1
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Chen M, Yang J, Xue C, Tu T, Su Z, Feng H, Shi M, Zeng G, Zhang D, Qian X. Community composition of phytopathogenic fungi significantly influences ectomycorrhizal fungal communities during subtropical forest succession. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:99. [PMID: 38204135 PMCID: PMC10781812 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) can form symbiotic relationships with plants, aiding in plant growth by providing access to nutrients and defense against phytopathogenic fungi. In this context, factors such as plant assemblages and soil properties can impact the interaction between EMF and phytopathogenic fungi in forest soil. However, there is little understanding of how these fungal interactions evolve as forests move through succession stages. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to investigate fungal communities in young, intermediate, and old subtropical forests. At the genus level, EMF communities were dominated by Sebacina, Russula, and Lactarius, while Mycena was the most abundant genus in pathogenic fungal communities. The relative abundances of EMF and phytopathogenic fungi in different stages showed no significant difference with the regulation of different factors. We discovered that interactions between phytopathogenic fungi and EMF maintained a dynamic balance under the influence of the differences in soil quality attributed to each forest successional stage. The community composition of phytopathogenic fungi is one of the strong drivers in shaping EMF communities over successions. In addition, the EMF diversity was significantly related to plant diversity, and these relationships varied among successional stages. Despite the regulation of various factors, the positive relationship between the diversity of phytopathogenic fungi and EMF remained unchanged. However, there is no significant difference in the ratio of the abundance of EMF and phytopathogenic fungi over the course of successions. These results will advance our understanding of the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning during forest succession. KEY POINTS: •Community composition of both EMF and phytopathogenic fungi changed significantly over forest succession. •Phytopathogenic fungi is a key driver in shaping EMF community. •The effect of plant Shannon's diversity on EMF communities changed during the forest aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazhi Yang
- Guangdong Forestry Survey and Planning Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunquan Xue
- Guangdong Forestry Survey and Planning Institute, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tieyao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyao Su
- South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanhua Feng
- Guangdong Forestry Survey and Planning Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Dianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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2
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Read DJ, Haggar J, Magkourilou E, Durant E, Johnson D, Leake JR, Field KJ. Photosynthate transfer from an autotrophic orchid to conspecific heterotrophic protocorms through a common mycorrhizal network. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:398-406. [PMID: 38757767 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The minute 'dust seeds' of some terrestrial orchids preferentially germinate and develop as mycoheterotrophic protocorms near conspecific adult plants. Here we test the hypothesis that mycorrhizal mycelial connections provide a direct pathway for transfer of recent photosynthate from conspecific green orchids to achlorophyllous protocorms. Mycelial networks of Ceratobasidium cornigerum connecting green Dactylorhiza fuchsii plants with developing achlorophyllous protocorms of the same species were established on oatmeal or water agar before the shoots of green plants were exposed to 14CO2. After incubation for 48 h, the pattern of distribution of fixed carbon was visualised in intact entire autotrophic/protocorm systems using digital autoradiography and quantified in protocorms by liquid scintillation counting. Both methods of analysis revealed accumulation of 14C above background levels in protocorms, confirming that autotrophic plants supply carbon to juveniles via common mycorrhizal networks. Despite some accumulation of plant-fixed carbon in the fungal mycelium grown on oatmeal agar, a greater amount of carbon was transferred to protocorms growing on water agar, indicating that the polarity of transfer may be influenced by sink strength. We suggest this transfer pathway may contribute significantly to the pattern and processes determining localised orchid establishment in nature, and that 'parental nurture' via common mycelial networks may be involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Read
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Emily Magkourilou
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Emily Durant
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Greater Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2TN, UK
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3
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Zhao DK, Mou ZM, Ruan YL. Orchids acquire fungal carbon for seed germination: pathways and players. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:733-741. [PMID: 38423891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
To germinate in nature, orchid seeds strictly rely on seed germination-promoting orchid mycorrhizal fungi (sgOMFs) for provision of carbon nutrients. The underlying delivery pathway, however, remains elusive. We develop here a plausible model for sugar transport from sgOMFs to orchid embryonic cells to fuel germination. Orchids exploit sgOMFs to induce the formation of pelotons, elaborate intracellular hyphal coils in orchid embryos. The colonized orchid cells then obtain carbon nutrients by uptake from living hyphae and peloton lysis, primarily as glucose derived from fungal trehalose hydrolyzed by orchid-specific trehalases. The uptake of massive fungally derived glucose is likely to be mediated by two classes of membrane proteins, namely, sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) and H+-hexose symporters. The proposed model serves as a launch pad for further research to better understand and improve orchid seed germination and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ke Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Zong-Min Mou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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4
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Pan Z, Wang J, He S, Zhao H, Dong X, Feng T, Meng Y, Li X. Enhancing Seed Germination of Cremastra appendiculata: Screening and Identification of Four New Symbiotic Fungi in the Psathyrellaceae Family. J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s12275-024-00148-7. [PMID: 38940992 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Several coprinoid fungi have been identified as promotors of Cremastra appendiculata seed germination, while others appear ineffective. This study aimed to discern which genera within the Psathyrellaceae family exhibit this capability and to identify the most effective coprinoid fungi for the cultivation of C. appendiculata. We collected 21 coprinoid fungi from diverse sources and symbiotically cultured them with C. appendiculata seeds. 9 fungi were found to induce seed germination and support seed development, specifically within the genera Coprinellus, Tulosesus, and Candolleomyces. In contrast, fungi that failed to promote germination predominantly belonged to the genera Coprinopsis and Parasola. Notably, four fungi-Coprinellus xanthothrix, Coprinellus pseudodisseminatus, Psathyrella singeri, and Psathyrella candolleana-were documented for the first time as capable of enhancing C. appendiculata seed germination. Strain 218LXJ-10, identified as Coprinellus radians, demonstrated the most significant effect and has been implemented in large-scale production, underscoring its considerable practical value. These findings contribute vital scientific insights for the conservation and sustainable use of C. appendiculata resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangneng Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanyan Meng
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- International Cooperation Base for Active Substances in Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Chamara RMSR, Miyoshi K, Yukawa T, Asai N, Ogura-Tsujita Y. Orchid Mycorrhizal Association of Cultivated Dendrobium Hybrid and Their Role in Seed Germination and Seedling Growth. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1176. [PMID: 38930558 PMCID: PMC11205499 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Orchids are crucial for the horticulture industry. Mycorrhizal fungi benefit crops by improving nutrition, plant growth, and disease resistance. However, the mycorrhizal association of horticultural hybrid orchids is poorly understood. To address this, we investigated mycorrhizal colonization in the entire root system and assessed the mycorrhizal community using a Dendrobium cultivar, D. Stardust 'Firebird', obtained from three nurseries. Additionally, we isolated and tested mycorrhizal fungi in symbiotic culture to assess their role in the seed germination and growth of Dendrobium species. All plants were colonized by mycorrhizal fungi, with a higher colonization rate in mature than in juvenile plants. Molecular identification of mycorrhizal fungi by Sanger and high-throughput sequencing revealed that the cultivar was associated with a phylogenetically diverse group of fungi, including mycorrhizal fungi from Tulasnellaceae, and several wood-decaying fungi. The Tulasnellaceae isolates significantly enhanced the seed germination of three Dendrobium species and increased the survival rate and growth of asymbiotic seedlings of D. moniliforme. This study is the first comprehensive examination of mycorrhizal associations in horticultural orchid hybrids, providing valuable insights for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. S. Ruwan Chamara
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjyo-Machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo 271-8510, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan;
| | | | - Yuki Ogura-Tsujita
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjyo-Machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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6
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Wong S, Kaur J, Kumar P, Karremans AP, Sharma J. Distinct orchid mycorrhizal fungal communities among co-occurring Vanilla species in Costa Rica: root substrate and population-based segregation. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:229-250. [PMID: 38664239 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite being the second largest family of flowering plants, orchids represent community structure variation in plant-microbial associations, contributes to niche partitioning in metacommunity assemblages. Yet, mycorrhizal communities and interactions remain unknown for orchids that are highly specialized or even obligated in their associations with their mycorrhizal partners. In this study, we sought to compare orchid mycorrhizal fungal (OMF) communities of three co-occurring hemiepiphytic Vanilla species (V. hartii, V. pompona, and V. trigonocarpa) in tropical forests of Costa Rica by addressing the identity of their OMF communities across species, root types, and populations, using high-throughput sequencing. Sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) yielded 299 fungal Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from 193 root samples. We showed distinct segregation in the putative OMF (pOMF) communities of the three coexisting Vanilla hosts. We also found that mycorrhizal communities associated with the rare V. hartii varied among populations. Furthermore, we identified Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidiaceae as dominant pOMF families in terrestrial roots of the three Vanilla species. In contrast, the epiphytic roots were mainly dominated by OTUs belonging to the Atractiellales and Serendipitaceae. Furthermore, the pOMF communities differed significantly across populations of the widespread V. trigonocarpa and showed patterns of distance decay in similarity. This is the first report of different pOMF communities detected in roots of wild co-occurring Vanilla species using high-throughput sequencing, which provides evidence that three coexisting Vanilla species and their root types exhibited pOMF niche partitioning, and that the rare and widespread Vanilla hosts displayed diverse mycorrhizal preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wong
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Adam P Karremans
- Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Jyotsna Sharma
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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7
