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Liu Y, Ren J, Ma S, Wu C. The spike-and-slab quantile LASSO for robust variable selection in cancer genomics studies. Stat Med 2024. [PMID: 39260448 DOI: 10.1002/sim.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Data irregularity in cancer genomics studies has been widely observed in the form of outliers and heavy-tailed distributions in the complex traits. In the past decade, robust variable selection methods have emerged as powerful alternatives to the nonrobust ones to identify important genes associated with heterogeneous disease traits and build superior predictive models. In this study, to keep the remarkable features of the quantile LASSO and fully Bayesian regularized quantile regression while overcoming their disadvantage in the analysis of high-dimensional genomics data, we propose the spike-and-slab quantile LASSO through a fully Bayesian spike-and-slab formulation under the robust likelihood by adopting the asymmetric Laplace distribution (ALD). The proposed robust method has inherited the prominent properties of selective shrinkage and self-adaptivity to the sparsity pattern from the spike-and-slab LASSO (Roc̆ková and George, J Am Stat Associat, 2018, 113(521): 431-444). Furthermore, the spike-and-slab quantile LASSO has a computational advantage to locate the posterior modes via soft-thresholding rule guided Expectation-Maximization (EM) steps in the coordinate descent framework, a phenomenon rarely observed for robust regularization with nondifferentiable loss functions. We have conducted comprehensive simulation studies with a variety of heavy-tailed errors in both homogeneous and heterogeneous model settings to demonstrate the superiority of the spike-and-slab quantile LASSO over its competing methods. The advantage of the proposed method has been further demonstrated in case studies of the lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) and skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Liu
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cen Wu
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Mizdrak M, Ticinovic Kurir T, Mizdrak I, Kumric M, Krnic M, Bozic J. The Role of the Gap Junction Protein Connexin in Adrenal Gland Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5399. [PMID: 38791437 PMCID: PMC11121959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are important in the regulation of cell growth, morphology, differentiation and migration. However, recently, more attention has been paid to their role in the pathogenesis of different diseases as well as tumorigenesis, invasion and metastases. The expression pattern and possible role of connexins (Cxs), as major GJ proteins, under both physiological and pathological conditions in the adrenal gland, were evaluated in this review. The databases Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus were searched. Studies were evaluated if they provided data regarding the connexin expression pattern in the adrenal gland, despite current knowledge of this topic not being widely investigated. Connexin expression in the adrenal gland differs according to different parts of the gland and depends on ACTH release. Cx43 is the most studied connexin expressed in the adrenal gland cortex. In addition, Cx26, Cx32 and Cx50 were also investigated in the human adrenal gland. Cx50 as the most widespread connexin, along with Cx26, Cx29, Cx32, Cx36 and Cx43, has been expressed in the adrenal medulla with distinct cellular distribution. Considerable effort has recently been directed toward connexins as therapeutically targeted molecules. At present, there exist several viable strategies in the development of potential connexin-based therapeutics. The differential and hormone-dependent distribution of gap junctions within adrenal glands, the relatively large gap junction within this gland and the increase in the gap junction size and number following hormonal treatment would indicate that gap junctions play a pivotal role in cell functioning in the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mizdrak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.M.); (T.T.K.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Tina Ticinovic Kurir
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.M.); (T.T.K.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ivan Mizdrak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Marko Kumric
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Laboratory for Cardiometabolic Research, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mladen Krnic
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.M.); (T.T.K.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Laboratory for Cardiometabolic Research, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Yasarbas SS, Inal E, Yildirim MA, Dubrac S, Lamartine J, Mese G. Connexins in epidermal health and diseases: insights into their mutations, implications, and therapeutic solutions. