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Klaus M, Öquist M, Macháčová K. Tree stem-atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes in a boreal riparian forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176243. [PMID: 39278477 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Tree stems exchange greenhouse gases with the atmosphere but the magnitude, variability and drivers of these fluxes remain poorly understood. Here, we report stem fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in a boreal riparian forest, and investigate their spatiotemporal variability and ecosystem level importance. For two years, we measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes on a monthly basis in 14 spruces (Picea abies) and 14 birches (Betula pendula) growing near a headwater stream affected by historic ditching. We also measured N2O fluxes on three occasions. All tree stems were net emitters of CO2 and CH4, while N2O fluxes were around zero. CO2 fluxes correlated strongly with air temperature and peaked in summer. CH4 fluxes correlated modestly with air temperature and solar radiation and peaked in late winter and summer. Trees with larger stem diameter emitted more CO2 and less CH4 and trees closer to the stream emitted more CO2 and CH4. The CO2 and CH4 fluxes did not differ between spruce and birch, but correlations of CO2 fluxes with stem diameter and distance to stream differed between the tree species. The absence of vertical trends in CO2 and CH4 fluxes along the stems and their low correlation with groundwater levels and soil CO2 and CH4 partial pressures suggest tree internal production as the primary source of stem emissions. At the ecosystem level, the stem CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions represented 52 ± 16 % of the forest floor CO2 emissions and 3 ± 1 % and 11 ± 40 % of the forest floor CH4 and N2O uptake, respectively, during the snow-free period (median ± SE). The six month snow-cover period contributed 11 ± 45 % and 40 ± 29 % to annual stem CO2 and CH4 emissions, respectively. Overall, the stem gas fluxes were more typical for upland rather than wetland ecosystems likely due to historic ditching and subsequent groundwater level decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Klaus
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Mats Öquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kateřina Macháčová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Moisan MA, Lajoie G, Constant P, Martineau C, Maire V. How tree traits modulate tree methane fluxes: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 940:173730. [PMID: 38839018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Trees can play different roles in the regulation of fluxes of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas with a warming potential 83 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. Forest soils have the greatest potential for methane uptake compared to other land uses. In addition to their influence on soil CH4 fluxes, trees can act directly as a source or sink of CH4, by transporting CH4 produced in the soil and harbouring the key microorganisms involved in CH4 production and consumption (methanogens and methanotrophs). Tree CH4 fluxes can vary between species characterized by different traits that influence transport and modify the availability of CH4 reaction substrates as well as the habitat for methanogens and methanotrophs. Despite their important role in modulating CH4 fluxes from forest ecosystems, the identity and role of tree traits influencing these fluxes are poorly consolidated in the literature. The objectives of this paper are to 1) Review the functional traits of trees associated with their role in the regulation of CH4 emissions; 2) Assess the importance of inter-specific variability in CH4 fluxes via a global analysis of tree methane fluxes in the literature. Our review highlights that differences in CH4 fluxes between tree species and individuals can be explained by a diversity of traits influencing CH4 transport and microbial production of CH4 such as wood density and secondary metabolites. We propose a functional classification for trees based on the key traits associated with a function in CH4 emissions. We identified the fast-growing species with low wood density, species adapted to flood and species vulnerable to rot as functional groups which can be net sources of CH4 in conditions favorable to CH4 production. The global analysis further demonstrated the importance of taxonomy, with other factors such as land type and season in explaining variability in tree CH4 fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ange Moisan
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 Rue du Peps, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada; Département des Sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Bd des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur les Interactions Bassins Versants - Écosystèmes Aquatiques (RIVE), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Bd des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada.
