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Xia L, Li M, Chen Y, Dai Y, Li H, Zhang S. Sexually dimorphic acetyl-CoA biosynthesis and utilization in response to drought and exogenous acetic acid. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1967-1985. [PMID: 38944754 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Female willows exhibit greater drought tolerance and benefit more from exogenous acetic acid (AA)-improved drought tolerance than males. However, the potential mechanisms driving these sex-specific responses remain unclear. To comprehensively investigate the sexually dimorphic responsive mechanisms of willows to drought and exogenous AA, here, we performed physiological, proteomic, Lys-acetylproteomic, and transgenic analyses in female and male Salix myrtillacea exposed to drought and AA-applicated drought treatments, focusing on protein abundance and lysine acetylation (LysAc) changes. Drought-tolerant females suffered less drought-induced photosynthetic and oxidative damage, did not activate AA and acetyl-CoA biosynthesis, TCA cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and jasmonic acid signaling as strongly as drought-sensitive males. Exogenous AA caused overaccumulation of endogenous AA and inhibition of acetyl-CoA biosynthesis and utilization in males. However, exogenous AA greatly enhanced acetyl-CoA biosynthesis and utilization and further enhanced drought performance of females, possibly determining that AA improved drought tolerance more in females than in males. Interestingly, overexpression of acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) could reprogram fatty acids, increase LysAc levels, and improve drought tolerance, highlighting the involvement of ACS-derived acetyl-CoA in drought responses. In addition, drought and exogenous AA induced sexually dimorphic LysAc associated with histones, transcription factors, and metabolic enzymes in willows. Especially, exogenous AA may greatly improve the photosynthetic capacity of S. myrtillacea males by decreasing LysAc levels and increasing the abundances of photosynthetic proteins. While hyperacetylation in glycolysis, TCA cycle, and fatty acid biosynthesis potentially possibly serve as negative feedback to acclimate acetyl-CoA biosynthesis and utilization in drought-stressed males and AA-applicated females. Thus, acetyl-CoA biosynthesis and utilization determine the sexually dimorphic responses of S. myrtillacea to drought and exogenous AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchao Xia
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Menghan Li
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yujie Dai
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Koh HG, Jeon S, Kim M, Chang YK, Park K, Park SH, Kang NK. Optimization and mechanism analysis of photosynthetic EPA production in Nannochloropsis salina: Evaluating the effect of temperature and nitrogen concentrations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108729. [PMID: 38754177 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae, recognized as sustainable and eco-friendly photosynthetic microorganisms, play a pivotal role in converting CO2 into value-added products. Among these, Nannochloropsis salina (Microchloropsis salina) stands out, particularly for its ability to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a crucial omega-3 fatty acid with significant health benefits such as anti-inflammatory properties and cardiovascular health promotion. This study focused on optimizing the cultivation conditions of Nannochloropsis salina to maximize EPA production. We thoroughly investigated the effects of varying temperatures and nitrogen (NaNO3) concentrations on biomass, total lipid content, and EPA proportions. We successfully identified optimal conditions at an initial NaNO3 concentration of 1.28 g.L-1 and a temperature of 21 °C. This condition was further validated by response surface methodology, which resulted in the highest EPA productivity reported in batch systems (14.4 mg.L-1.day-1). Quantitative real-time PCR and transcriptomic analysis also demonstrated a positive correlation between specific gene expressions and enhanced EPA production. Through a comprehensive lipid analysis and photosynthetic pigment analysis, we deduced that the production of EPA in Nannochloropsis salina seemed to be produced by the remodeling of chloroplast membrane lipids. These findings provide crucial insights into how temperature and nutrient availability influence fatty acid composition in N. salina, offering valuable guidance for developing strategies to improve EPA production in various microalgae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gi Koh
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjib Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoon Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Jin X, Chen J, Khan A, Chen Z, Gao R, Lu Y, Zheng X. Triacylglycerol lipase, OsSG34, plays an important role in grain shape and appearance quality in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:840-855. [PMID: 37938788 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Optimal grain-appearance quality is largely determined by grain size. To date, dozens of grain size-related genes have been identified. However, the regulatory mechanism of slender grain formation is not fully clear. We identified the OsSG34 gene by map-based cloning. A 9-bp deletion on 5'-untranslated region of OsSG34, which resulted in the expression difference between the wild-type and sg34 mutant, led to the slender grains and good transparency in sg34 mutant. OsSG34 as an α/β fold triacylglycerol lipase affected the triglyceride content directly, and the components of cell wall indirectly, especially the lignin between the inner and outer lemmas in rice grains, which could affect the change in grain size by altering cell proliferation and expansion, while the change in starch content and starch granule arrangement in endosperm could affect the grain-appearance quality. Moreover, the OsERF71 was identified to directly bind to cis-element on the mutant site, thereby regulating the OsSG34 expression. Knockout of three OsSG34 homologous genes resulted in slender grains as well. The study demonstrated OsSG34, involved in lipid metabolism, affected grain size and quality. Our findings suggest that the OsSG34 gene could be used in rice breeding for high yield and good grain-appearance quality via marker-assisted selection and gene-editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Jin