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Watkinson JI, Winkel BSJ. Diversity of unique, nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi in cultivated Phalaenopsis orchids: A pilot study. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:e10146. [PMID: 38764601 PMCID: PMC11101157 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Orchids comprise one of the largest, most diverse, and most broadly distributed families of flowering plants and contribute significantly to habitat biodiversity. One key aspect of orchid growth and development is the formation of mycorrhizal symbioses with compatible endophytic fungi, which are maintained throughout the life of the plant. Substantial efforts to identify the fungi that form mycorrhizal symbioses across a range of orchid species have often also uncovered numerous nonmycorrhizal, endophytic fungi. These fungi could also have significant effects on orchid growth and development and are beginning to be analyzed more closely, particularly in wild species. The role of endophytic fungi in the production, distribution, and continued growth by the hobbyist of orchids is not known. As an initial step toward characterizing nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi associated with cultivated orchids, we undertook a survey of fungi residing within roots of Phalaenopsis plants growing in home environments. Sequence analysis of ITS regions amplified from total DNA isolated from roots allowed rapid identification of endophytic fungi to the class level and may offer a useful initial screening method for beneficial species, for example, in horticultural settings. ITS-PCR sequences subsequently obtained from individual fungi cultured from surface-sterilized orchid roots corroborated the findings of the initial screen, while also providing a more complete characterization of the array of fungal taxa that were present. Although lower in diversity than has been reported for orchids growing in the wild, these endophytes have the potential to substantially enhance the growth and disease resistance of horticultural orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenda S. J. Winkel
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
- Fralin Life Sciences CenterVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
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8
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Wang D, Trimbos KB, Gomes SIF, Jacquemyn H, Merckx VSFT. Metabarcoding read abundances of orchid mycorrhizal fungi are correlated to copy numbers estimated using ddPCR. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1825-1834. [PMID: 37929750 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the abundances of fungi is key to understanding natural variation in mycorrhizal communities in relation to plant ecophysiology and environmental heterogeneity. High-throughput metabarcoding approaches have transformed our ability to characterize and compare complex mycorrhizal communities. However, it remains unclear how well metabarcoding read counts correlate with actual read abundances in the sample, potentially limiting their use as a proxy for species abundances. Here, we use droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to evaluate the reliability of ITS2 metabarcoding data for quantitative assessments of mycorrhizal communities in the orchid species Neottia ovata sampled at multiple sites. We performed specific ddPCR assays for eight families of orchid mycorrhizal fungi and compared the results with read counts obtained from metabarcoding. Our results demonstrate a significant correlation between DNA copy numbers measured by ddPCR assays and metabarcoding read counts of major mycorrhizal partners of N. ovata, highlighting the usefulness of metabarcoding for quantifying the abundance of orchid mycorrhizal fungi. Yet, the levels of correlation between the two methods and the numbers of false zero values varied across fungal families, which warrants cautious evaluation of the reliability of low-abundance families. This study underscores the potential of metabarcoding data for more quantitative analyses of mycorrhizal communities and presents practical workflows for metabarcoding and ddPCR to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of orchid mycorrhizal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Wang
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2332 AA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Krijn B Trimbos
- Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2333 CC, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sofia I F Gomes
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent S F T Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2332 AA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Ahmad J, Marsidi N, Sheikh Abdullah SR, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Ismail N'I, Kurniawan SB. Integrating phytoremediation and mycoremediation with biosurfactant-producing fungi for hydrocarbon removal and the potential production of secondary resources. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140881. [PMID: 38048826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of petroleum-contaminated soil to a less toxic medium via physical and chemical treatment is too costly and requires posttreatment. This review focuses on the employment of phytoremediation and mycoremediation technologies in cleaning hydrocarbon-contaminated soil which is currently rare. It is considered environmentally beneficial and possibly cost-effective as it implements the synergistic interaction between plants and biosurfactant producing mycorrhiza to degrade hydrocarbon contaminants. This review also covers possible sources of hydrocarbon pollution in water and soil, toxicity effects, and current technologies for hydrocarbon removal and degradation. In addition to these problems, this review also discusses the challenges and opportunities of transforming the resultant treated sludge and treating plants into potential by-products for a higher quality of life for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah Ahmad
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nuratiqah Marsidi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hassimi Abu Hasan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Razi Othman
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur 'Izzati Ismail
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, Novohradská 237, Třeboň, 379 81, Czech Republic.
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10
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Hartvig I, Kosawang C, Rasmussen H, Kjær ED, Nielsen LR. Co-occurring orchid species associated with different low-abundance mycorrhizal fungi from the soil in a high-diversity conservation area in Denmark. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10863. [PMID: 38304271 PMCID: PMC10828919 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-fungal interactions are ubiquitous across ecosystems and contribute significantly to plant ecology and evolution. All orchids form obligate symbiotic relationships with specific fungi for germination and early growth, and the distribution of terrestrial orchid species has been linked to occurrence and abundance of specific orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) in the soil. The availability of OMF can therefore be a habitat requirement that is relevant to consider when establishing management and conservation strategies for threatened orchid species, but knowledge on the spatial distribution of OMF in soil is limited. We here studied the mycorrhizal associations of three terrestrial orchid species (Anacamptis pyramidalis, Orchis purpurea and Platanthera chlorantha) found in a local orchid diversity hotspot in eastern Denmark, and investigated the abundance of the identified mycorrhizal fungi in the surrounding soil. We applied ITS metabarcoding to samples of orchid roots, rhizosphere soil and bulk soil collected at three localities, supplemented with standard barcoding of root samples with OMF specific primers, and detected 22 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) putatively identified as OMF. The three orchid species displayed different patterns of OMF associations, supporting the theory that association with specific fungi constitutes part of an orchid's ecological niche allowing co-occurrence of many species in orchid-rich habitats. The identified mycorrhizal partners in the basidiomycete families Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidiaceae (Cantharallales) were detected in low abundance in rhizosphere soil, and appeared almost absent from bulk soil at the localities. This finding highlights our limited knowledge of the ecology and trophic mode of OMF outside orchid tissues, as well as challenges in the detection of specific OMF with standard methods. Potential implications for management and conservation strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Hartvig
- Forest and Landscape Ecology, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterSmithsonian InstituteEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - Chatchai Kosawang
- Forest and Landscape Ecology, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Hanne Rasmussen
- Forest and Landscape Ecology, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Erik Dahl Kjær
- Forest and Landscape Ecology, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lene Rostgaard Nielsen
- Forest and Landscape Ecology, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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11
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Zhang G, Hu Y, Huang MZ, Huang WC, Liu DK, Zhang D, Hu H, Downing JL, Liu ZJ, Ma H. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of Orchidaceae using nuclear genes and evolutionary insights into epiphytism. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1204-1225. [PMID: 36738233 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae (with >28,000 orchid species) are one of the two largest plant families, with economically and ecologically important species, and occupy global and diverse niches with primary distribution in rainforests. Among orchids, 70% grow on other plants as epiphytes; epiphytes contribute up to ~50% of the plant diversity in rainforests and provide food and shelter for diverse animals and microbes, thereby contributing to the health of these ecosystems. Orchids account for over two-thirds of vascular epiphytes and provide an excellent model for studying evolution of epiphytism. Extensive phylogenetic studies of Orchidaceae and subgroups have ;been crucial for understanding relationships among many orchid lineages, although some uncertainties remain. For example, in the largest subfamily Epidendroideae with nearly all epiphytic orchids, relationships among some tribes and many subtribes are still controversial, hampering evolutionary analyses of epiphytism. Here we obtained 1,450 low-copy nuclear genes from 610 orchid species, including 431 with newly generated transcriptomes, and used them for the reconstruction of robust Orchidaceae phylogenetic trees with highly supported placements of tribes and subtribes. We also provide generally well-supported phylogenetic placements of 131 genera and 437 species that were not sampled by previous plastid and nuclear phylogenomic studies. Molecular clock analyses estimated the Orchidaceae origin at ~132 million years ago (Ma) and divergences of most subtribes from 52 to 29 Ma. Character reconstruction supports at least 14 parallel origins of epiphytism; one such origin was placed at the most recent common ancestor of ~95% of epiphytic orchids and linked to modern rainforests. Ten occurrences of rapid increase in the diversification rate were detected within Epidendroideae near and after the K-Pg boundary, contributing to ~80% of the Orchidaceae diversity. This study provides a robust and the largest family-wide Orchidaceae nuclear phylogenetic tree thus far and new insights into the evolution of epiphytism in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Zhang
- Department of Biology, 510 Mueller Laboratory, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, 510 Mueller Laboratory, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Ming-Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei-Chang Huang
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Ding-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Diyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Haihua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jason L Downing
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, 33156, USA
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, 510 Mueller Laboratory, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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Evans A, de Kort H, Brys R, Duffy KJ, Jersáková J, Kull T, Selosse MA, Tsiftsis S, Minasiewicz J, Jacquemyn H. Historical biogeography and local adaptation explain population genetic structure in a widespread terrestrial orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:623-634. [PMID: 36680796 PMCID: PMC10147325 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Historical changes in environmental conditions and colonization-extinction dynamics have a direct impact on the genetic structure of plant populations. However, understanding how past environmental conditions influenced the evolution of species with high gene flow is challenging when signals for genetic isolation and adaptation are swamped by gene flow. We investigated the spatial distribution and genetic structure of the widespread terrestrial orchid Epipactis helleborine to identify glacial refugia, characterize postglacial population dynamics and assess its adaptive potential. METHODS Ecological niche modelling was used to locate possible glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization opportunities of E. helleborine. A large single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset obtained through genotyping by sequencing was used to define population genetic diversity and structure and to identify sources of postglacial gene flow. Outlier analyses were used to elucidate how adaptation to the local environment contributed to population divergence. KEY RESULTS The distribution of climatically suitable areas was restricted during the Last Glacial Maximum to the Mediterranean, south-western Europe and small areas in the Alps and Carpathians. Within-population genetic diversity was high in E. helleborine (mean expected heterozygosity, 0.373 ± 0.006; observed heterozygosity, 0.571 ± 0.012; allelic richness, 1.387 ± 0.007). Italy and central Europe are likely to have acted as important genetic sources during postglacial recolonization. Adaptive SNPs were associated with temperature, elevation and precipitation. CONCLUSIONS Forests in the Mediterranean and Carpathians are likely to have acted as glacial refugia for Epipactis helleborine. Postglacial migration northwards and to higher elevations resulted in the dispersal and diversification of E. helleborine in central Europe and Italy, and to geographical isolation and divergent adaptation in Greek and Italian populations. Distinguishing adaptive from neutral genetic diversity allowed us to conclude that E. helleborine has a high adaptive potential to climate change and demonstrates that signals of adaptation and historical isolation can be identified even in species with high gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Evans
