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Liang X, Li J, Yang Y, Jiang C, Guo Y. Designing salt stress-resilient crops: Current progress and future challenges. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:303-329. [PMID: 38108117 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Excess soil salinity affects large regions of land and is a major hindrance to crop production worldwide. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance has scientific importance and practical significance. In recent decades, studies have characterized hundreds of genes associated with plant responses to salt stress in different plant species. These studies have substantially advanced our molecular and genetic understanding of salt tolerance in plants and have introduced an era of molecular design breeding of salt-tolerant crops. This review summarizes our current knowledge of plant salt tolerance, emphasizing advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of osmotic stress tolerance, salt-ion transport and compartmentalization, oxidative stress tolerance, alkaline stress tolerance, and the trade-off between growth and salt tolerance. We also examine recent advances in understanding natural variation in the salt tolerance of crops and discuss possible strategies and challenges for designing salt stress-resilient crops. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the four most-studied crops: rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), and soybean (Glycine max).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Caifu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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2
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Du X, Gao Y, Zhang H, Xu X, Li Y, Zhao L, Luo M, Wang H. HDA6 modulates Arabidopsis pavement cell morphogenesis through epigenetic suppression of ROP6 GTPase expression and signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2523-2539. [PMID: 38214469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of Rho-related GTPase from plants (ROPs), which determine cell polarity formation and maintenance during plant development, still remains enigmatic. In this study, we elucidated the epigenetic mechanism of histone deacetylase HDA6 in transcriptional repression of ROP6 and its impact on cell polarity and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cells (PCs). We found that the hda6 mutant axe1-4 exhibited impaired jigsaw-shaped PCs and convoluted leaves. This correlated with disruptions in the spatial organizations of cortical microtubules and filamentous actin, which is integral to PC indentation and lobe formation. Further transcriptional analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that HDA6 specifically represses ROP6 expression through histone H3K9K14 deacetylation. Importantly, overexpression of dominant negative-rop6 in axe1-4 restored interdigitated cell morphology. Our study unveils HDA6 as a key regulator in Arabidopsis PC morphogenesis through epigenetic suppression of ROP6. It reveals the pivotal role of HDA6 in the transcriptional regulation of ROP6 and provides compelling evidence for the functional interplay between histone deacetylation and ROP6-mediated cytoskeletal arrangement in the development of interdigitated PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingmiao Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Liu L, Niu L, Ji K, Wang Y, Zhang C, Pan M, Wang W, Schiefelbein J, Yu F, An L. AXR1 modulates trichome morphogenesis through mediating ROP2 stability in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:756-772. [PMID: 37516999 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell differentiation and morphogenesis are crucial for the establishment of diverse cell types and organs in multicellular organisms. Trichome cells offer an excellent paradigm for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of plant cell differentiation and morphogenesis due to their unique growth characteristics. Here, we report the isolation of an Arabidopsis mutant, aberrantly branched trichome 3-1 (abt3-1), with a reduced trichome branching phenotype. Positional cloning and molecular complementation experiments confirmed that abt3-1 is a new mutant allele of Auxin resistant 1 (AXR1), which encodes the N-terminal half of ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 and functions in auxin signaling pathway. Meanwhile, we found that transgenic plants expressing constitutively active version of ROP2 (CA-ROP2) caused a reduction of trichome branches, resembling that of abt3-1. ROP2 is a member of Rho GTPase of plants (ROP) family, serving as versatile signaling switches involved in a range of cellular and developmental processes. Our genetic and biochemical analyses showed AXR1 genetically interacted with ROP2 and mediated ROP2 protein stability. The loss of AXR1 aggravated the trichome defects of CA-ROP2 and induced the accumulation of steady-state ROP2. Consistently, elevated AXR1 expression levels suppressed ROP2 expression and partially rescued trichome branching defects in CA-ROP2 plants. Together, our results presented a new mutant allele of AXR1, uncovered the effects of AXR1 and ROP2 during trichome development, and revealed a pathway of ROP2-mediated regulation of plant cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Linyu Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ke Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Fang S. Physiological response and molecular regulatory mechanism reveal a positive role of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide applications in salt tolerance of Cyclocarya paliurus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1211162. [PMID: 37719222 PMCID: PMC10502730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1211162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