| | - Geneviève Lajoie
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal H1X 2B2, Canada; Jardin Botanique de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Philippe Constant
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Christine Martineau
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 Rue du Peps, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Vincent Maire
- Département des Sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Bd des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur les Interactions Bassins Versants - Écosystèmes Aquatiques (RIVE), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Bd des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
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3
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Gauci V, Pangala SR, Shenkin A, Barba J, Bastviken D, Figueiredo V, Gomez C, Enrich-Prast A, Sayer E, Stauffer T, Welch B, Elias D, McNamara N, Allen M, Malhi Y. Global atmospheric methane uptake by upland tree woody surfaces. Nature 2024; 631:796-800. [PMID: 39048683 PMCID: PMC11269171 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Methane is an important greenhouse gas1, but the role of trees in the methane budget remains uncertain2. Although it has been shown that wetland and some upland trees can emit soil-derived methane at the stem base3,4, it has also been suggested that upland trees can serve as a net sink for atmospheric methane5,6. Here we examine in situ woody surface methane exchange of upland tropical, temperate and boreal forest trees. We find that methane uptake on woody surfaces, in particular at and above about 2 m above the forest floor, can dominate the net ecosystem contribution of trees, resulting in a net tree methane sink. Stable carbon isotope measurement of methane in woody surface chamber air and process-level investigations on extracted wood cores are consistent with methanotrophy, suggesting a microbially mediated drawdown of methane on and in tree woody surfaces and tissues. By applying terrestrial laser scanning-derived allometry to quantify global forest tree woody surface area, a preliminary first estimate suggests that trees may contribute 24.6-49.9 Tg of atmospheric methane uptake globally. Our findings indicate that the climate benefits of tropical and temperate forest protection and reforestation may be greater than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gauci
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | | | - Alexander Shenkin
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Josep Barba
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Viviane Figueiredo
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Carla Gomez
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Alex Enrich-Prast
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of São Paulo (IMar/UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - Emma Sayer
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tainá Stauffer
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bertie Welch
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Dafydd Elias
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Niall McNamara
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Myles Allen
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Adame MF, Kelleway J, Krauss KW, Lovelock CE, Adams JB, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Noe G, Jeffrey L, Ronan M, Zann M, Carnell PE, Iram N, Maher DT, Murdiyarso D, Sasmito S, Tran DB, Dargusch P, Kauffman JB, Brophy L. All tidal wetlands are blue carbon ecosystems. Bioscience 2024; 74:253-268. [PMID: 38720908 PMCID: PMC11075650 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Managing coastal wetlands is one of the most promising activities to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases, and it also contributes to meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. One of the options is through blue carbon projects, in which mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrass are managed to increase carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, other tidal wetlands align with the characteristics of blue carbon. These wetlands are called tidal freshwater wetlands in the United States, supratidal wetlands in Australia, transitional forests in Southeast Asia, and estuarine forests in South Africa. They have similar or larger potential for atmospheric carbon sequestration and emission reductions than the currently considered blue carbon ecosystems and have been highly exploited. In the present article, we suggest that all wetlands directly or indirectly influenced by tides should be considered blue carbon. Their protection and restoration through carbon offsets could reduce emissions while providing multiple cobenefits, including biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Adame
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeff Kelleway
- University of Wollongong, School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Life Sciences, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ken W Krauss
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- School of the Environment The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janine B Adams
- Nelson Mandela University, Institute for Coastal & Marine Research and Department of Botany, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- Deakin Marine Research and Innovation Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences at Deakin University, Melboourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg Noe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, Virginia, United States
| | - Luke Jeffrey
- Faculty of Science and Engineering at Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mike Ronan
- Department of Environment, Science, and Innovation, Wetlands Team, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Zann
- Department of Environment, Science, and Innovation, Wetlands Team, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul E Carnell
- Deakin Marine Research and Innovation Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences at Deakin University, Melboourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Naima Iram
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, Faculty of Science at the National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Damien T Maher
- Faculty of Science and Engineering at Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Murdiyarso
- Centre for International Forestry Research, Word Agroforestry, Department of Geophysics and Meteorology at IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sigit Sasmito
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Da B Tran
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Paul Dargusch
- School of the Environment The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Boone Kauffman
- Ilahee Sciences International and with the Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
- Conservation Sciences at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
| | - Laura Brophy
- Institute for Applied Ecology and the College of Earth, Ocean, Corvallis Oregon, United States
- Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon, United States
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5
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Jeffrey LC, Johnston SG, Tait DR, Dittmann J, Maher DT. Rapid bark-mediated tree stem methane transport occurs independently of the transpiration stream in Melaleuca quinquenervia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:49-60. [PMID: 37984803 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree stem methane emissions are important components of lowland forest methane budgets. The potential for species-specific behaviour among co-occurring lowland trees with contrasting bark characteristics has not been investigated. We compare bark-mediated methane transport in two common lowland species of contrasting bark characteristics (Melaleuca quinquenervia featuring spongy/layered bark with longitudinally continuous airspaces and Casuarina glauca featuring hard/dense common bark) through several manipulative experiments. First, the progressive cutting through M. quinquenervia bark layers caused exponential increases in methane fluxes (c. 3 orders of magnitude); however, sapwood-only fluxes were lower, suggesting that upward/axial methane transport occurs between bark layers. Second, concentrated methane pulse-injections into exposed M. quinquenervia bark, revealed rapid axial methane transport rates (1.42 mm s-1 ), which were further supported through laboratory-simulated experiments (1.41 mm s-1 ). Laboratory-simulated radial CH4 diffusion rates (through bark) were c. 20-times slower. Finally, girdling M. quinquenervia stems caused a near-instantaneous decrease in methane flux immediately above the cut. By contrast, girdling C. glauca displayed persistent, though diminished, methane fluxes. Overall, the experiments revealed evidence for rapid 'between-bark' methane transport independent from the transpiration stream in M. quinquenervia, which facilitates diffusive axial transport from the rhizosphere and/or sapwood sources. This contrasts with the slower, radial 'through-bark' diffusive-dominated gas transportation in C. glauca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Jeffrey
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Scott G Johnston
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Douglas R Tait
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Johannes Dittmann
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Damien T Maher
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
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6
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Liao X, Wang Y, Malghani S, Zhu X, Cai W, Qin Z, Wang F. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions and related microbial communities from mangrove stems on Qi'ao Island, Pearl River Estuary in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170062. [PMID: 38220023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove forests, crucial carbon-rich ecosystems, are increasingly vulnerable to soil carbon loss and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to human disturbance. However, the contribution of mangrove trees to GHG emissions remains poorly understood. This study monitored CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes from the stems of two mangrove species, native Kandelia obovata (KO) and exotic Sonneratia apetala (SA), at three heights (0.7 m, 1.2 m, and 1.7 m) during the dry winter period on Qi'ao Island, Pearl River Estuary, China. Heartwood samples were analyzed to identify potential functional groups related to gas fluxes. Our study found that tree stems acted as both sinks and sources for N2O (ranging from -9.49 to 28.35 μg m-2 h-1 for KO and from -6.73 to 28.95 μg m-2 h-1 for SA) and CH4. SA exhibited significantly higher stem CH4 flux (from -26.67 to 97.33 μg m-2 h-1) compared to KO (from -44.13 to 88.0 μg m-2 h-1) (P < 0.05). When upscaled to the community level, both species were net emitters of CH4, contributing approximately 4.68 % (KO) and 0.51 % (SA) to total CH4 emissions. The decrease in stem CH4 flux with increasing height, indicates a soil source. Microbial analysis in the heartwood using the KEGG database indicated aceticlastic methanogenesis as the dominant CH4 pathway. The presence of methanogens, methanotrophs, denitrifiers, and nitrifiers suggests microbial involvement in CH4 and N2O production and consumption. Remarkably, the dominance of Cyanobacteria in the heartwood microbiome (with the relative abundance of 97.5 ± 0.6 % for KO and 99.1 ± 0.2 % for SA) implies roles in carbon and nitrogen fixation for mangroves coping with nitrogen limitation in coastal wetlands, and possibly in CH4 production. Although the present study has limitations in sampling duration and area, it highlights the significant role of tree stems in GHG emissions which is crucial for a holistic evaluation of the global carbon sequestration capability of mangrove ecosystems. Future research should broaden spatial and temporal scales to enhance the accuracy of upscaling tree stem gas fluxes to the mangrove ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liao
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
| | - Saadatullah Malghani
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Ministry of Education), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Fuzhou 350008, Fujian, China
| | - Wenqi Cai
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhangcai Qin
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China; School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, China.
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7
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Barba J, Brewer PE, Pangala SR, Machacova K. Methane emissions from tree stems - current knowledge and challenges: an introduction to a Virtual Issue. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1377-1380. [PMID: 38267825 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on the Virtual Issue ‘Methane emissions from tree stems – current knowledge and challenges’ that includes the following papers: Barba et al. (2019), Bréchet et al. (2021), Covey & Megonigal (2019), Feng et al. (2022), Flanagan et al. (2021), Jeffrey et al. (2019, 2021, 2023), Kohl et al. (2019), Machacova et al. (2021a,b, 2023), Megonigal et al. (2020), Pangala et al. (2013, 2014), Pitz & Megonigal (2017), Plain et al. (2019), Putkinen et al. (2021), Sjögersten et al. (2020), Takahashi et al. (2022), Tenhovirta et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2016), and Yip et al. (2018). Access the Virtual Issue at www.newphytologist.com/virtualissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Barba
- CREAF, E-08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Girona, E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paul E Brewer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 84287, USA
| | - Sunitha R Pangala
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Katerina Machacova