- The Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, the Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, the Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Asadullah Khan
- The Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, the Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ziyan Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, the Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rui Gao
- The Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, the Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- The Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, the Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Leyland B, Novichkova E, Dolui AK, Jallet D, Daboussi F, Legeret B, Li Z, Li-Beisson Y, Boussiba S, Khozin-Goldberg I. Acyl-CoA binding protein is required for lipid droplet degradation in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:958-981. [PMID: 37801606 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) accumulate neutral storage lipids in lipid droplets during stress conditions, which can be rapidly degraded and recycled when optimal conditions resume. Since nutrient and light availability fluctuate in marine environments, storage lipid turnover is essential for diatom dominance of marine ecosystems. Diatoms have garnered attention for their potential to provide a sustainable source of omega-3 fatty acids. Several independent proteomic studies of lipid droplets isolated from the model oleaginous pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum have identified a previously uncharacterized protein with an acyl-CoA binding (ACB) domain, Phatrdraft_48778, here referred to as Phaeodactylum tricornutum acyl-CoA binding protein (PtACBP). We report the phenotypic effects of CRISPR-Cas9 targeted genome editing of PtACBP. ptacbp mutants were defective in lipid droplet and triacylglycerol degradation, as well as lipid and eicosapentaenoic acid synthesis, during recovery from nitrogen starvation. Transcription of genes responsible for peroxisomal β-oxidation, triacylglycerol lipolysis, and eicosapentaenoic acid synthesis was inhibited. A lipid-binding assay using a synthetic ACB domain from PtACBP indicated preferential binding specificity toward certain polar lipids. PtACBP fused to eGFP displayed an endomembrane-like pattern, which surrounded the periphery of lipid droplets. PtACBP is likely responsible for intracellular acyl transport, affecting cell division, development, photosynthesis, and stress response. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing storage lipid turnover will be crucial for developing diatoms and other microalgae as biotechnological cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Leyland
- The Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus 84990, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Novichkova
- The Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus 84990, Israel
| | - Achintya Kumar Dolui
- The Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus 84990, Israel
| | - Denis Jallet
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute Bio & Chemical Engineering, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute National Des Sciences Appliquees, Le Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Fayza Daboussi
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute Bio & Chemical Engineering, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institute National Des Sciences Appliquees, Le Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Bertrand Legeret
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France
| | - Zhongze Li
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- The Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus 84990, Israel
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- The Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus 84990, Israel
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Huang T, Pan Y, Maréchal E, Hu H. Proteomes reveal the lipid metabolic network in the complex plastid of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:385-403. [PMID: 37733835 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Phaeodactylum tricornutum plastid is surrounded by four membranes, and its protein composition and function remain mysterious. In this study, the P. tricornutum plastid-enriched fraction was obtained and 2850 proteins were identified, including 92 plastid-encoded proteins, through label-free quantitative proteomic technology. Among them, 839 nuclear-encoded proteins were further determined to be plastidial proteins based on the BLAST alignments within Plant Proteome DataBase and subcellular localization prediction, in spite of the strong contamination by mitochondria-encoded proteins and putative plasma membrane proteins. According to our proteomic data, we reconstructed the metabolic pathways and highlighted the hybrid nature of this diatom plastid. Triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis and glycolysis, as well as photosynthesis, glycan metabolism, and tocopherol and triterpene biosynthesis, occur in the plastid. In addition, the synthesis of long-chain acyl-CoAs, elongation, and desaturation of fatty acids (FAs), and synthesis of lipids including TAG are confined in the four-layered-membrane plastid based on the proteomic and GFP-fusion localization data. The whole process of generation of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) from palmitic acid (16:0), via elongation and desaturation of FAs, occurs in the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane, the outermost membrane of the plastid. Desaturation that generates 16:4 from 16:0 occurs in the plastid stroma and outer envelope membrane. Quantitative analysis of glycerolipids between whole cells and isolated plastids shows similar composition, and the FA profile of TAG was not different. This study shows that the diatom plastid combines functions usually separated in photosynthetic eukaryotes, and differs from green alga and plant chloroplasts by undertaking the whole process of lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yufang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INRA, IRIG-LPCV, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Hanhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Murison V, Hérault J, Côme M, Guinio S, Lebon A, Chamot C, Bénard M, Galas L, Schoefs B, Marchand J, Bardor M, Ulmann L. Comparison of two Phaeodactylum tricornutum ecotypes under nitrogen starvation and resupply reveals distinct lipid accumulation strategies but a common degradation process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1257500. [PMID: 37810403 PMCID: PMC10556672 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1257500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a model species frequently used to study lipid metabolism in diatoms. When exposed to a nutrient limitation or starvation, diatoms are known to accumulate neutral lipids in cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs). Those lipids are produced partly de novo and partly from the recycle of plastid membrane lipids. Under a nitrogen resupply, the accumulated lipids are catabolized, a phenomenon about which only a few data are available. Various strains of P. tricornutum have been isolated around the world that may differ in lipid accumulation patterns. Methods To get further information on this topic, two genetically distant ecotypes of P. tricornutum (Pt1 and Pt4) have been cultivated under nitrogen deprivation during 11 days followed by a resupply period of 3 days. The importance of cytoplasmic LDs relative to the plastid was assessed by a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy and cell volume estimation using bright field microscopy pictures. Results and discussion We observed that in addition to a basal population of small LDs (0.005 μm3 to 0.7 μm3) present in both strains all along the experiment, Pt4 cells immediately produced two large LDs (up to 12 μm3 after 11 days) while Pt1 cells progressively produced a higher number of smaller LDs (up to 7 μm3 after 11 days). In this work we showed that, in addition to intracellular available space, lipid accumulation may be limited by the pre-starvation size of the plastid as a source of membrane lipids to be recycled. After resupplying nitrogen and for both ecotypes, a fragmentation of the largest LDs was observed as well as a possible migration of LDs to the vacuoles that would suggest an autophagic degradation. Altogether, our results deepen the understanding of LDs dynamics and open research avenues for a better knowledge of lipid degradation in diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Murison
- Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health and Environment, IUT Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, Laval, France
| | - Josiane Hérault
- Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health and Environment, IUT Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, Laval, France
| | - Martine Côme
- Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health and Environment, IUT Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, Laval, France
| | - Sabrina Guinio
- Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health and Environment, IUT Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, Laval, France
| | - Alexis Lebon
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US51 UAR2026, PRIMACEN, Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Chamot
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US51 UAR2026, PRIMACEN, Rouen, France
| | - Magalie Bénard
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US51 UAR2026, PRIMACEN, Rouen, France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US51 UAR2026, PRIMACEN, Rouen, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health and Environment, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans Université, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Justine Marchand
- Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health and Environment, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans Université, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, Rouen, France
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- Biology of Organisms, Stress, Health and Environment, IUT Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, Laval, France
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Cao T, Bai Y, Buschbeck P, Tan Q, Cantrell MB, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Liu RZ, Ries NK, Shi X, Sun Y, Ware MA, Yang F, Zhang H, Han J, Zhang L, Huang J, Lohr M, Peers G, Li X. An unexpected hydratase synthesizes the green light-absorbing pigment fucoxanthin. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3053-3072. [PMID: 37100425 PMCID: PMC10396388 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The ketocarotenoid fucoxanthin and its derivatives can absorb blue-green light enriched in marine environments. Fucoxanthin is widely adopted by phytoplankton species as a main light-harvesting pigment, in contrast to land plants that primarily employ chlorophylls. Despite its supreme abundance in the oceans, the last steps of fucoxanthin biosynthesis have remained elusive. Here, we identified the carotenoid isomerase-like protein CRTISO5 as the diatom fucoxanthin synthase that is related to the carotenoid cis-trans isomerase CRTISO from land plants but harbors unexpected enzymatic activity. A crtiso5 knockout mutant in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum completely lacked fucoxanthin and accumulated the acetylenic carotenoid phaneroxanthin. Recombinant CRTISO5 converted phaneroxanthin into fucoxanthin in vitro by hydrating its carbon-carbon triple bond, instead of functioning as an isomerase. Molecular docking and mutational analyses revealed residues essential for this activity. Furthermore, a photophysiological characterization of the crtiso5 mutant revealed a major structural and functional role of fucoxanthin in photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes of diatoms. As CRTISO5 hydrates an internal alkyne physiologically, the enzyme has unique potential for biocatalytic applications. The discovery of CRTISO5 illustrates how neofunctionalization leads to major diversification events in evolution of photosynthetic mechanisms and the prominent brown coloration of most marine photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Paul Buschbeck