As a multifunctional tree species, Cyclocarya paliurus leaves are rich in bioactive substances with precious healthy values. To meet the huge requirement of C. paliurus leaf production, sites with some environmental stresses would be potential land for developing its plantations due to the limitation of land resources in China. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are common gas messengers used to alleviate abiotic stress damage, whereas the mechanism of these messengers in regulating salt resistance of C. paliurus still remains unclear. We performed a comprehensive study to reveal the physiological response and molecular regulatory mechanism of C. paliurus seedlings to the application of exogenous NO and H2S under salt stress. The results showed that the application of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) not only maintained the photosynthetic capacity and reduced the loss of leaf biomass, but also promoted endogenous NO synthesis and reduced oxidative damage by activating antioxidant enzyme activity and increasing the content of soluble protein and flavonoids. Moreover, transcriptome and metabolome analysis indicated the expression of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cytochromeP450 (CYP), chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and flavonol synthase (FLS) in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was all up-regulated by the application of NO and H2S. Meanwhile, 15 transcriptional factors (TFs) such as WRKY, ERF, bHLH and HY5 induced by NO were found to regulated the activities of several key enzymes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway under salt stress, via the constructed co-expression network. Our findings revealed the underlying mechanism of NO and H2S to alleviate salt stress and regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, which provides a theoretical basis for establishing C. paliurus plantations in the salt stress areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Xiang X, Zhang S, Li E, Shi XL, Zhi JY, Liang X, Yin GM, Qin Z, Li S, Zhang Y. RHO OF PLANT proteins are essential for pollen germination in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:140-155. [PMID: 36974907 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pollen germination is a process of polarity establishment, through which a single and unique growth axis is established. Although most of the intracellular activities associated with pollen germination are controlled by RHO OF PLANTs (ROPs) and increased ROP activation accompanies pollen germination, a critical role of ROPs in this process has not yet been demonstrated. Here, by genomic editing of all 4 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ROPs that are preferentially expressed in pollen, we showed that ROPs are essential for polarity establishment during pollen germination. We further identified and characterized 2 ROP effectors in pollen germination (REGs) through genome-wide interactor screening, boundary of ROP domain (BDR) members BDR8 and BDR9, whose functional loss also resulted in no pollen germination. BDR8 and BDR9 were distributed in the cytosol and the vegetative nucleus of mature pollen grains but redistributed to the plasma membrane (PM) of the germination site and to the apical PM of growing pollen tubes. We demonstrated that the PM redistribution of BDR8 and BDR9 during pollen germination relies on ROPs but not vice versa. Furthermore, enhanced expression of BDR8 partially restored germination of rop1 pollen but had no effects on that of the quadruple rop pollen, supporting their genetic epistasis. Results presented here demonstrate an ROP signaling route essential for pollen germination, which supports evolutionarily conserved roles of Rho GTPases in polarity establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shuzhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xue-Lian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhi
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Gui-Min Yin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
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6
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Ganotra J, Sharma B, Biswal B, Bhardwaj D, Tuteja N. Emerging role of small GTPases and their interactome in plants to combat abiotic and biotic stress. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1007-1029. [PMID: 36525153 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently subjected to abiotic and biotic stress which causes major impediments in their growth and development. It is emerging that small guanosine triphosphatases (small GTPases), also known as monomeric GTP-binding proteins, assist plants in managing environmental stress. Small GTPases function as tightly regulated molecular switches that get activated with the aid of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and deactivated by the subsequent hydrolysis of GTP to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). All small GTPases except Rat sarcoma (Ras) are found in plants, including Ras-like in brain (Rab), Rho of plant (Rop), ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) and Ras-like nuclear (Ran). The members of small GTPases in plants interact with several downstream effectors to counteract the negative effects of environmental stress and disease-causing pathogens. In this review, we describe processes of stress alleviation by developing pathways involving several small GTPases and their associated proteins which are important for neutralizing fungal infections, stomatal regulation, and activation of abiotic stress-tolerant genes in plants. Previous reviews on small GTPases in plants were primarily focused on Rab GTPases, abiotic stress, and membrane trafficking, whereas this review seeks to improve our understanding of the role of all small GTPases in plants as well as their interactome in regulating mechanisms to combat abiotic and biotic stress. This review brings to the attention of scientists recent research on small GTPases so that they can employ genome editing tools to precisely engineer economically important plants through the overexpression/knock-out/knock-in of stress-related small GTPase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahanvi Ganotra
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Bhawana Sharma
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Brijesh Biswal
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India
| | - Deepak Bhardwaj
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu, 181143, India.
