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Perozeni F, Baier T. Current Nuclear Engineering Strategies in the Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1566. [PMID: 37511941 PMCID: PMC10381326 DOI: 10.3390/life13071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The green model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii recently emerged as a sustainable production chassis for the efficient biosynthesis of recombinant proteins and high-value metabolites. Its capacity for scalable, rapid and light-driven growth in minimal salt solutions, its simplicity for genetic manipulation and its "Generally Recognized As Safe" (GRAS) status are key features for its application in industrial biotechnology. Although nuclear transformation has typically resulted in limited transgene expression levels, recent developments now allow the design of powerful and innovative bioproduction concepts. In this review, we summarize the main obstacles to genetic engineering in C. reinhardtii and describe all essential aspects in sequence adaption and vector design to enable sufficient transgene expression from the nuclear genome. Several biotechnological examples of successful engineering serve as blueprints for the future establishment of C. reinhardtii as a green cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perozeni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas Baier
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Kselíková V, Singh A, Bialevich V, Čížková M, Bišová K. Improving microalgae for biotechnology - From genetics to synthetic biology - Moving forward but not there yet. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 58:107885. [PMID: 34906670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be exploited for the production of different compounds, ranging from crude biomass and biofuels to high value-added biochemicals and synthetic proteins. Traditionally, algal biotechnology relies on bioprospecting to identify new highly productive strains and more recently, on forward genetics to further enhance productivity. However, it has become clear that further improvements in algal productivity for biotechnology is impossible without combining traditional tools with the arising molecular genetics toolkit. We review recent advantages in developing high throughput screening methods, preparing genome-wide mutant libraries, and establishing genome editing techniques. We discuss how algae can be improved in terms of photosynthetic efficiency, biofuel and high value-added compound production. Finally, we critically evaluate developments over recent years and explore future potential in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kselíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anjali Singh
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Vitali Bialevich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Čížková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bišová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
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Akella S, Ma X, Bacova R, Harmer ZP, Kolackova M, Wen X, Wright DA, Spalding MH, Weeks DP, Cerutti H. Co-targeting strategy for precise, scarless gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9 and donor ssODNs in Chlamydomonas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2637-2655. [PMID: 34618092 PMCID: PMC8644747 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Programmable site-specific nucleases, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/ CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), have allowed creation of valuable knockout mutations and targeted gene modifications in Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). However, in walled strains, present methods for editing genes lacking a selectable phenotype involve co-transfection of RNPs and exogenous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) encoding a selectable marker gene. Repair of the dsDNA breaks induced by the RNPs is usually accompanied by genomic insertion of exogenous dsDNA fragments, hindering the recovery of precise, scarless mutations in target genes of interest. Here, we tested whether co-targeting two genes by electroporation of pairs of CRISPR/Cas9 RNPs and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) would facilitate the recovery of precise edits in a gene of interest (lacking a selectable phenotype) by selection for precise editing of another gene (creating a selectable marker)-in a process completely lacking exogenous dsDNA. We used PPX1 (encoding protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase) as the generated selectable marker, conferring resistance to oxyfluorfen, and identified precise edits in the homolog of bacterial ftsY or the WD and TetratriCopeptide repeats protein 1 genes in ∼1% of the oxyfluorfen resistant colonies. Analysis of the target site sequences in edited mutants suggested that ssODNs were used as templates for DNA synthesis during homology directed repair, a process prone to replicative errors. The Chlamydomonas acetolactate synthase gene could also be efficiently edited to serve as an alternative selectable marker. This transgene-free strategy may allow creation of individual strains containing precise mutations in multiple target genes, to study complex cellular processes, pathways, or structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soujanya Akella
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Xinrong Ma
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Romana Bacova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zachary P Harmer