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiaozhu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Michael B Cantrell
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yinjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yanyou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Run-Zhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Nana K Ries
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Instrumentation and Service Center for Molecular Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Maxwell A Ware
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Fenghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jichang Han
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Martin Lohr
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Graham Peers
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
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8
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Shu Q, Pan Y, Hu H. CGI-58 Protein Acts as a Positive Regulator of Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:242-250. [PMID: 36524337 PMCID: PMC9998212 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2209.09029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) is an activating protein of triacylglycerol (TAG) lipase. It has a variety of catalytic activities whereby it may play different roles in diverse organisms. In this study, a homolog of CGI-58 in Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PtCGI-58) was identified. PtCGI-58 was localized in mitochondria by GFP fusion protein analysis, which is different from the reported subcellular localization of CGI-58 in animals and plants. Respectively, PtCGI-58 overexpression resulted in increased neutral lipid content and TAG accumulation by 42-46% and 21-32%. Likewise, it also increased the relative content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and in particular, the EPA content in TAGs almost doubled. Transcript levels of genes involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis and mitochondrial β-oxidation were significantly upregulated in PtCGI-58 overexpression strains compared with wild-type cells. Our findings suggest that PtCGI-58 may mediate the breakdown of lipids in mitochondria and the recycling of acyl chains derived from mitochondrial β-oxidation into TAG biosynthesis. Moreover, this study potentially illuminates new functions for CGI-58 in lipid homeostasis and provides a strategy to enrich EPA in algal TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
| | - Hanhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China
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Murison V, Hérault J, Schoefs B, Marchand J, Ulmann L. Bioinformatics-Based Screening Approach for the Identification and Characterization of Lipolytic Enzymes from the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020125. [PMID: 36827166 PMCID: PMC9964374 DOI: 10.3390/md21020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleaginous diatoms accumulate lipids of biotechnological interest when exposed to nutrient stress conditions such as nitrogen starvation. While accumulation mechanisms are well-known and have been engineered to improve lipid production, degradation mechanisms remain poorly investigated in diatoms. Identifying lipid-degrading enzymes is the initial step to understanding the catabolic processes. In this study, an in silico screening of the genome of Phaeodactylum tricornutum led to the identification of 57 putative triacylglycerol lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) grouped in 4 families. Further analysis revealed the presence of conserved domains and catalytic residues of lipases. Physico-chemical characteristics and subcellular localization predictions highlighted that a majority of these putative proteins are hydrophilic and cytosolic, suggesting they could be recruited to lipid droplets directly from the cytosol. Among the 57 identified putative proteins, three lipases were identified as possibly involved in lipophagy due to a potential vacuolar localization. The expression of the mRNA corresponding to the 57 proteins was then searched in 3 transcriptomic datasets obtained under nitrogen starvation. Nine genes were highly regulated and were considered as encoding enzymes with a probable important function in lipid catabolism. A tertiary structure prediction of these nine candidates yielded eight functional 3D models. Among those, two downregulated enzymes, Phatr3_J54974 and Phatr3_EG00720, were highlighted as good targets for future functional genomics and purification studies to investigate their role in lipid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Murison
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France
| | - Josiane Hérault
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Justine Marchand
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France
- Correspondence:
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10
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Broddrick JT, Ware MA, Jallet D, Palsson BO, Peers G. Integration of physiologically relevant photosynthetic energy flows into whole genome models of light-driven metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:603-621. [PMID: 36053127 PMCID: PMC9826171 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing photosynthetic productivity is necessary to understand the ecological contributions and biotechnology potential of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Light capture efficiency and photophysiology have long been characterized by measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics. However, these investigations typically do not consider the metabolic network downstream of light harvesting. By contrast, genome-scale metabolic models capture species-specific metabolic capabilities but have yet to incorporate the rapid regulation of the light harvesting apparatus. Here, we combine chlorophyll fluorescence parameters defining photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic yield of absorbed light energy with a metabolic model of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. This