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Qi M, Wang S, Li N, Li L, Zhang Y, Xue J, Wang J, Wu R, Lian N. Genome-wide analysis of TPX2 gene family in Populus trichocarpa and its specific response genes under various abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1159181. [PMID: 36993860 PMCID: PMC10040543 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1159181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential for regulating cell morphogenesis, plant growth, and the response of plants to abiotic stresses. TPX2 proteins are the main players determining the spatiotemporally dynamic nature of the MTs. However, how TPX2 members respond to abiotic stresses in poplar remains largely unknown. Herein, 19 TPX2 family members were identified from the poplar genome and analyzed the structural characteristics as well as gene expression patterns. All TPX2 members had the conserved structural characteristics, but exhibited different expression profiles in different tissues, indicating their varying roles during plant growth. Additionally, several light, hormone, and abiotic stress responsive cis-acting regulatory elements were detected on the promoters of PtTPX2 genes. Furthermore, expression analysis in various tissues of Populus trichocarpa showed that the PtTPX2 genes responded differently to heat, drought and salt stress. In summary, these results provide a comprehensive analysis for the TPX2 gene family in poplar and an effective contribution to revealing the mechanisms of PtTPX2 in the regulatory network of abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Engelhardt S, Trutzenberg A, Kopischke M, Probst K, McCollum C, Hofer J, Hückelhoven R. Barley RIC157, a potential RACB scaffold protein, is involved in susceptibility to powdery mildew. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:329-344. [PMID: 36562946 PMCID: PMC10090020 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CRIB motif-containing barley RIC157 is a novel ROP scaffold protein that interacts directly with barley RACB, promotes susceptibility to fungal penetration, and colocalizes with RACB at the haustorial neck. Successful obligate pathogens benefit from host cellular processes. For the biotrophic ascomycete fungus Blumeria hordei (Bh) it has been shown that barley RACB, a small monomeric G-protein (ROP, Rho of plants), is required for full susceptibility to fungal penetration. The susceptibility function of RACB probably lies in its role in cell polarity, which may be co-opted by the pathogen for invasive ingrowth of its haustorium. However, how RACB supports fungal penetration success and which other host proteins coordinate this process is incompletely understood. RIC (ROP-Interactive and CRIB-(Cdc42/Rac Interactive Binding) motif-containing) proteins are considered scaffold proteins which can interact directly with ROPs via a conserved CRIB motif. Here we describe a previously uncharacterized barley RIC protein, RIC157, which can interact directly with RACB in planta. We show that, in the presence of constitutively activated RACB, RIC157 shows a localization at the cell periphery/plasma membrane, whereas it otherwise localizes to the cytoplasm. RIC157 appears to mutually stabilize the plasma membrane localization of the activated ROP. During fungal infection, RIC157 and RACB colocalize at the penetration site, particularly at the haustorial neck. Additionally, transiently overexpressed RIC157 renders barley epidermal cells more susceptible to fungal penetration. We discuss that RIC157 may promote fungal penetration into barley epidermal cells by operating probably downstream of activated RACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engelhardt
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Adriana Trutzenberg
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Katja Probst
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christopher McCollum
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johanna Hofer
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil- Ramann-Str.2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Wang S, Xu L, Li C, Zhu L, Fu Y, Guo Y. Imaging of Cortical Microtubules in Plants Under Salt Stress. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:257-261. [PMID: 36773240 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) network is a highly dynamic subcellular structure playing an important role in the growth and development of plants, and it is able to respond to biotic and abiotic environmental signals. Recent literature shows that microtubules play a key role in the tolerance of plants to salt stress. For example, salt stress induces microtubules to undergo a process of depolymerization-repolymerization, which is necessary for Arabidopsis seedlings to survive under these conditions. However, the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms still need to be further studied. Here, we describe the protocol for salt treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings and imaging the MT array by confocal laser scanning microscopy. We also introduce the AnalyzeSkeleton (2D/3D) plugin for quantitative analysis of the microtubule array after salt stress. The application of such an image processing method can rapidly develop an appreciation of the role of microtubules in the salt stress response of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Li E, Zhang YL, Qin Z, Xu M, Qiao Q, Li S, Li SW, Zhang Y. Signaling network controlling ROP-mediated tip growth in Arabidopsis and beyond. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100451. [PMID: 36114666 PMCID: PMC9860187 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity operates across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales and is essential for specific biological functions of polarized cells. Tip growth is a special type of polarization in which a single and unique polarization site is established and maintained, as for the growth of root hairs and pollen tubes in plants. Extensive studies in past decades have demonstrated that the spatiotemporal localization and activity of Rho of Plants (ROPs), the only class of Rho GTPases in plants, are critical for tip growth. ROPs are switched on or off by different factors to initiate dynamic intracellular activities, leading to tip growth. Recent studies have also uncovered several feedback modules for ROP signaling. In this review, we summarize recent progress on ROP signaling in tip growth, focusing on molecular mechanisms that underlie the dynamic distribution and activity of ROPs in Arabidopsis. We also highlight feedback modules that control ROP-mediated tip growth and provide a perspective for building a complex ROP signaling network. Finally, we provide an evolutionary perspective for ROP-mediated tip growth in Physcomitrella patens and during plant-rhizobia interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shan-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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Colin L, Ruhnow F, Zhu JK, Zhao C, Zhao Y, Persson S. The cell biology of primary cell walls during salt stress. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:201-217. [PMID: 36149287 PMCID: PMC9806596 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress simultaneously causes ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress, which directly impact plant growth and development. Plants have developed numerous strategies to adapt to saline environments. Whereas some of these strategies have been investigated and exploited for crop improvement, much remains to be understood, including how salt stress is perceived by plants and how plants coordinate effective responses to the stress. It is, however, clear that the plant cell wall is the first contact point between external salt and the plant. In this context, significant advances in our understanding of halotropism, cell wall synthesis, and integrity surveillance, as well as salt-related cytoskeletal rearrangements, have been achieved. Indeed, molecular mechanisms underpinning some of these processes have recently been elucidated. In this review, we aim to provide insights into how plants respond and adapt to salt stress, with a special focus on primary cell wall biology in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia Colin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Felix Ruhnow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biotechnology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Kumar S, Jeevaraj T, Yunus MH, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. The plant cytoskeleton takes center stage in abiotic stress responses and resilience. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:5-22. [PMID: 36151598 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stress resilience behaviours in plants are defensive mechanisms that develop under adverse environmental conditions to promote growth, development and yield. Over the past decades, improving stress resilience, especially in crop species, has been a focus of intense research for global food security and economic growth. Plants have evolved specific mechanisms to sense external stress and transmit information to the cell interior and generate appropriate responses. Plant cytoskeleton, comprising microtubules and actin filaments, takes a center stage in stress-induced signalling pathways, either as a direct target or as a signal transducer. In the past few years, it has become apparent that the function of the plant cytoskeleton and other associated proteins are not merely limited to elementary processes of cell growth and proliferation, but they also function in stress response and resilience. This review summarizes recent advances in the role of plant cytoskeleton and associated proteins in abiotic stress management. We provide a thorough overview of the mechanisms that plant cells employ to withstand different abiotic stimuli such as hypersalinity, dehydration, high temperature and cold, among others. We also discuss the crucial role of the plant cytoskeleton in organellar positioning under the influence of high light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Stress Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Theboral Jeevaraj