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Martina Kolackova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaoxue Wen
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - David A Wright
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Martin H Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Donald P Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Heriberto Cerutti
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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Melero-Jiménez IJ, Bañares-España E, Reul A, Flores-Moya A, García-Sánchez MJ. Detection of the maximum resistance to the herbicides diuron and glyphosate, and evaluation of its phenotypic cost, in freshwater phytoplankton. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105973. [PMID: 34600397 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important anthropogenic impacts on freshwater aquatic ecosystems close to intensive agriculture areas is the cumulative increase in herbicide concentrations. The threat is especially relevant for phytoplankton organisms because they have the same physiological targets as the plants for which herbicides have been designed. This led us to explore the evolutionary response of three phytoplanktonic species to increasing concentrations of two herbicides and its consequences in terms of growth and photosynthesis performance. Specifically, we used an experimental ratchet protocol to investigate the differential evolution and the limit of resistance of a cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa) and two chlorophyceans (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides) to two herbicides in worldwide use: glyphosate and diuron. Initially, the growth rate of M. aeruginosa and D. chlorelloides was completely inhibited when they were exposed to a dose of 0.23 ppm diuron or 40 ppm glyphosate, whereas a higher concentration of both herbicides (0.46 ppm diuron or 90 ppm glyphosate) was necessary to abolish C. reinhardtii growth. However, after running a ratchet protocol, the resistance of the three species to both herbicides increased by an adaptation process. M. aeruginosa and D. chlorelloides were able to grow at 1.84 ppm diuron and 80 ppm glyphosate and C. reinhardtii proliferated at twice these concentrations. Herbicide-resistant strains showed lower growth rates than their wild-type counterparts in the absence of herbicides, as well as changes on morphology and differences on photosynthetic pigment content. Besides, herbicide-resistant cells generally showed a lower photosynthetic performance than wild-type strains in the three species. These results indicate that the introduction of both herbicides in freshwater ecosystems could produce a diminution of primary production due to the selection of herbicide-resistant mutants, that would exhibit lower photosynthetic performance than wild-type populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio J Melero-Jiménez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Elena Bañares-España
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Andreas Reul
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Moya
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - María J García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Lu Y, Gu X, Lin H, Melis A. Engineering microalgae: transition from empirical design to programmable cells. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1233-1256. [PMID: 34130561 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1917507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Domesticated microalgae hold great promise for the sustainable provision of various bioresources for human domestic and industrial consumption. Efforts to exploit their potential are far from being fully realized due to limitations in the know-how of microalgal engineering. The associated technologies are not as well developed as those for heterotrophic microbes, cyanobacteria, and plants. However, recent studies on microalgal metabolic engineering, genome editing, and synthetic biology have immensely helped to enhance transformation efficiencies and are bringing new insights into this field. Therefore, this article, summarizes recent developments in microalgal biotechnology and examines the prospects for generating specialty and commodity products through the processes of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. After a brief examination of empirical engineering methods and vector design, this article focuses on quantitative transformation cassette design, elaborates on target editing methods and emerging digital design of algal cellular metabolism to arrive at high yields of valuable products. These advances have enabled a transition of manners in microalgal engineering from single-gene and enzyme-based metabolic engineering to systems-level precision engineering, from cells created with genetically modified (GM) tags to that without GM tags, and ultimately from proof of concept to tangible industrial applications. Finally, future trends are proposed in microalgal engineering, aiming to establish individualized transformation systems in newly identified species for strain-specific specialty and commodity products, while developing sophisticated universal toolkits in model algal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xinping Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hanzhi Lin
