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Huang X, Xu S, Duan L, Xu S, Zhu W. A patent review of small molecule CDK4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of cancer: 2020-present. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:825-842. [PMID: 39011556 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2379926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) is a class of serine/threonine protein kinases that plays a key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. CDK4/6 is highly expressed in cancers such as breast cancer, melanoma, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently, a variety of CDK4/6 inhibitors have been developed, aiming to develop effective inhibitors to solve CDK4/6 resistance and toxicity. AREAS COVERED This article searches patents through Espacenet and reviews the development of widely studied CDK inhibitors and FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors, as well as the latest progress of patented inhibitors with good inhibitory activity against CDK4/6 from 2020 to now. EXPERT OPINION CDK4/6 is highly expressed in many tumors and has become an important anti-tumor target. Among the patents from 2020 to the present, many inhibitors have good kinase inhibitory effects on CDK4/6 and also show great development potential in anti-tumor. However, there is still an urgent need to develop novel CDK4/6 inhibitors that address challenges such as drug resistance, toxicity, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shidi Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Deng C, Li ZX, Xie CJ, Zhang QL, Hu BS, Wang MD, Mei J, Yang C, Zhong Z, Wang KW. Pan-cancer analysis of CDKN2A alterations identifies a subset of gastric cancer with a cold tumor immune microenvironment. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:55. [PMID: 38822443 PMCID: PMC11143690 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although CDKN2A alteration has been explored as a favorable factor for tumorigenesis in pan-cancers, the association between CDKN2A point mutation (MUT) and intragenic deletion (DEL) and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is still disputed. This study aims to determine the associations of CDKN2A MUT and DEL with overall survival (OS) and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment (ICIs) among pan-cancers and the clinical features of CDKN2A-altered gastric cancer. METHODS This study included 45,000 tumor patients that underwent tumor sequencing across 33 cancer types from four cohorts, the MSK-MetTropism, MSK-IMPACT, OrigiMed2020 and TCGA cohorts. Clinical outcomes and genomic factors associated with response to ICIs, including tumor mutational burden, copy number alteration, neoantigen load, microsatellite instability, tumor immune microenvironment and immune-related gene signatures, were collected in pan-cancer. Clinicopathologic features and outcomes were assessed in gastric cancer. Patients were grouped based on the presence of CDKN2A wild type (WT), CDKN2A MUT, CDKN2A DEL and CDKN2A other alteration (ALT). RESULTS Our research showed that CDKN2A-MUT patients had shorter survival times than CDKN2A-WT patients in the MSK MetTropism and TCGA cohorts, but longer OS in the MSK-IMPACT cohort with ICIs treatment, particularly in patients having metastatic disease. Similar results were observed among pan-cancer patients with CDKN2A DEL and other ALT. Notably, CDKN2A ALT frequency was positively related to tumor-specific objective response rates to ICIs in MSK MetTropism and OrigiMed 2020. Additionally, individuals with esophageal carcinoma or stomach adenocarcinoma who had CDKN2A MUT had poorer OS than patients from the MSK-IMPACT group, but not those with adenocarcinoma. We also found reduced levels of activated NK cells, T cells CD8 and M2 macrophages in tumor tissue from CDKN2A-MUT or DEL pan-cancer patients compared to CDKN2A-WT patients in TCGA cohort. Gastric cancer scRNA-seq data also showed that CDKN2A-ALT cancer contained less CD8 T cells but more exhausted T cells than CDKN2A-WT cancer. A crucial finding of the pathway analysis was the inhibition of three immune-related pathways in the CDKN2A ALT gastric cancer patients, including the interferon alpha response, inflammatory response, and interferon gamma response. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the CDKN2A MUT and DEL were associated with a poor outcome across cancers. CDKN2A ALT, on the other hand, have the potential to be used as a biomarker for choosing patients for ICI treatment, notably in esophageal carcinoma and stomach adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Deng
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Rd, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zi-Xi Li
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Rd, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Chen-Jun Xie
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Rd, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Qing-Lin Zhang
- Departments of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ben-Shun Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mei-Dan Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Rd, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Rd, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China.
| | - Ke-Wei Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Rd, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China.
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Wohlfarth J, Kosnopfel C, Faber D, Berthold M, Siedel C, Bernhardt M, Schlosser A, Aprati T, Liu D, Schrama D, Houben R, Schadendorf D, Goebeler M, Meierjohann S, Schilling B. Loss of p14 diminishes immunogenicity in melanoma via non-canonical Wnt signaling by reducing the peptide surface density. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38807304 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has achieved tremendous success in melanoma. However, only around 50% of advanced melanoma patients benefit from immunotherapy. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), encoding the two tumor-suppressor proteins p14ARF and p16INK4a, belongs to the most frequently inactivated gene loci in melanoma and leads to decreased T cell infiltration. While the role of p16INK4a has been extensively investigated, knowledge about p14ARF in melanoma is scarce. In this study, we elucidate the impact of reduced p14ARF expression on melanoma immunogenicity. Knockdown of p14ARF in melanoma cell lines diminished their recognition and killing by melanoma differentiation antigen (MDA)-specific T cells. Resistance was caused by a reduction of the peptide surface density of presented MDAs. Immunopeptidomic analyses revealed that antigen presentation via human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules was enhanced upon p14ARF downregulation in general, but absolute and relative expression of cognate peptides was decreased. However, this phenotype is associated with a favorable outcome for melanoma patients. Limiting Wnt5a signaling reverted this phenotype, suggesting an involvement of non-canonical Wnt signaling. Taken together, our data indicate a new mechanism limiting MDA-specific T cell responses by decreasing both absolute and relative MDA-peptide presentation in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wohlfarth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Kosnopfel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Faber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marion Berthold
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Siedel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melissa Bernhardt
- Rudolf-Virchow-Centre for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf-Virchow-Centre for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tyler Aprati
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Liu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center (Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, partner site Essen) and University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
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Reis MBE, Maximo AI, Magno JM, de Lima Bellan D, Buzzo JLA, Simas FF, Rocha HAO, da Silva Trindade E, Camargo de Oliveira C. A Fucose-Containing Sulfated Polysaccharide from Spatoglossum schröederi Potentially Targets Tumor Growth Rather Than Cytotoxicity: Distinguishing Action on Human Melanoma Cell Lines. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:181-198. [PMID: 38273163 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Natural substances are strategic candidates for drug development in cancer research. Marine-derived molecules are of special interest due to their wide range of biological activities and sustainable large-scale production. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates from genetic mutations in melanocytes. BRAF, RAS, and NF1 mutations are described as the major melanoma drivers, but approximately 20% of patients lack these mutations and are included in the triple wild-type (tripleWT) classification. Recent advances in targeted therapy directed at driver mutations along with immunotherapy have only partially improved patients' overall survival, and consequently, melanoma remains deadly when in advanced stages. Fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSP) are potential candidates to treat melanoma; therefore, we investigated Fucan A, a FCSP from Spatoglossum schröederi brown seaweed, in vitro in human melanoma cell lines presenting different mutations. Up to 72 h Fucan A treatment was not cytotoxic either to normal melanocytes or melanoma cell lines. Interestingly, it was able to impair the tripleWT CHL-1 cell proliferation (57%), comparable to the chemotherapeutic cytotoxic drug cisplatin results, with the advantage of not causing cytotoxicity. Fucan A increased CHL-1 doubling time, an effect attributed to cell cycle arrest. Vascular mimicry, a close related angiogenesis process, was also impaired (73%). Fucan A mode of action could be related to gene expression modulation, in special β-catenin downregulation, a molecule with protagonist roles in important signaling pathways. Taken together, results indicate that Fucan A is a potential anticancer molecule and, therefore, deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Barbosa E Reis
- Cell Biology Department, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Jessica Maria Magno
- Cell Biology Department, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Lima Bellan
- Cell Biology Department, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Biochemistry Department, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Lavernia J, Claramunt R, Romero I, López-Guerrero JA, Llombart-Bosch A, Machado I. Soft Tissue Sarcomas with Chromosomal Alterations in the 12q13-15 Region: Differential Diagnosis and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:432. [PMID: 38275873 PMCID: PMC10814159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal region 12q13-15 is rich in oncogenes and contains several genes involved in the pathogenesis of various mesenchymal neoplasms. Notable genes in this region include MDM2, CDK4, STAT6, DDIT3, and GLI1. Amplification of MDM2 and CDK4 genes can be detected in various mesenchymal and nonmesenchymal neoplasms. Therefore, gene amplification alone is not entirely specific for making a definitive diagnosis and requires the integration of clinical, radiological, morphological, and immunohistochemical findings. Neoplasms with GLI1 alterations may exhibit either GLI1 rearrangements or amplifications of this gene. Despite the diagnostic implications that the overlap of genetic alterations in neoplasms with changes in genes within the 12q13-15 region could create, the discovery of coamplifications of MDM2 with CDK4 and GLI1 offers new therapeutic targets in neoplasms with MDM2/CDK4 amplification. Lastly, it is worth noting that MDM2 or CDK4 amplification is not exclusive to mesenchymal neoplasms; this genetic alteration has also been observed in other epithelial neoplasms or melanomas. This suggests the potential use of MDM2 or CDK4 inhibitors in neoplasms where alterations in these genes do not aid the pathological diagnosis but may help identify potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we delve into the diagnosis and therapeutic implications of tumors with genetic alterations involving the chromosomal region 12q13-15, mainly MDM2, CDK4, and GLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lavernia
- Oncology Unit, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Reyes Claramunt
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.); (J.A.L.-G.)
| | - Ignacio Romero
- Oncology Unit, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.); (J.A.L.-G.)
