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Straube J, Hurtado G, Zeisler-Diehl V, Schreiber L, Knoche M. Cuticle deposition ceases during strawberry fruit development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:623. [PMID: 38951751 PMCID: PMC11218262 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideally, the barrier properties of a fruit's cuticle persist throughout its development. This presents a challenge for strawberry fruit, with their rapid development and thin cuticles. The objective was to establish the developmental time course of cuticle deposition in strawberry fruit. RESULTS Fruit mass and surface area increase rapidly, with peak growth rate coinciding with the onset of ripening. On a whole-fruit basis, the masses of cutin and wax increase but on a unit surface-area basis, they decrease. The decrease is associated with marked increases in elastic strain. The expressions of cuticle-associated genes involved in transcriptional regulation (FaSHN1, FaSHN2, FaSHN3), synthesis of cutin (FaLACS2, FaGPAT3) and wax (FaCER1, FaKCS10, FaKCR1), and those involved in transport of cutin monomers and wax constituents (FaABCG11, FaABCG32) decreased until maturity. The only exceptions were FaLACS6 and FaGPAT6 that are presumably involved in cutin synthesis, and FaCER1 involved in wax synthesis. This result was consistent across five strawberry cultivars. Strawberry cutin consists mainly of C16 and C18 monomers, plus minor amounts of C19, C20, C22 and C24 monomers, ω-hydroxy acids, dihydroxy acids, epoxy acids, primary alcohols, carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids. The most abundant monomer is 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Waxes comprise mainly long-chain fatty acids C29 to C46, with smaller amounts of C16 to C28. Wax constituents are carboxylic acids, primary alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes, sterols and esters. CONCLUSION The downregulation of cuticle deposition during development accounts for the marked cuticular strain, for the associated microcracking, and for their high susceptibility to the disorders of water soaking and cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Straube
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Grecia Hurtado
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany.
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2
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Gully K, Berhin A, De Bellis D, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Nawrath C. The GPAT4/ 6/ 8 clade functions in Arabidopsis root suberization nonredundantly with the GPAT5/7 clade required for suberin lamellae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314570121. [PMID: 38739804 PMCID: PMC11127019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314570121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid polymers such as cutin and suberin strengthen the diffusion barrier properties of the cell wall in specific cell types and are essential for water relations, mineral nutrition, and stress protection in plants. Land plant-specific glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) of different clades are central players in cutin and suberin monomer biosynthesis. Here, we show that the GPAT4/6/8 clade in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is known to mediate cutin formation, is also required for developmentally regulated root suberization, in addition to the established roles of GPAT5/7 in suberization. The GPAT5/7 clade is mainly required for abscisic acid-regulated suberization. In addition, the GPAT5/7 clade is crucial for the formation of the typical lamellated suberin ultrastructure observed by transmission electron microscopy, as distinct amorphous globular polyester structures were deposited in the apoplast of the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant, in contrast to the thinner but still lamellated suberin deposition in the gpat4 gpat6 gpat8 triple mutant. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the intrinsic phosphatase activity of GPAT4, GPAT6, and GPAT8, which leads to monoacylglycerol biosynthesis, contributes to suberin formation. GPAT5/7 lack an active phosphatase domain and the amorphous globular polyester structure observed in the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant was partially reverted by treatment with a phosphatase inhibitor or the expression of phosphatase-dead variants of GPAT4/6/8. Thus, GPATs that lack an active phosphatase domain synthetize lysophosphatidic acids that might play a role in the formation of the lamellated structure of suberin. GPATs with active and nonactive phosphatase domains appear to have nonredundant functions and must cooperate to achieve the efficient biosynthesis of correctly structured suberin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alice Berhin
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
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3
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Tourdot E, Martin PGP, Maza E, Mauxion JP, Djari A, Gévaudant F, Chevalier C, Pirrello J, Gonzalez N. Ploidy-specific transcriptomes shed light on the heterogeneous identity and metabolism of developing tomato pericarp cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:997-1015. [PMID: 38281284 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Endoreduplication, during which cells increase their DNA content through successive rounds of full genome replication without cell division, is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. Endoreduplication plays pivotal roles in plant growth and development and is associated with the activation of specific transcriptional programmes that are characteristic of each cell type, thereby defining their identity. In plants, endoreduplication is found in numerous organs and cell types, especially in agronomically valuable ones, such as the fleshy fruit (pericarp) of tomato presenting high ploidy levels. We used the tomato pericarp tissue as a model system to explore the transcriptomes associated with endoreduplication progression during fruit growth. We confirmed that expression globally scales with ploidy level and identified sets of differentially expressed genes presenting only developmental-specific, only ploidy-specific expression patterns or profiles resulting from an additive effect of ploidy and development. When comparing ploidy levels at a specific developmental stage, we found that non-endoreduplicated cells are defined by cell division state and cuticle synthesis while endoreduplicated cells are mainly defined by their metabolic activity changing rapidly over time. By combining this dataset with publicly available spatiotemporal pericarp expression data, we proposed a map describing the distribution of ploidy levels within the pericarp. These transcriptome-based predictions were validated by quantifying ploidy levels within the pericarp tissue. This in situ ploidy quantification revealed the dynamic progression of endoreduplication and its cell layer specificity during early fruit development. In summary, the study sheds light on the complex relationship between endoreduplication, cell differentiation and gene expression patterns in the tomato pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Tourdot
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal G P Martin
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Elie Maza
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Anis Djari
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Pirrello
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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4
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Yu G, Ullah H, Wang X, Liu J, Chen B, Jiang P, Lin H, Sunahara GI, You S, Zhang X, Shahab A. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals the mechanism of tolerance to manganese and cadmium toxicity in the Mn/Cd hyperaccumulator Celosia argentea Linn. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130206. [PMID: 36279652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanism of tolerance to heavy metals in hyperaccumulators is important for improving the efficiency of phytoremediation and is interesting for evolutionary studies on plant adaption to abiotic stress. Celosia argentea Linn. was recently discovered to hyperaccumulate both manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Mn and Cd detoxification in C. argentea are poorly understood. Laboratory studies were conducted using C. argentea seedlings exposed to 360 μM Mn and 8.9 μM Cd hydroponic solutions. Plant leaves were analyzed using transcriptional and metabolomic techniques. A total of 3960 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in plants were identified under Cd stress, among which 17 were associated with metal transport, and 10 belonged to the ATP transporter families. Exposures to Mn or Cd led to the differential expression of three metal transport genes (HMA3, ABCC15, and ATPase 4). In addition, 33 and 77 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified under Mn and Cd stresses, respectively. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that the ABC transporter pathway was the most affected in Mn/Cd exposed seedlings. Conjoint transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that the glutathione (GSH) metabolic pathway was over-represented in the KEGG pathway of both DEGs and DEMs. Our results confirm that the ABC transporter and GSH metabolic pathways play important roles in Mn and Cd detoxification. These findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to Mn and Cd toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Habib Ullah
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xinshuai Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Hua Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Geoffrey I Sunahara
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Shaohong You
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
| | - Asfandyar Shahab
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China.
