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Thomas MD, Roberts R, Heckathorn SA, Boldt JK. Species Survey of Leaf Hyponasty Responses to Warming Plus Elevated CO 2. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:204. [PMID: 38256757 PMCID: PMC10819384 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are increasing and may exceed 800 ppm by 2100. This is increasing global mean temperatures and the frequency and severity of heatwaves. Recently, we showed for the first time that the combination of short-term warming and elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) caused extreme upward bending (i.e., hyponasty) of leaflets and leaf stems (petioles) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), which reduced growth. Here, we examined additional species to test the hypotheses that warming + eCO2-induced hyponasty is restricted to compound-leaved species, and/or limited to the Solanaceae. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment with two temperatures, near-optimal and supra-optimal, and two CO2 concentrations, ambient and elevated (400, 800 ppm), was imposed on similarly aged plants for 7-10 days, after which final petiole angles were measured. Within Solanaceae, compound-leaf, but not simple-leaf, species displayed increased hyponasty with the combination of warming + eCO2 relative to warming or eCO2 alone. In non-solanaceous species, hyponasty, leaf-cupping, and changes in leaf pigmentation as a result of warming + eCO2 were variable across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Thomas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
| | - Reagan Roberts
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
| | - Scott A. Heckathorn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
| | - Jennifer K. Boldt
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
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Wang L, Zheng J, Wang G, Dang QL. Combined effects of elevated CO2 and warmer temperature on limitations to photosynthesis and carbon sequestration in yellow birch. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:379-389. [PMID: 36322135 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 and warmer temperature occur simultaneously under the current climate change. However, their combined effects on the photosynthetic traits in boreal trees are not well understood. This study investigated the morphological and photosynthetic responses of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) to a combined treatment of CO2 and temperature (ambient, ACT (400 μmol mol-1 CO2 and current temperature) vs elevated, ECT (750 μmol mol-1 CO2 and current +4 °C temperature)). It was found that ECT significantly reduced leaf-area based photosynthetic rate (An), maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (Vcmax), photosynthetic electron transport rate (Jmax), leaf nitrogen concentration, respiration and mesophyll conductance. There were two interesting findings: first, the primary mechanism of photosynthetic limitation shifted from Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation (related to Vcmax) to RuBP regeneration (related to Jmax) in response to ECT, leading to decreased transition point (Ci-t and An-t) from RuBP carboxylation to regeneration; second, the increase in total leaf area in response to ECT more than compensated for the downregulation of leaf-area based photosynthesis, leading to greater biomass in ECT than in ACT. We proposed a new protocol for evaluating photosynthetic limitations by comparing the relative relationship between the transition point (Ci-t and An-t) and the photosynthetic rate at growth CO2 (Ci-g and An-g). Furthermore, we found that Jmax (RuBP regeneration) was the primary limitation to An under ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
| | - Jinping Zheng
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
- Forestry College, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Gerong Wang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
- Forestry College, Beihua University, 3999 Binjiang East Road, Jilin, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Qing-Lai Dang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
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Ritonga FN, Zhou D, Zhang Y, Song R, Li C, Li J, Gao J. The Roles of Gibberellins in Regulating Leaf Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1243. [PMID: 36986931 PMCID: PMC10051486 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are correlated with many aspects, including phytohormones, which have specific functions. However, the mechanism underlying the process has not been well elucidated. Gibberellins (GAs) play fundamental roles in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, including cell elongation, leaf expansion, leaf senescence, seed germination, and leafy head formation. The central genes involved in GA biosynthesis include GA20 oxidase genes (GA20oxs), GA3oxs, and GA2oxs, which correlate with bioactive GAs. The GA content and GA biosynthesis genes are affected by light, carbon availability, stresses, phytohormone crosstalk, and transcription factors (TFs) as well. However, GA is the main hormone associated with BR, ABA, SA, JA, cytokinin, and auxin, regulating a wide range of growth and developmental processes. DELLA proteins act as plant growth suppressors by inhibiting the elongation and proliferation of cells. GAs induce DELLA repressor protein degradation during the GA biosynthesis process to control several critical developmental processes by interacting with F-box, PIFS, ROS, SCLl3, and other proteins. Bioactive GA levels are inversely related to DELLA proteins, and a lack of DELLA function consequently activates GA responses. In this review, we summarized the diverse roles of GAs in plant development stages, with a focus on GA biosynthesis and signal transduction, to develop new insight and an understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faujiah Nurhasanah Ritonga
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
- Graduate School, Padjadjaran University, Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Runxian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingjuan Li
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
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Jayawardena DM, Heckathorn SA, Rajanayake KK, Boldt JK, Isailovic D. Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Chronic Warming Together Decrease Nitrogen Uptake Rate, Net Translocation, and Assimilation in Tomato. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040722. [PMID: 33917687 PMCID: PMC8067974 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The response of plant N relations to the combination of elevated CO2 (eCO2) and warming are poorly understood. To study this, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were grown at 400 or 700 ppm CO2 and 33/28 or 38/33 °C (day/night), and their soil was labeled with 15NO3− or 15NH4+. Plant dry mass, root N-uptake rate, root-to-shoot net N translocation, whole-plant N assimilation, and root resource availability (%C, %N, total nonstructural carbohydrates) were measured. Relative to eCO2 or warming alone, eCO2 + warming decreased growth, NO3− and NH4+-uptake rates, root-to-shoot net N translocation, and whole-plant N assimilation. Decreased N assimilation with eCO2 + warming was driven mostly by inhibition of NO3− assimilation, and was not associated with root resource limitations or damage to N-assimilatory proteins. Previously, we showed in tomato that eCO2 + warming decreases the concentration of N-uptake and -assimilatory proteins in roots, and dramatically increases leaf angle, which decreases whole-plant light capture and, hence, photosynthesis and growth. Thus, decreases in N uptake and assimilation with eCO2 + warming in tomato are likely due to reduced plant N demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott A. Heckathorn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Krishani K. Rajanayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (K.K.R.); (D.I.)
| | - Jennifer K. Boldt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Toledo, OH 43606, USA;
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (K.K.R.); (D.I.)