| | | | - Isidro Machado
- Pathology Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Pathology Department, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC Cancer, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Patologika Laboratory, Hospital Quiron-Salud, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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6
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Chan LH, Wang P, Abuhammad S, Lim LRJ, Cursons J, Sheppard KE, Goode DL. PRMT5 and CDK4/6 inhibition result in distinctive patterns of alternative splicing in melanoma. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292278. [PMID: 37917641 PMCID: PMC10621831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are promising new treatments for melanoma and other solid malignancies. In studies on CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance, protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) regulation of alternative splicing was shown to be an important downstream component of the CDK4/6 pathway. However, the full effects of inhibition of CDK4/6 on splicing events in melanoma and the extent to which they are dependent on PRMT5 has not been established. We performed full-length mRNA sequencing on CHL1 and A375 melanoma cell lines treated with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib and the PRMT5 inhibitor GSK3326595 and analysed data for differential gene expression and differential pre-mRNA splicing induced by these agents. Changes in gene expression and RNA splicing were more extensive under PRMT5 inhibition than under CDK4/6 inhibition. Although PRMT5 inhibition and CDK4/6 inhibition induced common RNA splicing events and gene expression profiles, the majority of events induced by CDK4/6 inhibition were distinct. Our findings indicate CDK4/6 has the ability to regulate alternative splicing in a manner that is distinct from PRMT5 inhibition, resulting in divergent changes in gene expression under each therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Hang Chan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peihan Wang
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shatha Abuhammad
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lydia Rui Jia Lim
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Cursons
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen E. Sheppard
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L. Goode
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Li Y, Porta-Pardo E, Tokheim C, Bailey MH, Yaron TM, Stathias V, Geffen Y, Imbach KJ, Cao S, Anand S, Akiyama Y, Liu W, Wyczalkowski MA, Song Y, Storrs EP, Wendl MC, Zhang W, Sibai M, Ruiz-Serra V, Liang WW, Terekhanova NV, Rodrigues FM, Clauser KR, Heiman DI, Zhang Q, Aguet F, Calinawan AP, Dhanasekaran SM, Birger C, Satpathy S, Zhou DC, Wang LB, Baral J, Johnson JL, Huntsman EM, Pugliese P, Colaprico A, Iavarone A, Chheda MG, Ricketts CJ, Fenyö D, Payne SH, Rodriguez H, Robles AI, Gillette MA, Kumar-Sinha C, Lazar AJ, Cantley LC, Getz G, Ding L. Pan-cancer proteogenomics connects oncogenic drivers to functional states. Cell 2023; 186:3921-3944.e25. [PMID: 37582357 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer driver events refer to key genetic aberrations that drive oncogenesis; however, their exact molecular mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. Here, our multi-omics pan-cancer analysis uncovers insights into the impacts of cancer drivers by identifying their significant cis-effects and distal trans-effects quantified at the RNA, protein, and phosphoprotein levels. Salient observations include the association of point mutations and copy-number alterations with the rewiring of protein interaction networks, and notably, most cancer genes converge toward similar molecular states denoted by sequence-based kinase activity profiles. A correlation between predicted neoantigen burden and measured T cell infiltration suggests potential vulnerabilities for immunotherapies. Patterns of cancer hallmarks vary by polygenic protein abundance ranging from uniform to heterogeneous. Overall, our work demonstrates the value of comprehensive proteogenomics in understanding the functional states of oncogenic drivers and their links to cancer development, surpassing the limitations of studying individual cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yize Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Eduard Porta-Pardo
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona 08916, Spain; Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Collin Tokheim
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew H Bailey
- Department of Biology and Simmons Center for Cancer Research, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Tomer M Yaron
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Vasileios Stathias
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yifat Geffen
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen J Imbach
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona 08916, Spain; Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Song Cao
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Shankara Anand
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yo Akiyama
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wenke Liu
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthew A Wyczalkowski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yizhe Song
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Erik P Storrs
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Michael C Wendl
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Wubing Zhang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mustafa Sibai
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona 08916, Spain; Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Victoria Ruiz-Serra
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona 08916, Spain; Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Wen-Wei Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Nadezhda V Terekhanova
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Fernanda Martins Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Karl R Clauser
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David I Heiman
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Francois Aguet
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anna P Calinawan
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Saravana M Dhanasekaran
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chet Birger
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shankha Satpathy
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Cui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Liang-Bo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jessika Baral
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Emily M Huntsman
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Pietro Pugliese
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonio Colaprico
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Milan G Chheda
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Christopher J Ricketts
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Samuel H Payne
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ana I Robles
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Michael A Gillette
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Departments of Pathology & Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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8
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Zhu Z, Zhu Q. Differences in metabolic transport and resistance mechanisms of Abemaciclib, Palbociclib, and Ribociclib. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1212986. [PMID: 37475713 PMCID: PMC10354263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1212986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) play a crucial role in cancer treatment, particularly in breast cancer, and their mechanism of drug resistance is a topic of global interest in research. Hence, it is vital to comprehend the distinctions between various CDK4/6i, including their mechanisms of action and resistance mechanisms. This article aims to summarize the metabolic and transport variations as well as the differences in resistance among the three FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitors: Abemaciclib, Palbociclib, and Ribociclib. It also aims to discuss how these differences impact the effectiveness and safety of anticancer drugs. It was conducted in March 2023 to search PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for literature related to this topic. Despite all being CDK4/6i, differences in their metabolism and transport were found, which are related to their chemical structure. Moreover, there are variations in preclinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical safety and efficacy of the different inhibitors. Genetic mutations, drug tolerance, and other factors may influence CDK4/6 resistance mechanisms. Currently, the resistance mechanisms differences of the three drugs remain largely unknown, and there are differences in the resistance mechanisms among them, necessitating further exploration and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongni Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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McFadden JR, Syku M, Barney RE, Stevanovic M, Chaudhari AS, O’Hern KJ, Chambers M, Baker CM, LeBlanc RE, Doan L, Tsongalis GJ, Hughes EG, Sriharan A. A Novel Method to Detect Copy Number Variation in Melanoma: Droplet Digital PCR for Quantitation of the CDKN2A Gene, a Proof-of-Concept Study. Am J Dermatopathol 2023; 45:454-462. [PMID: 37130203 PMCID: PMC10993871 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A definitive diagnosis of nevus or melanoma is not always possible for histologically ambiguous melanocytic neoplasms. In such cases, ancillary molecular testing can support a diagnosis of melanoma if certain chromosomal aberrations are detected. Current technologies for copy number variation (CNV) detection include chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Although CMA and fluorescence in situ hybridization are effective, their utilization can be limited by cost, turnaround time, and inaccessibility outside of large reference laboratories. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is a rapid, automated, and relatively inexpensive technology for CNV detection. We investigated the ability of ddPCR to quantify CNV in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A ( CDKN2A ), the most commonly deleted tumor suppressor gene in melanoma. CMA data were used as the gold standard. We analyzed 57 skin samples from 52 patients diagnosed with benign nevi, borderline lesions, primary melanomas, and metastatic melanomas. In a training cohort comprising 29 randomly selected samples, receiver operator characteristic curve analysis revealed an optimal ddPCR cutoff value of 1.73 for calling CDKN2A loss. In a validation cohort comprising the remaining 28 samples, ddPCR detected CDKN2A loss with a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 90%, respectively. Significantly, ddPCR could also identify whether CDKN2A losses were monoallelic or biallelic. These pilot data suggest that ddPCR can detect CDKN2A deletions in melanocytic tumors with accuracy comparable with CMA. With further validation, ddPCR could provide an additional CNV assay to aid in the diagnosis of challenging melanocytic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. McFadden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, NH
| | - Marie Syku
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Rachael E. Barney
- Clinical Genomics and Advanced Technologies (CGAT) Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Mirjana Stevanovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | | | - Keegan J. O’Hern
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Meagan Chambers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Catherine M. Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Robert E. LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Linda Doan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine Health (UCI Health), Irvine, CA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Services, University of California, Irvine Health (UCI Health), Irvine, CA
| | - Gregory J. Tsongalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Clinical Genomics and Advanced Technologies (CGAT) Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Edward G. Hughes
- Clinical Genomics and Advanced Technologies (CGAT) Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Aravindhan Sriharan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
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10
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Yang TT, Yu S, Ke CLK, Cheng ST. The Genomic Landscape of Melanoma and Its Therapeutic Implications. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051021. [PMID: 37239381 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive malignancies of the skin. The genetic composition of melanoma is complex and varies among different subtypes. With the aid of recent technologies such as next generation sequencing and single-cell sequencing, our understanding of the genomic landscape of melanoma and its tumor microenvironment has become increasingly clear. These advances may provide explanation to the heterogenic treatment outcomes of melanoma patients under current therapeutic guidelines and provide further insights to the development of potential new therapeutic targets. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the genetics related to melanoma tumorigenesis, metastasis, and prognosis. We also review the genetics affecting the melanoma tumor microenvironment and its relation to tumor progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung 900, Taiwan
| | - Sebastian Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Li Khale Ke
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal SiaoGang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tsung Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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11
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Mortoglou M, Miralles F, Mould RR, Sengupta D, Uysal-Onganer P. Inhibiting CDK4/6 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via microRNA-21. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151318. [PMID: 37105116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with a 5-year survival rate of 5-10 %. The high mortality rate is due to the asymptomatic progression of clinical features in metastatic stages of the disease, which renders standard therapeutic options futile. PDAC is characterised by alterations in several genes that drive carcinogenesis and limit therapeutic response. The two most common genetic aberrations in PDAC are the mutational activation of KRAS and loss of the tumour suppressor CDK inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), which culminate the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), that promote G1 cell cycle progression. Therapeutic strategies focusing on the CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib (PD-0332991) may potentially improve outcomes in this malignancy. MicroRNAs (miRs/miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNA molecules associated with cellular proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Primarily, miR-21 promotes cell proliferation and a higher proportion of PDAC cells in the S phase, while knockdown of miR-21 has been linked to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and inhibition of cell proliferation. In this study, using a CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screen, we individually silenced the expression of miR-21 in two PDAC cell lines and in combination with PD-0332991 treatment, we examined the synergetic mechanisms of CDK4/6 inhibitors and miR-21 knockouts (KOs) on cell survival and death. This combination reduced cell proliferation, cell viability, increased apoptosis and G1 arrest in vitro. We further analysed the mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis of PDAC cells; then assessed the protein content of these cells and revealed numerous Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways associated with PD-0332991 treatment and miR-21 knocking out. Our results demonstrate that combined targeting of CDK4/6 and silencing of miR-21 represents a novel therapeutic strategy in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mortoglou
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, W1W 6UW London, UK
| | - Francesc Miralles
- Centre of Biomedical Education/Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rhys Richard Mould
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, W1W 6UW London, UK
| | - Dipankar Sengupta
- Health Data Sciences Research Group, Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, W1W 6UW London, UK
| | - Pinar Uysal-Onganer
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, W1W 6UW London, UK.