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-60300, Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Anttila J, Tikkasalo OP, Hölttä T, Lintunen A, Vainio E, Leppä K, Haikarainen IP, Koivula H, Ghasemi Falk H, Kohl L, Launiainen S, Pihlatie M. Model of methane transport in tree stems: Case study of sap flow and radial diffusion. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:140-155. [PMID: 37712449 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The transport processes of methane (CH4 ) in tree stems remain largely unknown, although they are critical in assessing the whole-forest CH4 dynamics. We used a physically based dynamic model to study the spatial and diurnal dynamics of stem CH4 transport and fluxes. We parameterised the model using data from laboratory experiments with Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula and compared the model to experimental data from a field study. Stem CH4 flux in laboratory and field conditions were explained by the axial advective CH4 transport from soil with xylem sap flow and the radial CH4 diffusion through the stem conditions. Diffusion resistance caused by the bark permeability did not significantly affect gas transport or stem CH4 flux in the laboratory experiments. The role of axial diffusion of CH4 in trees was unresolved and requires further studies. Due to the transit time of CH4 in the stem, the diurnal dynamics of stem CH4 fluxes can deviate markedly from the diurnal dynamics of sap flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Anttila
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli-Pekka Tikkasalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Vainio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kersti Leppä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iikka P Haikarainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Koivula
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, HELSUS, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Homa Ghasemi Falk
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lukas Kohl
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mari Pihlatie
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Jovani‐Sancho AJ, O'Reilly P, Anshari G, Chong XY, Crout N, Evans CD, Evers S, Gan JY, Gibbins CN, Gusmayanti E, Jamaludin J, Jaya A, Page S, Yosep Y, Upton C, Wilson P, Sjögersten S. CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from smallholder agricultural systems on tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4279-4297. [PMID: 37100767 PMCID: PMC10946781 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There are limited data for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from smallholder agricultural systems in tropical peatlands, with data for non-CO2 emissions from human-influenced tropical peatlands particularly scarce. The aim of this study was to quantify soil CH4 and N2 O fluxes from smallholder agricultural systems on tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia and assess their environmental controls. The study was carried out in four regions in Malaysia and Indonesia. CH4 and N2 O fluxes and environmental parameters were measured in cropland, oil palm plantation, tree plantation and forest. Annual CH4 emissions (in kg CH4 ha-1 year-1 ) were: 70.7 ± 29.5, 2.1 ± 1.2, 2.1 ± 0.6 and 6.2 ± 1.9 at the forest, tree plantation, oil palm and cropland land-use classes, respectively. Annual N2 O emissions (in kg N2 O ha-1 year-1 ) were: 6.5 ± 2.8, 3.2 ± 1.2, 21.9 ± 11.4 and 33.6 ± 7.3 in the same order as above, respectively. Annual CH4 emissions were strongly determined by water table depth (WTD) and increased exponentially when annual WTD was above -25 cm. In contrast, annual N2 O emissions were strongly correlated with mean total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in soil water, following a sigmoidal relationship, up to an apparent threshold of 10 mg N L-1 beyond which TDN seemingly ceased to be limiting for N2 O production. The new emissions data for CH4 and N2 O presented here should help to develop more robust country level 'emission factors' for the quantification of national GHG inventory reporting. The impact of TDN on N2 O emissions suggests that soil nutrient status strongly impacts emissions, and therefore, policies which reduce N-fertilisation inputs might contribute to emissions mitigation from agricultural peat landscapes. However, the most important policy intervention for reducing emissions is one that reduces the conversion of peat swamp forest to agriculture on peatlands in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick O'Reilly
- School of Geography, Geology & the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Mores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Gusti Anshari
- Magister of Environmental ScienceUniversitas TanjungpuraPontianakIndonesia
- Soil Science DepartmentUniversitas TanjungpuraPontianakIndonesia
| | - Xin Yi Chong
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaSemenyihMalaysia
| | - Neil Crout
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | | | - Stephanie Evers
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Mores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaSemenyihMalaysia
| | - Jing Ye Gan
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaSemenyihMalaysia
| | - Christopher N. Gibbins
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaSemenyihMalaysia
| | - Evi Gusmayanti
- Magister of Environmental ScienceUniversitas TanjungpuraPontianakIndonesia
- Agrotechnology DepartmentUniversitas TanjungpuraPontianakIndonesia
| | | | - Adi Jaya
- Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of Palangka RayaPalangka RayaIndonesia
| | - Susan Page
- School of Geography, Geology & the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Yosep Yosep
- Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of Palangka RayaPalangka RayaIndonesia
| | - Caroline Upton
- School of Geography, Geology & the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Paul Wilson
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
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Machacova K, Warlo H, Svobodová K, Agyei T, Uchytilová T, Horáček P, Lang F. Methane emission from stems of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) offsets as much as half of methane oxidation in soil. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:584-597. [PMID: 36631959 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Trees are known to be atmospheric methane (CH4 ) emitters. Little is known about seasonal dynamics of tree CH4 fluxes and relationships to environmental conditions. That prevents the correct estimation of net annual tree and forest CH4 exchange. We aimed to explore the contribution of stem emissions to forest CH4 exchange. We determined seasonal CH4 fluxes of mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stems and adjacent soil in a typical temperate beech forest of the White Carpathians with high spatial heterogeneity in soil moisture. The beech stems were net annual CH4 sources, whereas the soil was a net CH4 sink. High CH4 emitters showed clear seasonality in their stem CH4 emissions that followed stem CO2 efflux. Elevated CH4 fluxes were detected during the vegetation season. Observed high spatial variability in stem CH4 emissions was neither explicably by soil CH4 exchange nor by CH4 concentrations, water content, or temperature studied in soil profiles near each measured tree. The stem CH4 emissions offset the soil CH4 uptake by up to 46.5% and on average by 13% on stand level. In Central Europe, widely grown beech contributes markedly to seasonal dynamics of ecosystem CH4 exchange. Its contribution should be included into forest greenhouse gas flux inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Machacova
