect the clubroot pathogen hijacks host plant metabolism and development to induce nutrient-sink roots galls, emphasizing a need to deepen our understanding of this master manipulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Silvestre Vañó
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maryam Nourimand
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Allyson MacLean
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
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11
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Bíbová J, Kábrtová V, Večeřová V, Kučerová Z, Hudeček M, Plačková L, Novák O, Strnad M, Plíhal O. The Role of a Cytokinin Antagonist in the Progression of Clubroot Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020299. [PMID: 36830668 PMCID: PMC9953476 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing clubroot disease in cruciferous plants. Infected plant organs are subject to profound morphological changes, the roots form characteristic galls, and the leaves are chlorotic and abscise. The process of gall formation is governed by timely changes in the levels of endogenous plant hormones that occur throughout the entire life cycle of the clubroot pathogen. The homeostasis of two plant hormones, cytokinin and auxin, appears to be crucial for club development. To investigate the role of cytokinin and auxin in gall formation, we used metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with clubroot, focusing on the late stages of the disease, where symptoms were more pronounced. Loss-of-function mutants of three cytokinin receptors, AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4, were employed to further study the homeostasis of cytokinin in response to disease progression; ahk double mutants developed characteristic symptoms of the disease, albeit with varying intensity. The most susceptible to clubroot disease was the ahk3 ahk4 double mutant, as revealed by measuring its photosynthetic performance. Quantification of phytohormone levels and pharmacological treatment with the cytokinin antagonist PI-55 showed significant changes in the levels of endogenous cytokinin and auxin, which was manifested by both enhanced and reduced development of disease symptoms in different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Bíbová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kábrtová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Večeřová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kučerová
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hudeček
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (O.P.)
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12
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Javed MA, Schwelm A, Zamani‐Noor N, Salih R, Silvestre Vañó M, Wu J, González García M, Heick TM, Luo C, Prakash P, Pérez‐López E. The clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae: A profile update. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:89-106. [PMID: 36448235 PMCID: PMC9831288 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodiophora brassicae is the causal agent of clubroot disease of cruciferous plants and one of the biggest threats to the rapeseed (Brassica napus) and brassica vegetable industry worldwide. DISEASE SYMPTOMS In the advanced stages of clubroot disease wilting, stunting, yellowing, and redness are visible in the shoots. However, the typical symptoms of the disease are the presence of club-shaped galls in the roots of susceptible hosts that block the absorption of water and nutrients. HOST RANGE Members of the family Brassicaceae are the primary host of the pathogen, although some members of the family, such as Bunias orientalis, Coronopus squamatus, and Raphanus sativus, have been identified as being consistently resistant to P. brassicae isolates with variable virulence profile. TAXONOMY Class: Phytomyxea; Order: Plasmodiophorales; Family: Plasmodiophoraceae; Genus: Plasmodiophora; Species: Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin, 1877). DISTRIBUTION Clubroot disease is spread worldwide, with reports from all continents except Antarctica. To date, clubroot disease has been reported in more than 80 countries. PATHOTYPING Based on its virulence on different hosts, P. brassicae is classified into pathotypes or races. Five main pathotyping systems have been developed to understand the relationship between P. brassicae and its hosts. Nowadays, the Canadian clubroot differential is extensively used in Canada and has so far identified 36 different pathotypes based on the response of a set of 13 hosts. EFFECTORS AND RESISTANCE After the identification and characterization of the clubroot pathogen SABATH-type methyltransferase PbBSMT, several other effectors have been characterized. However, no avirulence gene is known, hindering the functional characterization of the five intercellular nucleotide-binding (NB) site leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) clubroot resistance genes validated to date. IMPORTANT LINK Canola Council of Canada is constantly updating information about clubroot and P. brassicae as part of their Canola Encyclopedia: https://www.canolacouncil.org/canola-encyclopedia/diseases/clubroot/. PHYTOSANITARY CATEGORIZATION PLADBR: EPPO A2 list; Annex designation 9E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim Javed
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Arne Schwelm
- Department of Plant ScienceWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Teagasc, Crops Research CentreCarlowIreland
| | - Nazanin Zamani‐Noor
- Julius Kühn‐Institute, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and GrasslandBraunschweigGermany
| | - Rasha Salih
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Marina Silvestre Vañó
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Jiaxu Wu
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Melaine González García
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | | | - Chaoyu Luo
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Priyavashini Prakash
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- K. S. Rangasamy College of TechnologyNamakkalIndia
| | - Edel Pérez‐López
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
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13
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Integrative Transcriptome, miRNAs, Degradome, and Phytohormone Analysis of Brassica rapa L. in Response to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032414. [PMID: 36768734 PMCID: PMC9916777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is an infectious root disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica crops, which can cause immeasurable losses. We analyzed integrative transcriptome, small RNAs, degradome, and phytohormone comprehensively to explore the infection mechanism of P. brassicae. In this study, root samples of Brassica rapa resistant line material BrT24 (R-line) and susceptible line material Y510-9 (S-line) were collected at four different time points for cytological, transcriptome, miRNA, and degradome analyses. We found the critical period of disease resistance and infection were at 0-3 DAI (days after inoculation) and 9-20 DAI, respectively. Based on our finding, we further analyzed the data of 9 DAI vs. 20 DAI of S-line and predicted the key genes ARF8, NAC1, NAC4, TCP10, SPL14, REV, and AtHB, which were related to clubroot disease development and regulating disease resistance mechanisms. These genes are mainly related to auxin, cytokinin, jasmonic acid, and ethylene cycles. We proposed a regulatory model of plant hormones under the mRNA-miRNA regulation in the critical period of P. brassicae infection by using the present data of the integrative transcriptome, small RNAs, degradome, and phytohormone with our previously published results. Our integrative analysis provided new insights into the regulation relationship of miRNAs and plant hormones during the process of disease infection with P. brassicae.