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12
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Rao D, Lacroix R, Rooker A, Gomes T, Stunnenberg JA, Valenti M, Dimitriadis P, Lin CP, de Bruijn B, Krijgsman O, Ligtenberg MA, Peeper DS, Blank CU. MeVa2.1.dOVA and MeVa2.2.dOVA: two novel BRAFV600E-driven mouse melanoma cell lines to study tumor immune resistance. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:12-26. [PMID: 36545919 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While immunotherapy has become standard-of-care for cutaneous melanoma patients, primary and acquired resistance prevent long-term benefits for about half of the late-stage patients. Pre-clinical models are essential to increase our understanding of the resistance mechanisms of melanomas, aiming to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. Here, we present two novel syngeneic transplantable murine melanoma cell lines derived from the same primary tumor induced on BrafV600E Pten-/- mice: MeVa2.1 and MeVa2.2. Derivatives of these cell lines expressing the foreign antigen ovalbumin (dOVA) showed contrasting immune-mediated tumor control. MeVa2.2.dOVA melanomas were initially controlled in immune-competent hosts until variants grew out that had lost their antigens. By contrast, MeVa2.1.dOVA tumors were not controlled despite presenting the strong OVA antigen, as well as infiltration of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. MeVa2.1.dOVA displayed reduced sensitivity to T cell-mediated killing and growth inhibition in vitro by both IFN-γ and TNF-α. MeVa2.1.dOVA tumors were transiently controlled in vivo by either targeted therapy, adoptive T cell transfer, regulatory T cell depletion, or immune checkpoint blockade. MeVa2.1.dOVA could thus become a valuable melanoma model to evaluate novel immunotherapy combinations aiming to overcome immune resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Rao
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Ruben Lacroix
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Alex Rooker
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Tainá Gomes
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Johanna A Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Mesele Valenti
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Petros Dimitriadis
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Chun-Pu Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Beaunelle de Bruijn
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Oscar Krijgsman
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Maarten A Ligtenberg
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Daniel S Peeper
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht
| | - Christian U Blank
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Fan W, Wang C, Zhong X, Zheng Y, Chen T, Huang M, Su S. A Refractory Case of CDKN2A/B Loss Metastatic Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Achieving a Partial Response After First-Line Treatment with Palbociclib. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:23-29. [PMID: 36698435 PMCID: PMC9869796 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s390458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly aggressive and malignant subtype of biliary duct tumors. The poor prognosis of advanced ICC brings great challenges to clinical treatment, and chemotherapy-based therapy remains the standard first-line regimen. In recent years, the development of clinical research on targeted therapy for biliary duct tumors has brought new strategies for clinical treatment, but the targets are limited. Herein, we reported a 68-year-old patient with metastasis ICC harboring CDKN2A/B loss, who achieved a partial response (PR) after the first-line treatment with a cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor called palbociclib, and no obvious side effects were observed. As of the latest follow-up time, the progression-free survival (PFS) had lasted for 20 months. This case reveals the molecular characteristic of ICC patients who respond to palbociclib treatment and illustrates the importance of performing a multiple-gene panel test in ICC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Fan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Zhong
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines, Inc., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yating Zheng
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines, Inc., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines, Inc., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengli Huang
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines, Inc., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuying Su
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Shuying Su, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, No. 81 North Lingnan Avenue, Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China, Email
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14
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Pala L, Bagnardi V, Tettamanzi F, Barberis M, Mazzarol G, Casali C, De Pas T, Pennacchioli E, Coppola S, Baldini F, Cocorocchio E, Ferrucci P, Patane' D, Saponara M, Queirolo P, Conforti F. Genetic Alterations of Melanoma Brain Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:5-13. [PMID: 36401787 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on molecular alterations harbored by melanoma brain metastases (MBMs) are limited, and this has hampered the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all the studies reporting DNA sequencing data of MBMs, in order to identify recurrently mutated genes and molecular pathways significantly enriched for genetic alterations. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase and Scopus for articles published from the inception of each database to June 30, 2021. We included in the analysis all the studies that reported individual patient data on DNA sequencing of MBMs, assessing single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and/or gene copy number variations (CNVs) in at least five tumor samples. Meta-analysis was performed for genes evaluated for SNVs and/or CNVs in at least two studies. Pooled proportions of samples with SNVs and/or CNVs was calculated by applying random-effect models based on the DerSimonian-Laird method. Gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify molecular pathways significantly enriched for mutated genes. RESULTS Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis, for a total of 531 samples of MBMs evaluated. Twenty-seven genes were found recurrently mutated with a meta-analytic rate of SNVs higher than 5%. GSEA conducted on the list of these 27 recurrently mutated genes revealed vascular endothelial growth factor-activated receptor activity and transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity to be among the top 10 gene ontology (GO) molecular functions significantly enriched for mutated genes, while regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation were among the top 10 significantly enriched GO biological processes. Notably, a high meta-analytic rate of SNVs was found in several actionable cancer-associated genes, such as all the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor isoforms (i.e., Flt1 and Flt2 genes, for both SNV rate: 0.22, 95% CI 0.04-0.49; KDR gene, SNV rate: 0.1, 95% CI 0.05-0.16). Finally, two tumor suppressor genes were characterized by a high meta-analytic rate of CNVs: CDKN2A/B (CNV rate: 0.59, 95% CI 0.23-0.90) and PTEN (CNV rate: 0.31, 95% CI 0.02-0.95). CONCLUSION MBMs harbored actionable molecular alterations that could be exploited as therapeutic targets to improve the poor prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pala
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy. .,Oncology Unit, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Via M.Gavazzeni 21, 24125, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Barberis
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mazzarol
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Casali
- Department of Neurological Surgery, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso De Pas
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Oncology Unit, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Via M.Gavazzeni 21, 24125, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pennacchioli
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Coppola
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Baldini
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilia Cocorocchio
- Division of Medical Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Ferrucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Patane'
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Maristella Saponara
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Queirolo
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Conforti
- Division of Melanoma, Sarcomas and Rare Tumors, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Oncology Unit, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Via M.Gavazzeni 21, 24125, Bergamo, Italy
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15
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Cai Z, Wang J, Li Y, Shi Q, Jin L, Li S, Zhu M, Wang Q, Wong LL, Yang W, Lai H, Gong C, Yao Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Yao H, Liu Q. Overexpressed Cyclin D1 and CDK4 proteins are responsible for the resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitor in breast cancer that can be reversed by PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:94-109. [PMID: 35982377 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors are the standard treatment in advanced HR+/HER2- breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, the resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors is inevitable and the strategies to overcome resistance are of great interest. Here, we show that the palbociclib-resistant breast cancer cells expressed significantly higher levels of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 proteins because of upregulated protein synthesis. Silencing Cyclin D1 or CDK4 led to cell cycle arrest while silencing Cyclin E1 or CDK2 restored the sensitivity to palbociclib. Furthermore, PI3K/mTOR pathway was hyper-activated in palbociclib-resistant cells, leading to more phosphorylated 4E-BP1 and higher levels of Cyclin D1 and CDK4 translation. Targeting PI3K/mTOR pathway with a specific PI3Kα inhibitor (BYL719) or an mTOR inhibitor (everolimus) reduced the protein levels of Cyclin D1 and CDK4, and restored the sensitivity to palbociclib. The tumor samples expressed significantly higher levels of Cyclin D1, CDK4, p-AKT and p-4E-BP1 after progression on palbociclib treatment. In conclusion, our findings suggest that overexpressed Cyclin D1 and CDK4 proteins lead to the resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitor and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors are able to restore the sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors, which provides the biomarker and rationale for the combinational use of CDK4/6 inhibitors and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors after CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jingru Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yudong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qianfeng Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shunying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Mengdi Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lok Lam Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongna Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Chang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yandan Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Shenzhen Nanshan District Shekou People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518067, China
| | - Herui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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16
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Kreuger IZM, Slieker RC, van Groningen T, van Doorn R. Therapeutic Strategies for Targeting CDKN2A Loss in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:18-25.e1. [PMID: 36123181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A, encoding p16 and p14, is a frequent event driving melanoma progression. Therefore, therapeutic strategies aimed at CDKN2A loss hold great potential to improve melanoma treatment. Pharmacological inhibition of the p16 targets CDK4/6 is a prime example of such a strategy. Other approaches exploit cell cycle deregulation, target metabolic rewiring, epigenetically restore expression, act on dependencies resulting from co-deleted genes, or are directed at the effects of CDKN2A loss on immune responses. This review explores these therapeutic strategies targeting CDKN2A loss, which potentially open up new avenues for precision medicine in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Z M Kreuger
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Center for Computational Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick C Slieker
- Leiden Center for Computational Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim van Groningen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Center for Computational Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Center for Computational Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Barghi F, Shannon HE, Saadatzadeh MR, Bailey BJ, Riyahi N, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K, Just M, Ferguson MJ, Pandya PH, Pollok KE. Precision Medicine Highlights Dysregulation of the CDK4/6 Cell Cycle Regulatory Pathway in Pediatric, Adolescents and Young Adult Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153611. [PMID: 35892870 PMCID: PMC9331212 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review provides an overview of clinical features and current therapies in children, adolescents, and young adults (AYA) with sarcoma. It highlights the basic and clinical findings on the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) cell cycle regulatory pathway in the context of the precision medicine-based molecular profiles of the three most common types of pediatric and AYA sarcomas—osteosarcoma (OS), rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), and Ewing sarcoma (EWS). Abstract Despite improved therapeutic and clinical outcomes for patients with localized diseases, outcomes for pediatric and AYA sarcoma patients with high-grade or aggressive disease are still relatively poor. With advancements in next generation sequencing (NGS), precision medicine now provides a strategy to improve outcomes in patients with aggressive disease by identifying biomarkers of therapeutic sensitivity or resistance. The integration of NGS into clinical decision making not only increases the accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis, but also has the potential to identify effective and less toxic therapies for pediatric and AYA sarcomas. Genome and transcriptome profiling have detected dysregulation of the CDK4/6 cell cycle regulatory pathway in subpopulations of pediatric and AYA OS, RMS, and EWS. In these patients, the inhibition of CDK4/6 represents a promising precision medicine-guided therapy. There is a critical need, however, to identify novel and promising combination therapies to fight the development of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition. In this review, we offer rationale and perspective on the promise and challenges of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farinaz Barghi
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.E.S.); (M.R.S.); (B.J.B.); (N.R.); (K.B.-V.)
| | - Harlan E. Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.E.S.); (M.R.S.); (B.J.B.); (N.R.); (K.B.-V.)
| | - M. Reza Saadatzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.E.S.); (M.R.S.); (B.J.B.); (N.R.); (K.B.-V.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.J.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Barbara J. Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.E.S.); (M.R.S.); (B.J.B.); (N.R.); (K.B.-V.)
| | - Niknam Riyahi
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.E.S.); (M.R.S.); (B.J.B.); (N.R.); (K.B.-V.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Khadijeh Bijangi-Vishehsaraei
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.E.S.); (M.R.S.); (B.J.B.); (N.R.); (K.B.-V.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.J.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Marissa Just
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.J.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.J.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Pankita H. Pandya
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.E.S.); (M.R.S.); (B.J.B.); (N.R.); (K.B.-V.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.J.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (P.H.P.); (K.E.P.)
| | - Karen E. Pollok
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.E.S.); (M.R.S.); (B.J.B.); (N.R.); (K.B.-V.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (M.J.); (M.J.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: (P.H.P.); (K.E.P.)