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5
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Huo X, Pan A, Lei M, Song Z, Chen Y, Wang X, Gao Y, Zhang J, Wang S, Zhao Y, Wang F, Zhang J. Genome-Wide Characterization and Functional Analysis of ABCG Subfamily Reveal Its Role in Cutin Formation in Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032379. [PMID: 36768702 PMCID: PMC9916852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter G (ABCG) has been shown to be engaged in export of broad-spectrum compounds with structural differences, but little is known concerning its role in cutin formation of cotton (Gossypium spp.). In this study, we conduct a genome-wide survey and detected 69, 71, 124 and 131 ABCG genes within G. arboretum, G. raimondii, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, separately. The above ABCGs could be divided into four groups (Ia, Ib, Ic, II). Some ABCG genes such as GhABCG15, whose homologous gene transports cuticular lipid in Arabidopsis, was preferentially expressed in the development of fiber. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) demonstrated that GhABCG expression was significantly associated with the amount of 16-Hydroxypalmitate (a main component of cutin precursor) in cotton fibers. Further, silencing of GhABCG15 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cotton generated brightened and crinkled leaves as well as reduced thickness of cuticle and increased permeability. Chemical composition analysis showed the cutin content in GhABCG15-silenced leaves had decreased while the wax content had increased. Our results provide an insight for better understanding of the role of the Gossypium ABCG family and revealed the essential role of GhABCGs in cotton cutin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Huo
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ao Pan
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingyang Lei
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Zhangqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanxiu Zhao
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Furong Wang
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
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6
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Wang L, Yao W, Zhang X, Tang Y, Van Nocker S, Wang Y, Zhang C. The putative ABCG transporter VviABCG20 from grapevine ( Vitis vinifera) is strongly expressed in the seed coat of developing seeds and may participate in suberin biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:23-34. [PMID: 36733832 PMCID: PMC9886760 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Half-size ATP binding cassette G (ABCG) transporters participate in many biological processes by transporting specific substrates. Our previous study showed that VviABCG20 was strongly expressed in the seeds of seeded grape and the silencing of VviABCG20 homolog gene in tomato led to a reduction in seed number. To reveal the molecular mechanism of VviABCG20 gene involved in grape seed development/abortion, the gene expression and functional analysis of VviABCG20 were further carried out in the grapevine. It was shown that the gene expression of VviABCG20 was higher in seeds of seeded grapes compared with seedless. Further the expression of VviABCG20 in the seed coat was significantly higher than in ovules (young seeds) and endosperm. VviABCG20 was also induced by exogenous hormones (especially MeJA) in grape leaves. Subcellular localization analysis showed that VviABCG20 is a membrane protein. In overexpressed VviABCG20 transgenic callus of Thompson seedless, expression of genes GPAT5, FAR1 and FAR5 was increased significantly. After treatment with suberin precursors, the transgenic callus reduced the sensitivity to three cinnamic acid derivatives (cis-ferulic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid), succinic acid, and glycerol. In suspension cells, expression of VviABCG20 was increased significantly after treatment with suberin precursors. Our research suggested that VviABCG20 may function in seed development in grapevine, at least in part by participating in suberin biosynthesis in the seed coat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Wang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yujin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Steve Van Nocker
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824 USA
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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7
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Yu J, Lei B, Zhao H, Wang B, Kakar KU, Guo Y, Zhang X, Jia M, Yang H, Zhao D. Cloning, characterization and functional analysis of NtMYB306a gene reveals its role in wax alkane biosynthesis of tobacco trichomes and stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005811. [PMID: 36275561 PMCID: PMC9583951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized hair-like organs found on epidermal cells of many terrestrial plants, which protect plant from excessive transpiration and numerous abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the genetic basis and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown in Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco), an established model system for genetic engineering and plant breeding. In present study, we identified, cloned and characterized an unknown function transcription factor NtMYB306a from tobacco cultivar K326 trichomes. Results obtained from sequence phylogenetic tree analysis showed that NtMYB306a-encoded protein belonged to S1 subgroup of the plants' R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs). Observation of the green fluorescent signals from NtMYB306a-GFP fusion protein construct exhibited that NtMYB306a was localized in nucleus. In yeast transactivation assays, the transformed yeast containing pGBKT7-NtMYB306a construct was able to grow on SD/-Trp-Ade+X-α-gal selection media, signifying that NtMYB306a exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Results from qRT-PCR, in-situ hybridization and GUS staining of transgenic tobacco plants revealed that NtMYB306a is primarily expressed in tobacco trichomes, especially tall glandular trichomes (TGTs) and short glandular trichomes (SGTs). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and qRT-PCR analysis of the NtMYB306a-overexpressing transgenic tobacco line revealed that NtMYB306a activated the expression of a set of key target genes which were associated with wax alkane biosynthesis. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) exhibited that the total alkane contents and the contents of n-C28, n-C29, n-C31, and ai-C31 alkanes in leaf exudates of NtMYB306a-OE lines (OE-3, OE-13, and OE-20) were significantly greater when compared to WT. Besides, the promoter region of NtMYB306a contained numerous stress-responsive cis-acting elements, and their differential expression towards salicylic acid and cold stress treatments reflected their roles in signal transduction and cold-stress tolerance. Together, these results suggest that NtMYB306a is necessarily a positive regulator of alkane metabolism in tobacco trichomes that does not affect the number and morphology of tobacco trichomes, and that it can be used as a candidate gene for improving stress resistance and the quality of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Huina Zhao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaleem U. Kakar
- Department of Microbiology, Baluchistan University of Information Technology and Managemnet Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Yushuang Guo
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaolian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Mengao Jia
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Degang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
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8
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Liao CJ, Hailemariam S, Sharon A, Mengiste T. Pathogenic strategies and immune mechanisms to necrotrophs: Differences and similarities to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102291. [PMID: 36063637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis in plant diseases is complex comprising diverse pathogen virulence and plant immune mechanisms. These pathogens cause damaging plant diseases by deploying specialized and generic virulence strategies that are countered by intricate resistance mechanisms. The significant challenges that necrotrophs pose to crop production are predicted to increase with climate change. Immunity to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs is dominated by intracellular receptors that recognize specific effectors and activate resistance. These mechanisms play only minor roles in resistance to necrotrophs. Pathogen- or host-derived conserved pattern molecules trigger immune responses that broadly contribute to plant immunity. However, certain pathogen or host-derived immune elicitors are enriched by the virulence activities of necrotrophs. Different plant hormones modulate systemic resistance and cell death that have differential impacts on resistance to pathogens of different lifestyles. Knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to resistance to necrotrophs has expanded. Besides toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes that dominate the pathogenesis of necrotrophs, other effectors with subtle contributions are being identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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9
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Liu LL, Deng YQ, Dong XX, Wang CF, Yuan F, Han GL, Wang BS. ALDH2C4 regulates cuticle thickness and reduces water loss to promote drought tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111405. [PMID: 35914575 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, ALDH2C4 encodes coniferaldehyde dehydrogenase, which oxidizes coniferaldehyde to ferulic acid. Drought stress is one of the important abiotic stresses affecting plant growth. However, the role of ferulic acid in drought resistance is unknown. To investigate the contribution of ferulic acid to cuticle composition and drought resistance, we used two Arabidopsis aldh2c4 mutant lines. Compared with wild-type (WT) leaves, ferulic acid contents were significantly lower (by more than 50 %) in mutants. The mutants also had lower amounts of cutin and wax, primarily due to reductions in C18:2 dioic acid and alkanes, respectively. Furthermore, the leaves of the mutant plants exhibited greater rates of water loss and released chlorophyll faster than WT leaves when immersed in 80 % ethanol, indicating a defective cuticle barrier. The growth of aldh2c4 mutants was severely inhibited, and their leaves showed a higher degree of wilting relative to the WT plants under drought conditions. In aldh2c4 complementation lines, the growth inhibition of the mutant plants under drought stress was alleviated. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ferulic acid plays an important role in the composition and structural properties of the cuticle and that a ferulic acid deficiency in the cutin leads to reduced drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Quan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xiu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Liang Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Wang L, Dai W, Shi Y, Wang Y, Zhang C. Cloning and activity analysis of the highly expressed gene VviABCG20 promoter in seed and its activity is negatively regulated by the transcription factor VviDof14. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 315:111152. [PMID: 35067313 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Half-size ATP binding cassette G (ABCG) transporters participate in the growth and development of plants by transporting substrates. The VviABCG20 gene is highly expressed in seed and plays an important role in seed development/abortion. However, little is known about the function of the VviABCG20 promoter (pVviABCG20) and its regulatory factors. In our study, we obtained pVviABCG20s from 15 seeded and seedless grape varieties and there were two types of 'a' and 'b' with 41 bp non-deletion or deletion, respectively. The pVviABCG20 activity was higher in seeds, siliques, flowers and roots of pVviABCG20-GUS Arabidopsis. The GUS activity analysis revealed that the activities of P4 (-586 bp) to P7 (-155 bp) were becoming increasingly weaker, and the P7 activity almost disappears compared with the pVviABCG20 (P0, -1604). Yeast one-hybrid and GUS activity analysis indicated that VviDof14 binds to the AAAG element in the P7' (-586 bp) fragment of the pVviABCG20 and regulated the activity negatively. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis suggested that the expression of VviDof14 in Thompson seedless seeds was higher than that in Pinot noir. Our study laid the foundation for further analysis of the functions of the pVviABCG20 and its regulator VviDof14 in grape seed development/abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weina Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Banasiak J, Jasiński M. ATP-binding cassette transporters in nonmodel plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1597-1612. [PMID: 34614235 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about plant ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins is of great value for sustainable agriculture, economic yield, and the generation of high-quality products, especially under unfavorable growth conditions. We have learned much about ABC proteins in model organisms, notably Arabidopsis thaliana; however, the importance of research dedicated to these transporters extends far beyond Arabidopsis biology. Recent progress in genomic and transcriptomic approaches for nonmodel and noncanonical model plants allows us to look at ABC transporters from a wider perspective and consider chemodiversity and functionally driven adaptation as distinctive mechanisms during their evolution. Here, by considering several representatives from agriculturally important families and recent progress in functional characterization of nonArabidopsis ABC proteins, we aim to bring attention to understanding the evolutionary background, distribution among lineages and possible mechanisms underlying the adaptation of this versatile transport system for plant needs. Increasing the knowledge of ABC proteins in nonmodel plants will facilitate breeding and development of new varieties based on, for example, genetic variations of endogenous genes and/or genome editing, representing an alternative to transgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Banasiak
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
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12
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André CM, Guerriero G, Lateur M, Charton S, Leclercq CC, Renaut J, Hausman JF, Legay S. Identification of Novel Candidate Genes Involved in Apple Cuticle Integrity and Russeting-Associated Triterpene Synthesis Using Metabolomic, Proteomic, and Transcriptomic Data. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:289. [PMID: 35161271 PMCID: PMC8838389 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Apple russeting develops on the fruit surface when skin integrity has been lost. It induces a modification of fruit wax composition, including its triterpene profile. In the present work, we studied two closely related apple varieties, 'Reinette grise du Canada' and 'Reinette blanche du Canada', which display russeted and non-russeted skin phenotypes, respectively, during fruit development. To better understand the molecular events associated with russeting and the differential triterpene composition, metabolomics data were generated using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and combined with proteomic and transcriptomic data. Our results indicated lower expression of genes linked to cuticle biosynthesis (cutin and wax) in russet apple throughout fruit development, along with an alteration of the specialized metabolism pathways, including triterpene and phenylpropanoid. We identified a lipid transfer protein (LTP3) as a novel player in cuticle formation, possibly involved in the transport of both cutin and wax components in apple skin. Metabolomic data highlighted for the first time a large diversity of triterpene-hydroxycinnamates in russeted tissues, accumulation of which was highly correlated with suberin-related genes, including some enzymes belonging to the BAHD (HXXXD-motif) acyltransferase family. Overall, this study increases our understanding about the crosstalk between triterpene and suberin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle M. André
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Rue Bommel, Hautcharage, L-4940 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (C.M.A.); (G.G.); (S.C.); (C.C.L.); (J.R.); (J.-F.H.)
