1
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Wei J, Li Y, Chen X, Tan P, Muhammad T, Liang Y. Advances in understanding the interaction between Solanaceae NLR resistance proteins and the viral effector Avr. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2382497. [PMID: 39312190 PMCID: PMC11421380 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2382497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of viral-induced diseases, particularly those caused by certain strains, poses a substantial risk to the genetic diversity of Solanaceae crops and the overall safety of horticultural produce. According to the "gene-for-gene" hypothesis, resistance proteins are capable of selectively identifying nontoxic effectors produced by pathogens, as they are under purview of the host's immune defenses. The sensitivity and responsiveness of Solanaceae plants to viral attacks play a crucial role in shaping the outcomes of their interactions with viruses. Pathogenic organisms, devise an array of infection tactics aimed at circumventing or neutralizing the host's immune defenses to facilitate effective invasion. The invasion often accomplishes by suppressing or disrupting the host's defensive mechanisms or immune signals, which are integral to the infection strategies of such invading pathogens. This comprehensive review delves into the myriad approaches that pathogenic viruses employ to infiltrate and overcome the sophisticated immune system of tomatoes. Furthermore, the review explores the possibility of utilizing these viral strategies to bolster the resilience of horticultural crops, presenting a hopeful direction for forthcoming progress in plant health and agricultural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunzhou Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiangru Chen
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping Tan
- Field management station, Guiyang Agricultural Test Center, Guiyang, China
| | - Tayeb Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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2
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Du K, Peng D, Wu J, Zhu Y, Jiang T, Wang P, Chen X, Jiang S, Li X, Cao Z, Fan Z, Zhou T. Maize splicing-mediated mRNA surveillance impeded by sugarcane mosaic virus-coded pathogenic protein NIa-Pro. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3010. [PMID: 39178251 PMCID: PMC11343020 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
The eukaryotic mRNA surveillance pathway, a pivotal guardian of mRNA fidelity, stands at the nexus of diverse biological processes, including antiviral immunity. Despite the recognized function of splicing factors on mRNA fate, the intricate interplay shaping the mRNA surveillance pathway remains elusive. We illustrate that the conserved splicing factor U2 snRNP auxiliary factor large subunit B (U2AF65B) modulates splicing of mRNA surveillance complex, contributing to transcriptomic homeostasis in maize. The functionality of the mRNA surveillance pathway requires ZmU2AF65B-mediated normal splicing of upstream frameshift 3 (ZmUPF3) pre-mRNA, encoding a core factor in this pathway. Intriguingly, sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV)-coded nuclear inclusion protein a protease (NIa-Pro) hinders the splicing function of ZmU2AF65B. Furthermore, NIa-Pro disrupts ZmU2AF65B binding to ZmUPF3 pre-mRNA, leading to dysregulated splicing of ZmUPF3 transcripts and, consequently, impairing mRNA surveillance, thus facilitating viral infection. Together, this study establishes that splicing governs the mRNA surveillance pathway and identifies a pathogenic protein capable of disrupting this regulation to compromise RNA immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dezhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yabing Zhu
- BGI Tech Solutions Co. Ltd. BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sanjie Jiang
- BGI Tech Solutions Co. Ltd. BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding and Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhao Y, He Y, Chen X, Li N, Yang T, Hu T, Duan S, Luo X, Jiang L, Chen X, Tao X, Chen J. Different viral effectors hijack TCP17, a key transcription factor for host Auxin synthesis, to promote viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012510. [PMID: 39208401 PMCID: PMC11389919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Auxin is an important class of plant hormones that play an important role in plant growth development, biotic stress response, and viruses often suppress host plant auxin levels to promote infection. However, previous research on auxin-mediated disease resistance has focused mainly on signaling pathway, and the molecular mechanisms of how pathogenic proteins manipulate the biosynthetic pathway of auxin remain poorly understood. TCP is a class of plant-specific transcription factors, of which TCP17 is a member that binds to the promoter of YUCCAs, a key rate-limiting enzyme for auxin synthesis, and promotes the expression of YUCCAs, which is involved in auxin synthesis in plants. In this study, we reported that Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection suppressed the expression of YUCCAs through its interaction with TCP17. Further studies revealed that the NSs protein encoded by TSWV disrupts the dimerization of TCP17, thereby inhibit its transcriptional activation ability and reducing the auxin content in plants. Consequently, this interference inhibits the auxin response signal and promotes the TSWV infection. Transgenic plants overexpressing TCP17 exhibit resistance against TSWV infection, whereas plants knocking out TCP17 were more susceptible to TSWV infection. Additionally, proteins encoded by other RNA viruses (BSMV, RSV and TBSV) can also interact with TCP17 and interfere with its dimerization. Notably, overexpression of TCP17 enhanced resistance against BSMV. This suggests that TCP17 plays a crucial role in plant defense against different types of plant viruses that use viral proteins to target this key component of auxin synthesis and promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Zhao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong He