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Decroës A, Mahillon M, Genard M, Lienard C, Lima-Mendez G, Gilmer D, Bragard C, Legrève A. Rhizomania: Hide and Seek of Polymyxa betae and the Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus with Beta vulgaris. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:989-1005. [PMID: 35816413 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-22-0063-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interactions between Polymyxa betae, the protist vector of sugar beet viruses, beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal agent of rhizomania, and Beta vulgaris have not been extensively studied. Here, the transmission of BNYVV to sugar beet by P. betae zoospores was optimized using genetically characterized organisms. Molecular interactions of aviruliferous and viruliferous protist infection on sugar beet were highlighted by transcriptomic analysis. P. betae alone induced limited gene expression changes in sugar beet, as a biotrophic asymptomatic parasite. Most differentially expressed plant genes were down-regulated and included resistance gene analogs and cell wall peroxidases. Several enzymes involved in stress regulation, such as the glutathione-S-transferases, were significantly induced. With BNYVV, the first stages of the P. betae life cycle on sugar beet were accelerated with a faster increase of relative protist DNA level and an earlier appearance of sporangia and sporosori in plants roots. A clear activation of plant defenses and the modulation of genes involved in plant cell wall metabolism were observed. The P. betae transcriptome in the presence of BNYVV revealed induction of genes possibly involved in the switch to the survival stage. The interactions were different depending on the presence or absence of the virus. P. betae alone alleviates plant defense response, playing hide-and-seek with sugar beet and allowing for their mutual development. Conversely, BNYVV manipulates plant defense and promotes the rapid invasion of plant roots by P. betae. This accelerated colonization is accompanied by the development of thick-walled resting spores, supporting the virus survival. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Decroës
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | | | - Margaux Genard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Lienard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Gipsi Lima-Mendez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - David Gilmer
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Claude Bragard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Anne Legrève
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
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15
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Jenner BN, Henry PM. Pathotypes of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae express discrete repertoires of accessory genes and induce distinct host transcriptional responses during root infection. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4570-4586. [PMID: 35706142 PMCID: PMC9796522 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Convergent evolution of phytopathogenicity is poorly described, especially among multiple strains of a single microbial species. We investigated this phenomenon with genetically diverse isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) that cause one of two syndromes: chlorosis and wilting (the 'yellows-fragariae' pathotype), or only wilting (the 'wilt-fragariae' pathotype). We challenged strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) plants to root infection by five fungal isolates: three yellows-fragariae, one wilt-fragariae and one that is not pathogenic to strawberry. All Fof isolates had chromosome-level assemblies; three were newly generated. The two pathotypes triggered distinct host responses, especially among phytohormone-associated genes; yellows-fragariae isolates strongly induced jasmonic acid-associated genes, whereas the wilt-fragariae isolate primarily induced ethylene biosynthesis and signalling. The differentially expressed genes on fungal accessory chromosomes were almost entirely distinct between pathotypes. We identified an ~150 kbp 'pathogenicity island' that was horizontally transferred between wilt-fragariae strains. This predicted pathogenicity island was enriched with differentially expressed genes whose predicted functions were related to plant infection, and only one of these genes was also upregulated in planta by yellows-fragariae isolates. These results support the conclusion that wilt- and yellows-fragariae cause physiologically distinct syndromes by the expression of discrete repertoires of genes on accessory chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N. Jenner
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California at DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peter M. Henry
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceSalinasCaliforniaUSA
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16
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Shaw RK, Shen Y, Yu H, Sheng X, Wang J, Gu H. Multi-Omics Approaches to Improve Clubroot Resistance in Brassica with a Special Focus on Brassica oleracea L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9280. [PMID: 36012543 PMCID: PMC9409056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica oleracea is an agronomically important species of the Brassicaceae family, including several nutrient-rich vegetables grown and consumed across the continents. But its sustainability is heavily constrained by a range of destructive pathogens, among which, clubroot disease, caused by a biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, has caused significant yield and economic losses worldwide, thereby threatening global food security. To counter the pathogen attack, it demands a better understanding of the complex phenomenon of Brassica-P. brassicae pathosystem at the physiological, biochemical, molecular, and cellular levels. In recent years, multiple omics technologies with high-throughput techniques have emerged as successful in elucidating the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In Brassica spp., omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, ncRNAomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are well documented, allowing us to gain insights into the dynamic changes that transpired during host-pathogen interactions at a deeper level. So, it is critical that we must review the recent advances in omics approaches and discuss how the current knowledge in multi-omics technologies has been able to breed high-quality clubroot-resistant B. oleracea. This review highlights the recent advances made in utilizing various omics approaches to understand the host resistance mechanisms adopted by Brassica crops in response to the P. brassicae attack. Finally, we have discussed the bottlenecks and the way forward to overcome the persisting knowledge gaps in delivering solutions to breed clubroot-resistant Brassica crops in a holistic, targeted, and precise way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Honghui Gu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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17
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Wang K, Shi Y, Sun Q, Lu M, Zheng L, Aldiyar B, Yu C, Yu F, Xu A, Huang Z. Ethylene Plays a Dual Role during Infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081299. [PMID: 35893035 PMCID: PMC9329982 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae infection leads to hypertrophy of host roots and subsequent formation of galls, causing huge economic losses to agricultural producers of Cruciferae plants. Ethylene (ET) has been reported to play a vital role against necrotrophic pathogens in the classic immunity system. More clues suggested that the defense to pathogens in roots may be different from the acrial. The ET pathway may play a positive role in the infection of P. brassicae, as shown by recent transcriptome profiling. However, the molecular basis of ET remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the potential role of ethylene against P. brassicae infection in an ein3/eil1 double-mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana). After infection, ein3/eil1 (Disease Index/DI: 93) showed more susceptibility compared with wild type (DI: 75). Then, we inoculated A. thaliana Columbia-0 (Col-0) with P. brassicae by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and pyrazinamide (PZA), respectively. It was found that the symptoms of infected roots with ACC were more serious than those with PZA at 20 dpi (day post infection). However, the DI were almost the same in different treatments at 30 dpi. WRKY75 can be directly regulated by ET and was upregulated at 7 dpi with ACC, as shown by qRT-PCR. The wrky75-c mutant of A. thaliana (DI: 93.75) was more susceptible than the wild type in Arabidopsis. Thus, our work reveals the dual roles of ET in infection of P. brassicae and provides evidence of ET in root defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.); (Q.S.); (M.L.); (L.Z.); (B.A.); (C.Y.); (A.X.)
| | - Yiji Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.); (Q.S.); (M.L.); (L.Z.); (B.A.); (C.Y.); (A.X.)
| | - Qingbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.); (Q.S.); (M.L.); (L.Z.); (B.A.); (C.Y.); (A.X.)
| | - Mingjiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.); (Q.S.); (M.L.); (L.Z.); (B.A.); (C.Y.); (A.X.)
| | - Lin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.); (Q.S.); (M.L.); (L.Z.); (B.A.); (C.Y.); (A.X.)
| | - Bakirov Aldiyar
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.); (Q.S.); (M.L.); (L.Z.); (B.A.); (C.Y.); (A.X.)
| | - Chengyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.); (Q.S.); (M.L.); (L.Z.); (B.A.); (C.Y.); (A.X.)
| | - Fengqun Yu
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N OX2, Canada;
| | - Aixia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.); (Q.S.); (M.L.); (L.Z.); (B.A.); (C.Y.); (A.X.)
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (K.W.); (Y.S.); (Q.S.); (M.L.); (L.Z.); (B.A.); (C.Y.); (A.X.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Ludwig-Müller J. What Can We Learn from -Omics Approaches to Understand Clubroot Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116293. [PMID: 35682976 PMCID: PMC9180986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is one of the most economically significant diseases worldwide. As a result, many investigations focus on both curing the disease and in-depth molecular studies. Although the first transcriptome dataset for the clubroot disease describing the clubroot disease was published in 2006, many different pathogen-host plant combinations have only recently been investigated and published. Articles presenting -omics data and the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae as well as different host plants were analyzed to summarize the findings in the richness of these datasets. Although genome data for the protist have only recently become available, many effector candidates have been identified, but their functional characterization is incomplete. A better understanding of the life cycle is clearly required to comprehend its function. While only a few proteome studies and metabolome analyses were performed, the majority of studies used microarrays and RNAseq approaches to study transcriptomes. Metabolites, comprising chemical groups like hormones were generally studied in a more targeted manner. Furthermore, functional approaches based on such datasets have been carried out employing mutants, transgenic lines, or ecotypes/cultivars of either Arabidopsis thaliana or other economically important host plants of the Brassica family. This has led to new discoveries of potential genes involved in disease development or in (partial) resistance or tolerance to P. brassicae. The overall contribution of individual experimental setups to a larger picture will be discussed in this review.