- Stress Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd H Yunus
- Stress Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Stress Biology, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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13
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Liu Z, Hu Y, Du A, Yu L, Fu X, Wu C, Lu L, Liu Y, Wang S, Huang W, Tu S, Ma X, Li H. Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharides Contribute to Salt-Alkali Tolerance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315019. [PMID: 36499349 PMCID: PMC9735747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-alkali stress threatens the resilience to variable environments and thus the grain yield of rice. However, how rice responds to salt-alkali stress at the molecular level is poorly understood. Here, we report isolation of a novel salt-alkali-tolerant rice (SATR) by screening more than 700 germplasm accessions. Using 93-11, a widely grown cultivar, as a control, we characterized SATR in response to strong salt-alkali stress (SSAS). SATR exhibited SSAS tolerance higher than 93-11, as indicated by a higher survival rate, associated with higher peroxidase activity and total soluble sugar content but lower malonaldehyde accumulation. A transcriptome study showed that cell wall biogenesis-related pathways were most significantly enriched in SATR relative to 93-11 upon SSAS. Furthermore, higher induction of gene expression in the cell wall matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis pathway, coupled with higher accumulations of hemicellulose and pectin as well as measurable physio-biochemical adaptive responses, may explain the strong SSAS tolerance in SATR. We mapped SSAS tolerance to five genomic regions in which 35 genes were candidates potentially governing SSAS tolerance. The 1,4-β-D-xylan synthase gene OsCSLD4 in hemicellulose biosynthesis pathway was investigated in details. The OsCSLD4 function-disrupted mutant displayed reduced SSAS tolerance, biomass and grain yield, whereas the OsCSLD4 overexpression lines exhibited increased SSAS tolerance. Collectively, this study not only reveals the potential role of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in mediating SSAS tolerance, but also highlights applicable value of OsCSLD4 and the large-scale screening system in developing SSAS-tolerant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongzhi Hu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Anping Du
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Xingyue Fu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuili Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Longxiang Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangxuan Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songhu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weizao Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shengbin Tu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinrong Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Li G, Song P, Wang X, Ma Q, Xu J, Zhang Y, Qi B. Genome-Wide Identification of Genes Encoding for Rho-Related Proteins in ' Duli' Pear ( Pyrus betulifolia Bunge) and Their Expression Analysis in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1608. [PMID: 35736759 PMCID: PMC9230837 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Twelve Rho-related proteins (ROPs), namely PbROPs, were identified from the genome of the recently sequenced 'Duli' pear (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge), a wild-type pear variety routinely used for rootstocks in grafting in China. The length and molecular weight of these proteins are between 175 and 215 amino acids and 19.46 and 23.45 kDa, respectively. The 12 PbROPs are distributed on 8 of the 17 chromosomes, where chromosome 15 has the highest number of 3 PbROPs. Analysis of the deduced protein sequences showed that they are relatively conserved and all have the G domain, insertion sequence, and HVR motif. The expression profiles were monitored by quantitative RT-PCR, which showed that these 12 PbROP genes were ubiquitously expressed, indicating their involvement in growth and development throughout the life cycle of 'Duli' pear. However, they were altered upon treatments with abscisic acid (ABA, mimicking abiotic stress), polyethylene glycol (PEG, mimicking drought), and sodium chloride (NaCl, mimicking salt) to tissue-cultured seedlings. Further, transgenic Arabidopsis expressing PbROP1, PbROP2, and PbROP9 exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA, demonstrating that these 3 PbROPs may play important roles in the abiotic stress of 'Duli' pear. The combined results showed that the 'Duli' genome encodes 12 typical ROPs and they appeared to play important roles in growth, development, and abiotic stress. These preliminary data may guide future research into the molecular mechanisms of these 12 PbROPs and their utility in molecular breeding for abiotic stress-resistant 'Duli' pear rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Pingli Song
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiang Wang
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Qingcui Ma
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Baoxiu Qi
- Hebei Pear Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (G.L.); (P.S.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (J.X.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moors University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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15
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A Small Gtp-Binding Protein GhROP3 Interacts with GhGGB Protein and Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121580. [PMID: 35736735 PMCID: PMC9227279 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a plant-specific Rho-like small G protein, the ROP (Rho-related GTPase of plants) protein regulates the growth and development of plants and various stress responses in the form of molecular switches. Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits cotton yield and fiber quality. In this study, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to analyze the biological function of GhROP3 in cotton drought stress tolerance. Meanwhile, we used yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays to examine the interaction between GhROP3 and GhGGB. GhROP3 has a high expression level in cotton true leaves and roots, and responds to drought, high salt, cold, heat stress, and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA) treatments. Silencing GhROP3 improved the drought tolerance of cotton. The water loss rates (WLR) of detached leaves significantly reduced in silenced plants. Also, the relative water content (RWC) and total contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and proline (Pro) of leaves after drought stress and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) significantly increased, whereas the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly reduced. In the leaves of silenced plants, the expression of genes related to ABA synthesis and its related pathway was significantly upregulated, and the expression of decomposition-related GhCYP707A gene and genes related to IAA synthesis and its related pathways was significantly downregulated. It indicated that GhROP3 was a negative regulator of cotton response to drought by participating in the negative regulation of the ABA signaling pathway and the positive regulation of the IAA signaling pathway. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that the GhROP3 protein interacted with the GhGGB protein in vivo and in vitro. This study provided a theoretical basis for the in-depth investigation of the drought resistance–related molecular mechanism of the GhROP3 gene and the biological function of the GhGGB gene.