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ninghong Li
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tongqing Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shujing Duan
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuanjie Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Xie J, Fei X, Yan Q, Jiang T, Li Z, Chen H, Wang B, Chao Q, He Y, Fan Z, Wang L, Wang M, Shi L, Zhou T. The C4 photosynthesis bifunctional enzymes, PDRPs, of maize are co-opted to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes to promote infection of a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1812-1832. [PMID: 38339894 PMCID: PMC11182595 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In maize, two pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) regulatory proteins, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2, are respectively specific to the chloroplast of mesophyll cells (MCs) and bundle sheath cells (BSCs). Functionally, ZmPDRP1/2 catalyse both phosphorylation/inactivation and dephosphorylation/activation of ZmPPDK, which is implicated as a major rate-limiting enzyme in C4 photosynthesis of maize. Our study here showed that maize plants lacking ZmPDRP1 or silencing of ZmPDRP1/2 confer resistance to a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). We verified that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of ZmPDRP1 plays a key role in promoting viral infection while independent of enzyme activity. Intriguingly, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 re-localize to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes (VRCs) following SCMV infection. We identified that SCMV-encoded cytoplasmic inclusions protein CI targets directly ZmPDRP1 or ZmPDRP2 or their CTDs, leading to their re-localization to cytoplasmic VRCs. Moreover, we found that CI could be degraded by the 26S proteasome system, while ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 could up-regulate the accumulation level of CI through their CTDs by a yet unknown mechanism. Most importantly, with genetic, cell biological and biochemical approaches, we provide evidence that BSCs-specific ZmPDRP2 could accumulate in MCs of Zmpdrp1 knockout (KO) lines, revealing a unique regulatory mechanism crossing different cell types to maintain balanced ZmPPDK phosphorylation, thereby to keep maize normal growth. Together, our findings uncover the genetic link of the two cell-specific maize PDRPs, both of which are co-opted to VRCs to promote viral protein accumulation for robust virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohong Fei
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Baichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yueqiu He
- College of AgronomyYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lijin Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Meng Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Liang Shi
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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5
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Han P, Zhang R, Li R, Li F, Huang L. Identification of an SCF Ubiquitin Ligase Complex that Contributes to Resistance Against Valsa Canker in Apple. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:520-529. [PMID: 38470518 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-23-0206-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases play a critical role in plant disease resistance. Among them, the Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex is the largest family and regulates the ubiquitination of a wide range of proteins. Apple Valsa canker (AVC) is a fungal disease of apple trees caused by the fungus Valsa mali, which can lead to significant economic losses. However, the function of the SCF complex in apple resistance to this disease is still largely unknown. In this study, we identified an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex that can enhance resistance to Valsa canker in apple. Disease evaluation experiments demonstrated that MdSkp1 increased apple resistance to AVC. Furthermore, MdSkp1 interacted with an F-box protein, MdSKIP14, and interacted with a cullin-1 protein, MdCUL1, to form an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Additionally, we revealed both MdSKIP14 and MdCUL1 as positive regulators of AVC resistance. In conclusion, our results identified an SCF complex capable of contributing to apple resistance against AVC, providing a theoretical basis for apple disease resistance and the sustainable development of the industry. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengliang Han
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruotong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fudong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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6