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Rue Bommel, Hautcharage, L-4940 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (C.M.A.); (G.G.); (S.C.); (C.C.L.); (J.R.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Marc Lateur
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Rue de Liroux, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Sophie Charton
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Rue Bommel, Hautcharage, L-4940 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (C.M.A.); (G.G.); (S.C.); (C.C.L.); (J.R.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Celine C. Leclercq
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Rue Bommel, Hautcharage, L-4940 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (C.M.A.); (G.G.); (S.C.); (C.C.L.); (J.R.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Rue Bommel, Hautcharage, L-4940 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (C.M.A.); (G.G.); (S.C.); (C.C.L.); (J.R.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Rue Bommel, Hautcharage, L-4940 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (C.M.A.); (G.G.); (S.C.); (C.C.L.); (J.R.); (J.-F.H.)
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Rue Bommel, Hautcharage, L-4940 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (C.M.A.); (G.G.); (S.C.); (C.C.L.); (J.R.); (J.-F.H.)
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13
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Philippe G, De Bellis D, Rose JKC, Nawrath C. Trafficking Processes and Secretion Pathways Underlying the Formation of Plant Cuticles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:786874. [PMID: 35069645 PMCID: PMC8769167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.786874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles are specialized cell wall structures that form at the surface of terrestrial plant organs. They are largely comprised lipidic compounds and are deposited in the apoplast, external to the polysaccharide-rich primary wall, creating a barrier to diffusion of water and solutes, as well as to environmental factors. The predominant cuticle component is cutin, a polyester that is assembled as a complex matrix, within and on the surface of which aliphatic and aromatic wax molecules accumulate, further modifying its properties. To reach the point of cuticle assembly the different acyl lipid-containing components are first exported from the cell across the plasma membrane and then traffic across the polysaccharide wall. The export of cutin precursors and waxes from the cell is known to involve plasma membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters; however, other secretion mechanisms may also contribute. Indeed, extracellular vesiculo-tubular structures have recently been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) to be associated with the deposition of suberin, a polyester that is structurally closely related to cutin. Intriguingly, similar membranous structures have been observed in leaves and petals of Arabidopsis, although in lower numbers, but no close association with cutin formation has been identified. The possibility of multiple export mechanisms for cuticular components acting in parallel will be discussed, together with proposals for how cuticle precursors may traverse the polysaccharide cell wall before their assimilation into the cuticle macromolecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Philippe
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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De Giorgi J, Fuchs C, Iwasaki M, Kim W, Piskurewicz U, Gully K, Utz-Pugin A, Mène-Saffrané L, Waridel P, Nawrath C, Longoni FP, Fujita S, Loubéry S, Lopez-Molina L. The Arabidopsis mature endosperm promotes seedling cuticle formation via release of sulfated peptides. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3066-3081.e5. [PMID: 34706263 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis mature seeds, the onset of the embryo-to-seedling transition is nonautonomously controlled, being blocked by endospermic abscisic acid (ABA) release under unfavorable conditions. Whether the mature endosperm governs additional nonautonomous developmental processes during this transition is unknown. Mature embryos have a more permeable cuticle than seedlings, consistent with their endospermic ABA uptake capability. Seedlings acquire their well-sealing cuticles adapted to aerial lifestyle during germination. Endosperm removal prevents seedling cuticle formation, and seed reconstitution by endosperm grafting onto embryos shows that the endosperm promotes seedling cuticle development. Grafting different endosperm and embryo mutant combinations, together with biochemical, microscopy, and mass spectrometry approaches, reveal that the release of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST)-sulfated CIF2 and PSY1 peptides from the endosperm promotes seedling cuticle development. Endosperm-deprived embryos produced nonviable seedlings bearing numerous developmental defects, not related to embryo malnutrition, all restored by exogenously provided endosperm. Hence, seedling establishment is nonautonomous, requiring the mature endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien De Giorgi
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Fuchs
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mayumi Iwasaki
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Urszula Piskurewicz
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Utz-Pugin
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrice Waridel
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fiamma Paolo Longoni
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luis Lopez-Molina
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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15
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Chen B, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Liu Z, Zhang D, Yang J, Wang G, Wu J, Ke H, Meng C, Wu L, Yan Y, Cui Y, Li Z, Wu L, Zhang G, Wang X, Ma Z. Tissue-specific expression of GhnsLTPs identified via GWAS sophisticatedly coordinates disease and insect resistance by regulating metabolic flux redirection in cotton. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:831-846. [PMID: 34008265 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is constantly attacked by pathogens and insects. The most efficient control strategy is to develop resistant varieties using broad-spectrum gene resources. Several resistance loci harboured by superior varieties have been identified through genome-wide association studies. However, the key genes and/or loci have not been functionally identified. In this study, we identified a locus significantly associated with Verticillium wilt (VW) resistance, and within a 145.5-kb linkage disequilibrium, two non-specific lipid transfer protein genes (named GhnsLTPsA10) were highly expressed under Verticillium pathogen stress. The expression of GhnsLTPsA10 significantly increased in roots upon Verticillium dahliae stress but significantly decreased in leaves under insect attack. Furthermore, GhnsLTPsA10 played antagonistic roles in positively regulating VW and Fusarium wilt resistance and negatively mediating aphid and bollworm resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis and silenced cotton. By combining transcriptomic, histological and physiological analyses, we determined that GhnsLTPsA10-mediated phenylpropanoid metabolism further affected the balance of the downstream metabolic flux of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis. The divergent expression of GhnsLTPsA10 in roots and leaves coordinated resistance of cotton against fungal pathogens and insects via the redirection of metabolic flux. In addition, GhnsLTPsA10 contributed to reactive oxygen species accumulation. Therefore, in this study, we elucidated the novel function of GhnsLTP and the molecular association between disease resistance and insect resistance, balanced by GhnsLTPsA10. This broadens our knowledge of the biological function of GhnsLTPsA10 in crops and provides a useful locus for genetic improvement of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhengwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guoning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Huifeng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Chengsheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Lizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yanru Cui
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
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16
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Xin A, Fry SC. Cutin:xyloglucan transacylase (CXT) activity covalently links cutin to a plant cell-wall polysaccharide. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 262:153446. [PMID: 34051591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The shoot epidermal cell wall in land-plants is associated with a polyester, cutin, which controls water loss and possibly organ expansion. Covalent bonds between cutin and its neighbouring cell-wall polysaccharides have long been proposed. However, the lack of biochemical evidence makes cutin-polysaccharide linkages largely conjectural. Here we optimised a portfolio of radiochemical assays to look for cutin-polysaccharide ester bonds in the epidermis of pea epicotyls, ice-plant leaves and tomato fruits, based on the hypothesis that a transacylase remodels cutin in a similar fashion to cutin synthase and cutin:cutin transacylase activities. Through in-situ enzyme assays and chemical degradations coupled with chromatographic analysis of the 3H-labelled products, we observed that among several wall-related oligosaccharides tested, only a xyloglucan oligosaccharide ([3H]XXXGol) could acquire ester-bonds from endogenous cutin, suggesting a cutin:xyloglucan transacylase (CXT). CXT activity was heat-labile, time-dependent, and maximal at near-neutral pH values. In-situ CXT activity peaked in nearly fully expanded tomato fruits and ice-plant leaves. CXT activity positively correlated with organ growth rate, suggesting that it contributes to epidermal integrity during rapid expansion. This study uncovers hitherto unappreciated re-structuring processes in the plant epidermis and provides a step towards the identification of CXT and its engineering for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhou Xin
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
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17
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Arya GC, Sarkar S, Manasherova E, Aharoni A, Cohen H. The Plant Cuticle: An Ancient Guardian Barrier Set Against Long-Standing Rivals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663165. [PMID: 34249035 PMCID: PMC8267416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial surfaces of plants are covered by a protective barrier formed by the cutin polyester and waxes, collectively referred to as the cuticle. Plant cuticles prevent the loss of water, regulate transpiration, and facilitate the transport of gases and solutes. As the cuticle covers the outermost epidermal cell layer, it also acts as the first line of defense against environmental cues and biotic stresses triggered by a large array of pathogens and pests, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects. Numerous studies highlight the cuticle interface as the site of complex molecular interactions between plants and pathogens. Here, we outline the multidimensional roles of cuticle-derived components, namely, epicuticular waxes and cutin monomers, during plant interactions with pathogenic fungi. We describe how certain wax components affect various pre-penetration and infection processes of fungi with different lifestyles, and then shift our focus to the roles played by the cutin monomers that are released from the cuticle owing to the activity of fungal cutinases during the early stages of infection. We discuss how cutin monomers can activate fungal cutinases and initiate the formation of infection organs, the significant impacts of cuticle defects on the nature of plant-fungal interactions, along with the possible mechanisms raised thus far in the debate on how host plants perceive cutin monomers and/or cuticle defects to elicit defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sutanni Sarkar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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18