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anastasios Melis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Jaeger D, Baier T, Lauersen KJ. Intronserter, an advanced online tool for design of intron containing transgenes. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Prasad B, Lein W, Thiyam G, Lindenberger CP, Buchholz R, Vadakedath N. Stable nuclear transformation of rhodophyte species Porphyridium purpureum: advanced molecular tools and an optimized method. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 140:173-188. [PMID: 30276605 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A mutated phytoene desaturase (pds) gene, pds-L504R, conferring resistance to the herbicide norflurazon has been reported as a dominant selectable marker for the genetic engineering of microalgae (Steinbrenner and Sandmann in Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7477-7484, 2006; Prasad et al. in Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(20):8629-8639, 2014). However, this mutated genomic clone harbors several introns and the entire expression cassette including its native promoter and terminator has a length > 5.6 kb, making it unsuitable as a standard selection marker. Therefore, we designed a synthetic, short pds gene (syn-pds-int) by removing introns and unwanted internal restriction sites, adding suitable restriction sites for cloning purposes, and introduced the first intron from the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii RbcS2 gene close to the 5'end without changing the amino acid sequence. The syn-pds-int gene (1872 bp) was cloned into pCAMBIA 1380 under the control of a short sequence (615 bp) of the promoter of pds (pCAMBIA 1380-syn-pds-int). This vector and the plasmid pCAMBIA1380-pds-L504R hosting the mutated genomic pds were used for transformation studies. To broaden the existing transformation portfolio, the rhodophyte Porphyridium purpureum was targeted. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of P. purpureum with both the forms of pds gene, pds-L504R or syn-pds-int, yielded norflurazon-resistant (NR) cells. This is the first report of a successful nuclear transformation of P. purpureum. Transformation efficiency and lethal norflurazon dosage were determined to evaluate the usefulness of syn-pds-int gene and functionality of the short promoter of pds. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed transgene integration into the microalga. Both forms of pds gene expressed efficiently as evidenced by the stability, tolerance and the qRT-PCR analysis. The molecular toolkits and transformation method presented here could be used to genetically engineer P. purpureum for fundamental studies as well as for the production of high-value-added compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Prasad
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lein
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technical University Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, Dongseo University, Busan, South Korea
| | - General Thiyam
- Department of Biotechnology, Dongseo University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Christoph Peter Lindenberger
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen Nuremberg Busan Campus, 1276 Jisa-Dong, Gangseo-Gu, Busan, 618-230, South Korea
| | - Rainer Buchholz
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nithya Vadakedath
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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Molina-Márquez A, Vila M, Vigara J, Borrero A, León R. The Bacterial Phytoene Desaturase-Encoding Gene ( CRTI) is an Efficient Selectable Marker for the Genetic Transformation of Eukaryotic Microalgae. Metabolites 2019; 9:E49. [PMID: 30871061 PMCID: PMC6468381 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation shows great promise to further boost the productivity of microalgae-based compounds. However, selection of microalgal transformants depends mainly on the use of antibiotics, which have raised concerns about their potential impacts on human health and the environment. We propose the use of a synthetic phytoene desaturase-encoding gene (CRTIop) as a selectable marker and the bleaching herbicide norflurazon as a selective agent for the genetic transformation of microalgae. Bacterial phytoene desaturase (CRTI), which, unlike plant and algae phytoene desaturase (PDS), is not sensitive to norflurazon, catalyzes the conversion of the colorless carotenoid phytoene into lycopene. Although the expression of CRTI has been described to increase the carotenoid content in plant cells, its use as a selectable marker has never been testedin algae or in plants. In this study, a version of the CRTI gene adapted to the codon usage of Chlamydomonas has been synthesized, and its suitability to be used as selectable marker has been shown. The microalgae were transformed by the glass bead agitation method and selected in the presence of norflurazon. Average transformation efficiencies of 550 colonies µg-1 DNA were obtained. All the transformants tested had incorporated the CRTIop gene in their genomes and were able to synthesize colored carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Molina-Márquez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Marta Vila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
- PhycoGenetics SL, C/Joan Miró Nº6, Aljaraque, 21110 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Javier Vigara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Ana Borrero
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Rosa León
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 2110 Huelva, Spain.