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Wang K, Fu S, Wu L, Wu J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhou X. Rice stripe virus nonstructural protein 3 suppresses plant defence responses mediated by the MEL-SHMT1 module. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1359-1369. [PMID: 37404045 PMCID: PMC10576177 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study identified an evolutionarily conserved C4HC3-type E3 ligase, named microtubule-associated E3 ligase (MEL), that regulates broad-spectrum plant resistance against viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens in multiple plant species by mediating serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT1) degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway. In the present study, we found that NS3 protein encoded by rice stripe virus could competitively bind to the MEL substrate recognition site, thereby inhibiting MEL interacting with and ubiquitinating SHMT1. This, in turn, leads to the accumulation of SHMT1 and the repression of downstream plant defence responses, including reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, and the up-regulation of disease-related gene expression. Our findings shed light on the ongoing arms race between pathogens and demonstrate how a plant virus can counteract the plant defence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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7
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Gnanasekaran P, Zhai Y, Kamal H, Smertenko A, Pappu HR. A plant virus protein, NIa-pro, interacts with Indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase, whose levels positively correlate with disease severity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1112821. [PMID: 37767296 PMCID: PMC10519798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1112821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is an economically important plant pathogen that reduces the productivity of several host plants. To develop PVY-resistant cultivars, it is essential to identify the plant-PVY interactome and decipher the biological significance of those molecular interactions. We performed a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screen of Nicotiana benthamiana cDNA library using PVY-encoded NIa-pro as the bait. The N. benthamiana Indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase (IAAS) was identified as an interactor of NIa-pro protein. The interaction was confirmed via targeted Y2H and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. NIa-pro interacts with IAAS protein and consequently increasing the stability of IAAS protein. Also, the subcellular localization of both NIa-pro and IAAS protein in the nucleus and cytosol was demonstrated. By converting free IAA (active form) to conjugated IAA (inactive form), IAAS plays a crucial regulatory role in auxin signaling. Transient silencing of IAAS in N. benthamiana plants reduced the PVY-mediated symptom induction and virus accumulation. Conversely, overexpression of IAAS enhanced symptom induction and virus accumulation in infected plants. In addition, the expression of auxin-responsive genes was found to be downregulated during PVY infection. Our findings demonstrate that PVY NIa-pro protein potentially promotes disease development via modulating auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hira Kamal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Sharma S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Ubiquitination from the perspective of plant pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4367-4376. [PMID: 37226440 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The constant battle of survival between pathogens and host plants has played a crucial role in shaping the course of their co-evolution. However, the major determinants of the outcome of this ongoing arms race are the effectors secreted by pathogens into host cells. These effectors perturb the defense responses of plants to promote successful infection. In recent years, extensive research in the area of effector biology has reported an increase in the repertoire of pathogenic effectors that mimic or target the conserved ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The role of the ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway is well known to be indispensable for various aspects of a plant's life, and thus targeting or mimicking it seems to be a smart strategy adopted by pathogens. Therefore, this review summarizes recent findings on how some pathogenic effectors mimic or act as one of the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery while others directly target the plant's ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Prasad
- Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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9
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Sun H, Jing X, Wang C, Wang P, Huang Z, Sun B, Li P, Li H, Zhang C. The Great Game between Plants and Viruses: A Focus on Protein Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12582. [PMID: 37628763 PMCID: PMC10454472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are tiny pathogenic obligate parasites that cause significant damage to global crop production. They exploit and manipulate the cellular components of host plants to ensure their own survival. In response, plants activate multiple defense signaling pathways, such as gene silencing and plant hormone signaling, to hinder virus propagation. Growing evidence suggests that the regulation of protein homeostasis plays a vital role in the ongoing battle between plants and viruses. The ubiquitin-proteasome-degradation system (UPS) and autophagy, as two major protein-degradation pathways, are widely utilized by plants and viruses in their arms race. One the one hand, these pathways act as essential components of plant's antiviral defense system by facilitating the degradation of viral proteins; on the other hand, viruses exploit the UPS and autophagy to create a favorable intracellular environment for viral infection. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the events involved in protein homeostasis regulation during viral infection in plants. Gaining knowledge in this area will enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between plants and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xinxin Jing