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19
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Shakouka MA, Gurjar MS, Aggarwal R, Saharan MS, Gogoi R, Bainsla Kumar N, Agarwal S, Kumar TPJ, Bayaa B, Khatib F. Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Virulence Genes in Wheat Karnal Bunt Fungus Tilletia indica Using Double Digest Restriction-Site Associated DNA-Genotyping by Sequencing Approach. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:852727. [PMID: 35633675 PMCID: PMC9139842 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.852727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilletia indica is a quarantine fungal pathogen that poses a serious biosecurity threat to wheat-exporting countries. Acquiring genetic data for the pathogenicity characters of T. indica is still a challenge for wheat breeders and geneticists. In the current study, double digest restriction-site associated-DNA genotyping by sequencing was carried out for 39 T. indica isolates collected from different locations in India. The generated libraries upon sequencing were with 3,346,759 raw reads on average, and 151 x 2 nucleotides read length. The obtained bases per read ranged from 87 Mb in Ti 25 to 1,708 Mb in Ti 39, with 505 Mb on average per read. Trait association mapping was performed using 41,473 SNPs, infection phenotyping data, population structure, and Kinship matrix, to find single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to virulence genes. Population structure analysis divided the T. indica population in India into three subpopulations with genetic mixing in each subpopulation. However, the division was not in accordance with the degree of virulence. Trait association mapping revealed the presence of 13 SNPs associated with virulence. Using sequences analysis tools, one gene (g4132) near a significant SNP was predicted to be an effector, and its relative expression was assessed and found upregulated upon infection.
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20
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A Novel Target (Oxidation Resistant 2) in Arabidopsis thaliana to Reduce Clubroot Disease Symptoms via the Salicylic Acid Pathway without Growth Penalties. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The clubroot disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae) is one of the most damaging diseases worldwide among brassica crops. Its control often relies on resistant cultivars, since the manipulation of the disease hormones, such as salicylic acid (SA) alters plant growth negatively. Alternatively, the SA pathway can be increased by the addition of beneficial microorganisms for biocontrol. However, this potential has not been exhaustively used. In this study, a recently characterized protein Oxidation Resistant 2 (OXR2) from Arabidopsis thaliana is shown to increase the constitutive pathway of SA defense without decreasing plant growth. Plants overexpressing AtOXR2 (OXR2-OE) show strongly reduced clubroot symptoms with improved plant growth performance, in comparison to wild type plants during the course of infection. Consequently, oxr2 mutants are more susceptible to clubroot disease. P. brassicae itself was reduced in these galls as determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the transcriptional downregulation of the gene encoding a SA-methyltransferase from the pathogen in OXR2-OE plants that could contribute to the phenotype.
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21
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Decroës A, Li JM, Richardson L, Mutasa-Gottgens E, Lima-Mendez G, Mahillon M, Bragard C, Finn RD, Legrève A. Metagenomics approach for Polymyxa betae genome assembly enables comparative analysis towards deciphering the intracellular parasitic lifestyle of the plasmodiophorids. Genomics 2021; 114:9-22. [PMID: 34798282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genomic knowledge of the tree of life is biased to specific groups of organisms. For example, only six full genomes are currently available in the rhizaria clade. Here, we have applied metagenomic techniques enabling the assembly of the genome of Polymyxa betae (Rhizaria, Plasmodiophorida) RES F41 isolate from unpurified zoospore holobiont and comparison with the A26-41 isolate. Furthermore, the first P. betae mitochondrial genome was assembled. The two P. betae nuclear genomes were highly similar, each with just ~10.2 k predicted protein coding genes, ~3% of which were unique to each isolate. Extending genomic comparisons revealed a greater overlap with Spongospora subterranea than with Plasmodiophora brassicae, including orthologs of the mammalian cation channel sperm-associated proteins, raising some intriguing questions about zoospore physiology. This work validates our metagenomics pipeline for eukaryote genome assembly from unpurified samples and enriches plasmodiophorid genomics; providing the first full annotation of the P. betae genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Decroës
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, China
| | - Lorna Richardson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Euphemia Mutasa-Gottgens
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Gipsi Lima-Mendez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Mahillon
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Bragard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Robert D Finn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Anne Legrève
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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22
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Galindo-González L, Hwang SF, Strelkov SE. Candidate Effectors of Plasmodiophora brassicae Pathotype 5X During Infection of Two Brassica napus Genotypes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:742268. [PMID: 34803960 PMCID: PMC8595600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.742268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most important diseases of canola (Brassica napus) in Canada. Disease management relies heavily on planting clubroot resistant (CR) cultivars, but in recent years, new resistance-breaking pathotypes of P. brassicae have emerged. Current efforts against the disease are concentrated in developing host resistance using traditional genetic breeding, omics and molecular biology. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, limited resources have been dedicated to investigating molecular mechanisms of pathogenic infection. We previously performed a transcriptomic study with the cultivar resistance-breaking pathotype 5X on two B. napus hosts presenting contrasting resistance/susceptibility, where we evaluated the mechanisms of host response. Since cultivar-pathotype interactions are very specific, and pathotype 5X is one of the most relevant resistance-breaking pathotypes in Canada, in this study, we analyze the expression of genes encoding putative secreted proteins from this pathotype, predicted using a bioinformatics pipeline, protein modeling and orthologous comparisons with effectors from other pathosystems. While host responses were found to differ markedly in our previous study, many common effectors are found in the pathogen while infecting both hosts, and the gene response among biological pathogen replicates seems more consistent in the effectors associated with the susceptible interaction, especially at 21 days after inoculation. The predicted effectors indicate the predominance of proteins with interacting domains (e.g., ankyrin), and genes bearing kinase and NUDIX domains, but also proteins with protective action against reactive oxygen species from the host. Many of these genes confirm previous predictions from other clubroot studies. A benzoic acid/SA methyltransferase (BSMT), which methylates SA to render it inactive, showed high levels of expression in the interactions with both hosts. Interestingly, our data indicate that E3 ubiquitin proteasome elements are also potentially involved in pathogenesis. Finally, a gene with similarity to indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase is a promising candidate effector because of its involvement in indole acetic acid synthesis, since auxin is one of the major players in clubroot development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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23
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Bauters L, Stojilković B, Gheysen G. Pathogens pulling the strings: Effectors manipulating salicylic acid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1436-1448. [PMID: 34414650 PMCID: PMC8518561 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, plants have developed sophisticated ways to cope with different biotic and abiotic stresses. Phytohormones and secondary metabolites are known to play pivotal roles in defence responses against invading pathogens. One of the key hormones involved in plant immunity is salicylic acid (SA), of which the role in plant defence is well established and documented. Plants produce an array of secondary metabolites categorized in different classes, with the phenylpropanoids as major players in plant immunity. Both SA and phenylpropanoids are needed for an effective immune response by the plant. To successfully infect the host, pathogens secrete proteins, called effectors, into the plant tissue to lower defence. Secreted effectors can interfere with several metabolic or signalling pathways in the host to facilitate infection. In this review, we will focus on the different strategies pathogens have developed to affect the levels of SA and phenylpropanoids to increase plant susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Bauters
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Boris Stojilković
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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24
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Askarian H, Akhavan A, González LG, Hwang SF, Strelkov SE. Genetic Structure of Plasmodiophora brassicae Populations Virulent on Clubroot Resistant Canola ( Brassica napus). PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3694-3704. [PMID: 33507096 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-20-1980-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is a significant threat to the canola (Brassica napus L.) industry in Canada. Clubroot resistance has been overcome in more than 200 fields since 2013, representing one of the biggest challenges to sustainable canola production. The genetic structure of 36 single-spore isolates derived from 12 field isolates of P. brassicae collected before and after the introduction of clubroot resistant (CR) canola cultivars (2005-2014) was evaluated by simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis. Polymorphisms were detected in 32 loci with the identification of 93 distinct alleles. A low level of genetic diversity was found among the single-spore isolates. Haploid linkage disequilibrium and number of migrants suggested that recombination and migration were rare or almost absent in the tested P. brassicae population. A relatively clear relationship was found between the genetic structure and virulence phenotypes of the pathogen as defined on the differential hosts of Somé et al., Williams, and the Canadian Clubroot Differential (CCD) set. Although genetic variability within each pathotype group, as classified on each differential system, was low, significant genetic differentiation was observed among the pathotypes. The highest correlation between genetic structure and virulence was found among matrices produced with genetic data and the hosts of the CCD set, with a threshold index of disease of 50% to distinguish susceptible from resistant reactions. Genetically homogeneous single-spore isolates provided a more complete and clearer picture of the population genetic structure of P. brassicae, and the results suggest some promise for the development of pathotype-specific primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Askarian