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Lauersen KJ. Eukaryotic microalgae as hosts for light-driven heterologous isoprenoid production. PLANTA 2019; 249:155-180. [PMID: 30467629 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae hold incredible metabolic potential for the sustainable production of heterologous isoprenoid products. Recent advances in algal engineering have enabled the demonstration of prominent examples of heterologous isoprenoid production. Isoprenoids, also known as terpenes or terpenoids, are the largest class of natural chemicals, with a vast diversity of structures and biological roles. Some have high-value in human-use applications, although may be found in their native contexts in low abundance or be difficult to extract and purify. Heterologous production of isoprenoid compounds in heterotrophic microbial hosts such as bacteria or yeasts has been an active area of research for some time and is now a mature technology. Eukaryotic microalgae represent sustainable alternatives to these hosts for biotechnological production processes as their cultivation can be driven by light and freely available CO2 as a carbon source. Their photosynthetic lifestyles require metabolic architectures structured towards the generation of associated isoprenoids (carotenoids, phytol) which participate in photon capture, energy dissipation, and electron transfer. Eukaryotic microalgae should, therefore, contain inherently high capacities for the generation of heterologous isoprenoid products. Although engineering strategies in eukaryotic microalgae have lagged behind the more genetically tractable bacteria and yeasts, recent advances in algal engineering concepts have demonstrated prominent examples of light-driven heterologous isoprenoid production from these photosynthetic hosts. This work seeks to provide practical insights into the choice of eukaryotic microalgae as biotechnological chassis. Recent reports of advances in algal engineering for heterologous isoprenoid production are highlighted as encouraging examples that promote their expanded use as sustainable green-cell factories. Current state of the art, limitations, and future challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Lauersen
- Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Yang X, Peng J, Pan J. Nourseothricin N-acetyl transferase (NAT), a new selectable marker for nuclear gene expression in Chlamydomonas. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:140. [PMID: 31827577 PMCID: PMC6862857 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga, which is a most commonly used model organism for basic research and biotechnological applications. Generation of transgenic strains, which usually requires selectable markers, is instrumental in such studies/applications. Compared to other organisms, the number of selectable markers is limited in this organism. Nourseothricin (NTC) N-acetyl transferase (NAT) has been reported as a selectable marker in a variety of organisms but not including C. reinhardtii. Thus, we investigated whether NAT was useful and effective for selection of transgenic strains in C. reinhardtii. The successful use of NAT would provide alterative choice for selectable markers in this organism and likely in other microalgae. RESULTS C. reinhardtii was sensitive to NTC at concentrations as low as 5 µg/ml. There was no cross-resistance to nourseothricin in strains that had been transformed with hygromycin B and/or paromomycin resistance genes. A codon-optimized NAT from Streptomyces noursei was synthesized and assembled into different expression vectors followed by transformation into Chlamydomonas. Around 500 transformants could be obtained by using 50 ng DNA on selection with 10 µg/ml NTC. The transformants exhibited normal growth rate and were stable at least for 10 months on conditions even without selection. We successfully tested that NAT could be used as a selectable marker for ectopic expression of IFT54-HA in strains with paromomycin and hygromycin B resistance markers. We further showed that the selection rate for IFT54-HA positive clones was greatly increased by fusing IFT54-HA to NAT and processing with the FMDV 2A peptide. CONCLUSIONS This work represents the first demonstration of stable expression of NAT in the nuclear genome of C. reinhardtii and provides evidence that NAT can be used as an effective selectable marker for transgenic strains. It provides alterative choice for selectable markers in C. reinhardtii. NAT is compatible with paromomycin and hygromycin B resistance genes, which allows for multiple selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Jialin Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000 Shandong China
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Esland L, Larrea-Alvarez M, Purton S. Selectable Markers and Reporter Genes for Engineering the Chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:E46. [PMID: 30309004 PMCID: PMC6315944 DOI: 10.3390/biology7040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model alga of increasing interest as a cell factory for the production of valuable compounds, including therapeutic proteins and bioactive metabolites. Expression of foreign genes in the chloroplast is particularly advantageous as: (i) accumulation of product in this sub-cellular compartment minimises potential toxicity to the rest of the cell; (ii) genes can integrate at specific loci of the chloroplast genome (plastome) by homologous recombination; (iii) the high ploidy of the plastome and the high-level expression of chloroplast genes can be exploited to achieve levels of recombinant protein as high as 5% total cell protein; (iv) the lack of any gene silencing mechanisms in the chloroplast ensures stable expression of transgenes. However, the generation of C. reinhardtii chloroplast transformants requires efficient methods of selection, and ideally methods for subsequent marker removal. Additionally, the use of reporter genes is critical to achieving a comprehensive understanding of gene expression, thereby informing experimental design for recombinant applications. This review discusses currently available selection and reporter systems for chloroplast engineering in C. reinhardtii, as well as those used for chloroplast engineering in higher plants and other microalgae, and looks to the future in terms of possible new markers and reporters that will further advance the C. reinhardtii chloroplast as an expression platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Esland
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Marco Larrea-Alvarez
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay-Tech University, Hacienda San José, Urcuquí-Imbabura 100650, Ecuador.