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Murphy JM, Jeong K, Ahn EYE, Lim STS. Nuclear focal adhesion kinase induces APC/C activator protein CDH1-mediated cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 degradation and inhibits melanoma proliferation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102013. [PMID: 35525274 PMCID: PMC9163754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can promote unchecked cell proliferation and cancer progression. Although focal adhesion kinase (FAK) contributes to regulating cell cycle progression, the exact molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that FAK plays a key role in cell cycle progression potentially through regulation of CDK4/6 protein expression. We show that FAK inhibition increased its nuclear localization and induced G1 arrest in B16F10 melanoma cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate nuclear FAK associated with CDK4/6 and promoted their ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation through recruitment of CDC homolog 1 (CDH1), an activator and substrate recognition subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome E3 ligase complex. We found the FAK N-terminal FERM domain acts as a scaffold to bring CDK4/6 and CDH1 within close proximity. However, overexpression of nonnuclear-localizing mutant FAK FERM failed to function as a scaffold for CDK4/6 and CDH1. Furthermore, shRNA knockdown of CDH1 increased CDK4/6 protein expression and blocked FAK inhibitor-induced reduction of CDK4/6 in B16F10 cells. In vivo, we show that pharmacological FAK inhibition reduced B16F10 tumor size, correlating with increased FAK nuclear localization and decreased CDK4/6 expression compared with vehicle controls. In patient-matched healthy skin and melanoma biopsies, we found FAK was mostly inactive and nuclear localized in healthy skin, whereas melanoma lesions showed increased active cytoplasmic FAK and elevated CDK4 expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FAK inhibition blocks tumor proliferation by inducing G1 arrest, in part through decreased CDK4/6 protein stability by nuclear FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Murphy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kyuho Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Eun-Young Erin Ahn
- Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Homann L, Rentschler M, Brenner E, Böhm K, Röcken M, Wieder T. IFN-γ and TNF Induce Senescence and a Distinct Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype in Melanoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091514. [PMID: 35563820 PMCID: PMC9103004 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is a central pillar of melanoma treatment leading to durable response rates. Important mechanisms of action of ICB therapy include disinhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Stimulated CD4+ T helper 1 cells secrete the effector cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), which induce senescence in tumor cells. Besides being growth-arrested, senescent cells are metabolically active and secrete a large spectrum of factors, which are summarized as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This secretome affects the tumor growth. Here, we compared the SASP of cytokine-induced senescent (CIS) cells with the SASP of therapy-induced senescent (TIS) cells. Therefore, we established in vitro models for CIS and TIS in melanoma. The human melanoma cell lines SK-MEL-28 and WM115 were treated with the cytokines IFN-γ and TNF as CIS, the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, and the cell cycle inhibitor palbociclib as TIS. Then, we determined several senescence markers, i.e., growth arrest, p21 expression, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity. For SASP analyses, we measured the regulation and secretion of several common SASP factors using qPCR arrays, protein arrays, and ELISA. Each treatment initiated a stable growth arrest, enhanced SA-β-gal activity, and—except palbociclib—increased the expression of p21. mRNA and protein analyses revealed that gene expression and secretion of SASP factors were severalfold stronger in CIS than in TIS. Finally, we showed that treatment with the conditioned media (CM) derived from cytokine- and palbociclib-treated cells induced senescence characteristics in melanoma cells. Thus, we conclude that senescence induction via cytokines may lead to self-sustaining senescence surveillance of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Homann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (M.R.); (E.B.); (K.B.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (T.W.); Tel.: +49-7071-2986865 (L.H.); +49-7071-2978240 (T.W.)
| | - Maximilian Rentschler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (M.R.); (E.B.); (K.B.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Physiology I, Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Brenner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (M.R.); (E.B.); (K.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Katharina Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (M.R.); (E.B.); (K.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Martin Röcken
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (M.R.); (E.B.); (K.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Thomas Wieder
- Institute of Physiology I, Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (T.W.); Tel.: +49-7071-2986865 (L.H.); +49-7071-2978240 (T.W.)
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20
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Li X. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors as Breast Cancer Therapy: Research Progress and Prospects. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Zhuang Y, Che J, Wu M, Guo Y, Xu Y, Dong X, Yang H. Altered pathways and targeted therapy in double hit lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:26. [PMID: 35303910 PMCID: PMC8932183 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade B-cell lymphoma with translocations involving MYC and BCL2 or BCL6, usually referred to as double hit lymphoma (DHL), is an aggressive hematological malignance with distinct genetic features and poor clinical prognosis. Current standard chemoimmunotherapy fails to confer satisfying outcomes and few targeted therapeutics are available for the treatment against DHL. Recently, the delineating of the genetic landscape in tumors has provided insight into both biology and targeted therapies. Therefore, it is essential to understand the altered signaling pathways of DHL to develop treatment strategies with better clinical benefits. Herein, we summarized the genetic alterations in the two DHL subtypes (DHL-BCL2 and DHL-BCL6). We further elucidate their implications on cellular processes, including anti-apoptosis, epigenetic regulations, B-cell receptor signaling, and immune escape. Ongoing and potential therapeutic strategies and targeted drugs steered by these alterations were reviewed accordingly. Based on these findings, we also discuss the therapeutic vulnerabilities that coincide with these genetic changes. We believe that the understanding of the DHL studies will provide insight into this disease and capacitate the finding of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhuang
- Department of Lymphoma, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Che
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Guo
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Xu
- Department of Lymphoma, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Lymphoma, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Crozier L, Foy R, Mouery BL, Whitaker RH, Corno A, Spanos C, Ly T, Gowen Cook J, Saurin AT. CDK4/6 inhibitors induce replication stress to cause long-term cell cycle withdrawal. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108599. [PMID: 35037284 PMCID: PMC8922273 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors arrest the cell cycle in G1-phase. They are approved to treat breast cancer and are also undergoing clinical trials against a range of other tumour types. To facilitate these efforts, it is important to understand why a cytostatic arrest in G1 causes long-lasting effects on tumour growth. Here, we demonstrate that a prolonged G1 arrest following CDK4/6 inhibition downregulates replisome components and impairs origin licencing. Upon release from that arrest, many cells fail to complete DNA replication and exit the cell cycle in a p53-dependent manner. If cells fail to withdraw from the cell cycle following DNA replication problems, they enter mitosis and missegregate chromosomes causing excessive DNA damage, which further limits their proliferative potential. These effects are observed in a range of tumour types, including breast cancer, implying that genotoxic stress is a common outcome of CDK4/6 inhibition. This unanticipated ability of CDK4/6 inhibitors to induce DNA damage now provides a rationale to better predict responsive tumour types and effective combination therapies, as demonstrated by the fact that CDK4/6 inhibition induces sensitivity to chemotherapeutics that also cause replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Crozier
- Division of Cellular and Systems MedicineJacqui Wood Cancer CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Reece Foy
- Division of Cellular and Systems MedicineJacqui Wood Cancer CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Brandon L Mouery
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Robert H Whitaker
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Andrea Corno
- Division of Cellular and Systems MedicineJacqui Wood Cancer CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Christos Spanos
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tony Ly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Present address:
Centre for Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Division of Cellular and Systems MedicineJacqui Wood Cancer CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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23
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Therapeutic potential of CDK4/6 inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:305-320. [PMID: 35264774 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced and metastatic kidney cancer has entered a golden era with the addition of more therapeutic options, improved survival and new targeted therapies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade have all been shown to be promising strategies in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, little is known about the best therapeutic approach for individual patients with RCC and how to combat therapeutic resistance. Cancers, including RCC, rely on sustained replicative potential. The cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 are involved in cell-cycle regulation with additional roles in metabolism, immunogenicity and antitumour immune response. Inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 are now commonly used as approved and investigative treatments in breast cancer, as well as several other tumours. Furthermore, CDK4/6 inhibitors have been shown to work synergistically with other kinase inhibitors, including mTOR inhibitors, as well as with immune checkpoint inhibitors in preclinical cancer models. The effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors in kidney cancer is relatively understudied compared with other cancers, but the preclinical studies available are promising. Collectively, growing evidence suggests that targeting CDK4 and CDK6 in kidney cancer, alone and in combination with current therapeutics including mTOR and immune checkpoint inhibitors, might have therapeutic benefit and should be further explored.
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24
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Colebatch AJ, Paver EC, Vergara IA, Thompson JF, Long GV, Wilmott JS, Scolyer RA. Elevated non-coding promoter mutations are associated with malignant transformation of melanocytic naevi to melanoma. Pathology 2022; 54:533-540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.12.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Karagiannakos A, Adamaki M, Tsintarakis A, Vojtesek B, Fåhraeus R, Zoumpourlis V, Karakostis K. Targeting Oncogenic Pathways in the Era of Personalized Oncology: A Systemic Analysis Reveals Highly Mutated Signaling Pathways in Cancer Patients and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030664. [PMID: 35158934 PMCID: PMC8833388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. One of the main hallmarks in cancer is the functional deregulation of crucial molecular pathways via driver genetic events that lead to abnormal gene expression, giving cells a selective growth advantage. Driver events are defined as mutations, fusions and copy number alterations that are causally implicated in oncogenesis. Molecular analysis on tissues that have originated from a wide range of anatomical areas has shown that mutations in different members of several pathways are implicated in different cancer types. In recent decades, significant efforts have been made to incorporate this knowledge into daily medical practice, providing substantial insight towards clinical diagnosis and personalized therapies. However, since there is still a strong need for more effective drug development, a deep understanding of the involved signaling mechanisms and the interconnections between these pathways is highly anticipated. Here, we perform a systemic analysis on cancer patients included in the Pan-Cancer Atlas project, with the aim to select the ten most highly mutated signaling pathways (p53, RTK-RAS, lipids metabolism, PI-3-Kinase/Akt, ubiquitination, b-catenin/Wnt, Notch, cell cycle, homology directed repair (HDR) and splicing) and to provide a detailed description of each pathway, along with the corresponding therapeutic applications currently being developed or applied. The ultimate scope is to review the current knowledge on highly mutated pathways and to address the attractive perspectives arising from ongoing experimental studies for the clinical implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Karagiannakos
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Antonis Tsintarakis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (R.F.)
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (R.F.)
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Karakostis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (K.K.)