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Alireza Akhavan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Leonardo Galindo González
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Sheau-Fang Hwang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stephen E Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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25
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Pérez-López E, Hossain MM, Wei Y, Todd CD, Bonham-Smith PC. A clubroot pathogen effector targets cruciferous cysteine proteases to suppress plant immunity. Virulence 2021; 12:2327-2340. [PMID: 34515618 PMCID: PMC8451464 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1968684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogen effector proteins are key to pathogen virulence. In susceptible host Brassicas, the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, induces the production of nutrient-sink root galls, at the site of infection. Among a list of 32 P. brassiae effector candidates previously reported by our group, we identified SSPbP53 as a putative apoplastic cystatin-like protein highly expressed during the secondary infection. Here we found that SSPbP53 encoding gene is conserved among several P. brassicae pathotypes and that SSPbP53 is an apoplastic protein able to directly interact with and inhibit cruciferous papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs), specifically Arabidopsis XYLEM CYSTEINE PEPTIDASE 1 (AtXCP1). The severity of clubroot disease is greatly reduced in the Arabidopsis xcp1 null mutant (AtΔxcp1) after infection with P. brassicae resting spores, indicating that the interaction of P. brassicae SSPbP53 with XCP1 is important to clubroot susceptibility. SSPbP53 is the first cystatin-like effector identified and characterized for a plant pathogenic protist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez-López
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Department of Plant Sciences, University Laval, Criv, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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26
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Chen W, Li Y, Yan R, Ren L, Liu F, Zeng L, Sun S, Yang H, Chen K, Xu L, Liu L, Fang X, Liu S. SnRK1.1-mediated resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to clubroot disease is inhibited by the novel Plasmodiophora brassicae effector PBZF1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1057-1069. [PMID: 34165877 PMCID: PMC8358996 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a series of strategies to combat pathogen infection. Plant SnRK1 is probably involved in shifting carbon and energy use from growth-associated processes to survival and defence upon pathogen attack, enhancing the resistance to many plant pathogens. The present study demonstrated that SnRK1.1 enhanced the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to clubroot disease caused by the plant-pathogenic protozoan Plasmodiophora brassicae. Through a yeast two-hybrid assay, glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, a P. brassicae RxLR effector, PBZF1, was shown to interact with SnRK1.1. Further expression level analysis of SnRK1.1-regulated genes showed that PBZF1 inhibited the biological function of SnRK1.1 as indicated by the disequilibration of the expression level of SnRK1.1-regulated genes in heterogeneous PBZF1-expressing A. thaliana. Moreover, heterogeneous expression of PBZF1 in A. thaliana promoted plant susceptibility to clubroot disease. In addition, PBZF1 was found to be P. brassicae-specific and conserved. This gene was significantly highly expressed in resting spores. Taken together, our results provide new insights into how the plant-pathogenic protist P. brassicae employs an effector to overcome plant resistance, and they offer new insights into the genetic improvement of plant resistance against clubroot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain IndustryYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical EngineeringWuhan Polytechnic UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Ruibin Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Li Ren
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Fan Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lingyi Zeng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Shengnan Sun
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Huihui Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Kunrong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Li Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xiaoping Fang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Shengyi Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesKey Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil CropsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsWuhanHubeiChina
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27
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Gazengel K, Aigu Y, Lariagon C, Humeau M, Gravot A, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Daval S. Nitrogen Supply and Host-Plant Genotype Modulate the Transcriptomic Profile of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:701067. [PMID: 34305867 PMCID: PMC8298192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.701067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilization can affect the susceptibility of Brassica napus to the telluric pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. Our previous works highlighted that the influence of nitrogen can strongly vary regarding plant cultivar/pathogen strain combinations, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The present work aims to explore how nitrogen supply can affect the molecular physiology of P. brassicae through its life epidemiological cycle. A time-course transcriptome experiment was conducted to study the interaction, under two conditions of nitrogen supply, between isolate eH and two B. napus genotypes (Yudal and HD-018), harboring (or not harboring) low nitrogen-conditional resistance toward this isolate (respectively). P. brassicae transcriptional patterns were modulated by nitrogen supply, these modulations being dependent on both host-plant genotype and kinetic time. Functional analysis allowed the identification of P. brassicae genes expressed during the secondary phase of infection, which may play a role in the reduction of Yudal disease symptoms in low-nitrogen conditions. Candidate genes included pathogenicity-related genes ("NUDIX," "carboxypeptidase," and "NEP-proteins") and genes associated to obligate biotrophic functions of P. brassicae. This work illustrates the importance of considering pathogen's physiological responses to get a better understanding of the influence of abiotic factors on clubroot resistance/susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stéphanie Daval
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
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28
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Hossain MM, Pérez-López E, Todd CD, Wei Y, Bonham-Smith PC. Endomembrane-Targeting Plasmodiophora brassicae Effectors Modulate PAMP Triggered Immune Responses in Plants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:651279. [PMID: 34276588 PMCID: PMC8282356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating obligate, intracellular, biotrophic pathogen that causes clubroot disease in crucifer plants. Disease progression is regulated by effector proteins secreted by P. brassicae. Twelve P. brassicae putative effectors (PbPEs), expressed at various stages of disease development [0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post inoculation (DPI)] in Arabidopsis and localizing to the plant endomembrane system, were studied for their roles in pathogenesis. Of the 12 PbPEs, seven showed an inhibitory effect on programmed cell death (PCD) as triggered by the PCD inducers, PiINF1 (Phytophthora infestans Infestin 1) and PiNPP1 (P. infestans necrosis causing protein). Showing the strongest level of PCD suppression, PbPE15, a member of the 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe (II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily and with gene expression during later stages of infection, appears to have a role in tumorigenesis as well as defense signaling in plants. PbPE13 produced an enhanced PiINF1-induced PCD response. Transient expression, in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves of these PbPEs minus the signal peptide (SP) (Δsp PbPEGFPs), showed localization to the endomembrane system, targeting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi bodies and nucleo-cytoplasm, suggesting roles in manipulating plant cell secretion and vesicle trafficking. Δsp PbPE13GFP localized to plasma membrane (PM) lipid rafts with an association to plasmodesmata, suggesting a role at the cell-to-cell communication junction. Membrane relocalization of Δsp PbPE13GFP, triggered by flagellin N-terminus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (flg22 - known to elicit a PAMP triggered immune response in plants), supports its involvement in raft-mediated immune signaling. This study is an important step in deciphering P. brassicae effector roles in the disruption of plant immunity to clubroot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laval University, CRIV, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher D Todd
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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29
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Application of exogenous salicylic acid reduces disease severity of Plasmodiophora brassicae in pakchoi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248648. [PMID: 34166377 PMCID: PMC8224854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is one of the most serious diseases affecting Brassicaceae plants worldwide. However, there is no effective control method for clubroot. Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that plays a critical role in plant defense. In our study, we found the disease severity of a clubroot-sensitive cultivar of pakchoi, Xinxiaqing, was reduced with 0.6mM exogenous SA after the infection of P. brassicae. To investigate the mechanism of SA-reduced disease severity against clubroot, then we analyzed the plant growth, alteration of antioxidant enzyme system, and related gene expression of Xinxiaqing. Results showed that the clubroot incidence rate and disease index were decreased after being treated with 0.6 mM exogenous SA. Furthermore, plant growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents, and membrane lipid peroxidation were changed. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbic acid-peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR), were increased. Additionally, the production rates of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2·-) were also inhibited. The expression levels of genes, encoding SOD, APX, CAT, and GR, were increased. By summering all results, we conclude that 0.6 mM SA contributes to the reduction of disease severity to clubroot by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, abilities of osmotic regulation, and ROS scavenging to reduce the clubroot-induced damage in pakchoi.