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne de Kort
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Research Institute for Forest and Nature, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Karl J Duffy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Department of Biology of Ecosystems, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tiiu Kull
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 5 Kreutzwaldi, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Spyros Tsiftsis
- Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-66132, Drama, Greece
| | - Julita Minasiewicz
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Filling the gap to avoid extinction: conservation status of Brazilian species of Epidendrum L. (Orchidaceae). J Nat Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Zhao Y, Qin L, Tan D, Wu D, Wu X, Fan Q, Bai C, Yang J, Xie J, He Y. Fatty acid metabolites of Dendrobium nobile were positively correlated with representative endophytic fungi at altitude. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128956. [PMID: 37180253 PMCID: PMC10172574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Altitude, as a comprehensive ecological factor, regulates the growth and development of plants and microbial distribution. Dendrobium nobile (D. nobile) planted in habitats at different elevations in Chishui city, also shows metabolic differences and endophytes diversity. What is the triangular relationship between altitude, endophytes, and metabolites? Methods In this study, the diversity and species of endophytic fungi were tested by ITS sequencing and metabolic differences in plants were tested by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Elevation regulated the colonization of plant endophytic fungal species and fatty acid metabolites in D. nobile. Results The results indicate that and high altitude was better for the accumulation of fatty acid metabolites. Therefore, the high-altitude characteristic endophytic floras were screened, and the correlation with fatty acid metabolites of plants was built. The colonization of T. rubrigenum, P. Incertae sedis unclassified, Phoma. cf. nebulosa JZG 2008 and Basidiomycota unclassified showed a significantly positive correlation with fatty acid metabolites, especially 18-carbon-chain fatty acids, such as (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoic acid, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-12-oxohexadeca-2,4-dienoic acid and Octadec-9-en-12-ynoic acid. What is more fascinating is these fatty acids are the essential substrates of plant hormones. Discussion Consequently, it was speculated that the D. nobile- colonizing endophytic fungi stimulated or upregulated the synthesis of fatty acid metabolites and even some plant hormones, thus affecting the metabolism and development of D. nobile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Zhao
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-technology for Dendrobium Nobile and Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding and High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lin Qin
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-technology for Dendrobium Nobile and Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding and High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Daopeng Tan
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-technology for Dendrobium Nobile and Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding and High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Di Wu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-technology for Dendrobium Nobile and Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding and High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xingdong Wu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-technology for Dendrobium Nobile and Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding and High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qingjie Fan
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-technology for Dendrobium Nobile and Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding and High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chaojun Bai
- Guangxi Shenli Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yulin, China
| | - Jiyong Yang
- Chishui Xintian Chinese Medicine Industry Development Co., Ltd, Zunyi, China
| | - Jian Xie
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-technology for Dendrobium Nobile and Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding and High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Xie,
| | - Yuqi He
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center of Industrial Key-technology for Dendrobium Nobile and Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Orchid Plant Breeding and High Efficiency Application in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- 2011 Cooperative Inovational Center for Guizhou Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Yuqi He,
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15
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Improved Cultivation and Isolation of Diverse Endophytic Bacteria Inhabiting Dendrobium Roots by Using Simply Modified Agar Media. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0223822. [PMID: 36301116 PMCID: PMC9769524 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02238-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium plants are members of the family Orchidaceae, many of which are endangered orchids with ornamental and medicinal values. Dendrobium endophytic microbes have attracted attention for the development of strategies for plant protection and utilization of medicinal principles. However, the role of endophytic bacteria is poorly elucidated due to the lack of their successful cultivation. This study obtained a total of 749 endophytic isolates from Dendrobium roots using solid media prepared by simply modified methods (separate sterilization of phosphate and agar [PS] and use of gellan gum as a gelling reagent [GG]) and by a conventional method of autoclaving the phosphate and agar together (PT method). Notably, based on a comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences between the isolates and the Dendrobium root endophyte community, we successfully retrieved more than 50% (17 out of 30) of the predominant endophytic bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using PS and GG media, which is a much higher recovery rate than that of PT medium (16.7%). We further found that a number of recalcitrant bacteria, including phylogenetically novel isolates and members of even the rarely cultivated phyla Acidobacteriota and Verrucomicrobiota, were obtained only when using PS and/or GG medium. Intriguingly, the majority of these recalcitrant bacteria formed colonies faster on PS or GG medium than on PT medium, which may have contributed to their successful isolation. Taken together, this study succeeded in isolating a wide variety of Dendrobium endophytic bacteria, including predominant ones using PS and GG media, and enables performance of future studies to clarify their unknown roles associated with the growth of Dendrobium plants. IMPORTANCE Dendrobium endophytic bacteria are of great interest since their functions may contribute to the protection of endangered orchids with ornamental and medicinal values. To understand and reveal the "true roles" of the endophytes, obtaining those axenic cultures is necessary even in the metagenomic era. However, no effective methods for isolating a variety of endophytic bacteria have been established. This study first demonstrated that the use of simply modified medium is quite effective and indeed allows the isolation of more than half of the predominant endophytic bacteria inhabiting Dendrobium roots. Besides, even phylogenetically novel and/or recalcitrant endophytic bacteria were successfully obtained by the same strategy. The obtained endophytic bacteria could serve as "living material" for elucidating their unprecedented functions related to the conservation of endangered orchid plants. Furthermore, the culture method used in this study may enable the isolation of various endophytic bacteria dominating not only in orchid plants but also in other useful plants.
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Symbiotic Culture of Three Closely Related Dendrobium Species Reveals a Growth Bottleneck and Differences in Mycorrhizal Specificity at Early Developmental Stages. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal specificity, i.e., the range of fungi allowing mycorrhizal partnerships, differs among orchid species, but that at early developmental stages is unclear. We investigated whether mycorrhizal specificity during seed germination and seedling development differs among three Dendrobium species, D. officinale, D. okinawense and D. moniliforme, in vitro. Nine mycorrhizal fungal strains were obtained from the roots of these species and cultured with a seed of each Dendrobium species. Five to eight fungal strains stimulated seed germination, whereas one to four fungal isolates significantly promoted protocorm development in the three species. To evaluate effects on leafy seedling growth, seedlings obtained from asymbiotic culture were cultured with nine fungal isolates. D. officinale and D. okinawense showed specificity for a single Serendipitaceae or Tulasnellaceae isolate, whereas D. moniliforme exhibited specificity for three isolates of Serendipitaceae and Tulasnellaceae. Therefore, the three Dendrobium species had a growth bottleneck from seed germination to the protocorm stage, and mycorrhizal specificity of protocorm growth and seedling development in vitro varied among the species. Our findings imply divergent mycorrhizal specificity in Dendrobium species at early developmental stages. This study provides insights into the diversity of orchid mycorrhizal specificity, as well as valuable information for conservation of endangered orchids.
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Deniz İG, Kömpe YÖ, Harzli I, Aytar EC, Mutlu VA, Uysal Dİ. From seed to flowering tuberous orchid using ex vitro symbiotic seed germination: A breakthrough study with Anacamptis sancta. RHIZOSPHERE 2022; 24:100597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rhisph.2022.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
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18
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Ye C, An M, Shi J, Liu F, Zhang Y. Spatial distribution and its limiting environmental factors of native orchid species diversity in the Beipan River Basin of Guizhou Province, China. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9470. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- College of Forestry Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Mingtai An
- College of Forestry Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jinzhu Shi
- College of Forestry Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Forestry Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Forestry Guizhou University Guiyang China
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19
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Zhang L, Rammitsu K, Tetsuka K, Yukawa T, Ogura-Tsujita Y. Dominant Dendrobium officinale mycorrhizal partners vary among habitats and strongly induce seed germination in vitro. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.994641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae) is an endangered epiphytic orchid that has been well studied as a medicinal plant. Although previous studies have shown that various fungal isolates promote D. officinale seed germination and seedling development in vitro, mycorrhizal associations among its wild populations remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified mycorrhizal fungi associated with D. officinale (36 individuals from six sites) using Sanger sequencing and compared fungal communities among sites and habitats (lithophytic vs. epiphytic individuals). Among the obtained sequences, 76 belonged to orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), among which Tulasnellaceae accounted for 45.8% and Serendipitaceae for 28.1%. The Serendipitaceae operational taxonomic unit (OTU) SE1 was the most dominant partner, accounting for 27.1% of all detected fungal sequences, followed by a Tulasnellaceae OTU, TU27, which accounted for 15.6%. The relative frequencies of Serendipitaceae and Tulasnellaceae differed greatly between lithophytic and epiphytic individuals. Serendipitaceae accounted for 47.3% of the OMF sequences among lithophytes, and Tulasnellaceae for 95.2% among epiphytes. Mycorrhizal community composition also varied among sites. We further conducted in vitro symbiotic culture from seeds with six fungal isolates. Two Serendipitaceae and two Tulasnellaceae isolates, including SE1 and TU27, significantly promoted seed germination and seedling development. These results indicate that D. officinale is mainly associated with Tulasnellaceae and Serendipitaceae as its main fungal partners, which strongly induced seed germination and seedling development in vitro, suggesting their association with D. officinale through its life cycle.