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Elejalde-Palmett C, Martinez San Segundo I, Garroum I, Charrier L, De Bellis D, Mucciolo A, Guerault A, Liu J, Zeisler-Diehl V, Aharoni A, Schreiber L, Bakan B, Clausen MH, Geisler M, Nawrath C. ABCG transporters export cutin precursors for the formation of the plant cuticle. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2111-2123.e9. [PMID: 33756108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is deposited on the surface of primary plant organs, such as leaves, fruits, and floral organs, forming a diffusion barrier and protecting the plant against various abiotic and biotic stresses. Cutin, the structural polyester of the plant cuticle, is synthesized in the apoplast. Plasma-membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the G family have been hypothesized to export cutin precursors. Here, we characterize SlABCG42 of tomato representing an ortholog of AtABCG32 in Arabidopsis. SlABCG42 expression in Arabidopsis complements the cuticular deficiencies of the Arabidopsis pec1/abcg32 mutant. RNAi-dependent downregulation of both tomato genes encoding proteins highly homologous to AtABCG32 (SlABCG36 and SlABCG42) leads to reduced cutin deposition and formation of a thinner cuticle in tomato fruits. By using a tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) protoplast system, we show that AtABCG32 and SlABCG42 have an export activity for 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoyl-2-glycerol, a cutin precursor in vivo. Interestingly, also free ω-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid as well as hexadecanedioic acid were exported, furthering the research on the identification of cutin precursors in vivo and the respective mechanisms of their integration into the cutin polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Martinez San Segundo
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Imène Garroum
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Charrier
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mucciolo
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurore Guerault
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies UR1268, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Structure, Assembly and Function of Cuticle from Mechanical Perspective with Special Focus on Perianth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084160. [PMID: 33923850 PMCID: PMC8072621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the structure, assembly and function of cuticle. The topics are discussed from the mechanical perspective and whenever the data are available a special attention is paid to the cuticle of perianth organs, i.e., sepals, petals or tepals. The cuticle covering these organs is special in both its structure and function and some of these peculiarities are related to the cuticle mechanics. In particular, strengthening of the perianth surface is often provided by a folded cuticle that functionally resembles profiled plates, while on the surface of the petal epidermis of some plants, the cuticle is the only integral continuous layer. The perianth cuticle is distinguished also by those aspects of its mechanics and development that need further studies. In particular, more investigations are needed to explain the formation and maintenance of cuticle folding, which is typical for the perianth epidermis, and also to elucidate the mechanical properties and behavior of the perianth cuticle in situ. Gaps in our knowledge are partly due to technical problems caused by very small thicknesses of the perianth cuticle but modern tools may help to overcome these obstacles.
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20
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Liang B, Sun Y, Wang J, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Xu Y, Li Q, Leng P. Tomato protein phosphatase 2C influences the onset of fruit ripening and fruit glossiness. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2403-2418. [PMID: 33345282 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a vital role in coordinating physiological processes during fresh fruit ripening. Binding of ABA to receptors facilitates the interaction and inhibition of type 2C phosphatase (PP2C) co-receptors. However, the exact mechanism of PP2C during fruit ripening is unclear. In this study, we determined the role of the tomato ABA co-receptor type 2C phosphatase SlPP2C3, a negative regulator of ABA signaling and fruit ripening. SlPP2C3 selectively interacted with monomeric ABA receptors and SlSnRK2.8 kinase in both yeast and tobacco epidermal cells. Expression of SlPP2C3 was ABA-inducible, which was negatively correlated with fruit ripening. Tomato plants with suppressed SlPP2C3 expression exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA, while plants overexpressing SlPP2C3 were less sensitive to ABA. Importantly, lack of SlPP2C3 expression accelerated the onset of fruit ripening and affected fruit glossiness by altering the outer epidermis structure. There was a significant difference in the expression of cuticle-related genes in the pericarp between wild-type and SlPP2C3-suppressed lines based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that SlPP2C3 plays an important role in the regulation of fruit ripening and fruit glossiness in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufei Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yandan Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ping Leng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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21
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Pan J, Zhang L, Chen G, Wen H, Chen Y, Du H, Zhao J, He H, Lian H, Chen H, Shi J, Cai R, Wang G, Pan J. Study of micro-trichome (mict) reveals novel connections between transcriptional regulation of multicellular trichome development and specific metabolism in cucumber. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:21. [PMID: 33518711 PMCID: PMC7848009 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes that cover the epidermis of aerial plant organs play multiple roles in plant protection. Compared with a unicellular trichome in model plants, the development mechanism of the multicellular trichome is largely unclear. Notably, variations in trichome development are often accompanied by defects in the biosynthesis of cuticle and secondary metabolites; however, major questions about the interactions between developmental differences in trichomes and defects in metabolic pathways remain unanswered. Here, we characterized the glabrous mutant mict/csgl1/cstbh via combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to extend our limited knowledge regarding multicellular trichome development and metabolism in cucumber. Mict was found to be explicitly expressed within trichome cells. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that genes involved in flavonoid and cuticle metabolism are significantly downregulated in mict mutants. Further metabolomic analysis confirmed that flavonoids, lipids, and cuticle compositions are dramatically altered in mict mutants. Additional studies revealed that Mict regulates flavonoid, lipid, and cuticle biosynthesis by likely directly binding to downstream functional genes, such as CsTT4, CsFLS1, CsCER26, and CsMYB36. These findings suggest that specific metabolic pathways (e.g., flavonoids and cuticle components) are co-regulated by Mict and provide insights into transcriptional regulation mechanisms of multicellular trichome development and its specific metabolism in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Leyu Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guanqun Chen
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haifan Wen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huanle He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huiming Chen
- Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Run Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Junsong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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22
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Gräfe K, Schmitt L. The ABC transporter G subfamily in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:92-106. [PMID: 32459300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ABC transporters are ubiquitously present in all kingdoms and mediate the transport of a large spectrum of structurally different compounds. Plants possess high numbers of ABC transporters in relation to other eukaryotes; the ABCG subfamily in particular is extensive. Earlier studies demonstrated that ABCG transporters are involved in important processes influencing plant fitness. This review summarizes the functions of ABCG transporters present in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. These transporters take part in diverse processes such as pathogen response, diffusion barrier formation, or phytohormone transport. Studies involving knockout mutations reported pleiotropic phenotypes of the mutants. In some cases, different physiological roles were assigned to the same protein. The actual transported substrate(s), however, still remain to be determined for the majority of ABCG transporters. Additionally, the proposed substrate spectrum of different ABCG proteins is not always reflected by sequence identities between ABCG members. Applying only reverse genetics is thereby insufficient to clearly identify the substrate(s). We therefore stress the importance of in vitro studies in addition to in vivo studies in order to (i) clarify the substrate identity; (ii) determine the transport characteristics including directionality; and (iii) identify dimerization partners of the half-size proteins, which might in turn affect substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gräfe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences CEPLAS, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Friis G, Vizueta J, Smith EG, Nelson DR, Khraiwesh B, Qudeimat E, Salehi-Ashtiani K, Ortega A, Marshell A, Duarte CM, Burt JA. A high-quality genome assembly and annotation of the gray mangrove, Avicennia marina. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkaa025. [PMID: 33561229 PMCID: PMC8022769 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gray mangrove [Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.] is the most widely distributed mangrove species, ranging throughout the Indo-West Pacific. It presents remarkable levels of geographic variation both in phenotypic traits and habitat, often occupying extreme environments at the edges of its distribution. However, subspecific evolutionary relationships and adaptive mechanisms remain understudied, especially across populations of the West Indian Ocean. High-quality genomic resources accounting for such variability are also sparse. Here we report the first chromosome-level assembly of the genome of A. marina. We used a previously release draft assembly and proximity ligation libraries Chicago and Dovetail HiC for scaffolding, producing a 456,526,188-bp long genome. The largest 32 scaffolds (22.4-10.5 Mb) accounted for 98% of the genome assembly, with the remaining 2% distributed among much shorter 3,759 scaffolds (62.4-1 kb). We annotated 45,032 protein-coding genes using tissue-specific RNA-seq data in combination with de novo gene prediction, from which 34,442 were associated to GO terms. Genome assembly and annotated set of genes yield a 96.7% and 95.1% completeness score, respectively, when compared with the eudicots BUSCO dataset. Furthermore, an FST survey based on resequencing data successfully identified a set of candidate genes potentially involved in local adaptation and revealed patterns of adaptive variability correlating with a temperature gradient in Arabian mangrove populations. Our A. marina genomic assembly provides a highly valuable resource for genome evolution analysis, as well as for identifying functional genes involved in adaptive processes and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Friis
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University - Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Joel Vizueta
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08007, Spain
| | - Edward G Smith
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University - Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - David R Nelson
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University - Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel Khraiwesh
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University - Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas Qudeimat
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University - Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University - Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alejandra Ortega
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alyssa Marshell
- Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - John A Burt
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University - Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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24