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1346971. [PMID: 38827992 PMCID: PMC11140265 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1346971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, serves as a protective barrier against external factors. Epidermal differentiation, a tightly regulated process essential for epidermal homeostasis, epidermal barrier formation and skin integrity maintenance, is orchestrated by several players, including signaling molecules, calcium gradient and junctional complexes such as gap junctions (GJs). GJ proteins, known as connexins facilitate cell-to-cell communication between adjacent keratinocytes. Connexins can function as either hemichannels or GJs, depending on their interaction with other connexons from neighboring keratinocytes. These channels enable the transport of metabolites, cAMP, microRNAs, and ions, including Ca2+, across cell membranes. At least ten distinct connexins are expressed within the epidermis and mutations in at least five of them has been linked to various skin disorders. Connexin mutations may cause aberrant channel activity by altering their synthesis, their gating properties, their intracellular trafficking, and the assembly of hemichannels and GJ channels. In addition to mutations, connexin expression is dysregulated in other skin conditions including psoriasis, chronic wound and skin cancers, indicating the crucial role of connexins in skin homeostasis. Current treatment options for conditions with mutant or altered connexins are limited and primarily focus on symptom management. Several therapeutics, including non-peptide chemicals, antibodies, mimetic peptides and allele-specific small interfering RNAs are promising in treating connexin-related skin disorders. Since connexins play crucial roles in maintaining epidermal homeostasis as shown with linkage to a range of skin disorders and cancer, further investigations are warranted to decipher the molecular and cellular alterations within cells due to mutations or altered expression, leading to abnormal proliferation and differentiation. This would also help characterize the roles of each isoform in skin homeostasis, in addition to the development of innovative therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the critical functions of connexins in the epidermis and the association between connexins and skin disorders, and discusses potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Suheda Yasarbas
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Ece Inal
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - M. Azra Yildirim
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jérôme Lamartine
- Skin Functional Integrity Group, Laboratory for Tissue Biology and Therapeutics Engineering (LBTI) CNRS UMR5305, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gulistan Mese
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir, Turkiye
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Cerdido S, Abrisqueta M, Sánchez-Beltrán J, Lambertos A, Castejón-Griñán M, Muñoz C, Olivares C, García-Borrón JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Herraiz C. MGRN1 depletion promotes intercellular adhesion in melanoma by upregulation of E-cadherin and inhibition of CDC42. Cancer Lett 2024; 581:216484. [PMID: 38008393 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 is an E3-ubiquitin ligase encoded by the color gene MGRN1. Our previous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that Mgrn1 deletion in mouse melanoma cells induced cell differentiation and adhesion, and decreased cell motility and invasion on collagen I, and lung colonization in an in vivo model. Here, we investigated the role of MGRN1 on human melanoma cell morphology, adhesion and expression of genes/proteins involved in an EMT-like transition. We demonstrated that wild-type BRAF human melanoma cells adopted a clustering-like morphology on collagen I, with permanent MGRN1 abrogation resulting in bigger cell clusters. Enhanced intercellular adhesion was mostly mediated by induction of E-cadherin and higher co-localization with β-catenin. Transcriptional upregulation of E-cadherin likely occurred through downregulation of the ZEB1 repressor. Finally, pulldown assays showed reduced activation of CDC42 in the absence of MGRN1, which was reverted after E-cadherin silencing. Overall, these findings highlight a new MGRN1-dependent pathway regulating melanoma cell shape, motility, and invasion potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cerdido
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Abrisqueta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Sánchez-Beltrán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Castejón-Griñán
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Olivares
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - J C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120, Murcia, Spain.
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A Quantitative Assay for Ca2+ Uptake through Normal and Pathological Hemichannels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137337. [PMID: 35806342 PMCID: PMC9266989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HCs) are large pore hexameric structures that allow the exchange of ions, metabolites and a variety of other molecules between the cell cytoplasm and extracellular milieu. HC inhibitors are attracting growing interest as drug candidates because deregulated fluxes through HCs have been implicated in a plethora of genetic conditions and other diseases. HC activity has been mainly investigated by electrophysiological methods and/or using HC-permeable dye uptake measurements. Here, we present an all-optical assay based on fluorometric measurements of ionized calcium (Ca2+) uptake with a Ca2+-selective genetically encoded indicator (GCaMP6s) that permits the optical tracking of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) changes with high sensitivity. We exemplify use of the assay in stable pools of HaCaT cells overexpressing human Cx26, Cx46, or the pathological mutant Cx26G45E, under control of a tetracycline (Tet) responsive element (TRE) promoter (Tet-on). We demonstrate the usefulness of the assay for the characterization of new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the extracellular domain of the HCs. Although we developed the assay on a spinning disk confocal fluorescence microscope, the same methodology can be extended seamlessly to high-throughput high-content platforms to screen other kinds of inhibitors and/or to probe HCs expressed in primary cells and microtissues.