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20
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Addition of fungal inoculum increases seed germination and protocorm formation in a terrestrial orchid. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Zhang D, Zhao XW, Li YY, Ke SJ, Yin WL, Lan S, Liu ZJ. Advances and prospects of orchid research and industrialization. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac220. [PMID: 36479582 PMCID: PMC9720451 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is one of the largest, most diverse families in angiosperms with significant ecological and economical values. Orchids have long fascinated scientists by their complex life histories, exquisite floral morphology and pollination syndromes that exhibit exclusive specializations, more than any other plants on Earth. These intrinsic factors together with human influences also make it a keystone group in biodiversity conservation. The advent of sequencing technologies and transgenic techniques represents a quantum leap in orchid research, enabling molecular approaches to be employed to resolve the historically interesting puzzles in orchid basic and applied biology. To date, 16 different orchid genomes covering four subfamilies (Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, Epidendroideae, and Orchidoideae) have been released. These genome projects have given rise to massive data that greatly empowers the studies pertaining to key innovations and evolutionary mechanisms for the breadth of orchid species. The extensive exploration of transcriptomics, comparative genomics, and recent advances in gene engineering have linked important traits of orchids with a multiplicity of gene families and their regulating networks, providing great potential for genetic enhancement and improvement. In this review, we summarize the progress and achievement in fundamental research and industrialized application of orchids with a particular focus on molecular tools, and make future prospects of orchid molecular breeding and post-genomic research, providing a comprehensive assemblage of state of the art knowledge in orchid research and industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xue-Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shi-Jie Ke
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei-Lun Yin
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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22
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Hu H, Wei Y, Wang W, Suonan J, Wang S, Chen Z, Guan J, Deng Y. Richness and distribution of endangered orchid species under different climate scenarios on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:948189. [PMID: 36160966 PMCID: PMC9490128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.948189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the potential influences of climate change on the richness and distribution is essential for the protection of endangered species. Most orchid species are narrowly distributed in specific habitats and are very vulnerable to habitat disturbance, especially for endangered orchid species on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In this study, we simulated the potential influences of climate change on the richness and distribution of 17 endangered orchid species on the QTP using the MaxEnt model based on the shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios (SSPs) in the 2050s and 2070s. The results showed that aspect, annual precipitation, elevation, mean temperature of driest quarter, topsoil pH (H2O), and topsoil sand fraction had a large influence on the potential distribution of endangered orchid species on the QTP. The area of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 under the current climate scenario was 14,462 km2 (accounting for 0.56% of QTP), and it was mostly distributed in the southeastern part of QTP. The area of orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 under SSP370 in the 2070s was the smallest (9,370 km2: only accounting for 0.36% of QTP). The largest area of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 was 45,394 km2 (accounting for 1.77% of QTP) under SSP585 in the 2070s. The total potential distribution area of 17 orchid species richness all increased from the 2050s to the 2070s under SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585. The orchid species richness basically declined with the increasing elevation under current and future climate scenarios. The mean elevation of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 under different climate scenarios was between 3,267 and 3,463 m. The mean elevation of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 decreased from SSP126 (3,457 m) to SSP585 (3,267 m) in the 2070s. Based on these findings, future conservation plans should be concentrated on the selection of protected areas in the southeastern part of QTP to protect the endangered orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Hu
- College of Geosciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanqiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Xining, China
| | - Ji Suonan
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Shixiong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Jinhong Guan
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Yanfang Deng
- Qinghai Service and Guarantee Center of Qilian Mountains National Park, Xining, China
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Jolman D, Batalla MI, Hungerford A, Norwood P, Tait N, Wallace LE. The challenges of growing orchids from seeds for conservation: An assessment of asymbiotic techniques. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11496. [PMID: 36258786 PMCID: PMC9575117 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lewis Knudson first successfully germinated orchid seeds asymbiotically on artificial medium in 1922. While many orchid species have since been grown asymbiotically, the tremendous variation in how species respond to artificial medium and growth conditions ex situ has also become apparent in the past century. In this study, we reviewed published journal articles on asymbiotic orchid seed germination to provide a summary of techniques used and to evaluate if these differ between terrestrial and epiphytic species, to identify areas where additional research is needed, and to evaluate whether asymbiotic germination could be used more often in ex situ conservation. We found articles reporting successful asymbiotic germination of 270 species and 20 cultivars across Orchidaceae. Researchers often used different techniques with epiphytic versus terrestrial species, but species-specific responses to growth media and conditions were common, indicating that individualized protocols will be necessary for most species. The widespread success in generating seedlings on artificial media suggests that asymbiotic techniques should be another tool for the conservation of rare orchid species. Further advances are needed in understanding how to introduce mycorrhizae to axenically grown orchids and to maximize the viability of seedlings reintroduced into natural habitats to fully utilize these methods for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devani Jolman
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Martín I. Batalla
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Alexis Hungerford
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Pryce Norwood
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Noah Tait
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Lisa E. Wallace
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
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Chen XG, Wu YH, Li NQ, Gao JY. What role does the seed coat play during symbiotic seed germination in orchids: an experimental approach with Dendrobium officinale. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:375. [PMID: 35906552 PMCID: PMC9336064 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orchids require specific mycorrhizal associations for seed germination. During symbiotic germination, the seed coat is the first point of fungal attachment, and whether the seed coat plays a role in the identification of compatible and incompatible fungi is unclear. Here, we compared the effects of compatible and incompatible fungi on seed germination, protocorm formation, seedling development, and colonization patterns in Dendrobium officinale; additionally, two experimental approaches, seeds pretreated with NaClO to change the permeability of the seed coat and fungi incubated with in vitro-produced protocorms, were used to assess the role of seed coat played during symbiotic seed germination. RESULTS The two compatible fungi, Tulasnella sp. TPYD-2 and Serendipita indica PI could quickly promote D. officinale seed germination to the seedling stage. Sixty-two days after incubation, 67.8 ± 5.23% of seeds developed into seedlings with two leaves in the PI treatment, which was significantly higher than that in the TPYD-2 treatment (37.1 ± 3.55%), and massive pelotons formed inside the basal cells of the protocorm or seedlings in both compatible fungi treatments. In contrast, the incompatible fungus Tulasnella sp. FDd1 did not promote seed germination up to seedlings at 62 days after incubation, and only a few pelotons were occasionally observed inside the protocorms. NaClO seed pretreatment improved seed germination under all three fungal treatments but did not improve seed colonization or promote seedling formation by incompatible fungi. Without the seed coat barrier, the colonization of in vitro-produced protocorms by TPYD-2 and PI was slowed, postponing protocorm development and seedling formation compared to those in intact seeds incubated with the same fungi. Moreover, the incompatible fungus FDd1 was still unable to colonize in vitro-produced protocorms and promote seedling formation. CONCLUSIONS Compatible fungi could quickly promote seed germination up to the seedling stage accompanied by hyphal colonization of seeds and formation of many pelotons inside cells, while incompatible fungi could not continuously colonize seeds and form enough protocorms to support D. officinale seedling development. The improvement of seed germination by seed pretreatment may result from improving the seed coat hydrophilicity and permeability, but seed pretreatment cannot change the compatibility of a fungus with an orchid. Without a seed coat, the incompatible fungus FDd1 still cannot colonize in vitro-produced protocorms or support seedling development. These results suggest that seed coats are not involved in symbiotic germination in D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Gui Chen
- Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Hua Wu
- Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Neng-Qi Li
- Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiang-Yun Gao
- Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Tang YJ, Zhou DY, Dai J, Li Y, Xing YM, Guo SX, Chen J. Potential Specificity Between Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Widespread Dendrobium spp. and Rare D. huoshanense Seeds. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:264. [PMID: 35859013 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In nature, orchid seed germination and seedling development depend on compatible mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal generalist and specificity affect the orchid distribution and rarity. Here, we investigated the specificity toward fungi in the rare D. huoshanense by mycorrhizal fungal isolation and symbiotic germination in vitro. Twenty mycorrhizal fungal strains were isolated from the roots of adult Dendrobium spp. (six and 12 strains from rare D. huoshanense and widespread D. officinale, respectively, and two strains from D. nobile and D. moniliforme, respectively) and 13 strains belong to Tulasnellaceae and seven strains belong to Serendipitaceae. Germination trials in vitro revealed that all 20 tested fungal strains can stimulate seed germination of D. huoshanense, but only nine strains (~ 50%) can support it up to the seedling stage. This finding indicates that generalistic fungi are important for early germination, but only a few can maintain a symbiosis with host in seedling stage. Thus, a shift of the microbial community from seedling to mature stage probably narrows the D. huoshanense distribution range. In addition, to further understand the relationship between the fungal capability to promote seed germination and fungal enzyme activity, we screened the laccase and pectase activity. The results showed that the two enzymes activities of fungi cannot be directly correlated with their germination-promoting activities. Understanding the host specificity degree toward fungi can help to better interpret the limited geographic distribution of D. huoshanense and provides opportunities for in situ and ex situ conservation and reintroduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jing Tang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, China.,College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong-Mei Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shun-Xing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Zarza E, López-Pastrana A, Damon A, Guillén-Navarro K, García-Fajardo LV. Fungal diversity in shade-coffee plantations in Soconusco, Mexico. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13610. [PMID: 35789660 PMCID: PMC9250310 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As forested natural habitats disappear in the world, traditional, shade-coffee plantations offer an opportunity to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. Traditional coffee plantations maintain a diversity of tree species that provide shade for coffee bushes and, at the same time, are important repositories for plants and animals that inhabited the original cloud forest. However, there is still little information about shade-coffee plantation's fungal diversity despite their relevance for ecosystem functioning as decomposers, symbionts and pathogens. Specifically, it is unknown if and what mycorrhizae-forming fungi can be found on the branches and trunks of coffee bushes and trees, which hold a diversity of epiphytes. Here, we evaluate fungal communities on specific plant microsites on both coffee bushes and shade trees. We investigate the ecological roles played by this diversity, with a special focus on mycorrhizae-forming fungi that may enable the establishment and development of epiphytic plants. Methods We collected 48 bark samples from coffee bushes and shade trees (coffee; tree), from four plant microsites (upper and lower trunks, branches and twigs), in two shade-coffee plantations in the Soconusco region in southern Mexico, at different altitudes. We obtained ITS amplicon sequences that served to estimate alpha and beta diversity, to assign taxonomy and to infer the potential ecological role played by the detected taxa. Results The bark of shade trees and coffee bushes supported high fungal diversity (3,783 amplicon sequence variants). There were no strong associations between community species richness and collection site, plant type or microsite. However, we detected differences in beta diversity between collection sites. All trophic modes defined by FUNGuild database were represented in both plant types. However, when looking into guilds that involve mycorrhizae formation, the CLAM test suggests that coffee bushes are more likely to host taxa that may function as mycorrhizae. Discussion We detected high fungal diversity in shade-coffee plantations in Soconusco, Chiapas, possibly remnants of the original cloud forest ecosystem. Several mycorrhiza forming fungi guilds occur on the bark of coffee bushes and shade trees in this agroecosystem, with the potential of supporting epiphyte establishment and development. Thus, traditional coffee cultivation could be part of an integrated strategy for restoration and conservation of epiphytic populations. This is particularly relevant for conservation of threatened species of Orchidaceae that are highly dependent on mycorrhizae formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Zarza
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico,Investigadora-CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandra López-Pastrana
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Anne Damon
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Karina Guillén-Navarro
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Shimura H, Kim H, Matsuzawa A, Akino S, Masuta C. Coat protein of partitiviruses isolated from mycorrhizal fungi functions as an RNA silencing suppressor in plants and fungi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7855. [PMID: 35551196 PMCID: PMC9098641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orchid seeds depend on colonization by orchid mycorrhizal (OM) fungi for their germination; therefore, the orchids and OM fungi have long maintained a close relationship (e.g., formation of the hyphal mass structure, peloton) during their evolution. In the present study, we isolated new partitiviruses from OM fungi; partitivirus were separately found in different subcultures from the same fungi. Partitiviruses have been believed to lack an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS), which is generally associated with viral pathogenicity, because most partitiviruses isolated so far are latent in both plants and fungi. However, we found that the coat protein (CP) of our partitiviruses indeed had RSS activity, which differed among the virus isolates from OM fungi; one CP showed RSS activity in both plants and fungi, while another CP showed no activity. The family Partitiviridae include viruses isolated from plants and fungi, and it has been suggested that these viruses may occasionally be transmitted between plant and fungal hosts. Given that there are several reports showing that viruses can adapt to nonhost using strong RSS, we here discussed the idea that partitiviruses may be better able to migrate between the orchid and fungus probably through the pelotons formed in the orchid cells, if host RNA silencing is suppressed by partitivirus RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Shimura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Hangil Kim
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akihiko Matsuzawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Seishi Akino
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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Chen J, Tang Y, Kohler A, Lebreton A, Xing Y, Zhou D, Li Y, Martin FM, Guo S. Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis of the Symbiotic Germination of D. officinale (Orchidaceae) With Emphasis on Plant Cell Wall Modification and Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:880600. [PMID: 35599894 PMCID: PMC9120867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.880600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orchid seed germination in nature is an extremely complex physiological and ecological process involving seed development and mutualistic interactions with a restricted range of compatible mycorrhizal fungi. The impact of the fungal species' partner on the orchids' transcriptomic and metabolic response is still unknown. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between symbiotic and asymbiotic germination at three developmental stages based on two distinct fungi (Tulasnella sp. and Serendipita sp.) inoculated to the same host plant, Dendrobium officinale. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding important structural proteins of the host plant cell wall were identified, such as epidermis-specific secreted glycoprotein, proline-rich receptor-like protein, and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extensin-like protein. These DEGs were significantly upregulated in the symbiotic germination stages and especially in the protocorm stage (stage 3) and seedling stage (stage 4). Differentially expressed carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in symbiotic fungal mycelium were observed, they represented 66 out of the 266 and 99 out of the 270 CAZymes annotated in Tulasnella sp. and Serendipita sp., respectively. These genes were speculated to be involved in the reduction of plant immune response, successful colonization by fungi, or recognition of mycorrhizal fungi during symbiotic germination of orchid seed. Our study provides important data to further explore the molecular mechanism of symbiotic germination and orchid mycorrhiza and contribute to a better understanding of orchid seed biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Annie Lebreton
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Yongmei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Francis M. Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Těšitelová T, Klimešová L, Vogt-Schilb H, Kotilínek M, Jersáková J. Addition of fungal inoculum increases germination of orchid seeds in restored grasslands. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Orchidaceae-Derived Anticancer Agents: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030754. [PMID: 35159021 PMCID: PMC8833831 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Orchids are commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of infections and tumors but little is known about the actual chemical composition of these plants and their anticancer properties. In this paper, the most recent literature on orchid-derived bioactive substances with anticancer properties is reviewed. According to the published data, numerous species of orchids contain potential antitumor chemicals. Still, a relatively insignificant number of species of orchids have been tested for their bioactive properties and most of those studies were on Asian taxa. Broader research, ’including American and African species, as well as the correct identification of samples, is essential for evaluating the usefulness of orchids as a plant family with huge anticancer potential. Abstract Species of orchids, which belong to the largest family of flowering plants, are commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of infections and tumors. However, little is known about the actual chemical composition of these plants and their anticancer properties. In this paper, the most recent literature on orchid-derived bioactive substances with anticancer properties is reviewed. For the assessment, previous papers on the anticancer activity of Orchidaceae published since 2015 were considered. The papers were found by exploring electronic databases. According to the available data, many species of orchids contain potential antitumor chemicals. The bioactive substances in a relatively insignificant number of orchids are identified, and most studies are on Asian taxa. Broader research on American and African species and the correct identification of samples included in the experiments are essential for evaluating the usefulness of orchids as a plant family with vast anticancer potential.