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Aragón W, Formey D, Aviles-Baltazar NY, Torres M, Serrano M. Arabidopsis thaliana Cuticle Composition Contributes to Differential Defense Response to Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:738949. [PMID: 34804086 PMCID: PMC8603936 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of a plant cuticle can change in response to various abiotic or biotic stresses and plays essential functions in disease resistance responses. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants altered in cutin content are resistant to Botrytis cinerea, presumably because of increased cuticular water and solute permeability, allowing for faster induction of defense responses. Within this context, our knowledge of wax mutants is limited against this pathogen. We tested the contribution of cuticular components to immunity to B. cinerea using mutants altered in either cutin or wax alone, or in both cutin and wax contents. We found that even all the tested mutants showed increased permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in comparison with wild-type plants and that only cutin mutants showed resistance. To elucidate the early molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle-related immunity, we performed a transcriptomic analysis. A set of upregulated genes involved in cell wall integrity and accumulation of ROS were shared by the cutin mutants bdg, lacs2-3, and eca2, but not by the wax mutants cer1-4 and cer3-6. Interestingly, these genes have recently been shown to be required in B. cinerea resistance. In contrast, we found the induction of genes involved in abiotic stress shared by the two wax mutants. Our study reveals new insight that the faster recognition of a pathogen by changes in cuticular permeability is not enough to induce resistance to B. cinerea, as has previously been hypothesized. In addition, our data suggest that mutants with resistant phenotype can activate other defense pathways, different from those canonical immune ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Aragón
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Wendy Aragón, ; Mario Serrano,
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Martha Torres
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Wendy Aragón, ; Mario Serrano,
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25
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Lewandowska M, Keyl A, Feussner I. Wax biosynthesis in response to danger: its regulation upon abiotic and biotic stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:698-713. [PMID: 32242934 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is the first physical barrier between land plants and their terrestrial environment. It consists of the polyester scaffold cutin embedded and sealed with organic, solvent-extractable cuticular waxes. Cuticular wax ultrastructure and chemical composition differ with plant species, developmental stage and physiological state. Despite this complexity, cuticular wax consistently serves a critical role in restricting nonstomatal water loss. It also protects the plant against other environmental stresses, including desiccation, UV radiation, microorganisms and insects. Within the broader context of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, our knowledge of the explicit roles of wax crystalline structures and chemical compounds is lacking. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of wax biosynthesis and regulation in relation to abiotic and biotic stresses and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Lewandowska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Alisa Keyl
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
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26
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Wang JY, Chen JD, Wang SL, Chen L, Ma CL, Yao MZ. Repressed Gene Expression of Photosynthetic Antenna Proteins Associated with Yellow Leaf Variation as Revealed by Bulked Segregant RNA-seq in Tea Plant Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8068-8079. [PMID: 32633946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The young leaves and shoots of albino tea cultivars are usually characterized as having a yellow or pale color, high amino acid, and low catechin. Increasing attention has been paid to albino tea cultivars in recent years because their tea generally shows high umami and reduced astringency. However, the genetic mechanism of yellow-leaf variation in albino tea cultivar has not been elucidated clearly. In this study, bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) was performed on bulked yellow- and green-leaf hybrid progenies from a leaf color variation population. A total of 359 and 1134 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the yellow and green hybrid bulked groups (Yf vs Gf) and parent plants (Yp vs Gp), respectively. The significantly smaller number of DEGs in Yf versus Gf than in Yp versus Gp indicated that individual differences could be reduced within the same hybrid progeny. Analysis of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes revealed that the photosynthetic antenna protein was most significantly enriched in either the bulked groups or their parents. Interaction was found among light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b -binding proteins (LHC), heat shock proteins (HSPs), and enzymes involved in cuticle formation. Combined with the transcriptomic expression profile, results showed that the repressed genes encoding LHC were closely linked to aberrant chloroplast development in yellow-leaf tea plants. Furthermore, the photoprotection and light stress response possessed by genes involved in HSP protein interaction and cuticle formation were discussed. The expression profile of DEGs was verified via quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the bulked samples and other F1 individuals. In summary, using BSR-seq on a hybrid population eliminated certain disturbing effects of genetic background and individual discrepancy, thereby helping this study to intensively focus on the key genes controlling leaf color variation in yellow-leaf tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jie-Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Song-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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27
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Jaskulak M, Grobelak A, Vandenbulcke F. Effects of sewage sludge supplementation on heavy metal accumulation and the expression of ABC transporters in Sinapis alba L. during assisted phytoremediation of contaminated sites. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110606. [PMID: 32304921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, types C, G, and B were monitored via qPCR in order to investigate the influence of heavy metal (HM) contamination of post-industrial and post-agricultural soils and the effects of its supplementation with sewage sludge, on Sinapis alba plants. Five house-keeping genes were selected and validated to ensure the best reference points. The relative expression of ABC types C and G genes was profoundly affected by experimental conditions and included their upregulation after plants exposure to heavy metals and downregulation after supplementation with sewage sludge. However, ABC type C was more responsive then type G. The experimental conditions altered the expression of ABC type C gene faster than ABC type G and thus, the expression of ABC type C can therefore potentially be used as a bioindicator during assisted phytoremediation of degraded sites. In clean soil, supplementation with sewage sludge with a slight content of heavy metals still caused an upregulation in the expression of ABC types C and G, which showed that proper toxicity assessments are necessary to ensure safe application of sewage sludge into soils. Results showed that the analysed genes take a significant part in plants metal detoxification and that their expression is regulated at transcriptional level after exposure to soil contaminated with heavy metals by both, industrial activities and by sewage sludge supplementation. Thus, their expression can potentially be used as an early-warning biomarker when soil supplementation with sewage sludge is incorporated into the soil-management process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jaskulak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland; University of Lille, Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Environment (LGCgE), Environmental Axis, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- University of Lille, Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Environment (LGCgE), Environmental Axis, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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28
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Wan H, Liu H, Zhang J, Lyu Y, Li Z, He Y, Zhang X, Deng X, Brotman Y, Fernie AR, Cheng Y, Wen W. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals reallocation of carbon flux from cuticular wax into plastid membrane lipids in a glossy "Newhall" navel orange mutant. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:41. [PMID: 32257227 PMCID: PMC7109130 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Both cuticle and membrane lipids play essential roles in quality maintenance and disease resistance in fresh fruits. Many reports have indicated the modification of alternative branch pathways in epicuticular wax mutants; however, the specific alterations concerning lipids have not been clarified thus far. Here, we conducted a comprehensive, time-resolved lipidomic, and transcriptomic analysis on the "Newhall" navel orange (WT) and its glossy mutant (MT) "Gannan No. 1". The results revealed severely suppressed wax formation accompanied by significantly elevated production of 36-carbon plastid lipids with increasing fruit maturation in MT. Transcriptomics analysis further identified a series of key functional enzymes and transcription factors putatively involved in the biosynthesis pathways of wax and membrane lipids. Moreover, the high accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) in MT was possibly due to the need to maintain plastid lipid homeostasis, as the expression levels of two significantly upregulated lipases (CsDAD1 and CsDALL2) were positively correlated with plastid lipids and characterized to hydrolyze plastid lipids to increase the JA content. Our results will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the natural variation of plant lipids to lay a foundation for the quality improvement of citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Lyu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi Xilu 127, Xi’an, 710072 Shaanxi China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yizhong He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
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Natarajan P, Akinmoju TA, Nimmakayala P, Lopez-Ortiz C, Garcia-Lozano M, Thompson BJ, Stommel J, Reddy UK. Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis to Characterize Cutin Biosynthesis between Low- and High-Cutin Genotypes of Capsicum chinense Jacq. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041397. [PMID: 32092953 PMCID: PMC7073079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Habanero peppers constantly face biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogen/pest infections, extreme temperature, drought and UV radiation. In addition, the fruit cutin lipid composition plays an important role in post-harvest water loss rates, which in turn causes shriveling and reduced fruit quality and storage. In this study, we integrated metabolome and transcriptome profiling pertaining to cutin in two habanero genotypes: PI 224448 and PI 257145. The fruits were selected by the waxy or glossy phenotype on their surfaces. Metabolomics analysis showed a significant variation in cutin composition, with about 6-fold higher cutin in PI 257145 than PI 224448. It also revealed that 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid is the most abundant monomer in PI 257145. Transcriptomic analysis of high-cutin PI 257145 and low-cutin PI 224448 resulted in the identification of 2703 statistically significant differentially expressed genes, including 1693 genes upregulated and 1010 downregulated in high-cutin PI 257145. Genes and transcription factors such as GDSL lipase, glycerol-3 phosphate acyltransferase 6, long-chain acyltransferase 2, cytochrome P450 86A/77A, SHN1, ANL2 and HDG1 highly contributed to the high cutin content in PI 257145. We predicted a putative cutin biosynthetic pathway for habanero peppers based on deep transcriptome analysis. This is the first study of the transcriptome and metabolome pertaining to cutin in habanero peppers. These analyses improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating the accumulation of cutin in habanero pepper fruits. These resources can be built on for developing cultivars with high cutin content that show resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses with superior postharvest appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushothaman Natarajan
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, TN, India
| | - Tolulope Abodunrin Akinmoju
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Padma Nimmakayala
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (U.K.R.)
| | - Carlos Lopez-Ortiz
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Marleny Garcia-Lozano
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
| | - Benjamin J. Thompson
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
| | - John Stommel
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705-2325, USA;
| | - Umesh K. Reddy
- Department of Biology and Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA; (P.N.); (T.A.A.); (C.L.-O.); (M.G.-L.); (B.J.T.)
