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Diao X, Haveman N, Califar B, Dong X, Prentice B, Paul AL, Ferl RJ. Spaceflight impacts xyloglucan oligosaccharide abundance in Arabidopsis thaliana root cell walls. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 41:110-118. [PMID: 38670637 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the course of more than a decade, space biology investigations have consistently indicated that cell wall remodeling occurs in a variety of spaceflight-grown plants. Here, we describe a mass spectrometric method to study the fundamental composition of xyloglucan, the most abundant hemicellulose in dicot cell walls, in space-grown plants. Four representative Arabidopsis root samples, from a previously conducted spaceflight experiment - Advanced Plant EXperiment - 04 (APEX-04), were used to investigate changes in xyloglucan oligosaccharides abundances in spaceflight-grown plants compared to ground controls. In situ localized enzymatic digestions and surface sampling mass spectrometry analysis provided spatial resolution of the changes in xyloglucan oligosaccharides abundances. Overall, the results showed that oligosaccharide XXLG/XLXG and XXFG branching patterns were more abundant in the lateral roots of spaceflight-grown plants, while XXXG, XLFG, and XLFG/XLFG were more abundant in the lateral roots of ground control plants. In the primary roots, XXFG had a higher abundance in ground controls than in spaceflight plants. This methodology of analyzing the basic components of the cell wall in this paper highlights two important findings. First, that are differences in the composition of xyloglucan oligosaccharides in spaceflight root cell walls compared to ground controls and, second, most of these differences are observed in the lateral roots. Thus, the methodology described in this paper provides insights into spaceflight cell wall modifications for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizheng Diao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Natasha Haveman
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brandon Califar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoru Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Boone Prentice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Anna-Lisa Paul
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Robert J Ferl
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Office of Research, University of Florida, 207 Grinter Hall, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Takahashi D, Soga K, Kikuchi T, Kutsuno T, Hao P, Sasaki K, Nishiyama Y, Kidokoro S, Sampathkumar A, Bacic A, Johnson KL, Kotake T. Structural changes in cell wall pectic polymers contribute to freezing tolerance induced by cold acclimation in plants. Curr Biol 2024; 34:958-968.e5. [PMID: 38335960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Subzero temperatures are often lethal to plants. Many temperate herbaceous plants have a cold acclimation mechanism that allows them to sense a drop in temperature and prepare for freezing stress through accumulation of soluble sugars and cryoprotective proteins. As ice formation primarily occurs in the apoplast (the cell wall space), cell wall functional properties are important for plant freezing tolerance. Although previous studies have shown that the amounts of constituent sugars of the cell wall, in particular those of pectic polysaccharides, are altered by cold acclimation, the significance of this change during cold acclimation has not been clarified. We found that β-1,4-galactan, which forms neutral side chains of the acidic pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I, accumulates in the cell walls of Arabidopsis and various freezing-tolerant vegetables during cold acclimation. The gals1 gals2 gals3 triple mutant, which has reduced β-1,4-galactan in the cell wall, exhibited impaired freezing tolerance compared with wild-type Arabidopsis during initial stages of cold acclimation. Expression of genes involved in the galactan biosynthesis pathway, such as galactan synthases and UDP-glucose 4-epimerases, was induced during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis, explaining the galactan accumulation. Cold acclimation resulted in a decrease in extensibility and an increase in rigidity of the cell wall in the wild type, whereas these changes were not observed in the gals1 gals2 gals3 triple mutant. These results indicate that the accumulation of pectic β-1,4-galactan contributes to acquired freezing tolerance by cold acclimation, likely via changes in cell wall mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kutsuno
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Pengfei Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kazuma Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yui Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kidokoro
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuda-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Bhattarai M, Wang Q, Javaid T, Venkataraghavan A, Al Hassan MT, O'Neill M, Tan L, Chen H, Faik A. Streamlining assays of glycosyltransferases activity using in vitro GT-array (i-GT-ray) platform: Application to family GT37 fucosyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105734. [PMID: 38336294 PMCID: PMC10933551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous putative glycosyltransferases (GTs) have been identified using bioinformatic approaches. However, demonstrating the activity of these GTs remains a challenge. Here, we describe the development of a rapid in vitro GT-array screening platform for activity of GTs. GT-arrays are generated by cell-free in vitro protein synthesis and binding using microplates precoated with a N-terminal Halo- or a C-terminal GST-tagged GT-encoding plasmid DNA and a capture antibody. These arrays are then used for screening of transferase activities and the reactions are monitored by a luminescence GLO assay. The products formed by these reactions can be analyzed directly from the microplates by mass spectrometry. Using this platform, a total of 280 assays were performed to screen 22 putative fucosyltransferases (FUTs) from family GT37 (seven from Arabidopsis and 15 from rice) for activity toward five acceptors: non-fucosylated tamarind xyloglucan (TXyG), arabinotriose (Ara3), non-fucosylated rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), and RG-II from the mur1-1 Arabidopsis mutant, and the celery RG-II monomer lacking Arap and MeFuc of chain B and l-Gal of chain A. Our screen showed that AtFUT2, AtFUT5, and AtFUT10 have activity toward RG-I, while AtFUT8 was active on RG-II. Five rice OsFUTs have XyG-FUT activity and four rice OsFUTs have activity toward Ara3. None of the putative OsFUTs were active on the RG-I and RG-II. However, promiscuity toward acceptors was observed for several FUTs. These findings extend our knowledge of cell wall polysaccharide fucosylation in plants. We believe that in vitro GT-array platform provides a valuable tool for cell wall biochemistry and other research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matrika Bhattarai
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tasleem Javaid
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Md Tanim Al Hassan
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Malcolm O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.