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16
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Yang P, Jin J, Zhang J, Wang D, Bai X, Xie W, Hu T, Zhao X, Mao T, Qin T. MDP25 mediates the fine-tuning of microtubule organization in response to salt stress. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1181-1195. [PMID: 35436387 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeleton structures playing fundamental roles in plant responses to salt stress. The precise mechanisms by which microtubule organization is regulated under salt stress are largely unknown. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana MICROTUBULE-DESTABILIZING PROTEIN 25 (MDP25; also known as PLASMA MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED CATION-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (PCaP1)) helps regulate microtubule organization. Under salt treatment, elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration caused MDP25 to partially dissociate from the plasma membrane, promoting microtubule depolymerization. When Ca2+ signaling was blocked by BAPTA-AM or LaCl3 , microtubule depolymerization in wild-type and MDP25-overexpressing cells was slower, while there was no obvious change in mdp25 cells. Knockout of MDP25 improved microtubule reassembly and was conducive to microtubule integrity under long-term salt treatment and microtubule recovery after salt stress. Moreover, mdp25 seedlings exhibited a higher survival rate under salt stress. The presence microtubule-disrupting reagent oryzalin or microtubule-stabilizing reagent paclitaxel differentially affected the survival rates of different genotypes under salt stress. MDP25 promoted microtubule instability by affecting the catastrophe and rescue frequencies, shrinkage rate and time in pause phase at the microtubule plus-end and the depolymerization rate at the microtubule minus-end. These findings reveal a role for MDP25 in regulating microtubule organization under salt treatment by affecting microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jingwei Jin
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xuechun Bai
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wenfei Xie
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tianming Hu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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17
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Li C, Shi L, Li X, Wang Y, Bi Y, Li W, Ma H, Chen B, Zhu L, Fu Y. ECAP is a key negative regulator mediating different pathways to modulate salt stress-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2216-2231. [PMID: 34942029 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a subgroup of plant flavonoids with antioxidant activities and are often induced by various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, probably to efficiently scavenge free radicals and reactive oxygen species. However, the regulatory mechanisms of salt stress-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis remain unclear. Using molecular and genetic techniques we demonstrated key roles of ECAP in differential salt-responsive anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. ECAP, JAZ6/8 and TPR2 are known to form a transcriptional repressor complex, and negatively regulate jasmonate (JA)-responsive anthocyanin accumulation. In this study, we demonstrated that under moderate salt stress, the accumulation of anthocyanins is partially dependent on JA signaling, which degrades JAZ proteins but not ECAP. More interestingly, we found that high salinity rather than moderate salinity induces the degradation of ECAP through the 26S proteasome pathway, and this process is independent of JA signaling. Further analysis revealed that ECAP interacts with MYB75 (a transcription factor activating anthocyanin biosynthetic genes) and represses its transcriptional activity in the absence of high salinity. Our results indicated that plants adopt different strategies for fine-tuning anthocyanin accumulation under different levels of salt stress, and further elucidated the complex regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis during plant development and responses to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huifang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Binqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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18
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Sternberg H, Buriakovsky E, Bloch D, Gutman O, Henis YI, Yalovsky S. Formation of self-organizing functionally distinct Rho of plants domains involves a reduced mobile population. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2485-2508. [PMID: 34618086 PMCID: PMC8644358 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rho family proteins are central to the regulation of cell polarity in eukaryotes. Rho of Plants-Guanyl nucleotide Exchange Factor (ROPGEF) can form self-organizing polar domains following co-expression with an Rho of Plants (ROP) and an ROP GTPase-Activating Protein (ROPGAP). Localization of ROPs in these domains has not been demonstrated, and the mechanisms underlying domain formation and function are not well understood. Here we show that six different ROPs form self-organizing domains when co-expressed with ROPGEF3 and GAP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana or Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Domain formation was associated with ROP-ROPGEF3 association, reduced ROP mobility, as revealed by time-lapse imaging and Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching beam size analysis, and was independent of Rho GTP Dissociation Inhibitor mediated recycling. The domain formation depended on the ROPs' activation/inactivation cycles and interaction with anionic lipids via a C-terminal polybasic domain. Coexpression with the microtubule-associated protein ROP effector INTERACTOR OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE ROP 1 (ICR1) revealed differential function of the ROP domains in the ability to recruit ICR1. Taken together, the results reveal mechanisms underlying self-organizing ROP domain formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasana Sternberg
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ella Buriakovsky
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daria Bloch
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Orit Gutman
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yoav I Henis
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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19