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (U.K.R.)
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Xin A, Herburger K. Mini Review: Transport of Hydrophobic Polymers Into the Plant Apoplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:590990. [PMID: 33488642 PMCID: PMC7817615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.590990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant apoplast contains the four hydrophobic polymer, lignin, suberin, cutin, and cutan, that are crucial for stress resistance, controlling solute diffusion, and strengthening the cell wall. Some of these polymers are widely used in industry and daily life products, such as all wood-containing goods (lignin) and wine cork (suberin). Despite the importance of these polymers, several aspects of their formation remain unknown. This mini review highlights technical bottlenecks in the current research and summarizes recent insights into the precursor transmembrane transport, an essential step in the polymer formation. We also briefly discuss how some of the remaining knowledge gaps can be closed and how a better understanding of these biopolymers will benefit other research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhou Xin
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Herburger
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Klaus Herburger,
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Xu X, Xue K, Tang S, He J, Song B, Zhou M, Zou Y, Zhou Y, Jenks MA. The relationship between cuticular lipids and associated gene expression in above ground organs of Thellungiella salsugineum (Pall.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 287:110200. [PMID: 31481227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays a critical role as barrier between plant and environment. Here, cuticular wax morphology, cuticular wax and cutin monomer composition, and expression of associated genes in five above ground organs were examined in model extremophyte Thellungiella salsugineum. Alkanes, ketones, and 2-alcohols were the predominant wax constitutes in rosette leaves, inflorescence stem leaves, stems, and siliques, whereas alkanes and acids were the predominant cuticular lipids in whole flowers. Unsubstituted acids were the most abundant cutin monomers in vegetative organs, especially C18:2 dioic acids, which reached the highest levels in stems. Hydroxy fatty acids were the predominant cutin monomers in flowers, especially 16-OH C16:0 and diOH C16:0. High-throughput RNA-Seq analysis using the Hiseq4000 platform was performed on these five above organs of T. salsugineum, and the differentially expressed lipid-associated genes and their associated metabolic pathways were identified. Expression of genes associated in previous reports to cuticle production, including those having roles in cuticle lipid biosynthesis, transport, and regulation were examined. The association of cuticle lipid composition and gene expression within different organs of T. salsugineum, and potential relationships between T. salsugineum's extreme cuticle and its adaptation to extreme environments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kun Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuai Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junqing He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Minqi Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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Tang S, Chen N, Song B, He J, Zhou Y, Jenks MA, Xu X. Compositional and transcriptomic analysis associated with cuticle lipid production on rosette and inflorescence stem leaves in the extremophyte Thellungiella salsuginea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:584-603. [PMID: 29761500 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is a complex structure composed primarily of wax and cutin, but also contains cutan, glycerolipids, phenolics, polysaccharides and proteins. The cuticle plays an important protective role as barrier between plants and their environment. In this paper, 4-week-old leaves produced either on the rosette or on the inflorescence stem of the model extremophyte Thellungiella salsuginea were examined using scanning electron microscopy, cuticle permeability assays and chemical composition analysis. Results showed that stem leaves (SL) had more abundant cuticle lipids and lower cuticle permeability than rosette leaves (RL). SL were dominated by alkanes, especially the C29 and C31 homologs, whereas in RL the most abundant wax class was free very long-chain acids. The major cutin monomers for both leaf types were C18:2 dioic acids and 18-OH C18:2 acids. We performed Illumina high-throughput sequencing for SL and RL, and 3577 differentially expressed genes were identified. Sixty-five genes possibly involved in cuticular lipid biosynthesis, transport, or regulation was selected for further analysis. Many cuticle-associated genes exhibited differential expression levels that could be associated with compositional differences between these two leaf types. Furthermore, transcription factors and other regulatory proteins previously associated with cuticle production were expressed at higher levels in SL than in RL. The associations between gene expression and characteristics of this extremophile's leaf cuticles sheds new light on cuticle as an adaptive trait in extreme environments, and contributes new information that may guide efforts to modify crop cuticles for improved stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ningmei Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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The Root Cap Cuticle: A Cell Wall Structure for Seedling Establishment and Lateral Root Formation. Cell 2019; 176:1367-1378.e8. [PMID: 30773319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The root cap surrounding the tip of plant roots is thought to protect the delicate stem cells in the root meristem. We discovered that the first layer of root cap cells is covered by an electron-opaque cell wall modification resembling a plant cuticle. Cuticles are polyester-based protective structures considered exclusive to aerial plant organs. Mutations in cutin biosynthesis genes affect the composition and ultrastructure of this cuticular structure, confirming its cutin-like characteristics. Strikingly, targeted degradation of the root cap cuticle causes a hypersensitivity to abiotic stresses during seedling establishment. Furthermore, lateral root primordia also display a cuticle that, when defective, causes delayed outgrowth and organ deformations, suggesting that it facilitates lateral root emergence. Our results show that the previously unrecognized root cap cuticle protects the root meristem during the critical phase of seedling establishment and promotes the efficient formation of lateral roots.
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Dube G, Kadoo N, Prashant R. Exploring the biological roles of Dothideomycetes ABC proteins: Leads from their phylogenetic relationships with functionally-characterized Ascomycetes homologs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197447. [PMID: 30071023 PMCID: PMC6071951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily is one of the largest, ubiquitous and diverse protein families in nature. Categorized into nine subfamilies, its members are important to most organisms including fungi, where they play varied roles in fundamental cellular processes, plant pathogenesis or fungicide tolerance. However, these proteins are not yet well-understood in the class Dothideomycetes, which includes several phytopathogens that infect a wide range of food crops including wheat, barley and maize and cause major economic losses. RESULTS We analyzed the genomes of 14 Dothideomycetes fungi (Test set) and seven well-known Ascomycetes fungi (Model set- that possessed gene expression/ functional analysis data about the ABC genes) and predicted 578 and 338 ABC proteins from each set respectively. These proteins were classified into subfamilies A to I, which revealed the distribution of the subfamily members across the Dothideomycetes and Ascomycetes genomes. Phylogenetic analysis of Dothideomycetes ABC proteins indicated evolutionary relationships among the subfamilies within this class. Further, phylogenetic relationships among the ABC proteins from the Model and the Test fungi within each subfamily were analyzed, which aided in classifying these proteins into subgroups. We compiled and curated functional and gene expression information from the previous literature for 118 ABC genes and mapped them on the phylogenetic trees, which suggested possible roles in pathogenesis and/or fungicide tolerance for the newly identified Dothideomycetes ABC proteins. CONCLUSIONS The present analysis is one of the firsts to extensively analyze ABC proteins from Dothideomycetes fungi. Their phylogenetic analysis and annotating the clades with functional information indicated a subset of Dothideomycetes ABC genes that could be considered for experimental validation for their roles in plant pathogenesis and/or fungicide tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Dube
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Narendra Kadoo
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Ramya Prashant
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences & Research, MIT-Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, India
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Edqvist J, Blomqvist K, Nieuwland J, Salminen TA. Plant lipid transfer proteins: are we finally closing in on the roles of these enigmatic proteins? J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1374-1382. [PMID: 29555656 PMCID: PMC6071764 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r083139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small compact proteins folded around a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, making them suitable for lipid binding and transport. LTPs are encoded by large gene families in all land plants, but they have not been identified in algae or any other organisms. Thus, LTPs are considered key proteins for plant survival on and colonization of land. LTPs are abundantly expressed in most plant tissues, both above and below ground. They are usually localized to extracellular spaces outside the plasma membrane. Although the in vivo functions of LTPs remain unclear, accumulating evidence suggests a role for LTPs in the transfer and deposition of monomers required for assembly of the waterproof lipid barriers, such as cutin and cuticular wax, suberin, and sporopollenin, formed on many plant surfaces. Some LTPs may be involved in other processes, such as signaling during pathogen attacks. Here, we present the current status of LTP research with a focus on the role of these proteins in lipid barrier deposition and cell expansion. We suggest that LTPs facilitate extracellular transfer of barrier materials and adhesion between barriers and extracellular materials. A growing body of research may uncover the true role of LTPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeroen Nieuwland
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering, and Science, University of South Wales, CF37 1DL Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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36
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Lee Y, Yoon TH, Lee J, Jeon SY, Lee JH, Lee MK, Chen H, Yun J, Oh SY, Wen X, Cho HK, Mang H, Kwak JM. A Lignin Molecular Brace Controls Precision Processing of Cell Walls Critical for Surface Integrity in Arabidopsis. Cell 2018; 173:1468-1480.e9. [PMID: 29731167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall, a defining feature of plants, provides a rigid structure critical for bonding cells together. To overcome this physical constraint, plants must process cell wall linkages during growth and development. However, little is known about the mechanism guiding cell-cell detachment and cell wall remodeling. Here, we identify two neighboring cell types in Arabidopsis that coordinate their activities to control cell wall processing, thereby ensuring precise abscission to discard organs. One cell type produces a honeycomb structure of lignin, which acts as a mechanical "brace" to localize cell wall breakdown and spatially limit abscising cells. The second cell type undergoes transdifferentiation into epidermal cells, forming protective cuticle, demonstrating de novo specification of epidermal cells, previously thought to be restricted to embryogenesis. Loss of the lignin brace leads to inadequate cuticle formation, resulting in surface barrier defects and susceptible to infection. Together, we show how plants precisely accomplish abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuree Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Han Yoon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Huize Chen
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yun
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yun Oh
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohong Wen
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Kyung Cho
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - June M Kwak