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4
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Waszczak C, Yarmolinsky D, Leal Gavarrón M, Vahisalu T, Sierla M, Zamora O, Carter R, Puukko T, Sipari N, Lamminmäki A, Durner J, Ernst D, Winkler JB, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Fleming AJ, Andersson MX, Kollist H, Kangasjärvi J. Synthesis and import of GDP-l-fucose into the Golgi affect plant-water relations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:747-763. [PMID: 37964509 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Land plants evolved multiple adaptations to restrict transpiration. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not sufficiently understood. We used an ozone-sensitivity forward genetics approach to identify Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in gas exchange regulation. High water loss from detached leaves and impaired decrease of leaf conductance in response to multiple stomata-closing stimuli were identified in a mutant of MURUS1 (MUR1), an enzyme required for GDP-l-fucose biosynthesis. High water loss observed in mur1 was independent from stomatal movements and instead could be linked to metabolic defects. Plants defective in import of GDP-l-Fuc into the Golgi apparatus phenocopied the high water loss of mur1 mutants, linking this phenotype to Golgi-localized fucosylation events. However, impaired fucosylation of xyloglucan, N-linked glycans, and arabinogalactan proteins did not explain the aberrant water loss of mur1 mutants. Partial reversion of mur1 water loss phenotype by borate supplementation and high water loss observed in boron uptake mutants link mur1 gas exchange phenotypes to pleiotropic consequences of l-fucose and boron deficiency, which in turn affect mechanical and morphological properties of stomatal complexes and whole-plant physiology. Our work emphasizes the impact of fucose metabolism and boron uptake on plant-water relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Waszczak
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marina Leal Gavarrón
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Triin Vahisalu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Sierla
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olena Zamora
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ross Carter
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tuomas Puukko
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Lamminmäki
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Ernst
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Hernandez JS, Dziubek D, Schröder L, Seydel C, Kitashova A, Brodsky V, Nägele T. Natural variation of temperature acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14106. [PMID: 38148233 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation is a multigenic trait by which plants adjust photosynthesis and metabolism to cope with a changing environment. Here, natural variations of photosynthetic efficiency and acclimation of the central carbohydrate metabolism were analyzed in response to low and elevated temperatures. For this, 18 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, originating from Cape Verde Islands and Europe, were grown at 22°C before being exposed to 4°C and 34°C for cold and heat acclimation, respectively. Absolute amounts of carbohydrates were quantified together with their subcellular distribution across plastids, cytosol and vacuole. Linear electron transport rates (ETRs) were determined together with the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) for all growth conditions and under temperature fluctuation. Under elevated temperature, ETR residuals under increasing photosynthetic photon flux densities significantly correlated with the degree of temperature fluctuation at the original habitat of accessions, indicating a geographical east/west gradient of photosynthetic acclimation capacities. Plastidial sucrose concentrations positively correlated with maximal ETRs under fluctuating temperature, indicating a stabilizing role within the chloroplast. Our findings revealed specific subcellular carbohydrate distributions that contribute differentially to the photosynthetic efficiency of natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions across a longitudinal gradient. This sheds light on the relevance of subcellular metabolic regulation for photosynthetic performance in a fluctuating environment and supports the physiological interpretation of naturally occurring genetic variation of temperature tolerance and acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Sebastian Hernandez
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg
| | - Dejan Dziubek
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg
| | - Laura Schröder
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg
| | - Charlotte Seydel
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Development, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg
| | - Anastasia Kitashova
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg
| | - Vladimir Brodsky
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg
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Xiang M, Yuan S, Zhang Q, Liu X, Li Q, Leng Z, Sha J, Anderson CT, Xiao C. Galactosylation of xyloglucan is essential for the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane system through the proper assembly of cell walls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5104-5123. [PMID: 37386914 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan, a major hemicellulose, interacts with cellulose and pectin to assemble primary cell walls in plants. Loss of the xyloglucan galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) leads to the deficiency of galactosylated xyloglucan and perturbs plant growth. However, it is unclear whether defects in xyloglucan galactosylation influence the synthesis of other wall polysaccharides, cell wall integrity, cytoskeleton behaviour, and endomembrane homeostasis. Here, we found that in mur3-7 etiolated seedlings cellulose was reduced, CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) genes were down-regulated, the density and mobility of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) were decreased, and cellulose microfibrils become discontinuous. Pectin, rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII), and boron contents were reduced in mur3-7 plants, and B-RGII cross-linking was abnormal. Wall porosity and thickness were significantly increased in mur3-7 seedlings. Endomembrane aggregation was also apparent in the mur3-7 mutant. Furthermore, mutant seedlings and their actin filaments were more sensitive to Latrunculin A (LatA) treatment. However, all defects in mur3-7 mutants were substantially restored by exogenous boric acid application. Our study reveals the importance of MUR3-mediated xyloglucan galactosylation for cell wall structural assembly and homeostasis, which is required for the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qingyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhengmei Leng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jingjing Sha