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Han X, Yang Y. Phospholipids in Salt Stress Response. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102204. [PMID: 34686013 PMCID: PMC8540237 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High salinity threatens crop production by harming plants and interfering with their development. Plant cells respond to salt stress in various ways, all of which involve multiple components such as proteins, peptides, lipids, sugars, and phytohormones. Phospholipids, important components of bio-membranes, are small amphoteric molecular compounds. These have attracted significant attention in recent years due to the regulatory effect they have on cellular activity. Over the past few decades, genetic and biochemical analyses have partly revealed that phospholipids regulate salt stress response by participating in salt stress signal transduction. In this review, we summarize the generation and metabolism of phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphoinositides (PIs), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), as well as the regulatory role each phospholipid plays in the salt stress response. We also discuss the possible regulatory role based on how they act during other cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Han
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China;
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-62732030
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20
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Physcomitrium patens: A Single Model to Study Oriented Cell Divisions in 1D to 3D Patterning. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052626. [PMID: 33807788 PMCID: PMC7961494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Development in multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation and specialization. In plants, both these processes critically depend on the spatial organization of cells within a tissue. Owing to an absence of significant cellular migration, the relative position of plant cells is virtually made permanent at the moment of division. Therefore, in numerous plant developmental contexts, the (divergent) developmental trajectories of daughter cells are dependent on division plane positioning in the parental cell. Prior to and throughout division, specific cellular processes inform, establish and execute division plane control. For studying these facets of division plane control, the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens has emerged as a suitable model system. Developmental progression in this organism starts out simple and transitions towards a body plan with a three-dimensional structure. The transition is accompanied by a series of divisions where cell fate transitions and division plane positioning go hand in hand. These divisions are experimentally highly tractable and accessible. In this review, we will highlight recently uncovered mechanisms, including polarity protein complexes and cytoskeletal structures, and transcriptional regulators, that are required for 1D to 3D body plan formation.
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21
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Lian N, Wang X, Jing Y, Lin J. Regulation of cytoskeleton-associated protein activities: Linking cellular signals to plant cytoskeletal function. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:241-250. [PMID: 33274838 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton undergoes dynamic remodeling in response to diverse developmental and environmental cues. Remodeling of the cytoskeleton coordinates growth in plant cells, including trafficking and exocytosis of membrane and wall components during cell expansion, and regulation of hypocotyl elongation in response to light. Cytoskeletal remodeling also has key functions in disease resistance and abiotic stress responses. Many stimuli result in altered activity of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and actin-binding proteins (ABPs). MAPs and ABPs are the main players determining the spatiotemporally dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton, functioning in a sensory hub that decodes signals to modulate plant cytoskeletal behavior. Moreover, MAP and ABP activities and levels are precisely regulated during development and environmental responses, but our understanding of this process remains limited. In this review, we summarize the evidence linking multiple signaling pathways, MAP and ABP activities and levels, and cytoskeletal rearrangements in plant cells. We highlight advances in elucidating the multiple mechanisms that regulate MAP and ABP activities and levels, including calcium and calmodulin signaling, ROP GTPase activity, phospholipid signaling, and post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanping Jing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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22
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Li C, Shi L, Wang Y, Li W, Chen B, Zhu L, Fu Y. Arabidopsis ECAP Is a New Adaptor Protein that Connects JAZ Repressors with the TPR2 Co-repressor to Suppress Jasmonate-Responsive Anthocyanin Accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:246-265. [PMID: 31706031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Suppression mechanisms mediated by transcriptional repressors commonly exist in diverse phytohormone signaling pathways. In Arabidopsis thaliana, JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins are transcriptional repressors that function as negative regulators of diverse JA responses. Novel Interactor of JAZ (NINJA) is an adaptor protein connecting JAZs with the co-repressor, TOPLESS (TPL), to mediate gene repression in JA-dependent root growth inhibition and defense pathways. However, whether NINJA or other adaptor proteins are employed in other JA-responsive biological processes remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrate that a previously uncharacterized protein, ECAP (EAR motif-Containing Adaptor Protein), directly interacts with JAZ6 and JAZ8 and enhances their transcriptional repression activities. We provide evidence that ECAP is a novel adaptor protein for JAZ6/8 recruitment of the transcriptional co-repressor, TOPLESS-RELATED 2 (TPR2), into a transcriptional repressor complex that represses the WD-repeat/bHLH/MYB complex, an important transcriptional activator in the JA-dependent anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Our findings, together with previous reports, reveal that specific adaptor proteins play a critical role in distinct JA responses by pairing different JAZs (which possess overlapping but also specific functions) with the general co-repressors, TPL and TPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Binqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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23