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Ettl T, Schulz D, Bauer RJ. The Renaissance of Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:293. [PMID: 35053461 PMCID: PMC8773807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) regulate cell cycle progression. During tumor development, altered expression and availability of CDKs strongly contribute to impaired cell proliferation, a hallmark of cancer. In recent years, targeted inhibition of CDKs has shown considerable therapeutic benefit in a variety of tumor entities. Their success is reflected in clinical approvals of specific CDK4/6 inhibitors for breast cancer. This review provides a detailed insight into the molecular mechanisms of CDKs as well as a general overview of CDK inhibition. It also summarizes the latest research approaches and current advances in the treatment of head and neck cancer with CDK inhibitors. Instead of monotherapies, combination therapies with CDK inhibitors may especially provide promising results in tumor therapy. Indeed, recent studies have shown a synergistic effect of CDK inhibition together with chemo- and radio- and immunotherapy in cancer treatment to overcome tumor evasion, which may lead to a renaissance of CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ettl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Daniela Schulz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard Josef Bauer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Amweg A, Tusup M, Cheng P, Picardi E, Dummer R, Levesque MP, French LE, Guenova E, Läuchli S, Kundig T, Mellett M, Pascolo S. The A to I editing landscape in melanoma and its relation to clinical outcome. RNA Biol 2022; 19:996-1006. [PMID: 35993275 PMCID: PMC9415457 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2110390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA editing refers to non-transient RNA modifications that occur after transcription and prior to translation by the ribosomes. RNA editing is more widespread in cancer cells than in non-transformed cells and is associated with tumorigenesis of various cancer tissues. However, RNA editing can also generate neo-antigens that expose tumour cells to host immunosurveillance. Global RNA editing in melanoma and its relevance to clinical outcome currently remain poorly characterized. The present study compared RNA editing as well as gene expression in tumour cell lines from melanoma patients of short or long metastasis-free survival, patients relapsing or not after immuno- and targeted therapy and tumours harbouring BRAF or NRAS mutations. Overall, our results showed that NTRK gene expression can be a marker of resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibition and gives some insights of candidate genes as potential biomarkers. In addition, this study revealed an increase in Adenosine-to-Inosine editing in Alu regions and in non-repetitive regions, including the hyperediting of the MOK and DZIP3 genes in relapsed tumour samples during targeted therapy and of the ZBTB11 gene in NRAS mutated melanoma cells. Therefore, RNA editing could be a promising tool for identifying predictive markers, tumour neoantigens and targetable pathways that could help in preventing relapses during immuno- or targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austeja Amweg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Tusup
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Phil Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Picardi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Dr. Philip Frost, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Severin Läuchli
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kundig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Mellett
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich (USZ), Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Lau PKH, Cullinane C, Jackson S, Walker R, Smith LK, Slater A, Kirby L, Patel RP, von Scheidt B, Slaney CY, McArthur GA, Sheppard KE. Enhancing Adoptive Cell Transfer with Combination BRAF-MEK and CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246342. [PMID: 34944961 PMCID: PMC8699814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors that target cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed-cell-death-1 (PD-1) in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, there is still great need to develop robust options for patients who are refractory to first line immunotherapy. As such there has been a resurgence in interest of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) particularly derived from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Moreover, the addition of cyclin dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) have been shown to greatly extend duration of response in combination with BRAF-MEK inhibitors (BRAF-MEKi) in pre-clinical models of melanoma. We therefore investigated whether combinations of BRAF-MEK-CDK4/6i and ACT were efficacious in murine models of melanoma. Triplet targeted therapy of BRAF-MEK-CDK4/6i with OT-1 ACT led to sustained and robust anti-tumor responses in BRAFi sensitive YOVAL1.1. We also show that BRAF-MEKi but not CDK4/6i enhanced MHC Class I expression in melanoma cell lines in vitro. Paradoxically CDK4/6i in low concentrations of IFN-γ reduced expression of MHC Class I and PD-L1 in YOVAL1.1. Overall, this work provides additional pre-clinical evidence to pursue combination of BRAF-MEK-CDK4/6i and to combine this combination with ACT in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kar Han Lau
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Susan Jackson
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Rachael Walker
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Lorey K. Smith
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alison Slater
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Laura Kirby
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Riyaben P. Patel
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Bianca von Scheidt
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Clare Y. Slaney
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Grant A. McArthur
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Karen E. Sheppard
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.K.H.L.); (C.C.); (S.J.); (R.W.); (L.K.S.); (A.S.); (L.K.); (R.P.P.); (B.v.S.); (C.Y.S.); (G.A.M.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence:
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29
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Lee CJ, Modave E, Boeckx B, Stacchiotti S, Rutkowski P, Blay JY, Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Lambrechts D, Wozniak A, Schöffski P. Histopathological and Molecular Profiling of Clear Cell Sarcoma and Correlation with Response to Crizotinib: An Exploratory Study Related to EORTC 90101 "CREATE" Trial. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236057. [PMID: 34885165 PMCID: PMC8657105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Clear cell sarcoma (CCSA) is a rare subtype of soft tissue sarcoma characterized by EWSR1 rearrangement and subsequent MET upregulation. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 90101 phase II trial evaluated the MET inhibitor crizotinib in CCSA but resulted in only sporadic responses. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify the molecular alterations potentially relevant for the treatment outcome by using archival CCSA samples and trial-related clinical data. We characterized MET signaling and revealed an infrequent activation of MET, which may explain the lack of response to crizotinib in the disease cohort. Based on sequencing analyses, we discovered copy number alterations, mutations and dysregulated pathways with potentially predictive or prognostic values for patients’ outcomes. This work describes the molecular heterogeneity in CCSA and provides deep insight into the biology of this ultra-rare malignancy, which may potentially lead to better therapeutic approaches. Abstract Clear cell sarcoma (CCSA) is characterized by a chromosomal translocation leading to EWSR1 rearrangement, resulting in aberrant transcription of multiple genes, including MET. The EORTC 90101 phase II trial evaluated the MET inhibitor crizotinib in CCSA but resulted in only sporadic responses. We performed an in-depth histopathological and molecular analysis of archival CCSA samples to identify alterations potentially relevant for the treatment outcome. Immunohistochemical characterization of MET signaling was performed using a tissue microarray constructed from 32 CCSA cases. The DNA from 24 available tumor specimens was analyzed by low-coverage whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing for the detection of recurrent copy number alterations (CNAs) and mutations. A pathway enrichment analysis was performed to identify the pathways relevant for CCSA tumorigenesis. Kaplan–Meier estimates and Fisher’s exact test were used to correlate the molecular findings with the clinical features related to crizotinib treatment, aiming to assess a potential association with the outcomes. The histopathological analysis showed the absence of a MET ligand and MET activation, with the presence of MET itself in most of cases. However, the expression/activation of MET downstream molecules was frequently observed, suggesting the role of other receptors in CCSA signal transduction. Using sequencing, we detected a number of CNAs at the chromosomal arm and region levels. The most common alteration was a gain of 8q24.21, observed in 83% of the cases. The loss of chromosomes 9q and 12q24 was associated with shorter survival. Based on exome sequencing, 40 cancer-associated genes were found to be mutated in more than one sample, with SRGAP3 and KMT2D as the most common alterations (each in four cases). The mutated genes encoded proteins were mainly involved in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, polymerase-II transcription, DNA damage repair, SUMOylation and chromatin organization. Disruption in chromatin organization was correlated with longer progression-free survival in patients receiving crizotinib. Conclusions: The infrequent activation of MET may explain the lack of response to crizotinib observed in the majority of cases in the clinical trial. Our work describes the molecular heterogeneity in CCSA and provides further insight into the biology of this ultra-rare malignancy, which may potentially lead to better therapeutic approaches for CCSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Jui Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.-J.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Elodie Modave
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.M.); (B.B.); (D.L.)
| | - Bram Boeckx
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.M.); (B.B.); (D.L.)
| | - Silvia Stacchiotti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 120133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 00001 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Centre Léon Bérard & Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Maria Debiec-Rychter
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Raf Sciot
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (E.M.); (B.B.); (D.L.)
| | - Agnieszka Wozniak
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.-J.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Patrick Schöffski
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.-J.L.); (A.W.)
- Department of General Medical Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-341019
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A Patient-Derived Xenograft Model of Dedifferentiated Endometrial Carcinoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study for the Identification of New Molecularly Informed Treatment Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235962. [PMID: 34885073 PMCID: PMC8656552 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reliable animal models of human malignancies are paramount for preclinical studies of novel treatment approaches. Here, we successfully developed a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma (DEC)–an uncommon uterine malignancy that is generally unresponsive to standard chemo- and radiotherapy. The murine model–termed PDX-mLung–was established through the implantation of lung metastatic lesions obtained from a woman with DEC. Histologic and molecular findings revealed that PDX-mLung was highly similar to the parent human malignant lesions (both primary DEC and lung metastases). Importantly, molecular analyses revealed that PDX-mLung exhibited druggable alterations including a FGFR2 mutation and CCNE2 amplification. The former was targeted with the FGFR inhibitor lenvatinib while the latter with the cell cycle inhibitor palbociclib. The combination of the two drugs exhibited synergistic therapeutic effects against in vivo tumor growth. Collectively, these data illustrate the value of PDX models for preclinical testing of new molecularly informed therapies in difficult-to-treat gynecologic malignancies. Our results may also prompt further clinical research to examine whether the combination of lenvatinib and palbociclib has potential to improve clinical outcomes of women with DEC. Abstract Conventional treatment of dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma (DEC)–an uncommon and highly aggressive uterine malignancy–is beset by high failure rates. A line of research that holds promise to overcome these limitations is tailored treatments targeted on specific molecular alterations. However, suitable preclinical platforms to allow a reliable implementation of this approach are still lacking. Here, we developed a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model for preclinical testing of investigational drugs informed by molecular data. The model–termed PDX-mLung was established in mice implanted with lung metastatic lesions obtained from a patient with DEC. Histologic and whole-exome genetic analyses revealed a high degree of identity between PDX-mLung and the patient’s parental lesions (both primary DEC and lung metastases). Interestingly, molecular analyses revealed that PDX-mLung harbored druggable alterations including a FGFR2 mutation and CCNE2 amplification. Targeted combined treatment with the FGFR inhibitor lenvatinib and the cell cycle inhibitor palbociclib was found to exert synergistic therapeutic effects against in vivo tumor growth. Based on the results of RNA sequencing, lenvatinib and palbociclib were found to exert anti-tumor effects by interfering interferon signaling and activating hormonal pathways, respectively. Collectively, these data provide proof-of-concept evidence on the value of PDX models for preclinical testing of molecularly informed drug therapy in difficult-to-treat human malignancies. Further clinical research is needed to examine more rigorously the potential usefulness of the lenvatinib and palbociclib combination in patients with DEC.
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IGF1R/IR Mediates Resistance to BRAF and MEK Inhibitors in BRAF-Mutant Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225863. [PMID: 34831014 PMCID: PMC8616282 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma accounts for only 4% of skin cancer, but is the major cause of skin cancer related deaths. The use of dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitor) and trametinib (MEK inhibitor), two FDA approved drugs to treat patients with BRAFV600E melanoma, is limited in the clinic due to the development of resistance. The IGF family of receptors is known to play a crucial role in cancer progression. In our in vitro screening, we identified that the activation of Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and Insulin Receptor (IR) mediates resistance to dabrafenib and trametinib. Patients with high levels of IGF1R and IR have worse survival outcomes compared to patients with low levels of these receptors. We demonstrate that combining dabrafenib and trametinib with an IGF1R/IR inhibitor, BMS-754807, in vitro and in vivo, is efficacious and inhibits proliferation and tumor growth. This research opens up avenues for the development of novel and potent IGF1R/IR inhibitors for patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma. Abstract The use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors for patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma is limited as patients relapse on treatment as quickly as 6 months due to acquired resistance. We generated trametinib and dabrafenib resistant melanoma (TDR) cell lines to the MEK and BRAF inhibitors, respectively. TDR cells exhibited increased viability and maintenance of downstream p-ERK and p-Akt as compared to parental cells. Receptor tyrosine kinase arrays revealed an increase in p-IGF1R and p-IR in the drug resistant cells versus drug sensitive cells. RNA-sequencing analysis identified IGF1R and INSR upregulated in resistant cell lines compared to parental cells. Analysis of TCGA PanCancer Atlas (skin cutaneous melanoma) showed that patients with a BRAF mutation and high levels of IGF1R and INSR had a worse overall survival. BMS-754807, an IGF1R/IR inhibitor, suppressed cell proliferation along with inhibition of intracellular p-Akt in TDR cells. Dual inhibition of IGF1R and INSR using siRNA reduced cell proliferation. The combination of dabrafenib, trametinib, and BMS-754807 treatment reduced in vivo xenograft tumor growth. Examining the role of IGF1R and IR in mediating resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors will expand possible treatment options to aid in long-term success for BRAF-mutant melanoma patients.