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 4a Belidla, CZ-60300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hannes Warlo
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 4a Belidla, CZ-60300, Brno, Czech Republic
- Chair of Soil Ecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Bertoldstrasse 17, DE-79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kateřina Svobodová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 4a Belidla, CZ-60300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Agyei
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 4a Belidla, CZ-60300, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Environmental Management, School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Tereza Uchytilová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 4a Belidla, CZ-60300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Horáček
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 4a Belidla, CZ-60300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Friederike Lang
- Chair of Soil Ecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Bertoldstrasse 17, DE-79098, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Busman NA, Melling L, Goh KJ, Imran Y, Sangok FE, Watanabe A. Soil CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes from different forest types in tropical peat swamp forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159973. [PMID: 36347298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Information on temporal and spatial variations in soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from tropical peat forests is essential to predict the influence of climate change and estimate the effects of land use on global warming and the carbon (C) cycle. To obtain such basic information, soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes, together with soil physicochemical properties and environmental variables, were measured at three major forest types in the Maludam National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia, for eight years, and their relationships were analyzed. Annual soil CO2 fluxes ranged from 860 to 1450 g C m⁻2 yr⁻1 without overall significant differences between the three forest sites, while soil CH4 fluxes, 1.2-10.8 g C m⁻2 yr⁻1, differed. Differences in GHG fluxes between dry and rainy seasons were not necessarily significant, corresponding to the extent of seasonal variation in groundwater level (GWL). The lack of significant differences in soil CO2 fluxes between the three sites could be attributed to set-off between the negative and positive effects of the decomposability of soil organic matter as estimated by pyrophosphate solubility index (PSI) and GWL. The impact of El-Niño on annual CO2 flux also varied between the sites. The variation in soil CH4 fluxes from the three sites was enhanced by variations in temperature, GWL, PSI, and soil iron (Fe) content. A positive correlation was observed between the annual CH4 flux and GWL at only one site, and the influence of soil properties was more pronounced at the site with the lowest GWL and the highest PSI. Variation in annual CH4 fluxes was controlled more strongly by temperature where GWL was the highest and GWL and plant growth fluctuations were the least. Inter-annual variations in soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes confirmed the importance of long-term monitoring of these at multiple sites supporting different forest types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Azima Busman
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Lulie Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kah Joo Goh
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn Bhd, Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya 47810, Malaysia
| | - Yazid Imran
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Faustina E Sangok
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Han M, Feng H, Peng C, Lei X, Xue J, Malghani S, Ma X, Song X, Wang W. Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of stem methane flux from two poplar forests with different soil textures. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2454-2467. [PMID: 35870127 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In forest ecosystems, the majority of methane (CH4) research focuses on soils, whereas tree stem CH4 flux and driving factors remain poorly understood. We measured the in situ stem CH4 flux using the static chamber-gas chromatography method at different heights in two poplar (Populus spp.) forests with separate soil textures. We evaluated the relationship between stem CH4 fluxes and environmental factors with linear mixed models and estimated the tree CH4 emission rate at the stand level. Our results showed that poplar stems were a net source of atmospheric CH4. The mean stem CH4 emission rates were 97.51 ± 6.21 μg·m-2·h-1 in Sihong and 67.04 ± 5.64 μg·m-2·h-1 in Dongtai. The stem CH4 emission rate in Sihong with clay loam soils was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in Dongtai with sandy loam soils. The stem CH4 emission rate also showed a seasonal variation, minimum in winter and maximum in summer. The stem CH4 emission rate generally decreased with increasing sampling height. Although the differences in CH4 emission rates between stem heights were significant in the annual averages, these differences were driven by differences observed in the summer. Stem CH4 emission rates were significantly and positively correlated with air temperature (P < 0.001), relative humidity (P < 0.001), soil water content (P < 0.001) and soil CH4 flux (P < 0.001). At these sites, the soil emitted CH4 to the atmosphere in summer (mainly from June to September) but absorbed CH4 from the atmosphere during the other season. At the stand level, tree CH4 emissions accounted for 2-35.4% of soil CH4 uptake. Overall, tree stem CH4 efflux could be an important component of the forest CH4 budget. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more in situ monitoring of stem CH4 flux to accurately estimate the CH4 budget in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Huili Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Changhui Peng
- School of Geographic Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, China
- Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Xiangdong Lei
- Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jianhui Xue
- Institute of Botany Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Saadatullah Malghani
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xuehong Ma