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Tobias LM, Spokevicius AV, McFarlane HE, Bossinger G. The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E90. [PMID: 31936868 PMCID: PMC7020502 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation have shed light on molecular mechanisms that underpin domestication traits related to wood formation. One such trait is the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA), an important wood quality determinant that varies along tree developmental phases and in response to gravitational stimulus. The cytoskeleton, mainly composed of microtubules and actin filaments, collectively contribute to plant growth and development by participating in several cellular processes, including cellulose deposition. Studies in Arabidopsis have significantly aided our understanding of the roles of microtubules in xylem cell development during which correct SCW deposition and patterning are essential to provide structural support and allow for water transport. In contrast, studies relating to SCW formation in xylary elements performed in woody trees remain elusive. In combination, the data reviewed here suggest that the cytoskeleton plays important roles in determining the exact sites of cellulose deposition, overall SCW patterning and more specifically, the alignment and orientation of cellulose microfibrils. By relating the reviewed evidence to the process of wood formation, we present a model of microtubule participation in determining MFA in woody trees forming reaction wood (RW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Machado Tobias
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Antanas V. Spokevicius
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
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24
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AtKATANIN1 Modulates Microtubule Depolymerization and Reorganization in Response to Salt Stress in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010138. [PMID: 31878228 PMCID: PMC6981882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is a dynamic system that plays vital roles in fundamental cellular processes and in responses to environmental stumili. Salt stress induced depolymerization and reorganization of microtubules are believed to function in the promotion of survival in Arabidopsis. Microtubule-severing enzyme ATKATANIN1 (AtKTN1) is recognized as a MAP that help to maintain organized microtubule structure. To date, whether AtKTN1 is involved in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis remains unknown. Here, our phenotypic analysis showed that the overexpression of AtKTN1 decreased tolerance to salt stress, whereas the knock-out of AtKTN1 increased salt tolerance in the early stage but decreased salt tolerance in the later stage. Microscopic analysis revealed that microtubule organization and dynamics are distorted in both overexpression and mutant cells which, in turn, resulted in an abnormal disassembly and reorganization under salt stress. Moreover, qRT analysis revealed that stress-responsive genes were down-regulated in overexpression and mutant cells compared to WT cells under salt stress. Taken together, our results indicated roles of AtKTN1 in modulating microtubule organization, salt-stress induced microtubule disruption and recovery, and its involvement in stress-related signaling pathways.
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25
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Wang X, Mao T. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of plant cytoskeleton in response to environmental signals. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:86-96. [PMID: 31542697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive multiple physiological and environmental signals in order to fine-tune their growth and development. The highly dynamic plant cytoskeleton, including actin and microtubule networks, can rapidly alter their organization, stability and dynamics in response to internal and external stimuli, which is considered vital for plant growth and adaptation to the environment. The cytoskeleton-associated proteins have been shown to be key regulatory molecules in mediating cytoskeleton reorganization in response to multiple environmental signals, such as light, salt, drought and biotic stimuli. Recent findings, including our studies, have expanded knowledge about the functions and underlying mechanisms of the plant cytoskeleton in environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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26
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Hála M, Žárský V. Protein Prenylation in Plant Stress Responses. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213906. [PMID: 31671559 PMCID: PMC6866125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein prenylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of proteins. Prenylated proteins play important roles in different developmental processes as well as stress responses in plants as the addition of hydrophobic prenyl chains (mostly farnesyl or geranyl) allow otherwise hydrophilic proteins to operate as peripheral lipid membrane proteins. This review focuses on selected aspects connecting protein prenylation with plant responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses. It summarizes how changes in protein prenylation impact plant growth, deals with several families of proteins involved in stress response and highlights prominent regulatory importance of prenylated small GTPases and chaperons. Potential possibilities of these proteins to be applicable for biotechnologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hála
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
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27
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Qian D, Xiang Y. Actin Cytoskeleton as Actor in Upstream and Downstream of Calcium Signaling in Plant Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061403. [PMID: 30897737 PMCID: PMC6471457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, calcium (Ca2+) serves as a versatile intracellular messenger, participating in several fundamental and important biological processes. Recent studies have shown that the actin cytoskeleton is not only an upstream regulator of Ca2+ signaling, but also a downstream regulator. Ca2+ has been shown to regulates actin dynamics and rearrangements via different mechanisms in plants, and on this basis, the upstream signaling encoded within the Ca2+ transient can be decoded. Moreover, actin dynamics have also been proposed to act as an upstream of Ca2+, adjust Ca2+ oscillations, and establish cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) gradients in plant cells. In the current review, we focus on the advances in uncovering the relationship between the actin cytoskeleton and calcium in plant cells and summarize our current understanding of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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28