| | - Saul Purton
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Motomura K, Sano K, Watanabe S, Kanbara A, Gamal Nasser AH, Ikeda T, Ishida T, Funabashi H, Kuroda A, Hirota R. Synthetic Phosphorus Metabolic Pathway for Biosafety and Contamination Management of Cyanobacterial Cultivation. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2189-2198. [PMID: 30203964 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in genetic engineering and synthetic biology have greatly expanded the production capabilities of cyanobacteria, but concerns regarding biosafety issues and the risk of contamination of cultures in outdoor culture conditions remain to be resolved. With this dual goal in mind, we applied the recently established biological containment strategy based on phosphite (H3PO3, Pt) dependency to the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 ( Syn 7942). Pt assimilation capability was conferred on Syn 7942 by the introduction of Pt dehydrogenase (PtxD) and hypophosphite transporter (HtxBCDE) genes that allow the uptake of Pt, but not phosphate (H3PO4, Pi). We then identified and disrupted the two indigenous Pi transporters, pst (Synpcc7942_2441 to 2445) and pit (Synpcc7942_0184). The resultant strain failed to grow on any media containing various types of P compounds other than Pt. The strain did not yield any escape mutants for at least 28 days with a detection limit of 3.6 × 10-11 per colony forming unit, and rapidly lost viability in the absence of Pt. Moreover, growth competition of the Pt-dependent strain with wild-type cyanobacteria revealed that the Pt-dependent strain could dominate in cultures containing Pt as the sole P source. Because Pt is rarely available in aquatic environments this strategy can contribute to both biosafety and contamination management of genetically engineered cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Motomura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-ALCA), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-ALCA), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kanbara
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Abdel-Hady Gamal Nasser
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Takenori Ishida
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Hisakage Funabashi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Akio Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-ALCA), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hirota
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
- Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-ALCA), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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13
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Baier T, Wichmann J, Kruse O, Lauersen KJ. Intron-containing algal transgenes mediate efficient recombinant gene expression in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:6909-6919. [PMID: 30053227 PMCID: PMC6061784 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among green freshwater microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has the most comprehensive and developed molecular toolkit, however, advanced genetic and metabolic engineering driven from the nuclear genome is generally hindered by inherently low transgene expression levels. Progressive strain development and synthetic promoters have improved the capacity of transgene expression; however, the responsible regulatory mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here, we elucidate the sequence specific dynamics of native regulatory element insertion into nuclear transgenes. Systematic insertions of the first intron of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit 2 (rbcS2i1) throughout codon-optimized coding sequences (CDS) generates optimized algal transgenes which express reliably in C. reinhardtii. The optimal rbcS2i1 insertion site for efficient splicing was systematically determined and improved gene expression rates were shown using a codon-optimized sesquiterpene synthase CDS. Sequential insertions of rbcS2i1 were found to have a step-wise additive effect on all levels of transgene expression, which is likely correlated to a synergy of transcriptional machinery recruitment and mimicking the short average exon lengths natively found in the C. reinhardtii genome. We further demonstrate the value of this optimization with five representative transgene examples and provide guidelines for the design of any desired sequence with this strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Abies/enzymology
- Abies/genetics
- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/genetics
- Codon/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genes, Synthetic
- Introns
- Isomerases/biosynthesis
- Isomerases/genetics
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Plant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Pogostemon/enzymology
- Pogostemon/genetics
- Protein Engineering
- RNA Splicing
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/genetics
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baier
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julian Wichmann
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kyle J Lauersen
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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14