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González-García M, Pérez-López E. Looking for a Cultured Surrogate for Effectome Studies of the Clubroot Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:650307. [PMID: 34122364 PMCID: PMC8193517 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.650307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melaine González-García
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculté des Sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Edel Pérez-López
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculté des Sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en sciences du végétal (Centre SÈVE), Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologies (FRQNT), Québec, QC, Canada
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31
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Schwelm A, Ludwig-Müller J. Molecular Pathotyping of Plasmodiophora brassicae-Genomes, Marker Genes, and Obstacles. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030259. [PMID: 33668372 PMCID: PMC7996130 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review the usefulness of the currently available genomic information for the molecular identification of pathotypes. We focused on effector candidates and genes implied to be pathotype specific and tried to connect reported marker genes to Plasmodiophora brassicae genome information. The potentials for practical applications, current obstacles and future perspectives are discussed.
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Biocontrol arsenals of bacterial endophyte: An imminent triumph against clubroot disease. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Weeraddana CDS, Manolii VP, Strelkov SE, de la Mata AP, Harynuk JJ, Evenden ML. Infection of canola by the root pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae increases resistance to aboveground herbivory by bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110625. [PMID: 33180705 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection of plants by pathogens can result in the upregulation of induced defenses; plants may be more or less susceptible to attack by insect herbivores following infection. We investigated the interaction between canola, Brassica napus L., plants infected with clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, and a generalist herbivore the bertha armyworm (BAW) Mamestra configurata Walker using two canola cultivars that varied in susceptibility to clubroot disease. Volatile organic compounds released from experimental plants differed with infection and female adult BAW could discriminate between canola plants inoculated with P. brassicae and disease-free plants. Adult female moths preferentially laid eggs on disease-free plants of the susceptible cultivar to P. brassicae. Inoculation of resistant canola with P. brassicae, however, did not influence oviposition by female BAW. The fitness of BAW larvae was reduced when they were reared on susceptible canola inoculated with P. brassicae. Salicylic acid and its conjugates in susceptible canola plants were induced following P. brassicae inoculation as compared to disease-free susceptible plants. We conclude that suppression of BAW oviposition and offspring fitness may result in part from a change in the volatile profile of the plant as a result of inoculation and the induction of defenses in inoculated susceptible canola.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor P Manolii
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen E Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Maya L Evenden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Neik TX, Amas J, Barbetti M, Edwards D, Batley J. Understanding Host-Pathogen Interactions in Brassica napus in the Omics Era. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1336. [PMID: 33050509 PMCID: PMC7599536 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brassica napus (canola/oilseed rape/rapeseed) is an economically important crop, mostly found in temperate and sub-tropical regions, that is cultivated widely for its edible oil. Major diseases of Brassica crops such as Blackleg, Clubroot, Sclerotinia Stem Rot, Downy Mildew, Alternaria Leaf Spot and White Rust have caused significant yield and economic losses in rapeseed-producing countries worldwide, exacerbated by global climate change, and, if not remedied effectively, will threaten global food security. To gain further insights into the host-pathogen interactions in relation to Brassica diseases, it is critical that we review current knowledge in this area and discuss how omics technologies can offer promising results and help to push boundaries in our understanding of the resistance mechanisms. Omics technologies, such as genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches, allow us to understand the host and pathogen, as well as the interaction between the two species at a deeper level. With these integrated data in multi-omics and systems biology, we are able to breed high-quality disease-resistant Brassica crops in a more holistic, targeted and accurate way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang Neik
- Sunway College Kuala Lumpur, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Junrey Amas
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; (J.A.); (D.E.)
| | - Martin Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; (J.A.); (D.E.)
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; (J.A.); (D.E.)