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Bakshi A, Moin M, Madhav MS, Kirti PB. Target of rapamycin, a master regulator of multiple signalling pathways and a potential candidate gene for crop improvement. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:190-205. [PMID: 30411830 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein regulates growth and development in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic eukaryotes. Although the TOR regulatory networks are involved in nutrient and energy signalling, and transcriptional and translational control of multiple signalling pathways, the molecular mechanism of TOR regulation of plant abiotic stress responses is still unclear. The TOR-mediated transcriptional regulation of genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RP) is a necessity under stress conditions for balanced growth and productivity in plants. The activation of SnRKs (sucrose non-fermenting-related kinases) and the inactivation of TOR signalling in abiotic stresses is in line with the accumulation of ABA and transcriptional activation of stress responsive genes. Autophagy is induced under abiotic stress conditions, which results in degradation of proteins and the release of amino acids, which might possibly induce phosphorylation of TOR and, hence, its activation. TOR signalling also has a role in regulating ABA biosynthesis for transcriptional regulation of stress-related genes. The switch between activation and inactivation of TOR by its phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation maintains balanced growth in response to stresses. In the present review, we discuss the important signalling pathways that are regulated by TOR and try to assess the relationship between TOR signalling and tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants. The review also discusses possible cross-talk between TOR and RP genes in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakshi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Moin
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - M S Madhav
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - P B Kirti
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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29
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Miao H, Sun P, Liu J, Wang J, Xu B, Jin Z. Overexpression of a Novel ROP Gene from the Banana ( MaROP5g) Confers Increased Salt Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103108. [PMID: 30314273 PMCID: PMC6213407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-like GTPases from plants (ROPs) are plant-specific molecular switches that are crucial for plant survival when subjected to abiotic stress. We identified and characterized 17 novel ROP proteins from Musa acuminata (MaROPs) using genomic techniques. The identified MaROPs fell into three of the four previously described ROP groups (Groups II⁻IV), with MaROPs in each group having similar genetic structures and conserved motifs. Our transcriptomic analysis showed that the two banana genotypes tested, Fen Jiao and BaXi Jiao, had similar responses to abiotic stress: Six genes (MaROP-3b, -5a, -5c, -5f, -5g, and -6) were highly expressed in response to cold, salt, and drought stress conditions in both genotypes. Of these, MaROP5g was most highly expressed in response to salt stress. Co-localization experiments showed that the MaROP5g protein was localized at the plasma membrane. When subjected to salt stress, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing MaROP5g had longer primary roots and increased survival rates compared to wild-type A. thaliana. The increased salt tolerance conferred by MaROP5g might be related to reduced membrane injury and the increased cytosolic K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and Ca2+ concentration in the transgenic plants as compared to wild-type. The increased expression of salt overly sensitive (SOS)-pathway genes and calcium-signaling pathway genes in MaROP5g-overexpressing A. thaliana reflected the enhanced tolerance to salt stress by the transgenic lines in comparison to wild-type. Collectively, our results suggested that abiotic stress tolerance in banana plants might be regulated by multiple MaROPs, and that MaROP5g might enhance salt tolerance by increasing root length, improving membrane injury and ion distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Peiguang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 570102, China.
| | - Juhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Hainan Province, Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 570102, China.
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30
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Yang Y, Guo Y. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt-stress responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:523-539. [PMID: 29205383 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 523 I. Introduction 523 II. Sensing salt stress 524 III. Ion homeostasis regulation 524 IV. Metabolite and cell activity responses to salt stress 527 V. Conclusions and perspectives 532 Acknowledgements 533 References 533 SUMMARY: Excess soluble salts in soil (saline soils) are harmful to most plants. Salt imposes osmotic, ionic, and secondary stresses on plants. Over the past two decades, many determinants of salt tolerance and their regulatory mechanisms have been identified and characterized using molecular genetics and genomics approaches. This review describes recent progress in deciphering the mechanisms controlling ion homeostasis, cell activity responses, and epigenetic regulation in plants under salt stress. Finally, we highlight research areas that require further research to reveal new determinants of salt tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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31
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Zhou S, Chen Q, Li X, Li Y. MAP65-1 is required for the depolymerization and reorganization of cortical microtubules in the response to salt stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:112-121. [PMID: 28969791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamical structures that play crucial roles in plant development and in response to environmental signals and stress conditions. MT-associated proteins (MAPs) play important roles in regulating the organization of MT arrays. MAP65 is a family of plant MT-bundling proteins. Here, we determined the role of MAP65-1 in the response to salt stress. MAP65-1 is involved not only in regulating the depolymerization, but also in the following reorganization of cortical MTs in salt stress responses. In addition, the depolymerization of the cortical MTs affected the survival of seedlings during salt stress, and map65-1 mutants had enhanced salt hypersensitivity levels. MAP65-1 interacted with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) 3 and 6; however, only the mpk6 mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to salt stress, and MPK6 was involved in regulating the salt stress-induced depolymerization of cortical MTs. Thus, MAP65-1 plays a critical role in the response to salt stress and is required for regulating the rapid depolymerization and reorganization of cortical MTs. MAP65-1 interacts with MPK6, not MPK3, affecting the MT's dynamic instability which is critical for plant salt-stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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