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Corcoran AA, Saunders MA, Hanley AP, Lee PA, Lopez S, Ryan R, Yohn CB. Iterative screening of an evolutionary engineered Desmodesmus generates robust field strains with pesticide tolerance. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Beacham TA, Sweet JB, Allen MJ. Large scale cultivation of genetically modified microalgae: A new era for environmental risk assessment. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Cheng X, Liu G, Ke W, Zhao L, Lv B, Ma X, Xu N, Xia X, Deng X, Zheng C, Huang K. Building a multipurpose insertional mutant library for forward and reverse genetics in Chlamydomonas. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:36. [PMID: 28515773 PMCID: PMC5430608 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is a classic model for studying flagella and biofuel. However, precise gene editing, such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas9) system, is not widely used in this organism. Screening of random insertional mutant libraries by polymerase chain reaction provides an alternate strategy to obtain null mutants of individual gene. But building, screening, and maintaining such a library was time-consuming and expensive. RESULTS By selecting a suitable parental strain, keeping individual mutants using the agar plate, and designing an insertion cassette-specific primer for library screening, we successfully generated and maintained ~150,000 insertional mutants of Chlamydomonas, which was used for both reverse and forward genetics analysis. We obtained 26 individual mutants corresponding to 20 genes and identified 967 motility-defect mutants including 10 mutants with defective accumulation of intraflagellar transport complex at the basal body. We also obtained 929 mutants defective in oil droplet assembly after nitrogen deprivation. Furthermore, a new insertion cassette with splicing donor sequences at both ends was also constructed, which increased the efficiency of gene interruption. CONCLUSION In summary, this library provides a multifunctional platform both for obtaining mutants of interested genes and for screening of mutants with specific phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Gai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Wenting Ke
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Xiaocui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Nannan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Xiaoling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Xuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Chunlei Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
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18
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Doron L, Segal N, Shapira M. Transgene Expression in Microalgae-From Tools to Applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:505. [PMID: 27148328 PMCID: PMC4840263 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae comprise a biodiverse group of photosynthetic organisms that reside in water sources and sediments. The green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was adopted as a useful model organism for studying various physiological systems. Its ability to grow under both photosynthetic and heterotrophic conditions allows efficient growth of non-photosynthetic mutants, making Chlamydomonas a useful genetic tool to study photosynthesis. In addition, this green alga can grow as haploid or diploid cells, similar to yeast, providing a powerful genetic system. As a result, easy and efficient transformation systems have been developed for Chlamydomonas, targeting both the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. Since microalgae comprise a rich repertoire of species that offer variable advantages for biotech and biomed industries, gene transfer technologies were further developed for many microalgae to allow for the expression of foreign proteins of interest. Expressing foreign genes in the chloroplast enables the targeting of foreign DNA to specific sites by homologous recombination. Chloroplast transformation also allows for the introduction of genes encoding several enzymes from a complex pathway, possibly as an operon. Expressing foreign proteins in the chloroplast can also be achieved by introducing the target gene into the nuclear genome, with the protein product bearing a targeting signal that directs import of the transgene-product into the chloroplast, like other endogenous chloroplast proteins. Integration of foreign genes into the nuclear genome is mostly random, resulting in large variability between different clones, such that extensive screening is required. The use of different selection modalities is also described, with special emphasis on the use of herbicides and metabolic markers which are considered to be friendly to the environment, as compared to drug-resistance genes that are commonly used. Finally, despite the development of a wide range of transformation tools and approaches, expression of foreign genes in microalgae suffers from low efficiency. Thus, novel tools have appeared in recent years to deal with this problem. Finally, while C. reinhardtii was traditionally used as a model organism for the development of transformation systems and their subsequent improvement, similar technologies can be adapted for other microalgae that may have higher biotechnological value.