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xinzhang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Weifeng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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13
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Variability in Stem Methane Emissions and Wood Methane Production of Tree Different Species in a Cold Temperate Mountain Forest. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Gauci V, Figueiredo V, Gedney N, Pangala SR, Stauffer T, Weedon GP, Enrich-Prast A. Non-flooded riparian Amazon trees are a regionally significant methane source. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20200446. [PMID: 34865530 PMCID: PMC8646147 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inundation-adapted trees were recently established as the dominant egress pathway for soil-produced methane (CH4) in forested wetlands. This raises the possibility that CH4 produced deep within the soil column can vent to the atmosphere via tree roots even when the water table (WT) is below the surface. If correct, this would challenge modelling efforts where inundation often defines the spatial extent of ecosystem CH4 production and emission. Here, we examine CH4 exchange on tree, soil and aquatic surfaces in forest experiencing a dynamic WT at three floodplain locations spanning the Amazon basin at four hydrologically distinct times from April 2017 to January 2018. Tree stem emissions were orders of magnitude larger than from soil or aquatic surface emissions and exhibited a strong relationship to WT depth below the surface (less than 0). We estimate that Amazon riparian floodplain margins with a WT < 0 contribute 2.2-3.6 Tg CH4 yr-1 to the atmosphere in addition to inundated tree emissions of approximately 12.7-21.1 Tg CH4 yr-1. Applying our approach to all tropical wetland broad-leaf trees yields an estimated non-flooded floodplain tree flux of 6.4 Tg CH4 yr-1 which, at 17% of the flooded tropical tree flux of approximately 37.1 Tg CH4 yr-1, demonstrates the importance of these ecosystems in extending the effective CH4 emitting area beyond flooded lands. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gauci
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Viviane Figueiredo
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicola Gedney
- Met Office Hadley Centre, JCHMR, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Sunitha Rao Pangala
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Tainá Stauffer
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Graham P. Weedon
- Met Office Hadley Centre, JCHMR, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Alex Enrich-Prast
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis, University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Biogas Research Center and Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linkoping SE-581 83, Sweden
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16
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Feng H, Guo J, Ma X, Han M, Kneeshaw D, Sun H, Malghani S, Chen H, Wang W. Methane emissions may be driven by hydrogenotrophic methanogens inhabiting the stem tissues of poplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:182-193. [PMID: 34617594 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Living trees in forests emit methane (CH4 ) from their stems. However, the magnitudes, patterns, drivers, origins, and biogeochemical pathways of these emissions remain poorly understood. We measured in situ CH4 fluxes in poplar stems and soils using static chambers and investigated the microbial communities of heartwood and sapwood by sequencing bacterial 16S, archaeal 16S, and fungal ITS rRNA genes. Methane emissions from poplar stems occurred throughout the sampling period. The mean CH4 emission rate was 2.7 mg m-2 stem d-1 . Stem CH4 emission rate increased significantly with air temperature, humidity, soil water content, and soil CH4 fluxes, but decreased with increasing sampling height. The CO2 reduction and methylotrophic methanogenesis were the major methanogenic pathways in wood tissues. The dominant methanogen groups detected in stem tissues were Methanobacterium, Methanobrevibacter, Rice Cluster I, Methanosarcina, Methanomassiliicoccus, Methanoculleus, and Methanomethylophilaceae. In addition, three methanotrophic genera were identified in the heartwood and sapwood - Methylocystis, Methylobacterium, and Paracoccus. Overall, stem CH4 emissions can originate directly from the internal tissues or co-occur from soils and stems. The co-existence of methanogens and methanotrophs within heartwood and sapwood highlights a need for future research in the microbial mechanisms underlying stem CH4 exchange with the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Jiahuan Guo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Xuehong Ma
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Menghua Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Daniel Kneeshaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Saadatullah Malghani
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Huai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Weifeng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
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17
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Barba J, Poyatos R, Capooci M, Vargas R. Spatiotemporal variability and origin of CO 2 and CH 4 tree stem fluxes in an upland forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4879-4893. [PMID: 34214242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The exchange of multiple greenhouse gases (i.e., CO2 and CH4 ) between tree stems and the atmosphere represents a knowledge gap in the global carbon cycle. Stem CO2 and CH4 fluxes vary across time and space and are unclear, which are their individual or shared drivers. Here we measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes at different stem heights combining manual (biweekly; n = 678) and automated (hourly; n > 38,000) measurements in a temperate upland forest. All trees showed CO2 and CH4 emissions despite 20% of measurements showing net CH4 uptake. Stem CO2 fluxes presented clear seasonal trends from manual and automated measurements. Only automated measurements captured the high temporal variability of stem CH4 fluxes revealing clear seasonal trends. Despite that temporal integration, the limited number of automated chambers made stand-level mean CH4 fluxes sensitive to "hot spots," resulting in mean fluxes with high uncertainty. Manual measurements provided better integration of spatial variability, but their lack of temporal variability integration hindered the detection of temporal trends and stand-level mean fluxes. These results highlight the potential bias of previous studies of stem CH4 fluxes solely based on manual or automated measurements. Stem height, temperature, and soil moisture only explained 7% and 11% of the stem CH4 flux variability compared to 42% and 81% for CO2 (manual and automated measurements, respectively). This large unexplained variability, in combination with high CH4 concentrations in the trees' heartwood, suggests that stem CH4 fluxes might be more influenced by gas transport and diffusivity through the wood than by drivers of respiratory CO2 flux, which has crucial implications for developing process-based ecosystem models. We postulate that CH4 is likely originated within tree stems because of lack of a consistent vertical pattern in CH4 fluxes, evidence of CH4 production in wood incubations, and low CH4 concentration in the soil profile but high concentrations within the trees' heartwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Barba