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Li YY, Boeraeve M, Cho YH, Jacquemyn H, Lee YI. Mycorrhizal Switching and the Role of Fungal Abundance in Seed Germination in a Fully Mycoheterotrophic Orchid, Gastrodia confusoides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:775290. [PMID: 35095954 PMCID: PMC8792533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.775290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal associations are essential for orchid germination and seedling establishment, and thus may constrain the distribution and abundance of orchids under natural conditions. Previous studies have shown that germination and seedling establishment in several orchids often decline with increasing distance from adult plants, resulting in non-random spatial patterns of seedling establishment. In contrast, individuals of the fully mycoheterotrophic orchid Gastrodia confusoides often tend to have random aboveground spatial patterns of distribution within bamboo forests. Since G. confusoides is parasitic on litter-decaying fungi, its random spatial patterns of distribution may be due to highly scattered patterns of litter-decaying fungi within bamboo forests. To test this hypothesis, we first identified the main mycorrhizal fungi associating with developing seeds and adult plants at a bamboo forest site in Taiwan using Miseq high-throughput DNA sequencing. Next, we combined seed germination experiments with quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses to investigate to what extent the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi affected spatial patterns of seed germination. Our results show that seed germination and subsequent growth to an adult stage in G. confusoides required a distinct switch in mycorrhizal partners, in which protocorms associated with a single Mycena OTU, while adults mainly associated with an OTU from the genus Gymnopus. A strong, positive relationship was observed between germination and Mycena abundance in the litter, but not between germination and Gymnopus abundance. Fungal abundance was not significantly related to the distance from the adult plants, and consequently germination was also not significantly related to the distance from adult plants. Our results provide the first evidence that the abundance of litter-decaying fungi varies randomly within the bamboo forest and independently from G. confusoides adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Margaux Boeraeve
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yu-Hsiu Cho
- Biology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ma GH, Chen XG, Selosse MA, Gao JY. Compatible and Incompatible Mycorrhizal Fungi With Seeds of Dendrobium Species: The Colonization Process and Effects of Coculture on Germination and Seedling Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823794. [PMID: 35360307 PMCID: PMC8961024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Orchids highly rely on mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination, and compatible fungi could effectively promote germination up to seedlings, while incompatible fungi may stimulate germination but do not support subsequent seedling development. In this study, we compared the fungal colonization process among two compatible and two incompatible fungi during seed germination of Dendrobium officinale. The two compatible fungi, i.e., Tulasnella SSCDO-5 and Sebacinales LQ, originally from different habitats, could persistently colonize seeds and form a large number of pelotons continuously in the basal cells, and both fungi promoted seed germination up to seedling with relative effectiveness. In contrast, the two incompatible fungi, i.e., Tulasnella FDd1 and Tulasnella AgP-1, could not persistently colonize seeds. No pelotons in the FDd1 treatment and only a few pelotons in the AgP-1 treatment were observed; moreover, no seedlings were developed at 120 days after incubation in either incompatible fungal treatment. The pattern of fungal hyphae colonizing seeds was well-matched with the morphological differentiation of seed germination and seedling development. In the fungal cocultural experiments, for both orchids of D. officinale and Dendrobium devonianum, cocultures had slightly negative effects on seed germination, protocorm formation, and seedling formation compared with the monocultures with compatible fungus. These results provide us with a better understanding of orchid mycorrhizal interactions; therefore, for orchid conservation based on symbiotic seed germination, it is recommended that a single, compatible, and ecological/habitat-specific fungus can be utilized for seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Ma
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang-Gui Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jiang-Yun Gao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang-Yun Gao,
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Saikia J, Mazumdar R, Thakur D. Phylogenetic affiliation of endophytic actinobacteria associated with selected orchid species and their role in growth promotion and suppression of phytopathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1058867. [PMID: 36570961 PMCID: PMC9769409 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1058867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic actinobacteria aid in plant development and disease resistance by boosting nutrient uptake or producing secondary metabolites. For the first time, we investigated the culturable endophytic actinobacteria associated with ten epiphytic orchid species of Assam, India. 51 morphologically distinct actinobacteria were recovered from surface sterilized roots and leaves of orchids and characterized based on different PGP and antifungal traits. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence, these isolates were divided into six families and eight genera, where Streptomyces was most abundant (n=29, 56.86%), followed by Actinomadura, Nocardia, Nocardiopsis, Nocardioides, Pseudonocardia, Microbacterium, and Mycolicibacterium. Regarding PGP characteristics, 25 (49.01%) isolates demonstrated phosphate solubilization in the range of 61.1±4.4 - 289.7±11.9 µg/ml, whereas 27 (52.94%) isolates biosynthesized IAA in the range of 4.0 ± 0.08 - 43.8 ± 0.2 µg/ml, and 35 (68.62%) isolates generated ammonia in the range of 0.9 ± 0.1 - 5.9 ± 0.2 µmol/ml. These isolates also produced extracellular enzymes, viz. protease (43.13%), cellulase (23.52%), pectinase (21.56%), ACC deaminase (27.45%), and chitinase (37.25%). Out of 51 isolates, 27 (52.94%) showed antagonism against at least one test phytopathogen. In molecular screening, most isolates with antifungal and chitinase producing traits revealed the presence of 18 family chitinase genes. Two actinobacterial endophytes, Streptomyces sp. VCLA3 and Streptomyces sp. RVRA7 were ranked as the best strains based on PGP and antifungal activity on bonitur scale. GC-MS examination of ethyl acetate extract of these potent strains displayed antimicrobial compound phenol, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl) as the major metabolite along with other antifungal and plant growth beneficial bioactive chemicals. SEM analysis of fungal pathogen F. oxysporum (MTCC 4633) affected by Streptomyces sp. VCLA3 revealed significant destruction in the spore structure. An in vivo plant growth promotion experiment with VCLA3 and RVRA7 on chili plants exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05) improvements in all of the evaluated vegetative parameters compared to the control. Our research thus gives insight into the diversity, composition, and functional significance of endophytic actinobacteria associated with orchids. This research demonstrates that isolates with multiple plant development and broad-spectrum antifungal properties are beneficial for plant growth. They may provide a viable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides and a sustainable solution for chemical inputs in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Saikia
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Rajkumari Mazumdar
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Cotton University, Guwahati, India
| | - Debajit Thakur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- *Correspondence: Debajit Thakur,
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Bahram M, Netherway T. Fungi as mediators linking organisms and ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6468741. [PMID: 34919672 PMCID: PMC8892540 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi form a major and diverse component of most ecosystems on Earth. They are both micro and macroorganisms with high and varying functional diversity as well as great variation in dispersal modes. With our growing knowledge of microbial biogeography, it has become increasingly clear that fungal assembly patterns and processes differ from other microorganisms such as bacteria, but also from macroorganisms such as plants. The success of fungi as organisms and their influence on the environment lies in their ability to span multiple dimensions of time, space, and biological interactions, that is not rivalled by other organism groups. There is also growing evidence that fungi mediate links between different organisms and ecosystems, with the potential to affect the macroecology and evolution of those organisms. This suggests that fungal interactions are an ecological driving force, interconnecting different levels of biological and ecological organisation of their hosts, competitors, and antagonists with the environment and ecosystem functioning. Here we review these emerging lines of evidence by focusing on the dynamics of fungal interactions with other organism groups across various ecosystems. We conclude that the mediating role of fungi through their complex and dynamic ecological interactions underlie their importance and ubiquity across Earth's ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bahram
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Ulls väg 16, 756 51 Sweden.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 40 Lai St. Estonia
| | - Tarquin Netherway
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Ulls väg 16, 756 51 Sweden
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Xu Y, Lei Y, Su Z, Zhao M, Zhang J, Shen G, Wang L, Li J, Qi J, Wu J. A chromosome-scale Gastrodia elata genome and large-scale comparative genomic analysis indicate convergent evolution by gene loss in mycoheterotrophic and parasitic plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1609-1623. [PMID: 34647389 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycoheterotrophic and parasitic plants are heterotrophic and parasitize on fungi and plants, respectively, to obtain nutrients. Large-scale comparative genomics analysis has not been conducted in mycoheterotrophic or parasitic plants or between these two groups of parasites. We assembled a chromosome-level genome of the fully mycoheterotrophic plant Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) and performed comparative genomic analyses on the genomes of G. elata and four orchids (initial mycoheterotrophs), three parasitic plants (Cuscuta australis, Striga asiatica, and Sapria himalayana), and 36 autotrophs from various angiosperm lineages. It was found that while in the hemiparasite S. asiatica and initial mycoheterotrophic orchids, approximately 4-5% of the conserved orthogroups were lost, the fully heterotrophic G. elata and C. australis both lost approximately 10% of the conserved orthogroups, indicating that increased heterotrophy is positively associated with gene loss. Importantly, many genes that are essential for autotrophs, including those involved in photosynthesis, the circadian clock, flowering time regulation, immunity, nutrient uptake, and root and leaf development, were convergently lost in both G. elata and C. australis. The high-quality genome of G. elata will facilitate future studies on the physiology, ecology, and evolution of mycoheterotrophic plants, and our findings highlight the critical role of gene loss in the evolution of plants with heterotrophic lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yunting Lei
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhongxiang Su
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jingxiong Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guojing Shen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Mycorrhizal Compatibility and Germination-Promoting Activity of Tulasnella Species in Two Species of Orchid (Cymbidium mannii and Epidendrum radicans). HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7110472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In nature, Orchidaceae seeds establish a relationship with orchid mycorrhizal fungi to obtain essential nutrients for germination. The orchids, Cymbidium mannii and Epidendrum radicans, have significant ornamental and economic value. We isolated and cultured mycorrhizal fungi from C. mannii, E. radicans, and C. goeringii roots. Three strains of fungi, Tulasnella calospora (Tca), T. asymmetrica (Tas), and T. bifrons (Tbi), were identified using ITS-rDNA sequencing. Their mycorrhizal compatibility, germination-promoting effects, and symbiosis with the seeds of C. mannii and E. radicans were studied in vitro using various concentrations of oatmeal agar (OA) medium. Tca exhibited significant seed-germination-promoting effects on C. mannii (92.1%) and E. radicans (84.7%) on 2.0 and 4.0 g/L OA, respectively. For Tbi and Tas, the highest germination percentages were observed on 4.0 g/L OA in E. radicans (73.60% and 76.49%, respectively). Seed germination in C. mannii was enhanced by high oatmeal concentrations (8.0 and 12.0 g/L) during symbiosis with Tas, whereas Tbi had no effect regardless of OA concentration. Tca exhibited high compatibility with C. mannii and E. radicans, and the oatmeal concentration of the medium affected this compatibility. The findings of this study will aid in the propagation of endangered orchid species for conservation and commercial purposes using mycorrhizal technology.