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Panter PE, Seifert J, Dale M, Pridgeon AJ, Hulme R, Ramsay N, Contera S, Knight H. Cell wall fucosylation in Arabidopsis influences control of leaf water loss and alters stomatal development and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2680-2691. [PMID: 36715637 PMCID: PMC10112686 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis sensitive-to-freezing8 (sfr8) mutant exhibits reduced cell wall (CW) fucose levels and compromised freezing tolerance. To examine whether CW fucosylation also affects the response to desiccation, we tested the effect of leaf excision in sfr8 and the allelic mutant mur1-1. Leaf water loss was strikingly higher than in the wild type in these, but not other, fucosylation mutants. We hypothesized that reduced fucosylation in guard cell (GC) walls might limit stomatal closure through altering mechanical properties. Multifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements revealed a reduced elastic modulus (E'), representing reduced stiffness, in sfr8 GC walls. Interestingly, however, we discovered a compensatory mechanism whereby a concomitant reduction in the storage modulus (E'') maintained a wild-type viscoelastic time response (tau) in sfr8. Stomata in intact leaf discs of sfr8 responded normally to a closure stimulus, abscisic acid, suggesting that the time response may relate more to closure properties than stiffness does. sfr8 stomatal pore complexes were larger than those of the wild type, and GCs lacked a fully developed cuticular ledge, both potential contributors to the greater leaf water loss in sfr8. We present data that indicate that fucosylation-dependent dimerization of the CW pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan-II may be essential for normal cuticular ledge development and leaf water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Panter
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Jacob Seifert
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Maeve Dale
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Rachel Hulme
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
| | - Nathan Ramsay
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK
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Begum RA, Messenger DJ, Fry SC. Making and breaking of boron bridges in the pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan-II at apoplastic pH in vivo and in vitro. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:1310-1329. [PMID: 36658763 PMCID: PMC10952590 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking of the cell-wall pectin domain rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) via boron bridges between apiose residues is essential for normal plant growth and development, but little is known about its mechanism or reversibility. We characterized the making and breaking of boron bridges in vivo and in vitro at 'apoplastic' pH. RG-II (13-26 μm) was incubated in living Rosa cell cultures and cell-free media with and without 1.2 mm H3 BO3 and cationic chaperones (Ca2+ , Pb2+ , polyhistidine, or arabinogalactan-protein oligopeptides). The cross-linking status of RG-II was monitored electrophoretically. Dimeric RG-II was stable at pH 2.0-7.0 in vivo and in vitro. In-vitro dimerization required a 'catalytic' cation at all pHs tested (1.75-7.0); thus, merely neutralizing the negative charge of RG-II (at pH 1.75) does not enable boron bridging. Pb2+ (20-2500 μm) was highly effective at pH 1.75-4.0, but not 4.75-7.0. Cationic peptides were effective at approximately 1-30 μm; higher concentrations caused less dimerization, probably because two RG-IIs then rarely bonded to the same peptide molecule. Peptides were ineffective at pH 1.75, their pH optimum being 2.5-4.75. d-Apiose (>40 mm) blocked RG-II dimerization in vitro, but did not cleave existing boron bridges. Rosa cells did not take up d-[U-14 C]apiose; therefore, exogenous apiose would block only apoplastic RG-II dimerization in vivo. In conclusion, apoplastic pH neither broke boron bridges nor prevented their formation. Thus boron-starved cells cannot salvage boron from RG-II, and 'acid growth' is not achieved by pH-dependent monomerization of RG-II. Divalent metals and cationic peptides catalyse RG-II dimerization via co-ordinate and ionic bonding respectively (possible and impossible, respectively, at pH 1.75). Exogenous apiose may be useful to distinguish intra- and extra-protoplasmic dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Ara Begum
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of DhakaCurzon HallDhaka1000Bangladesh
| | - David J. Messenger
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
- Present address:
Unilever U.K. Central Resources LimitedColworth Science ParkSharnbrookMK44 1LQUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
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9