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pengyue Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ziting Huang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pengbai Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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10
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Jiang T, Zhou T. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Symptom Development in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2830. [PMID: 37570983 PMCID: PMC10421249 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, induce significant changes in the cellular physiology of host cells to facilitate their multiplication. These alterations often lead to the development of symptoms that interfere with normal growth and development, causing USD 60 billion worth of losses per year, worldwide, in both agricultural and horticultural crops. However, existing literature often lacks a clear and concise presentation of the key information regarding the mechanisms underlying plant virus-induced symptoms. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive review to highlight the crucial interactions between plant viruses and host factors, discussing key genes that increase viral virulence and their roles in influencing cellular processes such as dysfunction of chloroplast proteins, hormone manipulation, reactive oxidative species accumulation, and cell cycle control, which are critical for symptom development. Moreover, we explore the alterations in host metabolism and gene expression that are associated with virus-induced symptoms. In addition, the influence of environmental factors on virus-induced symptom development is discussed. By integrating these various aspects, this review provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms underlying virus-induced symptoms in plants, and emphasizes the urgency of addressing viral diseases to ensure sustainable agriculture and food production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Shang K, Xiao L, Zhang X, Zang L, Zhao D, Wang C, Wang X, Zhou T, Zhu C, Zhu X. Tomato chlorosis virus p22 interacts with NbBAG5 to inhibit autophagy and regulate virus infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:425-435. [PMID: 36828802 PMCID: PMC10098061 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a member of the genus Crinivirus in the family Closteroviridae. It has a wide host range and wide distribution, causing serious harm to the vegetable industry. The autophagy pathway plays an important role in plant resistance to virus infection. Viruses and plant hosts coevolve in defence and antidefence processes around autophagy. In this study, the interaction between ToCV p22 and Nicotiana benthamiana B-cell lymphoma2-associated athanogenes5 Nicotiana benthamiana (NbBAG5) was examined. Through overexpression and down-regulation of NbBAG5, results showed that NbBAG5 could negatively regulate ToCV infection. NbBAG5 was found to be localized in mitochondria and can change the original localization of ToCV p22, which is colocalized in mitochondria. NbBAG5 inhibited the expression of mitophagy-related genes and the number of autophagosomes, thereby regulating viral infection by affecting mitophagy. In summary, this study demonstrated that ToCV p22 affects autophagy by interacting with NbBAG5, established the association between viral infection, BAG proteins family, and the autophagy pathway, and explained the molecular mechanism by which ToCV p22 interacts with NbBAG5 to inhibit autophagy to regulate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Shang
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Xianping Zhang
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Lianyi Zang
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Xipan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
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Giri VP, Pandey S, Srivastava S, Shukla P, Kumar N, Kumari M, Katiyar R, Singh S, Mishra A. Chitosan fabricated biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ch@BSNP) protectively modulate the defense mechanism of tomato during bacterial leaf spot (BLS) disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 197:107637. [PMID: 36933507 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the impact of chitosan fabricated biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ch@BSNP) has been evaluated for the protective management of bacterial leaf spot (BLS) disease in tomatoes caused by Xanthomonas campestris (NCIM5028). The Ch@BSNP originated by the Trichoderma viride (MTCC5661) derived extracellular compounds and subsequent chitosan hybridization. Spherical-shaped Ch@BSNP (30-35 nm) treated diseased plants were able to combat the biotic stress, as evidenced by the decreased elevated response of stress markers viz; anthocyanin (34.02%), proline (45.00%), flavonoids (20.26%), lipid peroxidation (10.00%), guaiacol peroxidase (36.58%), ascorbate peroxidase (41.50%), polyphenol oxidase (25.34%) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (2.10 fold) as compared to untreated diseased plants. Increased biochemical content specifically sugar (15.43%), phenolics (49.10%), chlorophyll, and carotenoids were measured in Ch@BSNP-treated diseased plants compared to untreated X. campestris-infested