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Rains MK, Gardiyehewa de Silva ND, Molina I. Reconstructing the suberin pathway in poplar by chemical and transcriptomic analysis of bark tissues. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:340-361. [PMID: 28575526 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The tree bark periderm confers the first line of protection against pathogen invasion and abiotic stresses. The phellogen (cork cambium) externally produces cork (phellem) cells that are dead at maturity; while metabolically active, these tissues synthesize cell walls, as well as cell wall modifications, namely suberin and waxes. Suberin is a heteropolymer with aliphatic and aromatic domains, composed of acylglycerols, cross-linked polyphenolics and solvent-extractable waxes. Although suberin is essentially ubiquitous in vascular plants, the biochemical functions of many enzymes and the genetic regulation of its synthesis are poorly understood. We have studied suberin and wax composition in four developmental stages of hybrid poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) stem periderm. The amounts of extracellular ester-linked acyl lipids per unit area increased with tissue age, a trend not observed with waxes. We used RNA-Seq deep-sequencing technology to investigate the cork transcriptome at two developmental stages. The transcript analysis yielded 455 candidates for the biosynthesis and regulation of poplar suberin, including genes with proven functions in suberin metabolism, genes highlighted as candidates in other plant species and novel candidates. Among these, a gene encoding a putative lipase/acyltransferase of the GDSL-motif family emerged as a suberin polyester synthase candidate, and specific isoforms of peroxidase and laccase genes were preferentially expressed in cork, suggesting that their corresponding proteins may be involved in cross-linking aromatics to form lignin-like polyphenolics. Many transcriptional regulators with possible roles in meristem identity, cork differentiation and acyl-lipid metabolism were also identified. Our work provides the first large-scale transcriptomic dataset on the suberin-synthesizing tissue of poplar bark, contributing to our understanding of tree bark development at the molecular level. Based on these data, we have proposed a number of hypotheses that can be used in future research leading to novel biological insights into suberin biosynthesis and its physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Rains
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Department of Biology, Essar Convergence Centre, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada P6A 2G4
| | - Nayana Dilini Gardiyehewa de Silva
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Nesbitt Biology Building, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
- Department of Biology, Essar Convergence Centre, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada P6A 2G4
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Hou Z, Jia B, Li F, Liu P, Liu L, Ye Z, Zhu L, Wang Q, Heng W. Characterization and expression of the ABC family (G group) in 'Dangshansuli' pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) and its russet mutant. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:137-144. [PMID: 29658971 PMCID: PMC5901498 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant genes encoding ABCGs that have been identified to date
play a role in suberin formation in response to abiotic and biotic stress. In
the present study, 80 ABCG genes were identified in
‘Dangshansuli’ Chinese white pear and designated as PbABCGs.
Based on the structural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, the
PbABCG family genes could be classified into seven main
groups: classes A-G. Segmental and dispersed duplications were the primary
forces underlying the PbABCG gene family expansion in
‘Dangshansuli’ pear. Most of the PbABCG duplicated gene pairs
date to the recent whole-genome duplication that occurred 30~45 million years
ago. Purifying selection has also played a critical role in the evolution of the
ABCG genes. Ten PbABCG genes screened in
the transcriptome of ‘Dangshansuli’ pear and its russet mutant ‘Xiusu’ were
validated, and the expression levels of the PbABCG genes
exhibited significant differences at different stages. The results presented
here will undoubtedly be useful for better understanding of the complexity of
the PbABCG gene family and will facilitate the functional
characterization of suberin formation in the russet mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Hou
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Bing Jia
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Pu Liu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Ye
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Liwu Zhu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Wei Heng
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
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Do THT, Martinoia E, Lee Y. Functions of ABC transporters in plant growth and development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 41:32-38. [PMID: 28854397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ABC transporters are essential for plant development, playing roles in processes such as gametogenesis, seed development, seed germination, organ formation, and secondary growth. ABC transporters are directly energized by ATP and can transport complex organic materials against concentration gradients; thus, they are uniquely suited to provide the complex building blocks required for the development of specialized plant cells. We review recent progress in our understanding of the contribution ABC transporters make to the growth and development of plants, including their roles in protective layer formation and in transporting phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ha Thi Do
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zurich, Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Ingram G, Nawrath C. The roles of the cuticle in plant development: organ adhesions and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5307-5321. [PMID: 28992283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles, which are composed of a variety of aliphatic molecules, impregnate epidermal cell walls forming diffusion barriers that cover almost all the aerial surfaces in higher plants. In addition to revealing important roles for cuticles in protecting plants against water loss and other environmental stresses and aggressions, mutants with permeable cuticles show major defects in plant development, such as abnormal organ formation as well as altered seed germination and viability. However, understanding the mechanistic basis for these developmental defects represents a significant challenge due to the pleiotropic nature of phenotypes and the altered physiological status/viability of some mutant backgrounds. Here we discuss both the basis of developmental phenotypes associated with defects in cuticle function and mechanisms underlying developmental processes that implicate cuticle modification. Developmental abnormalities in cuticle mutants originate at early developmental time points, when cuticle composition and properties are very difficult to measure. Nonetheless, we aim to extract principles from existing data in order to pinpoint the key cuticle components and properties required for normal plant development. Based on our analysis, we will highlight several major questions that need to be addressed and technical hurdles that need to be overcome in order to advance our current understanding of the developmental importance of plant cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCB Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Keymer A, Pimprikar P, Wewer V, Huber C, Brands M, Bucerius SL, Delaux PM, Klingl V, Röpenack-Lahaye EV, Wang TL, Eisenreich W, Dörmann P, Parniske M, Gutjahr C. Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28726631 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29107.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbioses contribute to global carbon cycles as plant hosts divert up to 20% of photosynthate to the obligate biotrophic fungi. Previous studies suggested carbohydrates as the only form of carbon transferred to the fungi. However, de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis has not been observed in AM fungi in absence of the plant. In a forward genetic approach, we identified two Lotus japonicus mutants defective in AM-specific paralogs of lipid biosynthesis genes (KASI and GPAT6). These mutants perturb fungal development and accumulation of emblematic fungal 16:1ω5 FAs. Using isotopolog profiling we demonstrate that 13C patterns of fungal FAs recapitulate those of wild-type hosts, indicating cross-kingdom lipid transfer from plants to fungi. This transfer of labelled FAs was not observed for the AM-specific lipid biosynthesis mutants. Thus, growth and development of beneficial AM fungi is not only fueled by sugars but depends on lipid transfer from plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Keymer
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Priya Pimprikar
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Wewer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Biochemistry, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simone L Bucerius
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Klingl
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Trevor L Wang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
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42
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Keymer A, Pimprikar P, Wewer V, Huber C, Brands M, Bucerius SL, Delaux PM, Klingl V, von Röpenack-Lahaye E, Wang TL, Eisenreich W, Dörmann P, Parniske M, Gutjahr C. Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. eLife 2017; 6:e29107. [PMID: 28726631 PMCID: PMC5559270 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbioses contribute to global carbon cycles as plant hosts divert up to 20% of photosynthate to the obligate biotrophic fungi. Previous studies suggested carbohydrates as the only form of carbon transferred to the fungi. However, de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis has not been observed in AM fungi in absence of the plant. In a forward genetic approach, we identified two Lotus japonicus mutants defective in AM-specific paralogs of lipid biosynthesis genes (KASI and GPAT6). These mutants perturb fungal development and accumulation of emblematic fungal 16:1ω5 FAs. Using isotopolog profiling we demonstrate that 13C patterns of fungal FAs recapitulate those of wild-type hosts, indicating cross-kingdom lipid transfer from plants to fungi. This transfer of labelled FAs was not observed for the AM-specific lipid biosynthesis mutants. Thus, growth and development of beneficial AM fungi is not only fueled by sugars but depends on lipid transfer from plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Keymer
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Priya Pimprikar
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Wewer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Biochemistry, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simone L Bucerius
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Klingl
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Trevor L Wang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
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43
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Arabidopsis ABCG34 contributes to defense against necrotrophic pathogens by mediating the secretion of camalexin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5712-E5720. [PMID: 28652324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702259114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause huge yield losses. Plant defense often depends on toxic secondary metabolites that inhibit pathogen growth. Because most secondary metabolites are also toxic to the plant, specific transporters are needed to deliver them to the pathogens. To identify the transporters that function in plant defense, we screened Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of full-size ABCG transporters for hypersensitivity to sclareol, an antifungal compound. We found that atabcg34 mutants were hypersensitive to sclareol and to the necrotrophic fungi Alternaria brassicicola and Botrytis cinereaAtABCG34 expression was induced by Abrassicicola inoculation as well as by methyl-jasmonate, a defense-related phytohormone, and AtABCG34 was polarly localized at the external face of the plasma membrane of epidermal cells of leaves and roots. atabcg34 mutants secreted less camalexin, a major phytoalexin in Athaliana, whereas plants overexpressing AtABCG34 secreted more camalexin to the leaf surface and were more resistant to the pathogen. When treated with exogenous camalexin, atabcg34 mutants exhibited hypersensitivity, whereas BY2 cells expressing AtABCG34 exhibited improved resistance. Analyses of natural Arabidopsis accessions revealed that AtABCG34 contributes to the disease resistance in naturally occurring genetic variants, albeit to a small extent. Together, our data suggest that AtABCG34 mediates camalexin secretion to the leaf surface and thereby prevents Abrassicicola infection.