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Yao D, Wang J, Peng W, Zhang B, Wen X, Wan X, Wang X, Li X, Ma J, Liu X, Fan Y, Sun G. Transcriptomic profiling of wheat stem during meiosis in response to freezing stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1099677. [PMID: 36714719 PMCID: PMC9878610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature injury in spring has seriously destabilized the production and grain quality of common wheat. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying spring frost tolerance remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the response of a frost-tolerant wheat variety Zhongmai8444 to freezing stress at the meiotic stage. Transcriptome profiles over a time course were subsequently generated by high-throughput sequencing. Our results revealed that the prolonged freezing temperature led to the significant reductions in plant height and seed setting rate. Cell wall thickening in the vascular tissue was also observed in the stems. RNA-seq analyses demonstrated the identification of 1010 up-regulated and 230 down-regulated genes shared by all time points of freezing treatment. Enrichment analysis revealed that gene activity related to hormone signal transduction and cell wall biosynthesis was significantly modulated under freezing. In addition, among the identified differentially expressed genes, 111 transcription factors belonging to multiple gene families exhibited dynamic expression pattern. This study provided valuable gene resources beneficial for the breeding of wheat varieties with improved spring frost tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaolan Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoneng Wan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xinchun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaofen Liu
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yinglun Fan
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Guozhong Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Kutsuno T, Chowhan S, Kotake T, Takahashi D. Temporal cell wall changes during cold acclimation and deacclimation and their potential involvement in freezing tolerance and growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13837. [PMID: 36461890 PMCID: PMC10107845 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants adapt to freezing stress through cold acclimation, which is induced by nonfreezing low temperatures and accompanied by growth arrest. A later increase in temperature after cold acclimation leads to rapid loss of freezing tolerance and growth resumption, a process called deacclimation. Appropriate regulation of the trade-off between freezing tolerance and growth is necessary for efficient plant development in a changing environment. The cell wall, which mainly consists of polysaccharide polymers, is involved in both freezing tolerance and growth. Still, it is unclear how the balance between freezing tolerance and growth is affected during cold acclimation and deacclimation by the changes in cell wall structure and what role is played by its monosaccharide composition. Therefore, to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms controlling freezing tolerance and growth during cold acclimation and deacclimation, we investigated cell wall changes in detail by sequential fractionation and monosaccharide composition analysis in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, for which a plethora of information and mutant lines are available. We found that arabinogalactan proteins and pectic galactan changed in close coordination with changes in freezing tolerance and growth during cold acclimation and deacclimation. On the other hand, arabinan and xyloglucan did not return to nonacclimation levels after deacclimation but stabilized at cold acclimation levels. This indicates that deacclimation does not completely restore cell wall composition to the nonacclimated state but rather changes it to a specific novel composition that is probably a consequence of the loss of freezing tolerance and provides conditions for growth resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kutsuno
- Graduate School of Science & EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Sushan Chowhan
- Graduate School of Science & EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science & EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science & EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
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11
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Stegner M, Buchner O, Geßlbauer M, Lindner J, Flörl A, Xiao N, Holzinger A, Gierlinger N, Neuner G. Frozen mountain pine needles: The endodermis discriminates between the ice-containing central tissue and the ice-free fully functional mesophyll. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13865. [PMID: 36717368 PMCID: PMC10107293 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conifer (Pinaceae) needles are the most frost-hardy leaves. During needle freezing, the exceptional leaf anatomy, where an endodermis separates the mesophyll from the vascular tissue, could have consequences for ice management and photosynthesis. The eco-physiological importance of needle freezing behaviour was evaluated based on the measured natural freezing strain at the alpine treeline. Ice localisation and cellular responses to ice were investigated in mountain pine needles by cryo-microscopic techniques. Their consequences for photosynthetic activity were assessed by gas exchange measurements. The freezing response was related to the microchemistry of cell walls investigated by Raman microscopy. In frozen needles, ice was confined to the central vascular cylinder bordered by the endodermis. The endodermal cell walls were lignified. In the ice-free mesophyll, cells showed no freeze-dehydration and were found photosynthetically active. Mesophyll cells had lignified tangential cell walls, which adds rigidity. Ice barriers in mountain pine needles seem to be realised by a specific lignification patterning of cell walls. This, additionally, impedes freeze-dehydration of mesophyll cells and enables gas exchange of frozen needles. At the treeline, where freezing is a dominant environmental factor, the elaborate needle freezing pattern appears of ecological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Othmar Buchner
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Jasmin Lindner
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Nannan Xiao
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | | | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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12