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Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Chronic Warming on Nitrogen (N)-Uptake Rate, -Assimilation, and -Concentration of Wheat. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121689. [PMID: 33271885 PMCID: PMC7760685 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of nitrogen (N) in vegetative tissues is largely dependent on the balance among growth, root N uptake, and N assimilation. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) plus warming is likely to affect the vegetative-tissue N and protein concentration of wheat by altering N metabolism, but this is poorly understood. To investigate this, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown for three weeks at two levels of CO2 (400 or 700 ppm) and two temperature regimes (26/21 or 31/26 °C, day/night). Plant dry mass, plant %N, protein concentrations, NO3− and NH4+ root uptake rates (using 15NO3 or 15NH4), and whole-plant N- and NO3--assimilation were measured. Plant growth, %N, protein concentration, and root N-uptake rate were each significantly affected only by CO2, while N- and NO3−-assimilation were significantly affected only by temperature. However, plants grown at eCO2 plus warming had the lowest concentrations of N and protein. These results suggest that one strategy breeding programs can implement to minimize the negative effects of eCO2 and warming on wheat tissue N would be to target the maintenance of root N uptake rate at eCO2 and N assimilation at higher growth temperatures.
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Bista DR, Heckathorn SA, Jayawardena DM, Boldt JK. Effect of drought and carbon dioxide on nutrient uptake and levels of nutrient-uptake proteins in roots of barley. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1401-1409. [PMID: 33021337 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentration is increasing, as is the frequency and duration of drought in some regions. Elevated CO2 can decrease the effects of drought by further decreasing stomatal opening and, hence, water loss from leaves. Both elevated CO2 and drought typically decrease plant nutrient concentration, but their interactive effects on nutrient status and uptake are little studied. We investigated whether elevated CO2 helps negate the decrease in plant nutrient status during drought by upregulating nutrient-uptake proteins in roots. METHODS Barley (Hordeum vulgare) was subjected to current vs. elevated CO2 (400 or 700 ppm) and drought vs. well-watered conditions, after which we measured biomass, tissue nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations (%N and P), N- and P-uptake rates, and the concentration of the major N- and P-uptake proteins in roots. RESULTS Elevated CO2 decreased the impact of drought on biomass. In contrast, both drought and elevated CO2 decreased %N and %P in most cases, and their effects were additive for shoots. Root N- and P-uptake rates were strongly decreased by drought, but were not significantly affected by CO2 . Averaged across treatments, both drought and high CO2 resulted in upregulation of NRT1 (NO3- transporter) and AMT1 (NH4+ transporter) per unit total root protein, while only drought increased PHT1 (P transporter). CONCLUSIONS Elevated CO2 exacerbated decreases in %N and %P, and hence food quality, during drought, despite increases in the concentration of nutrient-uptake proteins in roots, indicating other limitations to nutrient uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh R Bista
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Scott A Heckathorn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | | | - Jennifer K Boldt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
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Zheng S, Chen Z, Nie H, Sun S, Zhou D, Wang T, Zhai X, Liu T, Xing G, Li M. Identification of differentially expressed photosynthesis- and sugar synthesis-related genes in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) plants grown under different CO 2 concentrations. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1715833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Zheng
- Department of Horticultural, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Greenhouse Vegetable in Shanxi Province, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- College of Biological and Agricultural Technology, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongmei Nie
- Department of Horticultural, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Greenhouse Vegetable in Shanxi Province, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Department of Horticultural, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Greenhouse Vegetable in Shanxi Province, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Horticultural, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Greenhouse Vegetable in Shanxi Province, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Tianhong Wang
- Department of Horticultural, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xijiao Zhai
- Department of Horticultural, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Horticultural, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Guoming Xing
- Department of Horticultural, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Greenhouse Vegetable in Shanxi Province, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Meilan Li
- Department of Horticultural, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Greenhouse Vegetable in Shanxi Province, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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Abscisic Acid Represses Rice Lamina Joint Inclination by Antagonizing Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194908. [PMID: 31623350 PMCID: PMC6801706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf angle is a key parameter that determines plant architecture and crop yield. Hormonal crosstalk involving brassinosteroid (BR) plays an essential role in leaf angle regulation in cereals. In this study, we investigated whether abscisic acid (ABA), an important stress-responsive hormone, co-regulates lamina joint inclination together with BR, and, if so, what the underlying mechanism is. Therefore, lamina joint inclination assay and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis were performed here. ABA antagonizes the promotive effect of BR on leaf angle. Hundreds of genes responsive to both hormones that are involved in leaf-angle determination were identified by RNA-Seq and the expression of a gene subset was confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results from analysis of rice mutants or transgenic lines affected in BR biosynthesis and signaling indicated that ABA antagonizes the effect of BR on lamina joint inclination by targeting the BR biosynthesis gene D11 and BR signaling genes GSK2 and DLT, thus forming a multi-level regulatory module that controls leaf angle in rice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that BR and ABA antagonistically regulate lamina joint inclination in rice, thus contributing to the elucidation of the complex hormonal interaction network that optimizes leaf angle in rice.
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Eisenach C. How plants respond to climate change: A new Virtual Special Issue of Plant, Cell & Environment. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2537-2539. [PMID: 31256418 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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