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Margaret Capooci
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Gao CH, Zhang S, Ding QS, Wei MY, Li H, Li J, Wen C, Gao GF, Liu Y, Zhou JJ, Zhang JY, You YP, Zheng HL. Source or sink? A study on the methane flux from mangroves stems in Zhangjiang estuary, southeast coast of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147782. [PMID: 34134386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems are an important component of "blue carbon". However, it is not clear whether the stems play roles in the CH4 budget of mangrove ecosystems. This study investigated the CH4 emission from mangrove stems and its potential driving factors. We set up six sample plots in the Zhangjiang Estuary National Mangrove Nature Reserve, where Kandelia obovata, Avicennia marina and Aegiceras corniculata are the main mangrove tree species. Soil properties such as total carbon content, redox potential and salinity were determined in each plot. The dynamic chamber method was used to measure mangrove stems and soil CH4 fluxes. Combined field survey results with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of soil properties, we divided the six plots into two sites (S1 and S2) to perform statistical analyses of stem CH4 fluxes. Then the CH4 fluxes from mangrove tree stems and soil were further scaled up to the ecosystem level through the mapping model. Under different backgrounds of soil properties, salinity and microbial biomass carbon were the main factors modified soil CH4 fluxes in the two sites, and further affected the stem CH4 fluxes of mangroves. The soil of both sites are sources of CH4, and the soil CH4 emission of S2 was about twice higher than that of S1. Results of upscaling model showed that mangrove stems in S1 were CH4 sinks with -105.65 g d-1. But stems in S2 were CH4 sources around 1448.24 g d-1. Taken together, our results suggested that CH4 emission from mangrove soils closely depends on soils properties. And mangrove stems were found to act as both CH4 sources and CH4 sinks depend on soil CH4 production. Therefore, when calculating the CH4 budget of the mangrove ecosystem, the contribution of mangrove plant stems cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hao Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Qian-Su Ding
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Ming-Yue Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Chen Wen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Gui-Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Science, State Key Laboratory of Soil & Sustainable Agriculture, 71 East Beijing Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Jia-Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Jing-Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Yan-Ping You
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China.
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Jeffrey LC, Maher DT, Tait DR, Reading MJ, Chiri E, Greening C, Johnston SG. Isotopic evidence for axial tree stem methane oxidation within subtropical lowland forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2200-2212. [PMID: 33715152 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge regarding mechanisms moderating methane (CH4 ) sink/source behaviour along the soil-tree stem-atmosphere continuum remains incomplete. Here, we applied stable isotope analysis (δ13 C-CH4 ) to gain insights into axial CH4 transport and oxidation in two globally distributed subtropical lowland species (Melaleuca quinquenervia and Casuarina glauca). We found consistent trends in CH4 flux (decreasing with height) and δ13 C-CH4 enrichment (increasing with height) in relation to stem height from ground. The average lower tree stem δ13 C-CH4 (0-40 cm) of Melaleuca and Casuarina (-53.96‰ and -65.89‰) were similar to adjacent flooded soil CH4 ebullition (-52.87‰ and -62.98‰), suggesting that stem CH4 is derived mainly by soil sources. Upper stems (81-200 cm) displayed distinct δ13 C-CH4 enrichment (Melaleuca -44.6‰ and Casuarina -46.5‰, respectively). Coupled 3D-photogrammetry with novel 3D-stem measurements revealed distinct hotspots of CH4 flux and isotopic fractionation on Melaleuca, which were likely due to bark anomalies in which preferential pathways of gas efflux were enhanced. Diel experiments revealed greater δ13 C-CH4 enrichment and higher oxidation rates in the afternoon, compared with the morning. Overall, we estimated that c. 33% of the methane was oxidised between lower and upper stems during axial transport, therefore potentially representing a globally significant, yet previously unaccounted for, methane sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Jeffrey
- SCU Geoscience, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Damien T Maher
- SCU Geoscience, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Douglas R Tait
- SCU Geoscience, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Michael J Reading
- SCU Geoscience, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Eleonora Chiri
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Chris Greening
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Scott G Johnston
- SCU Geoscience, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
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Bark-dwelling methanotrophic bacteria decrease methane emissions from trees. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2127. [PMID: 33837213 PMCID: PMC8035153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree stems are an important and unconstrained source of methane, yet it is uncertain whether internal microbial controls (i.e. methanotrophy) within tree bark may reduce methane emissions. Here we demonstrate that unique microbial communities dominated by methane-oxidising bacteria (MOB) dwell within bark of Melaleuca quinquenervia, a common, invasive and globally distributed lowland species. In laboratory incubations, methane-inoculated M. quinquenervia bark mediated methane consumption (up to 96.3 µmol m-2 bark d-1) and reveal distinct isotopic δ13C-CH4 enrichment characteristic of MOB. Molecular analysis indicates unique microbial communities reside within the bark, with MOB primarily from the genus Methylomonas comprising up to 25 % of the total microbial community. Methanotroph abundance was linearly correlated to methane uptake rates (R2 = 0.76, p = 0.006). Finally, field-based methane oxidation inhibition experiments demonstrate that bark-dwelling MOB reduce methane emissions by 36 ± 5 %. These multiple complementary lines of evidence indicate that bark-dwelling MOB represent a potentially significant methane sink, and an important frontier for further research.