integration increases the model predictive accuracy regarding growth rate, intracellular oxygen production and consumption, and metabolic pathway usage. Through the quantification of excess electron transport, we uncover the sequential activation of non-radiative energy dissipation processes, cross-compartment electron shuttling, and non-photochemical quenching as the rapid photoacclimation strategy in P. tricornutum. Interestingly, the photon absorption thresholds that trigger the transition between these mechanisms were consistent at low and high incident photon fluxes. We use this understanding to explore engineering strategies for rerouting cellular resources and excess light energy towards bioproducts in silico. Overall, we present a methodology for incorporating a common, informative data type into computational models of light-driven metabolism and show its utilization within the design-build-test-learn cycle for engineering of photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T. Broddrick
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- Space Biosciences Research BranchNASA Ames Research CenterMoffett FieldCA94035USA
| | - Maxwell A. Ware
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80524USA
| | - Denis Jallet
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80524USA
| | - Bernhard O. Palsson
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Graham Peers
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80524USA
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11
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Vasilev J, Mix AK, Heimerl T, Maier UG, Moog D. Inferred Subcellular Localization of Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins of Guillardia theta Suggests an Important Role of Peroxisomes in Cryptophytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:889662. [PMID: 35783940 PMCID: PMC9244630 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.889662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes participate in several important metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells, such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the degradation of fatty acids by β-oxidation. Recently, the presence of peroxisomes in the cryptophyte Guillardia theta and other "chromalveolates" was revealed by identifying proteins for peroxisomal biogenesis. Here, we investigated the subcellular localization of candidate proteins of G. theta in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, either possessing a putative peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1) sequence or factors lacking a peroxisomal targeting signal but known to be involved in β-oxidation. Our results indicate important contributions of the peroxisomes of G. theta to the carbohydrate, ether phospholipid, nucleotide, vitamin K, ROS, amino acid, and amine metabolisms. Moreover, our results suggest that in contrast to many other organisms, the peroxisomes of G. theta are not involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids, which exclusively seems to occur in the cryptophyte's mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vasilev
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mix
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe G. Maier
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Moog
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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12
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Hao X, Chen W, Amato A, Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Moog D, Hu H, Jin H, You L, Huang F, Moosburner M, Allen AE, Gong Y. Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase family in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum reveals that mitochondrial ptACSL3 is involved in the synthesis of storage lipids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1797-1812. [PMID: 34882804 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACS) play diverse and fundamentally important roles in lipid metabolism. While their functions have been well established in bacteria, yeast and plants, the mechanisms by which LACS isozymes regulate lipid metabolism in unicellular oil-producing microalgae, including the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, remain largely unknown. In P. tricornutum, a family of five genes (ptACSL1-ptACSL5) encodes LACS activities. We generated single lacs knockout/knockdown mutants using multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 method, and determined their substrate specificities towards different fatty acids (FAs) and subcellular localisations. ptACSL3 is localised in the mitochondria and its disruption led to compromised growth and reduced triacylglycerol (TAG) content when cells were bubbled with air. The ptACSL3 mutants showed altered FA profiles in two galactoglycerolipids and phosphatidylcholine (PC) with significantly reduced distribution of 16:0 and 16:1. ptACSL5 is localised in the peroxisome and its knockdown resulted in reduced growth rate and altered molecular species of PC and TAG, indicating a role in controlling the composition of acyl-CoAs for lipid synthesis. Our work demonstrates the potential of generating gene knockout mutants with the mutation of large fragment deletion using multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 and provides insight into the functions of LACS isozymes in lipid metabolism in the oleaginous microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiahui Hao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wenchao Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5168, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5168, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5168, Grenoble, F-38041, France
| | - Daniel Moog
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, D-35032, Germany
| | - Hanhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hu Jin
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lingjie You
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Mark Moosburner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
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13