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Wei Q, Wan H, Sun C. Phylogenetic relationships of sucrose transporters (SUTs) in plants and genome-wide characterization of SUT genes in Orchidaceae reveal roles in floral organ development. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11961. [PMID: 34603845 PMCID: PMC8445082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose is the primary form of photosynthetically produced carbohydrates transported long distance in many plant species and substantially affects plant growth, development and physiology. Sucrose transporters (SUTs or SUCs) are a group of membrane proteins that play vital roles in mediating sucrose allocation within cells and at the whole-plant level. In this study, we investigated the relationships among SUTs in 24 representative plant species and performed an analysis of SUT genes in three sequenced Orchidaceae species: Dendrobium officinale, Phalaenopsis equestris, and Apostasia shenzhenica. All the SUTs from the 24 plant species were classified into three groups and five subgroups, subgroups A, B1, B2.1, B2.2, and C, based on their evolutionary relationships. A total of 22 SUT genes were identified among Orchidaceae species, among which D. officinale had 8 genes (DoSUT01-08), P. equestris had eight genes (PeqSUT01-08) and A. shenzhenica had 6 genes (AsSUT01-06). For the 22 OrchidaceaeSUTs, subgroups A, B2.2 and C contained three genes, whereas the SUT genes were found to have significantly expanded in the monocot-specific subgroup B2.1, which contained 12 genes. To understand sucrose partitioning and the functions of sucrose transporters in Orchidaceae species, we analyzed the water-soluble sugar content and performed RNA sequencing of different tissues of D. officinale, including leaves, stems, flowers and roots. The results showed that although the total content of water-soluble polysaccharides was highest in the stems of D. officinale, the sucrose content was highest in the flowers. Moreover, gene expression analysis showed that most of the DoSUTs were expressed in the flowers, among which DoSUT01,DoSUT07 and DoSUT06 had significantly increased expression levels. These results indicated that stems are used as the main storage sinks for photosynthetically produced sugar in D. officinale and that DoSUTs mainly function in the cellular machinery and development of floral organs. Our findings provide valuable information on sucrose partitioning and the evolution and functions of SUT genes in Orchidaceae and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhu Wang
- Institute of Horticulture Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Institute of Horticulture Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhen Wei
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongbo Sun
- Institute of Horticulture Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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39
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Zhou Z, Shi R, Zhang Y, Xing X, Jin X. Orchid conservation in China from 2000 to 2020: Achievements and perspectives. PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:343-349. [PMID: 34816060 PMCID: PMC8591184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years. We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China. We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation, especially of orchid conservation, which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China. There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China, including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years. The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened, 132 species were treated as data-deficient, and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct. Approximately 1100 species (ca. 65%) are protected in national nature reserves, and another ~66 species in provincial nature reserves. About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens. The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions. The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera, such as Bletilla, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, and Dendrobium. Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year. Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhou
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Ronghong Shi
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing Botanical Garden, Wofosi Rd, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IBCAS), Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, PR China
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Whigham D, McCormick M, Brooks H, Josey B, Floyd R, Applegate J. Isotria medeoloides, a North American Threatened Orchid: Fungal Abundance May Be as Important as Light in Species Management. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091924. [PMID: 34579457 PMCID: PMC8471007 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The management of endangered or threatened plant species is difficult if protocols are not developed to propagate species for the purpose of restoration or the enhancement of existing populations. The management of endangered and threatened orchids is especially difficult because of the obligate interactions between orchids and orchid mycorrhizal fungi. Isotria medeoloides is a federally threatened forest-dwelling orchid species with a wide distribution in eastern North America. Seeds have not been successfully germinated and current management is based primarily on using subcanopy thinning to increase light in areas where monitoring demonstrates that populations are declining. We report the results of long-term monitoring efforts, canopy thinning, and orchid mycorrhizal fungus abundance studies at two locations in Virginia. The declining populations responded positively to the experimental and natural thinning of the canopy. At one site, the response was the result of understory canopy thinning. At the second site, the response was due to the natural death of a canopy tree. In light of the dramatic increase in fungal abundance following death of the canopy tree, we propose the Fungal Abundance Hypothesis as an additional approach to the management of endangered plant species. The removal of canopy trees in or adjacent to Isotria populations results in an increase in dead belowground biomass (i.e., roots of the dead canopy tree) that provides substrates for microbial growth, including orchid mycorrhizal fungi, that benefit Isotria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Whigham
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; (M.M.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-443-482-2226
| | - Melissa McCormick
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; (M.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Hope Brooks
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; (M.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Brian Josey
- Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands (CEMML), Colorado State University, Fort A. P. Hill, VA 22427, USA;
| | - Robert Floyd
- Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington, DC 20001, USA;
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Petrolli R, Augusto Vieira C, Jakalski M, Bocayuva MF, Vallé C, Cruz EDS, Selosse MA, Martos F, Kasuya MCM. A fine-scale spatial analysis of fungal communities on tropical tree bark unveils the epiphytic rhizosphere in orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2002-2014. [PMID: 33983644 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 10% of vascular plants are epiphytes and, even though this has long been ignored in past research, are able to interact with a variety of fungi, including mycorrhizal taxa. However, the structure of fungal communities on bark, as well as their relationship with epiphytic plants, is largely unknown. To fill this gap, we conducted environmental metabarcoding of the ITS-2 region to understand the spatial structure of fungal communities of the bark of tropical trees, with a focus on epiphytic orchid mycorrhizal fungi, and tested the influence of root proximity. For all guilds, including orchid mycorrhizal fungi, fungal communities were more similar when spatially close on bark (i.e. they displayed positive spatial autocorrelation). They also showed distance decay of similarity with respect to epiphytic roots, meaning that their composition on bark increasingly differed, compared to roots, with distance from roots. We first showed that all of the investigated fungal guilds exhibited spatial structure at very small scales. This spatial structure was influenced by the roots of epiphytic plants, suggesting the existence of an epiphytic rhizosphere. Finally, we showed that orchid mycorrhizal fungi were aggregated around them, possibly as a result of reciprocal influence between the mycorrhizal partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Petrolli
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Conrado Augusto Vieira
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcin Jakalski
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Melissa F Bocayuva
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clément Vallé
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Everaldo Da Silva Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, EPHE, Sorbonne Université, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Maria Catarina M Kasuya
- Department of Microbiology, Viçosa Federal University (UFV), P. H. Rolfs Street CEP: 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Freestone MW, Swarts ND, Reiter N, Tomlinson S, Sussmilch FC, Wright MM, Holmes GD, Phillips RD, Linde CC. Continental-scale distribution and diversity of Ceratobasidium orchid mycorrhizal fungi in Australia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:329-343. [PMID: 34077492 PMCID: PMC8389474 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mycorrhizal fungi are a critical component of the ecological niche of most plants and can potentially constrain their geographical range. Unlike other types of mycorrhizal fungi, the distributions of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) at large spatial scales are not well understood. Here, we investigate the distribution and diversity of Ceratobasidium OMF in orchids and soils across the Australian continent. METHODS We sampled 217 Ceratobasidium isolates from 111 orchid species across southern Australia and combined these with 311 Ceratobasidium sequences from GenBank. To estimate the taxonomic diversity of Ceratobasidium associating with orchids, phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequence locus was undertaken. Sequence data from the continent-wide Australian Microbiome Initiative were used to determine the geographical range of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in orchids, with the distribution and climatic correlates of the two most frequently detected OTUs modelled using MaxEnt. KEY RESULTS We identified 23 Ceratobasidium OTUs associating with Australian orchids, primarily from the orchid genera Pterostylis, Prasophyllum, Rhizanthella and Sarcochilus. OTUs isolated from orchids were closely related to, but distinct from, known pathogenic fungi. Data from soils and orchids revealed that ten of these OTUs occur on both east and west sides of the continent, while 13 OTUs were recorded at three locations or fewer. MaxEnt models suggested that the distributions of two widespread OTUs are correlated with temperature and soil moisture of the wettest quarter and far exceeded the distributions of their host orchid species. CONCLUSIONS Ceratobasidium OMF with cross-continental distributions are common in Australian soils and frequently have geographical ranges that exceed that of their host orchid species, suggesting these fungi are not limiting the distributions of their host orchids at large spatial scales. Most OTUs were distributed within southern Australia, although several OTUs had distributions extending into central and northern parts of the continent, illustrating their tolerance of an extraordinarily wide range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W Freestone
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Cranbourne, VIC 3977, Australia
- Biodiversity and Conservation Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Nigel D Swarts
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, The University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia
- Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Noushka Reiter
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Cranbourne, VIC 3977, Australia
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
| | - Frances C Sussmilch
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, The University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Magali M Wright
- Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Gareth D Holmes
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Cranbourne, VIC 3977, Australia
| | - Ryan D Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Cranbourne, VIC 3977, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Celeste C Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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Isolating ecological-specific fungi and creating fungus-seed bags for epiphytic orchid conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zhao DK, Selosse MA, Wu L, Luo Y, Shao SC, Ruan YL. Orchid Reintroduction Based on Seed Germination-Promoting Mycorrhizal Fungi Derived From Protocorms or Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:701152. [PMID: 34276753 PMCID: PMC8278863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.701152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are among the most endangered in the plant kingdom. Lack of endosperm in their seeds renders orchids to depend on nutrients provided by orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) for seed germination and seedling formation in the wild. OMF that parasitize in germination seeds is an essential element for orchid seedling formation, which can also help orchid reintroduction. Considering the limitations of the previous orchid reintroduction technology based on seed germination-promoting OMF (sgOMF) sourced from orchid roots, an innovative approach is proposed here in which orchid seeds are directly co-sown with sgOMF carrying ecological specificity from protocorms/seedlings. Based on this principle, an integrative and practical procedure concerning related ecological factors is further raised for re-constructing long-term and self-sustained orchid populations. We believe that this new approach will benefit the reintroduction of endangered orchids in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ke Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 ISYEB, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Limin Wu
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yan Luo
- Gardening and Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Shao
- Gardening and Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Protocorm-Supporting Fungi Are Retained in Roots of Mature Tipularia discolor Orchids as Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity Increases. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061251. [PMID: 34202964 PMCID: PMC8233912 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi are critical to understanding the distribution patterns of many plants, but they are especially important for orchids. Some orchids may change the mycorrhizal fungi they use through their lives, either in response to changes in abiotic or biotic conditions, or as a result of ontogenetic changes that alter the orchid’s need for fungal nutrition. The temperate terrestrial orchid Tipularia discolor germinates only on decomposing wood, but often persists well after the wood has completely decomposed and has been incorporated into the soil. We used PCR and Sanger sequencing to ask: (1) Do mature T. discolor retain protocorm fungi or are protocorm and adult mycorrhizal fungi mutually exclusive? (2) Are protocorm fungi limited to areas with decomposing wood? (3) Does the abundance of protocorm fungi in the substrate differ between decomposing wood and bare soil? We found that T. discolor retained protocorm fungi into maturity, regardless of whether they were growing in persistent decomposing wood or soil. Protocorm fungi were not restricted to decomposing wood but were more common and abundant in it. We conclude that the mycorrhizal fungi associated with T. discolor change during the ontogeny of individuals. These results highlight the importance of assessing protocorm fungi, in addition to mycorrhizal fungi associating with adult orchids, to understand the conditions needed for orchid germination, growth, and reproduction.