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Daval S, Gazengel K, Belcour A, Linglin J, Guillerm‐Erckelboudt A, Sarniguet A, Manzanares‐Dauleux MJ, Lebreton L, Mougel C. Soil microbiota influences clubroot disease by modulating Plasmodiophora brassicae and Brassica napus transcriptomes. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1648-1672. [PMID: 32686326 PMCID: PMC7415369 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of surrounding plant microbiota to disease development has led to the 'pathobiome' concept, which represents the interaction between the pathogen, the host plant and the associated biotic microbial community, resulting or not in plant disease. The aim herein is to understand how the soil microbial environment may influence the functions of a pathogen and its pathogenesis, and the molecular response of the plant to the infection, with a dual-RNAseq transcriptomics approach. We address this question using Brassica napus and Plasmodiophora brassicae, the pathogen responsible for clubroot. A time-course experiment was conducted to study interactions between P. brassicae, two B. napus genotypes and three soils harbouring high, medium or low microbiota diversities and levels of richness. The soil microbial diversity levels had an impact on disease development (symptom levels and pathogen quantity). The P. brassicae and B. napus transcriptional patterns were modulated by these microbial diversities, these modulations being dependent on the host genotype plant and the kinetic time. The functional analysis of gene expressions allowed the identification of pathogen and plant host functions potentially involved in the change of plant disease level, such as pathogenicity-related genes (NUDIX effector) in P. brassicae and plant defence-related genes (glucosinolate metabolism) in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Daval
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité de RennesIGEPPLe RheuF‐35650France
| | - Kévin Gazengel
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité de RennesIGEPPLe RheuF‐35650France
| | | | - Juliette Linglin
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité de RennesIGEPPPloudanielF‐29260France
| | | | - Alain Sarniguet
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité d'AngersIRHSBeaucouzéF‐49071France
| | | | - Lionel Lebreton
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité de RennesIGEPPLe RheuF‐35650France
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Badstöber J, Gachon CMM, Ludwig-Müller J, Sandbichler AM, Neuhauser S. Demystifying biotrophs: FISHing for mRNAs to decipher plant and algal pathogen-host interaction at the single cell level. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14269. [PMID: 32868853 PMCID: PMC7459097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions follow spatial and temporal developmental dynamics where gene expression in pathogen and host undergo crucial changes. Therefore, it is of great interest to detect, quantify and localise where and when key genes are active to understand these processes. Many pathosystems are not accessible for genetic amendments or other spatially-resolved gene expression monitoring methods. Here, we adapt single molecule FISH techniques to demonstrate the presence and activity of mRNAs at the single-cell level using phytomyxids in their plant and algal host in lab and field material. This allowed us to monitor and quantify the expression of genes from the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, several species of its Brassica hosts, and of several brown algae, including the genome model Ectocarpus siliculosus, infected with the phytomyxid Maullinia ectocarpii. We show that mRNAs are localised along a spatiotemporal gradient, thus providing a proof-of-concept of the usefulness of single-molecule FISH to increase knowledge about the interactions between plants, algae and phytomyxids. The methods used are easily applicable to any interaction between microbes and their algal or plant host, and have therefore the potential to rapidly increase our understanding of key, spatially- and temporally-resolved processes underpinning complex plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Badstöber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claire M M Gachon
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
- UMR 7245 - Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Pérez‐López E, Hossain MM, Tu J, Waldner M, Todd CD, Kusalik AJ, Wei Y, Bonham‐Smith PC. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Plasmodiophora brassicae Secondary Infection Effector Candidates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 67:337-351. [PMID: 31925980 PMCID: PMC7317818 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae (Wor.) is an obligate intracellular plant pathogen affecting Brassicas worldwide. Identification of effector proteins is key to understanding the interaction between P. brassicae and its susceptible host plants. To date, there is very little information available on putative effector proteins secreted by P. brassicae during a secondary infection of susceptible host plants, resulting in root gall production. A bioinformatics pipeline approach to RNA-Seq data from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. root tissues at 17, 20, and 24 d postinoculation (dpi) identified 32 small secreted P. brassicae proteins (SSPbPs) that were highly expressed over this secondary infection time frame. Functional signal peptides were confirmed for 31 of the SSPbPs, supporting the accuracy of the pipeline designed to identify secreted proteins. Expression profiles at 0, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 dpi verified the involvement of some of the SSPbPs in secondary infection. For seven of the SSPbPs, a functional domain was identified using Blast2GO and 3D structure analysis and domain functionality was confirmed for SSPbP22, a kinase localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez‐López
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5E2Canada
| | | | - Jiangying Tu
- Agriculture and Agri‐food CanadaSaskatoon Research CentreSaskatoonSKS7N 0X2Canada
| | - Matthew Waldner
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5C9Canada
| | | | - Anthony J. Kusalik
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5C9Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKS7N 5E2Canada
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Chen W, Li Y, Yan R, Xu L, Ren L, Liu F, Zeng L, Yang H, Chi P, Wang X, Chen K, Ma D, Fang X. Identification and Characterization of Plasmodiophora brassicae Primary Infection Effector Candidates that Suppress or Induce Cell Death in Host and Nonhost Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1689-1697. [PMID: 31188071 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-19-0039-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicaeis one of the most important diseases in cruciferous crops. The recognition of P. brassicae by host plants is thought to occur at the primary infection stage, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Secretory proteins as effector candidates play critical roles in the recognition of pathogens and the interactions between pathogens and hosts. In this study, 33 P. brassicae secretory proteins expressed during primary infection were identified through transcriptome, secretory protein prediction, and yeast signal sequence trap analyses. Furthermore, the proteins that could suppress or induce cell death were screened through an Agrobacterium-mediated plant virus transient expression system and a protoplast transient expression system. Two secretory proteins, PBCN_002550 and PBCN_005499, were found to be capable of inducing cell death associated with H2O2 accumulation and electrolyte leakage in Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, PBCN_002550 could also induce cell death in Chinese cabbage. In addition, 24 of the remaining 31 tested secretory proteins could suppress mouse Bcl-2-associated X protein-induced cell death, and 28 proteins could suppress PBCN_002550-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Ruibin Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Li Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Li Ren
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyi Zeng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Chi
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Kunrong Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiaoping Fang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
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Malinowski R, Truman W, Blicharz S. Genius Architect or Clever Thief-How Plasmodiophora brassicae Reprograms Host Development to Establish a Pathogen-Oriented Physiological Sink. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1259-1266. [PMID: 31210556 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0069-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When plants are infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae, their developmental programs are subjected to extensive changes and the resultant clubroot disease is associated with formation of large galls on underground tissue. The pathogen's need to build an efficient feeding site as the disease progresses drives these changes, ensuring successful production of resting spores. This developmental reprogramming is an outcome of interactions between the pathogen and the infected host. During disease progression, we can observe alteration of growth regulator dynamics, patterns of cell proliferation and differentiation, increased cell expansion, and eventual cell wall degradation as well as the redirection of nutrients toward the pathogen. Recently, detailed studies of anatomical changes occurring during infection and studies profiling transcriptional responses have come together to provide a clearer understanding of the sequence of events and processes underlying clubroot disease. Additionally, genome sequencing projects have revealed P. brassicae's potential for the production of signaling molecules and effectors as well as its requirements and capacities with respect to taking up host nutrients. Integration of these new findings together with physiological studies can significantly advance our understanding of how P. brassicae brings about reprogramming of host development. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on cellular changes induced by P. brassicae infection and aims to explain their impact and importance for both the host and the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malinowski
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - William Truman
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sara Blicharz
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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Ciaghi S, Schwelm A, Neuhauser S. Transcriptomic response in symptomless roots of clubroot infected kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) mirrors resistant plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:288. [PMID: 31262271 PMCID: PMC6604361 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae (Phytomyxea, Rhizaria) is one of the economically most important diseases of Brassica crops. The formation of hypertrophied roots accompanied by altered metabolism and hormone homeostasis is typical for infected plants. Not all roots of infected plants show the same phenotypic changes. While some roots remain uninfected, others develop galls of diverse size. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the intra-plant heterogeneity of P. brassicae root galls and symptomless roots of the same host plants (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) collected from a commercial field in Austria using transcriptome analyses. RESULTS Transcriptomes were markedly different between symptomless roots and gall tissue. Symptomless roots showed transcriptomic traits previously described for resistant plants. Genes involved in host cell wall synthesis and reinforcement were up-regulated in symptomless roots indicating elevated tolerance against P. brassicae. By contrast, genes involved in cell wall degradation and modification processes like expansion were up-regulated in root galls. Hormone metabolism differed between symptomless roots and galls. Brassinosteroid-synthesis was down-regulated in root galls, whereas jasmonic acid synthesis was down-regulated in symptomless roots. Cytokinin metabolism and signalling were up-regulated in symptomless roots with the exception of one CKX6 homolog, which was strongly down-regulated. Salicylic acid (SA) mediated defence response was up-regulated in symptomless roots, compared with root gall tissue. This is probably caused by a secreted benzoic acid/salicylic acid methyl transferase from the pathogen (PbBSMT), which was one of the highest expressed pathogen genes in gall tissue. The PbBSMT derived Methyl-SA potentially leads to increased pathogen tolerance in uninfected roots. CONCLUSIONS Infected and uninfected roots of clubroot infected plants showed transcriptomic differences similar to those previously described between clubroot resistant and susceptible hosts. The here described intra-plant heterogeneity suggests, that for a better understanding of clubroot disease targeted, spatial analyses of clubroot infected plants will be vital in understanding this economically important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ciaghi