plants. The Ch@BSNP considerably reduced stress by increasing net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency along with decreased transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in comparison to infected plants. Additionally, the expression of defense-regulatory genes viz; growth responsive (AUX, GH3, SAUR), early defense responsive (WRKYTF22, WRKY33, NOS1), defense responsive (PR1, NHO1, NPR1), hypersensitivity responsive (Pti, RbohD, OXI1) and stress hormones responsive (MYC2, JAR1, ERF1) were found to be upregulated in diseased plants while being significantly downregulated in Ch@BSNP-treated diseased plants. Furthermore, fruits obtained from pathogen-compromised plants treated with Ch@BSNP had higher levels of health-promoting compounds including lycopene and beta-carotene than infected plant fruits. This nano-enabled and environmentally safer crop protection strategy may encourage a sustainable agri-system towards the world's growing food demand and promote food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash Giri
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Shipra Pandey
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pallavi Shukla
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Navinit Kumar
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Madhuree Kumari
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Ratna Katiyar
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Shiv Singh
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterial Division, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Aradhana Mishra
- Division of Microbial Technology, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Yang X, Luo X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, OuYang X, Shi X, Lv X, Li F, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang D. Tomato chlorosis virus CPm protein is a pathogenicity determinant and suppresses host local RNA silencing induced by single-stranded RNA. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1151747. [PMID: 37056753 PMCID: PMC10086252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionTomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a typical member of the genus Crinivirus, which severely threatens Solanaceae crops worldwide. The CPm protein encoded by ToCV has been reported to be associated with virus transmission by vectors and is involved in RNA silencing suppression, while the mechanisms remain ambiguous.MethodsHere, ToCV CPm was ectopically expressed by a Potato virus X (PVX) vector and infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana wild-type and GFP-transgenic16c plants.ResultsThe phylogenetic analysis showed that the CPm proteins encoded by criniviruses were distinctly divergent in amino acid sequences and predicted conserved domains, and the ToCV CPm protein possesses a conserved domain homologous to the TIGR02569 family protein, which does not occur in other criniviruses. Ectopic expression of ToCV CPm using a PVX vector resulted in severe mosaic symptoms followed by a hypersensitive-like response in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, agroinfiltration assays in N. benthamiana wilt type or GFP-transgenic 16c indicated that ToCV CPm protein effectively suppressed local RNA silencing induced by single-stranded but not double-stranded RNA, which probably resulted from the activity of binding double-stranded but not single-stranded RNA by ToCV CPm protein.ConclusionTaken together, the results of this study suggest that the ToCV CPm protein possesses the dual activities of pathogenicity and RNA silencing, which might inhibit host post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS)-mediated resistance and is pivotal in the primary process of ToCV infecting hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangwen Luo
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhanhong Zhang
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xian OuYang
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaobin Shi
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Lv
- Technical Center of Changsha Customs, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Songbai Zhang
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Songbai Zhang,
| | - Yong Liu
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yong Liu,
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Pest Management of Horticultural Crop of Hunan Province, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Deyong Zhang,
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Small RNA Profiling of Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus from Susceptible and Tolerant Squash (Cucurbita pepo) Lines. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030788. [PMID: 36992495 PMCID: PMC10058471 DOI: 10.3390/v15030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is a crucial mechanism of the antiviral immunity system in plants. Small RNAs guide Argonaut proteins to target viral RNA or DNA, preventing virus accumulation. Small RNA profiles in Cucurbita pepo line PI 420328 with tolerance to cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) were compared with those in Gold Star, a susceptible cultivar. The lower CYSDV symptom severity in PI 420328 correlated with lower virus titers and fewer sRNAs derived from CYSDV (vsRNA) compared to Gold Star. Elevated levels of 21- and 22-nucleotide (nt) size class vsRNAs were observed in PI 420328, indicating more robust and efficient RNA silencing in PI 420328. The distribution of vsRNA hotspots along the CYSDV genome was similar in both PI 420328 and Gold Star. However, the 3’ UTRs, CPm, and p26 were targeted at a higher frequency in PI 420328.