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Begum RA, Fry SC. Boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II in Rosa and arabidopsis cell cultures occurs mainly in the endo-membrane system and continues at a reduced rate after secretion. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:703-715. [PMID: 36112021 PMCID: PMC9670748 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is a domain of primary cell-wall pectin. Pairs of RG-II domains are covalently cross-linked via borate diester bridges, necessary for normal cell growth. Interpreting the precise mechanism and roles of boron bridging is difficult because there are conflicting hypotheses as to whether bridging occurs mainly within the Golgi system, concurrently with secretion or within the cell wall. We therefore explored the kinetics of RG-II bridging. METHODS Cell-suspension cultures of Rosa and arabidopsis were pulse-radiolabelled with [14C]glucose, then the boron bridging status of newly synthesized [14C]RG-II domains was tracked by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of endo-polygalacturonase digests. KEY RESULTS Optimal culture ages for 14C-labelling were ~5 and ~1 d in Rosa and arabidopsis respectively. De-novo [14C]polysaccharide production occurred for the first ~90 min; thereafter the radiolabelled molecules were tracked as they 'aged' in the wall. Monomeric and (boron-bridged) dimeric [14C]RG-II domains appeared simultaneously, both being detectable within 4 min of [14C]glucose feeding, i.e. well before the secretion of newly synthesized [14C]polysaccharides into the apoplast at ~15-20 min. The [14C]dimer : [14C]monomer ratio of RG-II remained approximately constant from 4 to 120 min, indicating that boron bridging was occurring within the Golgi system during polysaccharide biosynthesis. However, [14C]dimers increased slightly over the following 15 h, indicating that limited boron bridging was continuing after secretion. CONCLUSIONS The results show where in the cell (and thus when in the 'career' of an RG-II domain) boron bridging occurs, helping to define the possible biological roles of RG-II dimerization and the probable localization of boron-donating glycoproteins or glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Ara Begum
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Curzon Hall, Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh
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13
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Stegner M, Flörl A, Lindner J, Plangger S, Schaefernolte T, Strasser A, Thoma V, Walde J, Neuner G. Freeze dehydration vs. supercooling of mesophyll cells: Impact of cell wall, cellular and tissue traits on the extent of water displacement. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13793. [PMID: 36190477 PMCID: PMC9828361 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The extent of freeze dehydration of mesophyll cells in response to extracellular ice varies from supercooling to severe freezing cytorrhysis. The structural factors involved are poorly understood. In a comparison of mesophyll cells of 11 species, the factors "cell wall", "cellular" and "tissue" traits were investigated. The extent of freeze dehydration was quantified as reduction in the sectional area during controlled freezing in the presence of ice. The cell wall thickness, cell size, cell area and the relative area of intercellular spaces were determined. The modulus of elasticity was determined by psychrometry. To grasp the relationships between factors and with freeze dehydration, we applied a principal component analysis. The first two components explain 84% of the variance in the dataset. The first principal component correlated negatively with the extent of freeze dehydration and relative area of intercellular spaces, and positively with the squared cell wall thickness to cell size ratio, elasticity and cell wall thickness. The cell size parameters determined the second principal component. Supercooling appeared preferable in cells with a high squared cell wall thickness to cell size ratio and a low relative area of intercellular spaces. Such factors are hypothesised to affect the magnitude of negative turgor pressure being built up below the turgor loss point. Negative turgor pressure slows dehydration by reducing the water potential gradient to the extracellular ice. With high levels of freeze dehydration, sufficient intercellular spaces for extracellular ice accommodation are needed. The low relative area of intercellular spaces increases cell-to-cell contact area and could support tissue stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jasmin Lindner
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | | | | | - Viktoria Thoma
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Janette Walde
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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14
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An Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-protein (AGP31) and several cationic AGP fragments catalyse the boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II. Biochem J 2022; 479:1967-1984. [PMID: 36062804 PMCID: PMC9555800 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is a complex pectic domain in plant primary cell walls. In vivo, most RG-II domains are covalently dimerised via borate diester bridges, essential for correct cell-wall assembly, but the dimerisation of pure RG-II monomers by boric acid in vitro is extremely slow. Cationic ‘chaperones’ can promote dimerisation, probably by overcoming the mutual repulsion between neighbouring anionic RG-II molecules. Highly effective artificial chaperones include Pb2+ and polyhistidine, but the proposed natural chaperones remained elusive. We have now tested cationic peptide fragments of several Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) as candidates. Fragments of AGP17, 18, 19 and 31 were effective, typically at ∼25 µg/ml (9–19 µM), promoting the boron bridging of 16–20 µM monomeric RG-II at pH 4.8 in vitro. Native AGP31 glycoprotein was also effective, and hexahistidine was moderately so. All chaperones tested interacted reversibly with RG-II and were not consumed during the reaction; thus they acted catalytically, and may constitute the first reported boron-acting enzyme activity, an RG-II borate diesterase. Many of the peptide chaperones became less effective catalysts at higher concentration, which we interpret as due to the formation of RG-II–peptide complexes with a net positive charge, as mutually repulsive as negatively charged pure RG-II molecules. The four unique AGPs studied here may serve an enzymic role in the living plant cell, acting on RG-II within Golgi cisternae and/or in the apoplast after secretion. In this way, RG-II and specific AGPs may contribute to cell-wall assembly and hence plant cell expansion and development.