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schwelm
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Yu F, Wang S, Zhang W, Tang J, Wang H, Yu L, Zhang X, Fei Z, Li J. Genome-wide identification of genes encoding putative secreted E3 ubiquitin ligases and functional characterization of PbRING1 in the biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1355-1365. [PMID: 31087129 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligases are key regulators of protein ubiquitination, which have been shown to be involved in a variety of cellular responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses in eukaryotes. However, the E3 ubiquitin ligase homologues in the soil-borne plant pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease of crucifer crops worldwide, remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized secreted E3 ubiquitin ligases, a group of proteins known to be involved in virulence in many pathogens, in a plasmodiophorid P. brassicae. Genome-wide search in the P. brassicae genome retrieved 139 putative E3 ubiquitin ligases, comprising of 115 RING, 15 HECT, 1 HECT-like, and 8 U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases. Among these E3 ubiquitin ligases, 11 RING, 1 U-box, and 3 HECT were found to harbor signal peptide. Based on published RNA-seq data (Schwelm et al. in Sci Rep 5:11153, 2015), we found that these genes were differentially expressed in distinct life stages including germinating spores, maturing spores, and plasmodia. We characterized one potential secreted E3 ubiquitin ligase, PbRING1 (PBRA_000499). Yeast invertase assay showed that PbRING1 harbors a functional N-terminal signal peptide. PbRING1 also harbors a really interested new gene (RING) domain at its C terminus, which was found to display the E3 ligase activity in vitro. Collectively, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the reservoir of putative secreted E3 ligases in P. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shenyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Tianjin Gengyun Seed Co. Ltd, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Jianbin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Djavaheri M, Ma L, Klessig DF, Mithöfer A, Gropp G, Borhan H. Mimicking the Host Regulation of Salicylic Acid: A Virulence Strategy by the Clubroot Pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:296-305. [PMID: 30199341 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0192-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in defense against biotrophic pathogens such as Plasmodiophora brassicae, which is an obligate pathogen of crucifer species and the causal agent of clubroot disease of canola (Brassica napus). P. brassicae encodes a protein, predicted to be secreted, with very limited homology to benzoic acid (BA)/SA-methyltransferase, designated PbBSMT. PbBSMT has a SA- and an indole-3-acetic acid-binding domain, which are also present in Arabidopsis thaliana BSMT1 (AtBSMT1) and, like AtBSMT1, has been shown to methylate BA and SA. In support of the hypothesis that P. brassicae uses PbBSMT to overcome SA-mediated defenses by converting SA into inactive methyl salicylate (MeSA), here, we show that PbBSMT suppresses local defense and provide evidence that PbBSMT is much more effective than AtBSMT1 at suppressing the levels of SA and its associated effects. Basal SA levels in Arabidopsis plants that constitutively overexpress PbBSMT compared with those in Arabidopsis wild-type Col-0 (WT) were reduced approximately 80% versus only a 50% reduction in plants overexpressing AtBSMT1. PbBSMT-overexpressing plants were more susceptible to P. brassicae than WT plants; they also were partially compromised in nonhost resistance to Albugo candida. In contrast, AtBSMT1-overexpressing plants were not more susceptible than WT to either P. brassicae or A. candida. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants overexpressing PbBSMT exhibited increased susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (DC3000) and virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, respectively. Gene-mediated resistance to DC3000/AvrRpt2 and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was also compromised in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana tabacum 'Xanthi-nc' plants overexpressing PbBSMT, respectively. Transient expression of PbBSMT or AtBSMT1 in lower leaves of N. tabacum Xanthi-nc resulted in systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-like enhanced resistance to TMV in the distal systemic leaves. Chimeric grafting experiments revealed that, similar to SAR, the development of a PbBSMT-mediated SAR-like phenotype was also dependent on the MeSA esterase activity of NtSABP2 in the systemic leaves. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that PbBSMT is a novel effector, which is secreted by P. brassicae into its host plant to deplete pathogen-induced SA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Djavaheri
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Lisong Ma
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- 3 Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon Gropp
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Hossein Borhan
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
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Bulman S, Richter F, Marschollek S, Benade F, Jülke S, Ludwig-Müller J. Arabidopsis thaliana expressing PbBSMT, a gene encoding a SABATH-type methyltransferase from the plant pathogenic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, show leaf chlorosis and altered host susceptibility. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21 Suppl 1:120-130. [PMID: 29607585 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogenic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease of Brassicaceae. This biotrophic organism can down-regulate plant defence responses. The previously characterised P. brassicae PbBSMT methyltransferase has substrate specificity for salicylic, benzoic and anthranilic acids. We therefore propose a role for the methylation of SA in attenuating plant defence response in infected roots as a novel strategy for intracellular parasitism. We overexpressed PbBSMT under the control of an inducible promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana and performed physiological, molecular and phytopathological analyses with the transgenic plants under control and induced conditions in comparison to the wild type. Upon induction, transcription of PbBSMT was associated with: (1) strong leaf phenotypes from anthocyanin accumulation and chlorosis followed by browning; (2) increased plant susceptibility after infection with P. brassicae that was manifested as more yellow leaves and reduced growth of upper plant parts; and (3) induced transgenic plants were not able to support large galls and had a brownish appearance of some clubs. Microarray data indicated that chlorophyll loss was accompanied by reduced transcription of genes involved in photosynthesis, while genes encoding glucose metabolism, mitochondrial functions and cell wall synthesis were up-regulated. Our results indicate a role for PbBSMT in attenuation of host defence responses in the roots by metabolising a plant defence signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bulman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - F Richter
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Marschollek
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Benade
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Jülke
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Prerostova S, Dobrev PI, Konradyova V, Knirsch V, Gaudinova A, Kramna B, Kazda J, Ludwig-Müller J, Vankova R. Hormonal Responses to Plasmodiophora brassicae Infection in Brassica napus Cultivars Differing in Their Pathogen Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4024. [PMID: 30551560 PMCID: PMC6321006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal dynamics after Plasmodiophora brassicae infection were compared in two Brassica napus cultivars-more resistant SY Alister and more sensitive Hornet, in order to elucidate responses associated with efficient defense. Both cultivars responded to infection by the early transient elevation of active cytokinins (predominantly cis-zeatin) and auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in leaves and roots, which was longer in Hornet. Moderate IAA levels in Hornet roots coincided with a high expression of biosynthetic gene nitrilase NIT1 (contrary to TAA1, YUC8, YUC9). Alister had a higher basal level of salicylic acid (SA), and it stimulated its production (via the expression of isochorismate synthase (ICS1)) in roots earlier than Hornet. Gall formation stimulated cytokinin, auxin, and SA levels-with a maximum 22 days after inoculation (dai). SA marker gene PR1 expression was the most profound at the time point where gall formation began, in leaves, roots, and especially in galls. Jasmonic acid (JA) was higher in Hornet than in Alister during the whole experiment. To investigate SA and JA function, SA was applied before infection, and twice (before infection and 15 dai), and JA at 15 dai. Double SA application diminished gall formation in Alister, and JA promoted gall formation in both cultivars. Activation of SA/JA pathways reflects the main differences in clubroot resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Prerostova
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Konradyova
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Plant Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtech Knirsch
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Gaudinova
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbara Kramna
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kazda
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Plant Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Dresden, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Technische Universität, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Daval S, Belcour A, Gazengel K, Legrand L, Gouzy J, Cottret L, Lebreton L, Aigu Y, Mougel C, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ. Computational analysis of the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome: mitochondrial sequence description and metabolic pathway database design. Genomics 2018; 111:1629-1640. [PMID: 30447277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate biotrophic pathogenic protist responsible for clubroot, a root gall disease of Brassicaceae species. In addition to the reference genome of the P. brassicae European e3 isolate and the draft genomes of Canadian or Chinese isolates, we present the genome of eH, a second European isolate. Refinement of the annotation of the eH genome led to the identification of the mitochondrial genome sequence, which was found to be bigger than that of Spongospora subterranea, another plant parasitic Plasmodiophorid phylogenetically related to P. brassicae. New pathways were also predicted, such as those for the synthesis of spermidine, a polyamine up-regulated in clubbed regions of roots. A P. brassicae pathway genome database was created to facilitate the functional study of metabolic pathways in transcriptomics approaches. These available tools can help in our understanding of the regulation of P. brassicae metabolism during infection and in response to diverse constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Daval
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France.