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Behrenfeld MJ, Halsey KH, Boss E, Karp‐Boss L, Milligan AJ, Peers G. Thoughts on the evolution and ecological niche of diatoms. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Behrenfeld
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University 4575 SW Research Way Corvallis Oregon 97333 USA
| | - Kimberly H. Halsey
- Department of Microbiology Oregon State University Nash Hall 226 Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Emmanuel Boss
- School of Marine Sciences University of Maine 5706 Aubert Hall Orono Maine 04469‐5706 USA
| | - Lee Karp‐Boss
- School of Marine Sciences University of Maine 5706 Aubert Hall Orono Maine 04469‐5706 USA
| | - Allen J. Milligan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University 4575 SW Research Way Corvallis Oregon 97333 USA
| | - Graham Peers
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Biology Building, Room 111, 1878 Campus Delivery Fort Collins Colorado 80523‐1878 USA
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14
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Avilan L, Lebrun R, Puppo C, Citerne S, Cuiné S, Li‐Beisson Y, Menand B, Field B, Gontero B. ppGpp influences protein protection, growth and photosynthesis in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1517-1532. [PMID: 33595847 PMCID: PMC8252717 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts retain elements of a bacterial stress response pathway that is mediated by the signalling nucleotides guanosine penta- and tetraphosphate ((p)ppGpp). In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis, ppGpp acts as a potent regulator of plastid gene expression and influences photosynthesis, plant growth and development. However, little is known about ppGpp metabolism or its evolution in other photosynthetic eukaryotes. Here, we studied the function of ppGpp in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum using transgenic lines containing an inducible system for ppGpp accumulation. We used these lines to investigate the effects of ppGpp on growth, photosynthesis, lipid metabolism and protein expression. We demonstrate that ppGpp accumulation reduces photosynthetic capacity and promotes a quiescent-like state with reduced proliferation and ageing. Strikingly, using nontargeted proteomics, we discovered that ppGpp accumulation also leads to the coordinated upregulation of a protein protection response in multiple cellular compartments. Our findings highlight the importance of ppGpp as a fundamental regulator of chloroplast function across different domains of life, and lead to new questions about the molecular mechanisms and roles of (p)ppGpp signalling in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Avilan
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
- Centre for Enzyme InnovationSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Biological and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthPO1 2DYUK
| | - Regine Lebrun
- Plate‐forme ProtéomiqueMarseille Protéomique (MaP)IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
| | - Carine Puppo
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRAEAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersailles78000France
| | - Stephane Cuiné
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMCEA CadaracheAix‐Marseille UnivSaint‐Paul‐lez Durance13108France
| | - Yonghua Li‐Beisson
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMCEA CadaracheAix‐Marseille UnivSaint‐Paul‐lez Durance13108France
| | - Benoît Menand
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMAix‐Marseille UnivMarseille13009France
| | - Ben Field
- CEA, CNRS, UMR7265 BIAMAix‐Marseille UnivMarseille13009France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- CNRSBIPUMR 7281IMM FR 3479Aix Marseille Univ31 Chemin Joseph AiguierMarseille13009France
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15
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Guéguen N, Le Moigne D, Amato A, Salvaing J, Maréchal E. Lipid Droplets in Unicellular Photosynthetic Stramenopiles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:639276. [PMID: 33968100 PMCID: PMC8100218 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.639276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Heterokonta or Stramenopile phylum comprises clades of unicellular photosynthetic species, which are promising for a broad range of biotechnological applications, based on their capacity to capture atmospheric CO2 via photosynthesis and produce biomolecules of interest. These molecules include triacylglycerol (TAG) loaded inside specific cytosolic bodies, called the lipid droplets (LDs). Understanding TAG production and LD biogenesis and function in photosynthetic stramenopiles is therefore essential, and is mostly based on the study of a few emerging models, such as the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and eustigmatophytes, such as Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis species. The biogenesis of cytosolic LD usually occurs at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum. However, stramenopile cells contain a complex plastid deriving from a secondary endosymbiosis, limited by four membranes, the outermost one being connected to the endomembrane system. Recent cell imaging and proteomic studies suggest that at least some cytosolic LDs might be associated to the surface of the complex plastid, via still uncharacterized contact sites. The carbon length and number of double bonds of the acyl groups contained in the TAG molecules depend on their origin. De novo synthesis produces long-chain saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA, MUFA), whereas subsequent maturation processes lead to very long-chain polyunsaturated FA (VLC-PUFA). TAG composition in SFA, MUFA, and VLC-PUFA reflects therefore the metabolic context that gave rise to the formation of the LD, either via an early partitioning of carbon following FA de novo synthesis and/or a recycling of FA from membrane lipids, e.g., plastid galactolipids or endomembrane phosphor- or betaine lipids. In this review, we address the relationship between cytosolic LDs and the complex membrane compartmentalization within stramenopile cells, the metabolic routes leading to TAG accumulation, and the physiological conditions that trigger LD production, in response to various environmental factors.