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Li T, Wu S, Yang W, Selosse MA, Gao J. How Mycorrhizal Associations Influence Orchid Distribution and Population Dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647114. [PMID: 34025695 PMCID: PMC8138319 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Orchid distribution and population dynamics are influenced by a variety of ecological factors and the formation of holobionts, which play key roles in colonization and ecological community construction. Seed germination, seedling establishment, reproduction, and survival of orchid species are strongly dependent on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), with mycorrhizal cheating increasingly observed in photosynthetic orchids. Therefore, changes in the composition and abundance of OMF can have profound effects on orchid distribution and fitness. Network analysis is an important tool for the study of interactions between plants, microbes, and the environment, because of the insights that it can provide into the interactions and coexistence patterns among species. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview, systematically describing the current research status of the effects of OMF on orchid distribution and dynamics, phylogenetic signals in orchid-OMF interactions, and OMF networks. We argue that orchid-OMF associations exhibit complementary and specific effects that are highly adapted to their environment. Such specificity of associations may affect the niche breadth of orchid species and act as a stabilizing force in plant-microbe coevolution. We postulate that network analysis is required to elucidate the functions of fungal partners beyond their effects on germination and growth. Such studies may lend insight into the microbial ecology of orchids and provide a scientific basis for the protection of orchids under natural conditions in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiqiang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shimao Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Li T, Yang W, Wu S, Selosse MA, Gao J. Progress and Prospects of Mycorrhizal Fungal Diversity in Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:646325. [PMID: 34025694 PMCID: PMC8138444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids form mycorrhizal symbioses with fungi in natural habitats that affect their seed germination, protocorm growth, and adult nutrition. An increasing number of studies indicates how orchids gain mineral nutrients and sometime even organic compounds from interactions with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). Thus, OMF exhibit a high diversity and play a key role in the life cycle of orchids. In recent years, the high-throughput molecular identification of fungi has broadly extended our understanding of OMF diversity, revealing it to be a dynamic outcome co-regulated by environmental filtering, dispersal restrictions, spatiotemporal scales, biogeographic history, as well as the distribution, selection, and phylogenetic spectrum width of host orchids. Most of the results show congruent emerging patterns. Although it is still difficult to extend them to all orchid species or geographical areas, to a certain extent they follow the "everything is everywhere, but the environment selects" rule. This review provides an extensive understanding of the diversity and ecological dynamics of orchid-fungal association. Moreover, it promotes the conservation of resources and the regeneration of rare or endangered orchids. We provide a comprehensive overview, systematically describing six fields of research on orchid-fungal diversity: the research methods of orchid-fungal interactions, the primer selection in high-throughput sequencing, the fungal diversity and specificity in orchids, the difference and adaptability of OMF in different habitats, the comparison of OMF in orchid roots and soil, and the spatiotemporal variation patterns of OMF. Further, we highlight certain shortcomings of current research methodologies and propose perspectives for future studies. This review emphasizes the need for more information on the four main ecological processes: dispersal, selection, ecological drift, and diversification, as well as their interactions, in the study of orchid-fungal interactions and OMF community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiqiang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shimao Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Petipas RH, Geber MA, Lau JA. Microbe-mediated adaptation in plants. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1302-1317. [PMID: 33913572 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions with microbial symbionts have yielded great macroevolutionary innovations across the tree of life, like the origins of chloroplasts and the mitochondrial powerhouses of eukaryotic cells. There is also increasing evidence that host-associated microbiomes influence patterns of microevolutionary adaptation in plants and animals. Here we describe how microbes can facilitate adaptation in plants and how to test for and differentiate between the two main mechanisms by which microbes can produce adaptive responses in higher organisms: microbe-mediated local adaptation and microbe-mediated adaptive plasticity. Microbe-mediated local adaptation is when local plant genotypes have higher fitness than foreign genotypes because of a genotype-specific affiliation with locally beneficial microbes. Microbe-mediated adaptive plasticity occurs when local plant phenotypes, elicited by either the microbial community or the non-microbial environment, have higher fitness than foreign phenotypes as a result of interactions with locally beneficial microbes. These microbial effects on adaptation can be difficult to differentiate from traditional modes of adaptation but may be prevalent. Ignoring microbial effects may lead to erroneous conclusions about the traits and mechanisms underlying adaptation, hindering management decisions in conservation, restoration, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee H Petipas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Monica A Geber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lau
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,The Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Štípková Z, Tsiftsis S, Kindlmann P. Distribution of Orchids with Different Rooting Systems in the Czech Republic. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:632. [PMID: 33810576 PMCID: PMC8067186 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding diversity patterns along altitudinal gradients and the effect of global change on abundance, distribution patterns and species survival are of the most discussed topics in biodiversity research. Here, we determined the associations of orchid species richness and the degree of their specialization to specific environmental conditions (expressed by species specialization index) with altitude in six floristic areas in the Czech Republic. We distinguished three basic trends in these relationships: linear, parabolic and cubic. We then determined whether these trends differ between three orchid groups classified by their rooting systems: rhizomatous, intermediate and tuberous. We used distributional data on 69 species and subspecies of terrestrial orchids recorded in the Czech Republic and interpolated them at 100-m intervals along an altitudinal gradient in each floristic area. The trends in both species richness and mean species specialization index differed between the six floristic areas within each of the three orchid groups studied. These patterns are probably strongly influenced by the orography of the country and the distribution of different habitats in the six floristic areas in the Czech Republic. We also found that the most widely distributed orchid group in the Czech Republic are the rhizomatous orchids, followed by intermediate and tuberous ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Štípková
- Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Spyros Tsiftsis
- Department of Forest and Natural Environment Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-66100 Drama, Greece;
| | - Pavel Kindlmann
- Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
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Figura T, Tylová E, Jersáková J, Vohník M, Ponert J. Fungal symbionts may modulate nitrate inhibitory effect on orchid seed germination. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:231-241. [PMID: 33492496 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many orchid species are threatened, while some disappear from their natural habitats without obvious reasons. Eutrophication has been suggested as a possible factor and nitrate, which is able to suppress non-symbiotic orchid seed germination even at very low concentrations, and could pose a serious threat for natural orchid populations. Early ontogenesis of all orchids entirely depends on orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis, and at this initial mycoheterotrophic stage, many terrestrial green orchids associate with polyphyletic fungal symbionts (i.e., mycobionts), collectively called "rhizoctonias." We asked whether these fungi might also have some non-nutritional roles, i.e., whether they might confer resistance to eutrophication. To test this hypothesis, we co-cultivated seeds of the terrestrial orchid Dactylorhiza majalis with five rhizoctonias (two Tulasnella, two Ceratobasidium and one Serendipita isolate) at various ecologically meaningful nitrate concentrations (0 to 100 mg/L). With the exception of one Tulasnella isolate, all mycobionts supported the growth of protocorms and formed orchid mycorrhiza, i.e., intracellular hyphal pelotons, in the protocorms. Nitrate suppressed asymbiotic, as well as symbiotic, seed germination in all but one fungal treatment; the seeds co-cultivated with one of the Ceratobasidium isolates were indeed insensitive to nitrate. We conclude that nitrates also negatively affect symbiotic orchid germination, depending on the available compatible mycobionts. Thus, eutrophication with nitrate may decrease the number of orchid mycobionts capable of supporting seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Figura
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Institut Systématique, Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, Biodiversité, 75005, Évolution, Paris, France.
| | - Edita Tylová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Department of Biology of Ecosystems, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vohník
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lesní 322, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ponert
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lesní 322, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Prague Botanical Garden, Trojská 800/196, 17100, Prague, Czech Republic
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