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Szymanski J, Levin Y, Savidor A, Breitel D, Chappell-Maor L, Heinig U, Töpfer N, Aharoni A. Label-free deep shotgun proteomics reveals protein dynamics during tomato fruit tissues development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:396-417. [PMID: 28112434 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Current innovations in mass-spectrometry-based technologies allow deep coverage of protein expression. Despite its immense value and in contrast to transcriptomics, only a handful of studies in crop plants engaged with global proteome assays. Here, we present large-scale shotgun proteomics profiling of tomato fruit across two key tissues and five developmental stages. A total of 7738 individual protein groups were identified and reliably measured at least in one of the analyzed tissues or stages. The depth of our assay enabled identification of 61 differentially expressed transcription factors, including renowned ripening-related regulators and elements of ethylene signaling. Significantly, we measured proteins involved in 83% of all predicted enzymatic reactions in the tomato metabolic network. Hence, proteins representing almost the complete set of reactions in major metabolic pathways were identified, including the cytosolic and plastidic isoprenoid and the phenylpropanoid pathways. Furthermore, the data allowed us to discern between protein isoforms according to expression patterns, which is most significant in light of the weak transcript-protein expression correspondence. Finally, visualization of changes in protein abundance associated with a particular process provided us with a unique view of skin and flesh tissues in developing fruit. This study adds a new dimension to the existing genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic resources. It is therefore likely to promote translational and post-translational research in tomato and additional species, which is presently focused on transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Szymanski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Savidor
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dario Breitel
- Metabolic Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Louise Chappell-Maor
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nadine Töpfer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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45
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Busta L, Hegebarth D, Kroc E, Jetter R. Changes in cuticular wax coverage and composition on developing Arabidopsis leaves are influenced by wax biosynthesis gene expression levels and trichome density. PLANTA 2017; 245:297-311. [PMID: 27730411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wax coverage on developing Arabidopsis leaf epidermis cells is constant and thus synchronized with cell expansion. Wax composition shifts from fatty acid to alkane dominance, mediated by CER6 expression. Epidermal cells bear a wax-sealed cuticle to hinder transpirational water loss. The amount and composition of the cuticular wax mixture may change as organs develop, to optimize the cuticle for specific functions during growth. Here, morphometrics, wax chemical profiling, and gene expression measurements were integrated to study developing Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and, thus, further our understanding of cuticular wax ontogeny. Before 5 days of age, cells at the leaf tip ceased dividing and began to expand, while cells at the leaf base switched from cycling to expansion at day 13, generating a cell age gradient along the leaf. We used this spatial age distribution together with leaves of different ages to determine that, as leaves developed, their wax compositions shifted from C24/C26 to C30/C32 and from fatty acid to alkane constituents. These compositional changes paralleled an increase in the expression of the elongase enzyme CER6 but not of alkane pathway enzymes, suggesting that CER6 transcriptional regulation is responsible for both chemical shifts. Leaves bore constant numbers of trichomes between 5 and 21 days of age and, thus, trichome density was higher on young leaves. During this time span, leaves of the trichome-less gl1 mutant had constant wax coverage, while wild-type leaf coverage was initially high and then decreased, suggesting that high trichome density leads to greater apparent coverage on young leaves. Conversely, wax coverage on pavement cells remained constant over time, indicating that wax accumulation is synchronized with cell expansion throughout leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Edward Kroc
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, 3182 Earth Sciences Building, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, 2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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46
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Shitan N. Secondary metabolites in plants: transport and self-tolerance mechanisms. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1283-93. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1151344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plants produce a host of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities, including potential toxicity to eukaryotic cells. Plants generally manage these compounds by transport to the apoplast or specific organelles such as the vacuole, or other self-tolerance mechanisms. For efficient production of such bioactive compounds in plants or microbes, transport and self-tolerance mechanisms should function cooperatively with the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes. Intensive studies have identified and characterized the proteins responsible for transport and self-tolerance. In particular, many transporters have been isolated and their physiological functions have been proposed. This review describes recent progress in studies of transport and self-tolerance and provides an updated inventory of transporters according to their substrates. Application of such knowledge to synthetic biology might enable efficient production of valuable secondary metabolites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Shitan
- Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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47
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Garroum I, Bidzinski P, Daraspe J, Mucciolo A, Humbel BM, Morel JB, Nawrath C. Cuticular Defects in Oryza sativa ATP-binding Cassette Transporter G31 Mutant Plants Cause Dwarfism, Elevated Defense Responses and Pathogen Resistance. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1179-88. [PMID: 27121976 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between plant and environment. Homologs of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter AtABCG32/HvABCG31 clade are necessary for the formation of a functional cuticle in both monocots and dicots. Here we characterize the osabcg31 knockout mutant and hairpin RNA interference (RNAi)-down-regulated OsABCG31 plant lines having reduced plant growth and a permeable cuticle. The reduced content of cutin in leaves and structural alterations in the cuticle and at the cuticle-cell wall interface in plants compromised in OsABCG31 expression explain the cuticle permeability. Effects of modifications of the cuticle on plant-microbe interactions were evaluated. The cuticular alterations in OsABCG31-compromised plants did not cause deficiencies in germination of the spores or the formation of appressoria of Magnaporthe oryzae on the leaf surface, but a strong reduction of infection structures inside the plant. Genes involved in pathogen resistance were constitutively up-regulated in OsABCG31-compromised plants, thus being a possible cause of the resistance to M. oryzae and the dwarf growth phenotype. The findings show that in rice an abnormal cuticle formation may affect the signaling of plant growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène Garroum
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Przemyslaw Bidzinski
- INRA, UMR-BGPI TA A-54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Present address: INRA, SupAgro, UMR-BPMP, Bat. 7, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean Daraspe
- University of Lausanne, Electron Microscopy Facility, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mucciolo
- University of Lausanne, Electron Microscopy Facility, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno M Humbel
- University of Lausanne, Electron Microscopy Facility, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Morel
- INRA, UMR-BGPI TA A-54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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48
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Fernández V, Guzmán-Delgado P, Graça J, Santos S, Gil L. Cuticle Structure in Relation to Chemical Composition: Re-assessing the Prevailing Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:427. [PMID: 27066059 PMCID: PMC4814898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface of most aerial plant organs is covered with a cuticle that provides protection against multiple stress factors including dehydration. Interest on the nature of this external layer dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and since then, several studies facilitated a better understanding of cuticular chemical composition and structure. The prevailing undertanding of the cuticle as a lipidic, hydrophobic layer which is independent from the epidermal cell wall underneath stems from the concept developed by Brongniart and von Mohl during the first half of the 19th century. Such early investigations on plant cuticles attempted to link chemical composition and structure with the existing technologies, and have not been directly challenged for decades. Beginning with a historical overview about the development of cuticular studies, this review is aimed at critically assessing the information available on cuticle chemical composition and structure, considering studies performed with cuticles and isolated cuticular chemical components. The concept of the cuticle as a lipid layer independent from the cell wall is subsequently challenged, based on the existing literature, and on new findings pointing toward the cell wall nature of this layer, also providing examples of different leaf cuticle structures. Finally, the need for a re-assessment of the chemical and structural nature of the plant cuticle is highlighted, considering its cell wall nature and variability among organs, species, developmental stages, and biotic and abiotic factors during plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Paula Guzmán-Delgado
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
| | - José Graça
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Santos
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Anatomy Unit, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
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