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Machacova K, Borak L, Agyei T, Schindler T, Soosaar K, Mander Ü, Ah‐Peng C. Trees as net sinks for methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) in the lowland tropical rain forest on volcanic Réunion Island. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1983-1994. [PMID: 33058184 PMCID: PMC7894294 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Trees are known to emit methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O), with tropical wetland trees being considerable CH4 sources. Little is known about CH4 and especially N2 O exchange of trees growing in tropical rain forests under nonflooded conditions. We determined CH4 and N2 O exchange of stems of six dominant tree species, cryptogamic stem covers, soils and volcanic surfaces at the start of the rainy season in a 400-yr-old tropical lowland rain forest situated on a basaltic lava flow (Réunion Island). We aimed to understand the unknown role in greenhouse gas fluxes of these atypical tropical rain forests on basaltic lava flows. The stems studied were net sinks for atmospheric CH4 and N2 O, as were cryptogams, which seemed to be co-responsible for the stem uptake. In contrast with more commonly studied rain forests, the soil and previously unexplored volcanic surfaces consumed CH4 . Their N2 O fluxes were negligible. Greenhouse gas uptake potential by trees and cryptogams constitutes a novel and unique finding, thus showing that plants can serve not only as emitters, but also as consumers of CH4 and N2 O. The volcanic tropical lowland rain forest appears to be an important CH4 sink, as well as a possible N2 O sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Machacova
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of SciencesBelidla 986/4aBrnoCZ‐60300Czech Republic
| | - Libor Borak
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of SciencesBelidla 986/4aBrnoCZ‐60300Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Agyei
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of SciencesBelidla 986/4aBrnoCZ‐60300Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Schindler
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of SciencesBelidla 986/4aBrnoCZ‐60300Czech Republic
- Department of GeographyInstitute of Ecology & Earth SciencesUniversity of Tartu46 VanemuiseTartuEST‐51014Estonia
| | - Kaido Soosaar
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of SciencesBelidla 986/4aBrnoCZ‐60300Czech Republic
- Department of GeographyInstitute of Ecology & Earth SciencesUniversity of Tartu46 VanemuiseTartuEST‐51014Estonia
| | - Ülo Mander
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of SciencesBelidla 986/4aBrnoCZ‐60300Czech Republic
- Department of GeographyInstitute of Ecology & Earth SciencesUniversity of Tartu46 VanemuiseTartuEST‐51014Estonia
| | - Claudine Ah‐Peng
- UMR PVBMTUniversité de La Réunion7 chemin de l’IRATSaint‐Pierre, La RéunionF‐97410France
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Schindler T, Mander Ü, Machacova K, Espenberg M, Krasnov D, Escuer-Gatius J, Veber G, Pärn J, Soosaar K. Short-term flooding increases CH 4 and N 2O emissions from trees in a riparian forest soil-stem continuum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3204. [PMID: 32081925 PMCID: PMC7035275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristics of global climate change is the increase in extreme climate events, e.g., droughts and floods. Forest adaptation strategies to extreme climate events are the key to predict ecosystem responses to global change. Severe floods alter the hydrological regime of an ecosystem which influences biochemical processes that control greenhouse gas fluxes. We conducted a flooding experiment in a mature grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) forest to understand flux dynamics in the soil-tree-atmosphere continuum related to ecosystem N2O and CH4 turn-over. The gas exchange was determined at adjacent soil-tree-pairs: stem fluxes were measured in vertical profiles using manual static chambers and gas chromatography; soil fluxes were measured with automated chambers connected to a gas analyser. The tree stems and soil surface were net sources of N2O and CH4 during the flooding. Contrary to N2O, the increase in CH4 fluxes delayed in response to flooding. Stem N2O fluxes were lower although stem CH4 emissions were significantly higher than from soil after the flooding. Stem fluxes decreased with stem height. Our flooding experiment indicated soil water and nitrogen content as the main controlling factors of stem and soil N2O fluxes. The stems contributed up to 88% of CH4 emissions to the stem-soil continuum during the investigated period but soil N2O fluxes dominated (up to 16 times the stem fluxes) during all periods. Conclusively, stem fluxes of CH4 and N2O are essential elements in forest carbon and nitrogen cycles and must be included in relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schindler
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. .,Department of Ecosystem Trace Gas Exchange, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ülo Mander
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katerina Machacova
- Department of Ecosystem Trace Gas Exchange, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mikk Espenberg
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dmitrii Krasnov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Gert Veber
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Pärn
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaido Soosaar
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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