| | - Arnaud Belcour
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Kévin Gazengel
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Ludovic Legrand
- LIPM, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Ludovic Cottret
- LIPM, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Lionel Lebreton
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Yoann Aigu
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Christophe Mougel
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
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46
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Song GC, Ryu CM. Evidence for Volatile Memory in Plants: Boosting Defence Priming through the Recurrent Application of Plant Volatiles. Mol Cells 2018; 41:724-732. [PMID: 29991670 PMCID: PMC6125420 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant defence responses to various biotic stresses via systemic acquired resistance (SAR) are induced by avirulent pathogens and chemical compounds, including certain plant hormones in volatile form, such as methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate. SAR refers to the observation that, when a local part of a plant is exposed to elicitors, the entire plant exhibits a resistance response. In the natural environment, plants are continuously exposed to avirulent pathogens that induce SAR and volatile emissions affecting neighbouring plants as well as the plant itself. However, the underlying mechanism has not been intensively studied. In this study, we evaluated whether plants "memorise" the previous activation of plant immunity when exposed repeatedly to plant defensive volatiles such as methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate. We hypothesised that stronger SAR responses would occur in plants treated with repeated applications of the volatile plant defence compound MeSA than in those exposed to a single or no treatment. Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings subjected to repeated applications of MeSA exhibited greater protection against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum than the control. The increase in SAR capacity in response to repeated MeSA treatment was confirmed by analysing the defence priming of the expression of N. benthamiana Pathogenesis-Related 1a (NbPR1a) and NbPR2 by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR compared with the control. We propose the concept of plant memory of plant defence volatiles and suggest that SAR is strengthened by the repeated perception of volatile compounds in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141,
Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141,
Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113,
Korea
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47
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Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S, Desoignies N, Etemadi M, Falloon RE, Gachon CMM, Legreve A, Lukeš J, Merz U, Nenarokova A, Strittmatter M, Sullivan BK, Neuhauser S. Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1029-1044. [PMID: 29024322 PMCID: PMC5772912 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, nematodes and oomycetes belong to the most prominent eukaryotic plant pathogenic organisms. Unicellular organisms from other eukaryotic lineages, commonly addressed as protists, also infect plants. This review provides an introduction to plant pathogenic protists, including algae infecting oomycetes, and their current state of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schwelm
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCentre, Linnean Centre for Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala SE‐75007Sweden
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Julia Badstöber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Simon Bulman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Desoignies
- Applied Plant Ecophysiology, Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut‐CondorcetAth 7800Belgium
| | - Mohammad Etemadi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Richard E. Falloon
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Claire M. M. Gachon
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
| | - Anne Legreve
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life InstituteLouvain‐la‐Neuve 1348Belgium
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchTorontoOntario M5G 1Z8Canada
| | - Ueli Merz
- Plant PathologyInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092Switzerland
| | - Anna Nenarokova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
- Present address:
Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS – UPMC, UMR7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Place Georges Teissier, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff CedexFrance
| | - Brooke K. Sullivan
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010Australia
- School of BiosciencesVictorian Marine Science ConsortiumQueenscliffVic. 3225Australia
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
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Pérez-López E, Waldner M, Hossain M, Kusalik AJ, Wei Y, Bonham-Smith PC, Todd CD. Identification of Plasmodiophora brassicae effectors - A challenging goal. Virulence 2018; 9:1344-1353. [PMID: 30146948 PMCID: PMC6177251 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1504560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is an economically important disease affecting Brassica plants worldwide. Plasmodiophora brassicae is the protist pathogen associated with the disease, and its soil-borne obligate parasitic nature has impeded studies related to its biology and the mechanisms involved in its infection of the plant host. The identification of effector proteins is key to understanding how the pathogen manipulates the plant's immune response and the genes involved in resistance. After more than 140 years studying clubroot and P. brassicae, very little is known about the effectors playing key roles in the infection process and subsequent disease progression. Here we analyze the information available for identified effectors and suggest several features of effector genes that can be used in the search for others. Based on the information presented in this review, we propose a comprehensive bioinformatics pipeline for effector identification and provide a list of the bioinformatics tools available for such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez-López
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Matthew Waldner
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Musharaf Hossain
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Anthony J. Kusalik
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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The immunophilin repertoire of Plasmodiophora brassicae and functional analysis of PbCYP3 cyclophilin. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:381-390. [PMID: 29128880 PMCID: PMC5854754 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne pathogen that belongs to Rhizaria, an almost unexplored eukaryotic organism group. This pathogen requires a living host for growth and multiplication, which makes molecular analysis further complicated. To broaden our understanding of a plasmodiophorid such as P. brassicae, we here chose to study immunophilins, a group of proteins known to have various cellular functions, including involvement in plant defense and pathogen virulence. Searches in the P. brassicae genome resulted in 20 putative immunophilins comprising of 11 cyclophilins (CYPs), 7 FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) and 2 parvulin-like proteins. RNAseq data showed that immunophilins were differentially regulated in enriched life stages such as germinating spores, maturing spores, and plasmodia, and infected Brassica hosts (B. rapa, B. napus and B. oleracea). PbCYP3 was highly induced in all studied life stages and during infection of all three Brassica hosts, and hence was selected for further analysis. PbCYP3 was heterologously expressed in Magnaporthe oryzae gene-inactivated ΔCyp1 strain. The new strain ΔCyp1+ overexpressing PbCYP3 showed increased virulence on rice compared to the ΔCyp1 strain. These results suggest that the predicted immunophilins and particularly PbCYP3 are activated during plant infection. M. oryzae is a well-studied fungal pathogen and could be a valuable tool for future functional studies of P. brassicae genes, particularly elucidating their role during various infection phases.
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50
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Ludwig-Müller J, Auer S, Jülke S, Marschollek S. Manipulation of Auxin and Cytokinin Balance During the Plasmodiophora brassicae-Arabidopsis thaliana Interaction. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1569:41-60. [PMID: 28265986 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6831-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The symptoms of the clubroot disease on Brassica species caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae relies, among other factors, on the modulation of plant hormones. Signaling, transport as well as biosynthesis and metabolism are key features how the levels of auxins and cytokinins are controlled. We here describe (a) how to inoculate the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana with P. brassicae, (b) qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate disease severity in auxin and cytokinin mutants,
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susann Auer
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Jülke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabine Marschollek
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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