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Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang P, Chen J, Cao Y. Gene Expression, Hormone Signaling, and Nutrient Uptake in the Root Regermination of Grafted Watermelon Plants with Different Pumpkin Rootstocks. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2023; 42:1051-1066. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-022-10613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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Identification of KFB Family in Moso Bamboo Reveals the Potential Function of PeKFB9 Involved in Stress Response and Lignin Polymerization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012568. [PMID: 36293422 PMCID: PMC9604269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) protein is an important E3 ubiquitin ligase that has been demonstrated to perform an important post-translational regulatory role in plants by mediating multiple biological processes. Despite their importance, KFBs have not yet been identified and characterized in bamboo. In this study, 19 PeKFBs were identified with F-box and Kelch domains; genes encoding these PeKFBs were unevenly distributed across 12 chromosomes of moso bamboo. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PeKFBs were divided into eight subclades based on similar gene structures and highly conserved motifs. A tissue-specific gene expression analysis showed that the PeKFBs were differentially expressed in various tissues of moso bamboo. All the promoters of the PeKFBs contained stress-related cis-elements, which was supported by the differentially expression of PeKFBs of moso bamboo under drought and cold stresses. Sixteen proteins were screened from the moso bamboo shoots' cDNA library using PeKFB9 as a bait through a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay. Moreover, PeKFB9 physically interacted with PeSKP1-like-1 and PePRX72-1, which mediated the activity of peroxidase in proteolytic turnover. Taken together, these findings improved our understanding of PeKFBs, especially in response to stresses, and laid a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of PeKFB9 in regulating lignin polymerization by degrading peroxidase.
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The Ubiquitin–Proteasome System (UPS) and Viral Infection in Plants. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192476. [PMID: 36235343 PMCID: PMC9572368 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is crucial in maintaining cellular physiological balance. The UPS performs quality control and degrades proteins that have already fulfilled their regulatory purpose. The UPS is essential for cellular and organic homeostasis, and its functions regulate DNA repair, gene transcription, protein activation, and receptor trafficking. Besides that, the UPS protects cellular immunity and acts on the host’s defense system. In order to produce successful infections, viruses frequently need to manipulate the UPS to maintain the proper level of viral proteins and hijack defense mechanisms. This review highlights and updates the mechanisms and strategies used by plant viruses to subvert the defenses of their hosts. Proteins involved in these mechanisms are important clues for biotechnological approaches in viral resistance.
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Analysis of the miRNA expression profile involved in the tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus–pepper interaction. Virus Res 2022; 312:198710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Müllender M, Varrelmann M, Savenkov EI, Liebe S. Manipulation of auxin signalling by plant viruses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1449-1458. [PMID: 34420252 PMCID: PMC8518663 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Compatible plant-virus interactions result in dramatic changes of the plant transcriptome and morphogenesis, and are often associated with rapid alterations in plant hormone homeostasis and signalling. Auxin controls many aspects of plant organogenesis, development, and growth; therefore, plants can rapidly perceive and respond to changes in the cellular auxin levels. Auxin signalling is a tightly controlled process and, hence, is highly vulnerable to changes in the mRNA and protein levels of its components. There are several core nuclear components of auxin signalling. In the nucleus, the interaction of auxin response factors (ARFs) and auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins is essential for the control of auxin-regulated pathways. Aux/IAA proteins are negative regulators, whereas ARFs are positive regulators of the auxin response. The interplay between both is essential for the transcriptional regulation of auxin-responsive genes, which primarily regulate developmental processes but also modulate the plant immune system. Recent studies suggest that plant viruses belonging to different families have developed various strategies to disrupt auxin signalling, namely by (a) changing the subcellular localization of Aux/IAAs, (b) preventing degradation of Aux/IAAs by stabilization, or (c) inhibiting the transcriptional activity of ARFs. These interactions perturb auxin signalling and experimental evidence from various studies highlights their importance for virus replication, systemic movement, interaction with vectors for efficient transmission, and symptom development. In this microreview, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the interaction of plant viruses with auxin signalling components of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Varrelmann
- Department of PhytopathologyInstitute of Sugar Beet ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Eugene I. Savenkov
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenter SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Center for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Sebastian Liebe
- Department of PhytopathologyInstitute of Sugar Beet ResearchGöttingenGermany
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