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32
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Pennycook BR, Barr AR. Palbociclib-mediated cell cycle arrest can occur in the absence of the CDK inhibitors p21 and p27. Open Biol 2021; 11:210125. [PMID: 34784791 PMCID: PMC8596008 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of a wide range of cancers is an area of ongoing investigation. Despite their increasing clinical use, there is limited understanding of the determinants of sensitivity and resistance to these drugs. Recent data have cast doubt on how CDK4/6 inhibitors arrest proliferation, provoking renewed interest in the role(s) of CDK4/6 in driving cell proliferation. As the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer therapies becomes more prominent, an understanding of their effect on the cell cycle becomes more urgent. Here, we investigate the mechanism of action of CDK4/6 inhibitors in promoting cell cycle arrest. Two main models explain how CDK4/6 inhibitors cause G1 cell cycle arrest, which differ in their dependence on the CDK inhibitor proteins p21 and p27. We have used live and fixed single-cell quantitative imaging, with inducible degradation systems, to address the roles of p21 and p27 in the mechanism of action of CDK4/6 inhibitors. We find that CDK4/6 inhibitors can initiate and maintain a cell cycle arrest without p21 or p27. This work clarifies our current understanding of the mechanism of action of CDK4/6 inhibitors and has implications for cancer treatment and patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betheney R. Pennycook
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexis R. Barr
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Nassar KW, Hintzsche JD, Bagby SM, Espinoza V, Langouët-Astrié C, Amato CM, Chimed TS, Fujita M, Robinson W, Tan AC, Schweppe RE. Targeting CDK4/6 Represents a Therapeutic Vulnerability in Acquired BRAF/MEK Inhibitor-Resistant Melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2049-2060. [PMID: 34376578 PMCID: PMC9768695 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear need to identify targetable drivers of resistance and potential biomarkers for salvage therapy for patients with melanoma refractory to the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibition. In this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing on BRAF-V600E-mutant melanoma patient tumors refractory to the combination of BRAF/MEK inhibition and identified acquired oncogenic mutations in NRAS and loss of the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A We hypothesized the acquired resistance mechanisms to BRAF/MEK inhibition were reactivation of the MAPK pathway and activation of the cell-cycle pathway, which can both be targeted pharmacologically with the combination of a MEK inhibitor (trametinib) and a CDK4/6 inhibitor (palbociclib). In vivo, we found that combination of CDK4/6 and MEK inhibition significantly decreased tumor growth in two BRAF/MEK inhibitor-resistant patient-derived xenograft models. In vitro, we observed that the combination of CDK4/6 and MEK inhibition resulted in synergy and significantly reduced cellular growth, promoted cell-cycle arrest, and effectively inhibited downstream signaling of MAPK and cell-cycle pathways in BRAF inhibitor-resistant cell lines. Knockdown of CDKN2A in BRAF inhibitor-resistant cells increased sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibition alone and in combination with MEK inhibition. A key implication of our study is that the combination of CDK4/6 and MEK inhibitors overcomes acquired resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors, and loss of CDKN2A may represent a biomarker of response to the combination. Inhibition of the cell-cycle and MAPK pathway represents a promising strategy for patients with metastatic melanoma who are refractory to BRAF/MEK inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey W Nassar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer D Hintzsche
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stacey M Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Veronica Espinoza
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christophe Langouët-Astrié
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carol M Amato
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tugs-Saikhan Chimed
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - William Robinson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Rebecca E Schweppe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Bongiovanni L, Andriessen A, Silvestri S, Porcellato I, Brachelente C, de Bruin A. H2AFZ: A Novel Prognostic Marker in Canine Melanoma and a Predictive Marker for Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitor Treatment. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:705359. [PMID: 34485433 PMCID: PMC8415453 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.705359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled proliferation is a key feature of tumor progression and malignancy. This suggests that cell-cycle related factors could be exploited as cancer biomarkers and that pathways specifically involved in the cell cycle, such as the Rb-E2F pathway, could be targeted as an effective anti-tumor therapy. We investigated 34 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of canine cutaneous melanocytoma, cutaneous melanoma, and oral melanoma. Corresponding clinical follow-up data were used to determine the prognostic value of the mRNA expression levels of several cell cycle regulated E2F target genes (E2F1, DHFR, CDC6, ATAD2, MCM2, H2AFZ, GINS2, and survivin/BIRC5). Moreover, using four canine melanoma cell lines, we explored the possibility of blocking the Rb-E2F pathway by using a CDK4/6 inhibitor (Palbociclib) as a potential anti-cancer therapy. We investigated the expression levels of the same E2F target gene transcripts before and after treatment to determine the potential utility of these molecules as predictive markers. The E2F target gene H2AFZ was expressed in 91.43% of the primary tumors and H2AFZ expression was significantly higher in cases with unfavorable clinical outcome. Among the other tested genes, survivin/BIRC5 showed as well-promising results as a prognostic marker in canine melanoma. Three of the four tested melanoma cell lines were sensitive to the CDK4/6 inhibitor. The resistant cell line displayed higher expression levels of H2AFZ before treatment compared to the CDK4/6 inhibitor-sensitive cell lines. The present results suggest that CDK4/6 inhibitors could potentially be used as a new anti-cancer treatment for canine melanoma and that H2AFZ could serve as a prognostic and predictive marker for patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anneloes Andriessen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Basic Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Carcinogenic Effects of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4) in Human Surface Tumors. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:8493572. [PMID: 34422248 PMCID: PMC8371625 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8493572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the evidence based on current human, animal, or molecular biology can explain some of the relationships between CDK4 and cancer, there is no pan-cancer analysis of the gene CDK4 in human skin tumors. Therefore, the potential carcinogenic effects of CDK4 in 33 tumors were initially explored in the datasets of the GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) and the CGA (Cancer Genome Atlas). We found that CDK4 was highly expressed in most cancers and that CDK4 performance levels significantly correlated with the prognosis of cancer patients. These were found in our preliminary exploration. In addition, we used the dataset in tumors such as cutaneous melanoma or lung adenocarcinoma and found increased levels of phosphorylation of r24 l/C/h/s. In addition, fibroblast infiltration associated with CDK4 cancer was observed in head and neck, sarcoma, and melanoma skin. Using this pan-cancer study, our group has provided a comprehensive preliminary demonstration of the oncogenic effects of the CDK4 gene on different human skin tumors.
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Stadler ZK, Maio A, Chakravarty D, Kemel Y, Sheehan M, Salo-Mullen E, Tkachuk K, Fong CJ, Nguyen B, Erakky A, Cadoo K, Liu Y, Carlo MI, Latham A, Zhang H, Kundra R, Smith S, Galle J, Aghajanian C, Abu-Rustum N, Varghese A, O'Reilly EM, Morris M, Abida W, Walsh M, Drilon A, Jayakumaran G, Zehir A, Ladanyi M, Ceyhan-Birsoy O, Solit DB, Schultz N, Berger MF, Mandelker D, Diaz LA, Offit K, Robson ME. Therapeutic Implications of Germline Testing in Patients With Advanced Cancers. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:2698-2709. [PMID: 34133209 PMCID: PMC8376329 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor mutational profiling is increasingly performed in patients with advanced cancer. We determined the extent to which germline mutation profiling guides therapy selection in patients with advanced cancer. METHODS Patients with cancer undergoing tumor genomic profiling were prospectively consented for germline cancer predisposition gene analysis (2015-2019). In patients harboring germline likely pathogenic or pathogenic (LP/P) alterations, therapeutic actionability was classified using a precision oncology knowledge base. Patients with metastatic or recurrent cancer receiving germline genotype-directed therapy were determined. RESULTS Among 11,947 patients across > 50 malignancies, 17% (n = 2,037) harbored a germline LP/P variant. By oncology knowledge base classification, 9% (n = 1042) had an LP/P variant in a gene with therapeutic implications (4% level 1; 4% level 3B; < 1% level 4). BRCA1/2 variants accounted for 42% of therapeutically actionable findings, followed by CHEK2 (13%), ATM (12%), mismatch repair genes (11%), and PALB2 (5%). When limited to the 9,079 patients with metastatic or recurrent cancer, 8% (n = 710) harbored level 1 or 3B genetic findings and 3.2% (n = 289) received germline genotype-directed therapy. Germline genotype-directed therapy was received by 61% and 18% of metastatic cancer patients with level 1 and level 3B findings, respectively, and by 54% of BRCA1/2, 75% of mismatch repair, 43% of PALB2, 35% of RAD51C/D, 24% of BRIP1, and 19% of ATM carriers. Of BRCA1/2 patients receiving a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, 45% (84 of 188) had tumors other than breast or ovarian cancer, wherein the drug, at time of delivery, was delivered in an investigational setting. CONCLUSION In a pan-cancer analysis, 8% of patients with advanced cancer harbored a germline variant with therapeutic actionability with 40% of these patients receiving germline genotype-directed treatment. Germline sequence analysis is additive to tumor sequence analysis for therapy selection and should be considered for all patients with advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia K. Stadler
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Anna Maio
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Debyani Chakravarty
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Yelena Kemel
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Margaret Sheehan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Erin Salo-Mullen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kaitlyn Tkachuk
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Christopher J. Fong
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Bastien Nguyen
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Amanda Erakky
- David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Karen Cadoo
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Maria I. Carlo
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alicia Latham
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ritika Kundra
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Shaleigh Smith
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jesse Galle
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nadeem Abu-Rustum
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Anna Varghese
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Eileen M. O'Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- David M. Rubinstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael Morris
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Wassim Abida
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Gowtham Jayakumaran
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ozge Ceyhan-Birsoy
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David B. Solit
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael F. Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Diana Mandelker
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Luis A. Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Mark E. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Hashimoto H, Kaku-Ito Y, Oda Y, Ito T. CDK4: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Extramammary Paget's Disease. Front Oncol 2021; 11:710378. [PMID: 34395284 PMCID: PMC8358779 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.710378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is poor when it progresses to metastasis because of the lack of effective systemic therapies. Recently, CDK4-targeted therapy has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic target for some cancers. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of CDK4 expression on the survival of patients with EMPD. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 110 patients with EMPD. We conducted immunohistochemical analysis of CDK4 and cyclin D1 expression, and assessed the association between their expression and survival. RESULTS Most EMPD lesions (108/110, 98.2%) were positive for CDK4 staining and there was a positive correlation between CDK4 expression and cyclin D1 expression (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). Tumor thickness (p = 0.0003) and the presence of regional lymph node metastasis (p = 0.015) were significantly associated with high CDK4 expression. Regarding invasive EMPD, the multivariate analysis did not show the correlation between the expression of CDK4/cyclin D1 and survival outcomes (HR: 3.14, p = 0.14). CONCLUSION The overexpression of CDK4 was identified as a major risk factor for disease progression. CDK4-targeted therapy could thus be a novel treatment option for unresectable EMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kaku-Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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38
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Garutti M, Targato G, Buriolla S, Palmero L, Minisini AM, Puglisi F. CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Melanoma: A Comprehensive Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061334. [PMID: 34071228 PMCID: PMC8227121 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, metastatic melanoma was considered a highly lethal disease. However, recent advances in drug development have allowed a significative improvement in prognosis. In particular, BRAF/MEK inhibitors and anti-PD1 antibodies have completely revolutionized the management of this disease. Nonetheless, not all patients derive a benefit or a durable benefit from these therapies. To overtake this challenges, new clinically active compounds are being tested in the context of clinical trials. CDK4/6 inhibitors are drugs already available in clinical practice and preliminary evidence showed a promising activity also in melanoma. Herein we review the available literature to depict a comprehensive landscape about CDK4/6 inhibitors in melanoma. We present the molecular and genetic background that might justify the usage of these drugs, the preclinical evidence, the clinical available data, and the most promising ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Garutti
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giada Targato
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.T.); (S.B.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Silvia Buriolla
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.T.); (S.B.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Lorenza Palmero
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.T.); (S.B.); (A.M.M.)
| | | | - Fabio Puglisi
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.T.); (S.B.); (A.M.M.)