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16
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Mosey M, Douchi D, Knoshaug EP, Laurens LM. Methodological review of genetic engineering approaches for non-model algae. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Watanabe K, Perez CMT, Kitahori T, Hata K, Aoi M, Takahashi H, Sakuma T, Okamura Y, Nakashimada Y, Yamamoto T, Matsuyama K, Mayuzumi S, Aki T. Improvement of fatty acid productivity of thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium sp. by genome editing. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 131:373-380. [PMID: 33386277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrid strains belonging to the genus Aurantiochytrium accumulate significant amounts of lipids including polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids and, therefore, are expected to be used for industrial production of various valuable materials. Although various efforts such as chemical mutagenesis and homologous gene recombination have been made to improve lipid productivity of Aurantiochytrium species, low specificity and efficiency in the conventional methods hinder the research progress. Here, we attempted to apply a genome editing technology, the CRISPR-Cas9 system as an alternative molecular breeding technique for Aurantiochytrium species to accelerate the metabolic engineering. The efficiency of specific gene knock-in by the homologous recombination increased more than 10-folds by combining the CRISPR-Cas9 system. As a result of disrupting the genes associated with β-oxidation of fatty acids by the improved method, the genome edited strains with higher fatty acid productivity were isolated, demonstrating for the first time that the CRISPR-Cas9 system was effective for molecular breeding of the strains in the genus Aurantiochytrium to improve lipid productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Charose Marie Ting Perez
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kitahori
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hata
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Masato Aoi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakashimada
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | | | - Shinzo Mayuzumi
- Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., 1280 Kami-izumi, Sodegaura, Chiba 299-0293, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Aki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan.
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18
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Gutiérrez-Aguilar M. Mitochondrial calcium transport and permeability transition as rational targets for plant protection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148288. [PMID: 32800781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is a death-inducing mechanism that collapses electrochemical gradients across inner mitochondrial membranes. Several studies in model plants have detailed potential MPT-dependent cell death upon abiotic stress in response to heat shock, ultraviolet radiation, heavy metal toxicity and waterlogging. However, the molecular specifics of the MPT and its possible role on plant cell death remain controversial. This review addresses previous and recent developments on the role(s) of the MPT in plants. Considering these advances, MPT targeting can constitute a plausible strategy to ameliorate cell death in plants upon abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, Mexico.
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Zienkiewicz K, Zienkiewicz A. Degradation of Lipid Droplets in Plants and Algae-Right Time, Many Paths, One Goal. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:579019. [PMID: 33014002 PMCID: PMC7509404 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, lipids in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major reservoir of cellular carbon and energy. These TAGs are packed into specialized organelles called lipid droplets (LDs). They can be found in most, if not all, types of cells, from bacteria to human. Recent data suggest that rather than being simple storage organelles, LDs are very dynamic structures at the center of cellular metabolism. This is also true in plants and algae, where LDs have been implicated in many processes including energy supply; membrane structure, function, trafficking; and signal transduction. Plant and algal LDs also play a vital role in human life, providing multiple sources of food and fuel. Thus, a lot of attention has been paid to metabolism and function of these organelles in recent years. This review summarizes the most recent advances on LDs degradation as a key process for TAGs release. While the initial knowledge on this process came from studies in oilseeds, the findings of the last decade revealed high complexity and specific mechanisms of LDs degradation in plants and algae. This includes identification of numerous novel proteins associated with LDs as well as a prominent role for autophagy in this process. This review outlines, systemizes, and discusses the most current data on LDs catabolism in plants and algae.
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