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Iwai M, Hori K, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Shimojima M, Ohta H. Manipulation of oil synthesis in Nannochloropsis strain NIES-2145 with a phosphorus starvation-inducible promoter from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:912. [PMID: 26441858 PMCID: PMC4561341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae accumulate triacylglycerols (TAGs) under conditions of nutrient stress. Phosphorus (P) starvation induces the accumulation of TAGs, and the cells under P starvation maintain growth through photosynthesis. We recently reported that P starvation–dependent overexpression of type-2 diacylglycerol acyl-CoA acyltransferase (CrDGTT4) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using a sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol synthase 2 (SQD2) promoter, which has increased activity during P starvation, enhances TAG accumulation in C. reinhardtii cells. As a result, the content of C18:1 fatty acid, a preferred substrate of CrDGTT4, is increased in TAGs. Here we isolated genes encoding SQD2 from strain NIES-2145 of the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis and showed that their expression, like that in C. reinhardtii, was up-regulated during P starvation. To enhance oil accumulation under P starvation, we transformed pCrSQD2-CrDGTT4 into Nannochloropsis strain NIES-2145. The transformants had a fatty acid composition that was more similar to that of C. reinhardtii, which resulted in enhanced TAG accumulation and higher 18:1(9) content. The results indicated that the P starvation–inducible promoter of C. reinhardtii was able to drive expression of the CrDGTT4 gene in Nannochloropsis strain NIES-2145 under P starvation. We conclude that the heterologous CrSQD2 promoter is effective in manipulating TAG synthesis in Nannochloropsis during P starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Iwai
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan ; JST CREST Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hori
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan ; JST CREST Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mie Shimojima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan ; JST CREST Tokyo, Japan ; Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Liu J, Chen S, Ding J, Xiao Y, Han H, Zhong G. Sugarcane bagasse as support for immobilization of Bacillus pumilus HZ-2 and its use in bioremediation of mesotrione-contaminated soils. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10839-51. [PMID: 26337896 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The degrading microorganisms isolated from environment usually fail to degrade pollutants when used for bioremediation of contaminated soils; thus, additional treatments are needed to enhance biodegradation. In the present study, the potential of sugarcane bagasse as bacteria-immobilizing support was investigated in mesotrione biodegradation. A novel isolate Bacillus pumilus HZ-2 was applied in bacterial immobilization, which was capable of degrading over 95 % of mesotrione at initial concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 mg L(-1) within 4 days in flask-shaking tests. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the bacterial cells were strongly absorbed and fully dispersed on bagasse surface after immobilization. Specially, 86.5 and 82.9 % of mesotrione was eliminated by bacteria immobilized on bagasse of 100 and 60 mesh, respectively, which indicated that this immobilization was able to maintain a high degrading activity of the bacteria. Analysis of the degradation products determined 2-amino-4-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid (AMBA) and 4-methylsulfonyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid (MNBA) as the main metabolites in the biodegradation pathway of mesotrione. In the sterile soil, approximately 90 % of mesotrione was degraded after supplementing 5.0 % of molasses in bacteria-bagasse composite, which greatly enhanced microbial adaptability and growth in the soil environment. In the field tests, over 75 % of mesotrione in soil was degraded within 14 days. The immobilized preparation demonstrated that mesotrione could be degraded at a wide range of pH values (5.0-8.0) and temperatures (25-35 °C), especially at low concentrations of mesotrione (5 to 20 mg kg(-1)). These results showed that sugarcane bagasse might be a good candidate as bacteria-immobilizing support to enhance mesotrione degradation by Bacillus p. HZ-2 in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, and Lab of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, and Lab of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, and Lab of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, and Lab of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, and Lab of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Fresewinkel M, Rosello R, Wilhelm C, Kruse O, Hankamer B, Posten C. Integration in microalgal bioprocess development: Design of efficient, sustainable, and economic processes. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201300153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fresewinkel
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences; Section III Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Rosa Rosello
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences; Section III Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Department of Plant Physiology; Institute of Biology I, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy Group, Department of Biology; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Clemens Posten
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences; Section III Bioprocess Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
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