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Podlipnik S, Potrony M, Puig S. Genetic markers for characterization and prediction of prognosis of melanoma subtypes: a 2021 update. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2021; 156:322-330. [PMID: 33982545 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.21.06957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article we examined the most important genetic markers involved in melanoma susceptibility, initiation and progression, and their impact on the prognosis of the disease. Current knowledge in melanoma genetics identifies distinct pathways to the development of different melanoma subtypes characterized by specific clinico-pathological features and partially known genetic markers, modulated by high, low or absence of cumulative sun damage. The most prevalent somatic mutations are related to the activation of the MAPK pathway, which are classified into four major subtypes: BRAF mutant, NRAS mutant, NF1 mutant and triple wild type. Moreover, germinal mutations are also involved in the characterization and predictions of prognosis in melanoma. Currently, CDKN2A is seen as the main high-risk gene involved in melanoma susceptibility being mutated in around 20% of melanoma-prone families. Other high-risk susceptibility genes described include CDK4, POT1, BAP1, TERT promoter, ACD, and TERF2IP. Melanoma is one of the most genetically predisposed among all cancers in humans, and ultraviolet light from the sun is the main environmental factor. This genetic predisposition is starting to be understood, impacting not only on the risk of developing melanoma but also on the risk of developing other types of cancer, as well as on the prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Podlipnik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Barcelona, Hospital of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Melanoma, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Potrony
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Barcelona, Hospital of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain - .,Unit of Melanoma, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Louveau B, Resche-Rigon M, Lesimple T, Da Meda L, Pracht M, Baroudjian B, Delyon J, Amini-Adle M, Dutriaux C, Reger de Moura C, Sadoux A, Jouenne F, Ghrieb Z, Vilquin P, Bouton D, Tibi A, Huguet S, Rezai K, Battistella M, Mourah S, Lebbe C. Phase I-II Open-Label Multicenter Study of Palbociclib + Vemurafenib in BRAF V600MUT Metastatic Melanoma Patients: Uncovering CHEK2 as a Major Response Mechanism. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3876-3883. [PMID: 33947696 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In BRAF V600MUT metastatic melanoma, cyclin D-CDK4/6-INK4-Rb pathway alterations are involved in resistance to MAPK inhibitors, suggesting a clinical benefit of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) inhibitors. In this phase I-II study, we aimed to establish the MTD of palbociclib when added to vemurafenib. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with BRAF V600E/KMUT metastatic melanoma harboring CDKN2A loss and RB1 expression were included and stratified into two groups according to previous BRAF inhibitor treatment (no:strata 1; yes:strata 2). Treatment comprised palbociclib once daily for 14 days followed by a 7-day break + continuous dosing of vemurafenib. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and the secondary endpoints included the best response, survival, pharmacokinetics, and tumor molecular profiling. RESULTS Eighteen patients were enrolled, with 15 in strata 2. Characteristics at inclusion were American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IVM1c (N = 16; 88.9%), high lactate dehydrogenase (N = 9; 50.0%), and median number of previous treatments of 2. One and 5 patients experienced DLT in strata 1 and 2, respectively, defining the MTD at palbociclib 25 mg and vemurafenib 960 mg in strata 2. No significant evidence for drug-drug interactions was highlighted. The median progression-free survival was 2.8 months, and 5 (27.8%) patients showed a clinical response. The baseline differential mRNA expression analysis and in vitro data revealed the role of CHEK2 in the response to palbociclib. CONCLUSIONS Although the combination of palbociclib + fixed-dose vemurafenib did not allow an increased palbociclib dosage above 25 mg, a significant clinical benefit was achieved in pretreated patients with melanoma. An association between the transcriptomic data and clinical response was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Louveau
- Department of Pharmacology and Solid Tumor Genomics, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Team 1, Human Immunology Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy (HIPI), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Resche-Rigon
- Department of Biostatistics, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1153, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Lesimple
- Oncodermatology Unit, Eugene Marquis Center, CHU CLCC, Rennes, France
| | - Laetitia Da Meda
- Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC 1427), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Marc Pracht
- Oncodermatology Unit, Eugene Marquis Center, CHU CLCC, Rennes, France
| | - Barouyr Baroudjian
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Team 1, Human Immunology Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy (HIPI), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Julie Delyon
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Team 1, Human Immunology Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy (HIPI), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
- Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Coralie Reger de Moura
- Department of Pharmacology and Solid Tumor Genomics, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Sadoux
- Department of Pharmacology and Solid Tumor Genomics, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Fanélie Jouenne
- Department of Pharmacology and Solid Tumor Genomics, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Team 1, Human Immunology Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy (HIPI), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Zineb Ghrieb
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC 1427), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Paul Vilquin
- Department of Pharmacology and Solid Tumor Genomics, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Team 1, Human Immunology Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy (HIPI), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maxime Battistella
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Team 1, Human Immunology Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy (HIPI), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, APHP Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Samia Mourah
- Department of Pharmacology and Solid Tumor Genomics, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Team 1, Human Immunology Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy (HIPI), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
| | - Céleste Lebbe
- Université de Paris, INSERM U976, Team 1, Human Immunology Pathophysiology and Immunotherapy (HIPI), Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France.
- Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis Hospital APHP, Paris, France
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Raimondi L, Raimondi FM, Pietranera M, Di Rocco A, Di Benedetto L, Miele E, Lazzeroni R, Cimino G, Spinelli GP. Assessment of Resistance Mechanisms and Clinical Implications in Patients with KRAS Mutated-Metastatic Breast Cancer and Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081928. [PMID: 33923563 PMCID: PMC8073052 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant is used globally to treat metastatic breast cancer, but it was recognized that not all patients benefit from this combination of drugs. However, the predictive factors remain unknown. Here, we show KRAS ctDNA levels as predictive mechanisms of resistance to palbociclib and fulvestrant, and their association with the time to treatment discontinuation of the above treatment. These observations shed light on the potential clinical applications of ctDNA analysis in this setting of patients, in order to provide critical information about tumour dynamics, and to predict who will take advantage from CDK4/6 inhibitors. Abstract Despite therapeutic improvements, resistance to palbociclib is a growing clinical challenge which is poorly understood. This study was conducted in order to understand the molecular mechanisms of resistance to palbociclib, and to identify biomarkers to predict who will take advantage from cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i). A total of about a thousand blood samples were collected from 106 patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative metastatic breast cancer who received palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant as the first-line metastatic therapy enrolled in this study. The genotyping of their plasma cell-free DNA was studied, including serial plasma samples. Collectively, our findings identify the appearance of KRAS mutations leading to palbociclib resistance acquisition within 6 months, and provide critical information for the prediction of therapeutic responses in metastatic breast cancer. By monitoring KRAS status through liquid biopsy, we could predict who will take advantage from the combination of palbociclib and fulvestrant, offering highly-individualized treatment plans, thus ensuring the best patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Raimondi
- U.O.C. Territorial Oncology of Aprilia, Sapienza University of Rome, 04011 Aprilia, Italy; (L.R.); (G.C.)
| | | | - Marta Pietranera
- Centro Medico Diagnostico Salus, Via Cadorna 8, 00053 Civitavecchia, Italy;
| | - Arianna Di Rocco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rachele Lazzeroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Scieces and Translational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Cimino
- U.O.C. Territorial Oncology of Aprilia, Sapienza University of Rome, 04011 Aprilia, Italy; (L.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Gian Paolo Spinelli
- U.O.C. Territorial Oncology of Aprilia, Sapienza University of Rome, 04011 Aprilia, Italy; (L.R.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Fan Y, Xu M, Liang Y, Wu N, Wang F, Du Q, Bai Y, Liu Y. Desmoplastic Melanoma: A Clinicopathological Analysis of Three Cases in the Chinese Population. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2651-2660. [PMID: 33883908 PMCID: PMC8055249 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s295716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and immunophenotype of desmoplastic melanoma (DM) in the Chinese population. Patients and Methods We report three cases of DM diagnosed by the Pathology Department of Shanghai Dermatology Hospital. We describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of the three cases and examine molecular markers used in the diagnosis of DM. Finally, we summarize the current literature in the DM field. Results Clinically, lesions in the three DM patients were characterized by non-pigmented nodules or papules. Microscopically, we observed an abundance of fibrous interstitium mixed with spindle cells exhibiting various degrees of atypia. Occasionally, these structures exhibited changes in lentigo maligna at the epidermal junction, accompanied by the presence of lymphoid follicular structures and neurophilic behavior. Diagnosis of DM was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining, which revealed high expression levels of S-100 and SOX-10. Melanocyte markers were focally positive or negative. Unlike DMs from other populations, our three patients were negative for WT-1 and P53. All three cases received surgical resection, which is the preferred treatment for DM, and none of the patients experienced recurrence. Conclusion DM in these Chinese patients was similar to that observed in other DM populations in terms of immunophenotype and clinical and histological features. A notable absence in p53 staining was observed in the three cases reported here, suggesting that p53 negativity should not exclude the diagnosis of DM in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Fan
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Xu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Liang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanhui Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyan Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Du
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200050, People's Republic of China
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Palbociclib in advanced acral melanoma with genetic aberrations in the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 pathway. Eur J Cancer 2021; 148:297-306. [PMID: 33770575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic aberrations in the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 pathway occur in 82% of patients with acral melanoma (AM), which is the predominant subtype of melanoma in China. We aimed to evaluate the anti-tumour activity of palbociclib, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, in patients with advanced AM with CDK4 pathway gene aberrations. METHODS In this phase II trial, patients with advanced AM with CDK4 or/and CCND1 gain or/and CDKN2A loss were treated with oral palbociclib (125 mg) on days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle. The primary end-point was overall response rate (ORR). Secondary end-points were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). Whole-exome sequencing and multiplex immunohistochemistry of the available formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of nine patients were analysed to explore the predictive biomarkers of palbociclib response. RESULTS Fifteen patients were enrolled. Three (20.0%) patients achieved tumour shrinkage at 8 weeks, including one with confirmed partial response. At data cut-off date, treatment was ongoing for one patient. The median PFS was 2.2 mo (range: 1.5-13.3 mo; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9-2.5), and the median OS was 9.5 mo (range: 2.6-14.1 mo, 95% CI: 5.7-13.4). Eight patients died due to disease progression. The most common TRAEs were leukopenia (87%; Grade III/IV, 27%), neutropenia (80%; grade III/IV, 27%), and fatigue (53%; grade III/IV, 7%). Significant JAK2 deletions and SH2B3 amplifications were observed in patients who did not achieve any clinical benefit (CB) with palbociclib treatment. MCM7 amplification or protein expression level was found to be associated with CB. CONCLUSIONS Palbociclib monotherapy demonstrated preliminary efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in advanced AM patients with CDK4 pathway aberrations. Patients with amplification or high protein levels of MCM7 were more prone to benefit from palbociclib. The JAK-STAT pathway might play a role in the mechanism of action of palbociclib in AM. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03454919. THE DATE OF REGISTRATION March 6, 2018.