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15
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Liu J, Willick IR, Hiraki H, Forand AD, Lawrence JR, Swerhone GDW, Wei Y, Ghosh S, Lee YK, Olsen JE, Usadel B, Wormit A, Günl M, Karunakaran C, Dynes JJ, Tanino KK. Cold and exogenous calcium alter Allium fistulosum cell wall pectin to depress intracellular freezing temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3807-3822. [PMID: 35298622 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
De-methyl esterification of homogalacturonan and subsequent cross-linking with Ca2+ is hypothesized to enhance the freezing survival of cold acclimated plants by reducing the porosity of primary cell walls. To test this theory, we collected leaf epidermal peels from non- (23/18 °C) and cold acclimated (2 weeks at 12/4 °C) Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Cold acclimation enhanced the temperature at which half the cells survived freezing injury by 8 °C (LT50 =-20 °C), and reduced tissue permeability by 70-fold compared with non-acclimated epidermal cells. These effects were associated with greater activity of pectin methylesterase (PME) and a reduction in the methyl esterification of homogalacturonan. Non-acclimated plants treated with 50 mM CaCl2 accumulated higher concentrations of galacturonic acid, Ca2+ in the cell wall, and a lower number of visible cell wall pores compared with that observed in cold acclimated plants. Using cryo-microscopy, we observed that 50 mM CaCl2 treatment did not lower the LT50 of non-acclimated cells, but reduced the lethal intracellular ice nucleation to temperatures observed in cold acclimated epidermal cells. We postulate that the PME-homogalacturonan-mediated reduction in cell wall porosity is integral to intracellular freezing avoidance strategies in cold acclimated herbaceous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ian R Willick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hayato Hiraki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ariana D Forand
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John R Lawrence
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - George D W Swerhone
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Biology Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Supratim Ghosh
- Department of Food and Bioproducts Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yeon Kyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of BioSciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of BioSciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Björn Usadel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Aachen, Germany
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wormit
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Günl
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Karen K Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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16
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Forand AD, Finfrock YZ, Lavier M, Stobbs J, Qin L, Wang S, Karunakaran C, Wei Y, Ghosh S, Tanino KK. With a Little Help from My Cell Wall: Structural Modifications in Pectin May Play a Role to Overcome Both Dehydration Stress and Fungal Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:385. [PMID: 35161367 PMCID: PMC8838300 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall structural modifications through pectin cross-linkages between calcium ions and/or boric acid may be key to mitigating dehydration stress and fungal pathogens. Water loss was profiled in a pure pectin system and in vivo. While calcium and boron reduced water loss in pure pectin standards, the impact on Allium species was insignificant (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, synchrotron X-ray microscopy showed the localization of exogenously applied calcium to the apoplast in the epidermal cells of Allium fistulosum. Exogenous calcium application increased viscosity and resistance to shear force in Allium fistulosum, suggesting the formation of calcium cross-linkages ("egg-box" structures). Moreover, Allium fistulosum (freezing tolerant) was also more tolerant to dehydration stress compared to Allium cepa (freezing sensitive). Furthermore, the addition of boric acid (H3BO3) to pure pectin reduced water loss and increased viscosity, which indicates the formation of RG-II dimers. The Arabidopsis boron transport mutant, bor1, expressed greater water loss and, based on the lesion area of leaf tissue, a greater susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum and Botrytis cinerea. While pectin modifications in the cell wall are likely not the sole solution to dehydration and biotic stress resistance, they appear to play an important role against multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana D. Forand
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (A.D.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Y. Zou Finfrock
- Advanced Photo Source, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Miranda Lavier
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Jarvis Stobbs
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (L.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (A.D.F.); (S.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Chithra Karunakaran
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (L.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Supratim Ghosh
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Karen K. Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (A.D.F.); (S.W.)
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17
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Genomics Associated Interventions for Heat Stress Tolerance in Cool Season Adapted Grain Legumes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010399. [PMID: 35008831 PMCID: PMC8745526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cool season grain legumes occupy an important place among the agricultural crops and essentially provide multiple benefits including food supply, nutrition security, soil fertility improvement and revenue for farmers all over the world. However, owing to climate change, the average temperature is steadily rising, which negatively affects crop performance and limits their yield. Terminal heat stress that mainly occurred during grain development phases severely harms grain quality and weight in legumes adapted to the cool season, such as lentils, faba beans, chickpeas, field peas, etc. Although, traditional breeding approaches with advanced screening procedures have been employed to identify heat tolerant legume cultivars. Unfortunately, traditional breeding pipelines alone are no longer enough to meet global demands. Genomics-assisted interventions including new-generation sequencing technologies and genotyping platforms have facilitated the development of high-resolution molecular maps, QTL/gene discovery and marker-assisted introgression, thereby improving the efficiency in legumes breeding to develop stress-resilient varieties. Based on the current scenario, we attempted to review the intervention of genomics to decipher different components of tolerance to heat stress and future possibilities of using newly developed genomics-based interventions in cool season adapted grain legumes.
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18
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Takahashi D, Willick IR, Kasuga J, Livingston III DP. Responses of the Plant Cell Wall to Sub-Zero Temperatures: A Brief Update. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1858-1866. [PMID: 34240199 PMCID: PMC8711693 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Our general understanding of plant responses to sub-zero temperatures focuses on mechanisms that mitigate stress to the plasma membrane. The plant cell wall receives comparatively less attention, and questions surrounding its role in mitigating freezing injury remain unresolved. Despite recent molecular discoveries that provide insight into acclimation responses, the goal of reducing freezing injury in herbaceous and woody crops remains elusive. This is likely due to the complexity associated with adaptations to low temperatures. Understanding how leaf cell walls of herbaceous annuals promote tissue tolerance to ice does not necessarily lead to understanding how meristematic tissues are protected from freezing by tissue-level barriers formed by cell walls in overwintering tree buds. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of biological ice nucleation and explain how plants control the spatiotemporal location of ice formation. We discuss how sugars and pectin side chains alleviate adhesive injury that develops at sub-zero temperatures between the matrix polysaccharides and ice. The importance of site-specific cell-wall elasticity to promote tissue expansion for ice accommodation and control of porosity to impede ice growth and promote supercooling will be presented. How specific cold-induced proteins modify plant cell walls to mitigate freezing injury will also be discussed. The opinions presented in this report emphasize the importance of a plant's developmental physiology when characterizing mechanisms of freezing survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- *Corresponding authors: Daisuke Takahashi, E-mail, ; Ian R. Willick, E-mail,
| | - Ian R Willick
- *Corresponding authors: Daisuke Takahashi, E-mail, ; Ian R. Willick, E-mail,
| | - Jun Kasuga
- Research Center for Global Agro-Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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19
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Ren C, Li H, Wang Z, Dai Z, Lecourieux F, Kuang Y, Xin H, Li S, Liang Z. Characterization of Chromatin Accessibility and Gene Expression upon Cold Stress Reveals that the RAV1 Transcription Factor Functions in Cold Response in Vitis Amurensis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1615-1629. [PMID: 34279666 PMCID: PMC8643690 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cold tolerance is regulated by a variety of transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes. Except for the well-characterized C-repeat binding factors (CBFs)-dependent transcriptional cascade, the mechanisms of cold tolerance mediated by other transcriptional regulatory networks are still largely unknown. Here, we used the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) and RNA-seq to identify cold responsive TFs in Vitis amurensis, a grape species with high cold hardiness. Nine TFs, including CBF4, RAV1 and ERF104, were identified after cold treatment. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these TFs may regulate cold response through different pathways. As a prime candidate TF, overexpression of VaRAV1 in grape cells improved its cold tolerance. The transgenic cells exhibited low electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content and high peroxidase activity. Moreover, the TF gene TCP8 and a gene involving in homogalacturonan biosynthesis were found to be regulated by VaRAV1, suggesting that the contribution of VaRAV1 to cold tolerance may be achieved by enhancing the stability of cell membrane and regulating the expression of target genes involved in plant cell wall composition. Our work provides novel insights into plant response to cold stress and demonstrates the utility of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq for the rapid identification of TFs in response to cold stress in grapevine. VaRAV1 may play an important role in adaption to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Huayang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zemin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Fatma Lecourieux
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 210 chemin de Leysotte, Villenave d’Ornon 33882, France
| | - Yangfu Kuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Haiping Xin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Lumo Rd, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Sciences and Enology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, PR China
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20
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Shin Y, Chane A, Jung M, Lee Y. Recent Advances in Understanding the Roles of Pectin as an Active Participant in Plant Signaling Networks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1712. [PMID: 34451757 PMCID: PMC8399534 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is an abundant cell wall polysaccharide with essential roles in various biological processes. The structural diversity of pectins, along with the numerous combinations of the enzymes responsible for pectin biosynthesis and modification, plays key roles in ensuring the specificity and plasticity of cell wall remodeling in different cell types and under different environmental conditions. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding various aspects of pectin, from its biosynthetic and modification processes to its biological roles in different cell types. In particular, we describe recent findings that cell wall modifications serve not only as final outputs of internally determined pathways, but also as key components of intercellular communication, with pectin as a major contributor to this process. The comprehensive view of the diverse roles of pectin presented here provides an important basis for understanding how cell wall-enclosed plant cells develop, differentiate, and interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Andrea Chane
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Minjung Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Yuree Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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21