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AMPK Is the Crucial Target for the CDK4/6 Inhibitors Mediated Therapeutic Responses in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. STRESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The survival rate of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients is short, and PDAC is a cancer type that ranks fourth in the statistics regarding death due to cancer. Mutation in the KRAS gene, which plays a role in pancreatic cancer development, activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The activity of the AMPK as a cellular energy sensor is one of the fundamental mechanisms that can induce effective therapeutic responses against CDK4/6 inhibitors via adjusting the cellular and tumor microenvironment stress management. The phosphorylation of AMPKα at the different phosphorylation residues such as Thr172 and Ser 377 causes metabolic differentiation in the cells following CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment in accordance with an increased cell cycle arrest and senescence under the control of different cellular players. In this study, we examined the competencies of the CDK4/6 inhibitors LY2835219 and PD-0332991 on the mechanism of cell survival and death based on AMPK signaling. Both CDK4/6 inhibitors LY2835219 and PD-0332991 modulated different molecular players on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK signaling axis in different ways to reduce cell survival in a cell type dependent manner. These drugs are potential inducers of apoptosis and senescence that can alter the therapeutic efficacy cells.
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Marjon K, Kalev P, Marks K. Cancer Dependencies: PRMT5 and MAT2A in MTAP/p16-Deleted Cancers. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of targeted therapies that selectively exploit the genetic inactivation of specific tumor suppressors remains a major challenge. This includes the prevalent deletion of the CDKN2A/ MTAP locus, which was first reported nearly 40 years ago. The more recent advent of RNA interference and functional genomic screening technologies led to the identification of hidden collateral lethalities occurring with passenger deletions of MTAP in cancer cells. In particular, small-molecule inhibition of the type II arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 and the S-adenosylmethionine-producing enzyme MAT2A each presents a precision medicine approach for the treatment of patients whose tumors have homozygous loss of MTAP. In this review, we highlight key aspects of MTAP, PRMT5, and MAT2A biology to provide a conceptual framework for developing novel therapeutic strategies in tumors with MTAP deletion and to summarize ongoing efforts to drug PRMT5 and MAT2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Marjon
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter Kalev
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kevin Marks
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Chen T, Liu L, Zou Y, Hu X, Zhang W, Zhou T, Luo X, Fu W, Xu J. Nobiletin downregulates the SKP2-p21/p27-CDK2 axis to inhibit tumor progression and shows synergistic effects with palbociclib on renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:227-244. [PMID: 33628597 PMCID: PMC7877181 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Natural extracts, including nobiletin, have been reported to enhance the efficacy and sensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, whether and how nobiletin affects tumor growth and progression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are still unclear. Methods: Cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis analyses, colony-formation assays, immunoblotting analysis, and qRT-PCR analysis were performed to investigate how nobiletin affected RCC cell proliferation in vitro. The nude mouse model was used to test the efficacy of nobiletin alone or in combination with palbociclib. Results: Nobiletin inhibited cell proliferation by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in RCC cells. Mechanistically, nobiletin decreased SKP2 protein expression by reducing its transcriptional level. The downregulated SKP2 caused accumulation of its substrates, p27 and p21, which further inhibited the activity of the G1 phase-related protein, CDK2, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor formation. A higher SKP2 protein level indicated less sensitivity to the CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib. A combination of nobiletin and palbociclib showed a synergistic tumor inhibition in vitro and in an in vivo model. Conclusions: Nobiletin downregulated the SKP2-p21/p27-CDK2 axis to inhibit tumor progression and showed synergistic tumor inhibition effects with the CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, on RCC, which indicates a potential new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Yonghong Zou
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ji'an Central People's Hospital, Ji'an 343100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hu
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330001, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weihua Fu
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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Kalev P, Hyer ML, Gross S, Konteatis Z, Chen CC, Fletcher M, Lein M, Aguado-Fraile E, Frank V, Barnett A, Mandley E, Goldford J, Chen Y, Sellers K, Hayes S, Lizotte K, Quang P, Tuncay Y, Clasquin M, Peters R, Weier J, Simone E, Murtie J, Liu W, Nagaraja R, Dang L, Sui Z, Biller SA, Travins J, Marks KM, Marjon K. MAT2A Inhibition Blocks the Growth of MTAP-Deleted Cancer Cells by Reducing PRMT5-Dependent mRNA Splicing and Inducing DNA Damage. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:209-224.e11. [PMID: 33450196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene is located adjacent to the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) tumor-suppressor gene and is co-deleted with CDKN2A in approximately 15% of all cancers. This co-deletion leads to aggressive tumors with poor prognosis that lack effective, molecularly targeted therapies. The metabolic enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase 2α (MAT2A) was identified as a synthetic lethal target in MTAP-deleted cancers. We report the characterization of potent MAT2A inhibitors that substantially reduce levels of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and demonstrate antiproliferative activity in MTAP-deleted cancer cells and tumors. Using RNA sequencing and proteomics, we demonstrate that MAT2A inhibition is mechanistically linked to reduced protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) activity and splicing perturbations. We further show that DNA damage and mitotic defects ensue upon MAT2A inhibition in HCT116 MTAP-/- cells, providing a rationale for combining the MAT2A clinical candidate AG-270 with antimitotic taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kalev
- Biology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marc L Hyer
- Pharmacology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stefan Gross
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zenon Konteatis
- Chemistry, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chen
- Bioinformatics, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark Fletcher
- Bioinformatics, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Max Lein
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elia Aguado-Fraile
- Clinical Biomarkers, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Victoria Frank
- Biology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amelia Barnett
- Biology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Everton Mandley
- Pharmacology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Goldford
- Cell Metabolism, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katie Sellers
- Cell Metabolism, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastian Hayes
- Cell Metabolism, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kate Lizotte
- Cell Metabolism, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Phong Quang
- Biology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yesim Tuncay
- Biology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Clasquin
- Cell Metabolism, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rachel Peters
- Toxicology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jaclyn Weier
- Biology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Simone
- Chemistry, Manufacturing and Control, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Murtie
- Biology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Pharmacology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Bioinformatics, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Raj Nagaraja
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lenny Dang
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhihua Sui
- Chemistry, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Scott A Biller
- Chemistry, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy Travins
- Chemistry, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin M Marks
- Biology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katya Marjon
- Biology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in Human Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Cell Lines Is Enhanced by the CDK4/6 Inhibitor Palbociclib. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2021; 19:316-324. [PMID: 33676835 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the mainstay of pharmacological treatment of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) that, together with early diagnosis, surgery, and/or radiotherapy, has dramatically improved the prognosis. However, under the pressure of such pharmacological therapy (both classical cytotoxic drugs and targeted therapy), cancer cells may develop resistance. Thus, combination therapy that may include cytotoxic drugs and targeted therapy could offer an advantage to curing cancers. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of cisplatin, as a single-agent or in combination with palbociclib. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cell viability of Ntera-2/cl.D1 (NT2/D1) and 833K after exposure to palbociclib and/or cisplatin was evaluated by MTT dye reduction assay and by ATPLite Luminescence Assay. Gene and protein expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and by western blot. Flow cytometric cell-cycle analysis was performed, as well. The in vivo experiments were conducted on NT2/D1 xenografts in AB zebrafish embryos exposed to the drugs. RESULTS Palbociclib and cisplatin decreased TGCT cell viability both in vitro and in vivo. This effect was additive when cells were exposed to the drug combination. In the NT2/D1 cell lines, the drug combination also exerted a positive effect with regard to delaying cell recovery after the toxic insult. In the combination experiments, cisplatin-induced cell accumulation in G2/M was predominant compared with the palbociclib effect. CONCLUSIONS These results could provide the rationale for developing further studies to improve the pharmacological treatment of TGCTs, but they must be demonstrated in a dedicated clinical trial.
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Köhler J, Zhao Y, Li J, Gokhale PC, Tiv HL, Knott AR, Wilkens MK, Soroko KM, Lin M, Ambrogio C, Musteanu M, Ogino A, Choi J, Bahcall M, Bertram AA, Chambers ES, Paweletz CP, Bhagwat SV, Manro JR, Tiu RV, Jänne PA. ERK Inhibitor LY3214996-Based Treatment Strategies for RAS-Driven Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:641-654. [PMID: 33536188 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RAS gene mutations are the most frequent oncogenic event in lung cancer. They activate multiple RAS-centric signaling networks among them the MAPK, PI3K, and RB pathways. Within the MAPK pathway, ERK1/2 proteins exert a bottleneck function for transmitting mitogenic signals and activating cytoplasmic and nuclear targets. In view of disappointing antitumor activity and toxicity of continuously applied MEK inhibitors in patients with KRAS-mutant lung cancer, research has recently focused on ERK1/2 proteins as therapeutic targets and on ERK inhibitors for their ability to prevent bypass and feedback pathway activation. Here, we show that intermittent application of the novel and selective ATP-competitive ERK1/2 inhibitor LY3214996 exerts single-agent activity in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of RAS-mutant lung cancer. Combination treatments were well tolerated and resulted in synergistic (ERKi plus PI3K/mTORi LY3023414) and additive (ERKi plus CDK4/6i abemaciclib) tumor growth inhibition in PDX models. Future clinical trials are required to investigate if intermittent ERK inhibitor-based treatment schedules can overcome toxicities observed with continuous MEK inhibition and-equally important-to identify biomarkers for patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Köhler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prafulla C Gokhale
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hong L Tiv
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aine R Knott
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret K Wilkens
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kara M Soroko
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mika Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Musteanu
- Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncology Program, CNIO, Madrid, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuko Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jihyun Choi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Magda Bahcall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arrien A Bertram
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily S Chambers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cloud P Paweletz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shripad V Bhagwat
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jason R Manro
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ramon V Tiu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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50
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Intrinsic and acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors and potential overcoming strategies. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:171-178. [PMID: 32504067 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which result in aberrant cell proliferation, is one of the inherent characteristics of tumor. Thus targeting the activity of CDKs represents a promising tumor therapeutic strategy. Currently, the specific inhibitors that target CDK4 and CDK6 have been approved for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (ER+ HER2-) breast cancer in combination with endocrine therapy; other combination strategies are being tested in a number of clinical trials. However, the acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors has emerged. As the cell cycle is orchestrated by a series of biological events, the alterations of other molecular events that regulate the cell cycle progression may be involved in intrinsic resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. In this review we mainly discuss the mechanisms underlying intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors as well as combination strategies with other signal pathway inhibitors being tested in clinical and pre-clinical studies, to extend the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in tumor treatment.
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