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Barnes WJ, Koj S, Black IM, Archer-Hartmann SA, Azadi P, Urbanowicz BR, Peña MJ, O'Neill MA. Protocols for isolating and characterizing polysaccharides from plant cell walls: a case study using rhamnogalacturonan-II. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:142. [PMID: 34158109 PMCID: PMC8218411 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, a large diversity of polysaccharides comprise the cell wall. Each major type of plant cell wall polysaccharide, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, has distinct structures and functions that contribute to wall mechanics and influence plant morphogenesis. In recent years, pectin valorization has attracted much attention due to its expanding roles in biomass deconstruction, food and material science, and environmental remediation. However, pectin utilization has been limited by our incomplete knowledge of its structure. Herein, we present a workflow of principles relevant for the characterization of polysaccharide primary structure using nature's most complex polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II), as a model. RESULTS We outline how to isolate RG-II from celery and duckweed cell walls and from red wine using chemical or enzymatic treatments coupled with size-exclusion chromatography. From there, we applied mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques to determine the glycosyl residue and linkage compositions of the intact RG-II and derived oligosaccharides including special considerations for labile monosaccharides. In doing so, we demonstrated that in the duckweed Wolffiella repanda the arabinopyranosyl (Arap) residue of side chain B is substituted at O-2 with rhamnose. We used electrospray-MS techniques to identify non-glycosyl modifications including methyl-ethers, methyl-esters, and acetyl-esters on RG-II-derived oligosaccharides. We then showed the utility of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) to investigate the structure of intact RG-II and to complement the RG-II dimerization studies performed using size-exclusion chromatography. CONCLUSIONS The complexity of pectic polysaccharide structures has hampered efforts aimed at their valorization. In this work, we used RG-II as a model to demonstrate the steps necessary to isolate and characterize polysaccharides using chromatographic, MS, and NMR techniques. The principles can be applied to the characterization of other saccharide structures and will help inform researchers on how saccharide structure relates to functional properties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sabina Koj
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ian M Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | | | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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22
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Takahashi D, Johnson KL, Hao P, Tuong T, Erban A, Sampathkumar A, Bacic A, Livingston DP, Kopka J, Kuroha T, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Zuther E, Hincha DK. Cell wall modification by the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase XTH19 influences freezing tolerance after cold and sub-zero acclimation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:915-930. [PMID: 33190295 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Freezing triggers extracellular ice formation leading to cell dehydration and deformation during a freeze-thaw cycle. Many plant species increase their freezing tolerance during exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures, a process termed cold acclimation. In addition, exposure to mild freezing temperatures after cold acclimation evokes a further increase in freezing tolerance (sub-zero acclimation). Previous transcriptome and proteome analyses indicate that cell wall remodelling may be particularly important for sub-zero acclimation. In the present study, we used a combination of immunohistochemical, chemical and spectroscopic analyses to characterize the cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana and characterized a mutant in the XTH19 gene, encoding a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH). The mutant showed reduced freezing tolerance after both cold and sub-zero acclimation, compared to the Col-0 wild type, which was associated with differences in cell wall composition and structure. Most strikingly, immunohistochemistry in combination with 3D reconstruction of centres of rosette indicated that epitopes of the xyloglucan-specific antibody LM25 were highly abundant in the vasculature of Col-0 plants after sub-zero acclimation but absent in the XTH19 mutant. Taken together, our data shed new light on the potential roles of cell wall remodelling for the increased freezing tolerance observed after low temperature acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Saitama
| | - Kim L Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Sino-Australian Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Sino-Australian Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tan Tuong
- USDA and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Sino-Australian Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David P Livingston
- USDA and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Ellen Zuther
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk K Hincha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
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23
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Discerning molecular diversity and association mapping for phenological, physiological and yield traits under high temperature stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-020-01254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Yuan W, Liu J, Takáč T, Chen H, Li X, Meng J, Tan Y, Ning T, He Z, Yi G, Xu C. Genome-Wide Identification of Banana Csl Gene Family and Their Different Responses to Low Temperature between Chilling-Sensitive and Tolerant Cultivars. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010122. [PMID: 33435621 PMCID: PMC7827608 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall plays an important role in responses to various stresses. The cellulose synthase-like gene (Csl) family has been reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of the hemicellulose backbone. However, little information is available on their involvement in plant tolerance to low-temperature (LT) stress. In this study, a total of 42 Csls were identified in Musa acuminata and clustered into six subfamilies (CslA, CslC, CslD, CslE, CslG, and CslH) according to phylogenetic relationships. The genomic features of MaCsl genes were characterized to identify gene structures, conserved motifs and the distribution among chromosomes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to show the diversity in these genes. Different changes in hemicellulose content between chilling-tolerant and chilling-sensitive banana cultivars under LT were observed, suggesting that certain types of hemicellulose are involved in LT stress tolerance in banana. Thus, the expression patterns of MaCsl genes in both cultivars after LT treatment were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technique followed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) validation. The results indicated that MaCslA4/12, MaCslD4 and MaCslE2 are promising candidates determining the chilling tolerance of banana. Our results provide the first genome-wide characterization of the MaCsls in banana, and open the door for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yuan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 75 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Houbin Chen
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Jian Meng
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yehuan Tan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tong Ning
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhenting He
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ganjun Yi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (C.X.)
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (C.X.)
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