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Connexin Mutations and Hereditary Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084255. [PMID: 35457072 PMCID: PMC9027513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited diseases caused by connexin mutations are found in multiple organs and include hereditary deafness, congenital cataract, congenital heart diseases, hereditary skin diseases, and X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT1X). A large number of knockout and knock-in animal models have been used to study the pathology and pathogenesis of diseases of different organs. Because the structures of different connexins are highly homologous and the functions of gap junctions formed by these connexins are similar, connexin-related hereditary diseases may share the same pathogenic mechanism. Here, we analyze the similarities and differences of the pathology and pathogenesis in animal models and find that connexin mutations in gap junction genes expressed in the ear, eye, heart, skin, and peripheral nerves can affect cellular proliferation and differentiation of corresponding organs. Additionally, some dominant mutations (e.g., Cx43 p.Gly60Ser, Cx32 p.Arg75Trp, Cx32 p.Asn175Asp, and Cx32 p.Arg142Trp) are identified as gain-of-function variants in vivo, which may play a vital role in the onset of dominant inherited diseases. Specifically, patients with these dominant mutations receive no benefits from gene therapy. Finally, the complete loss of gap junctional function or altered channel function including permeability (ions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), Ca2+, glucose, miRNA) and electric activity are also identified in vivo or in vitro.
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Retamal MA, Altenberg GA. Role and Posttranslational Regulation of Cx46 Hemichannels and Gap Junction Channels in the Eye Lens. Front Physiol 2022; 13:864948. [PMID: 35431975 PMCID: PMC9006113 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.864948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are a family of proteins that can form two distinct types of channels: hemichannels and gap junction channels. Hemichannels are composed of six connexin subunits and when open allow for exchanges between the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu. Gap junction channels are formed by head-to-head docking of two hemichannels in series, each one from one of two adjacent cells. These channels allow for exchanges between the cytoplasms of contacting cells. The lens is a transparent structure located in the eye that focuses light on the retina. The transparency of the lens depends on its lack of blood irrigation and the absence of organelles in its cells. To survive such complex metabolic scenario, lens cells express Cx43, Cx46 and Cx50, three connexins isoforms that form hemichannels and gap junction channels that allow for metabolic cooperation between lens cells. This review focuses on the roles of Cx46 hemichannels and gap junction channels in the lens under physiological conditions and in the formation of cataracts, with emphasis on the modulation by posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Retamal
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Clínica Alemana Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Clínica Alemana Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, and Center for Membrane Protein Research, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Mauricio A. Retamal, ; Guillermo A. Altenberg,
| | - Guillermo A. Altenberg
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, and Center for Membrane Protein Research, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Mauricio A. Retamal, ; Guillermo A. Altenberg,
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Fromme JE, Zigrino P. Melanoma metastasis, BRAF mutation and GJB5 connexin expression: a new prognostic factor. Br J Dermatol 2021; 186:13-14. [PMID: 34590708 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Fromme
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany.,Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (MSSO ABCD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - P Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany
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Scatolini M, Patel A, Grosso E, Mello-Grand M, Ostano P, Coppo R, Vitiello M, Venesio T, Zaccagna A, Pisacane A, Sarotto I, Taverna D, Poliseno L, Bergamaschi D, Chiorino G. GJB5 association with BRAF mutation and survival in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2021; 186:117-128. [PMID: 34240406 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gap junctional intercellular communication is crucial for epidermal cellular homeostasis. Inability to establish melanocyte-keratinocytes contacts and loss of intercellular junction's integrity may contribute to melanoma development. Connexins, laminins and desmocollins have been implicated in the control of melanoma growth, where their reduced expression has been reported in metastatic lesions. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate Connexin 31.1 (GJB5) expression and identify any association with BRAF mutational status, melanoma patient prognosis and MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS GJB5 expression was measured at RNA and protein level in melanoma clinical samples and established cell lines treated or not with BRAF and MEK inhibitors, as well as in cell lines which developed MAPK inhibitors resistance. Findings were further validated and confirmed by analysis of independent datasets. RESULTS Our analysis reveals significant downregulation of GJB5 expression in metastatic melanoma lesions compared to primary ones and in BRAF mutated versus BRAF wild-type melanomas. Likewise, GJB5 expression is significantly lower in BRAFV600E compared with BRAFWT cell lines and increases upon MAPKi treatment. MAPKi-resistant melanoma cells display a similar expression pattern compared to BRAFWT cells, with increased GJB5 expression associated with morphological changes. Enhancement of BRAFV600E expression in BRAFWT melanoma cells significantly upregulates miR-335-5p expression with consequent downregulation of GJB5, one of its targets. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-335-5p in two BRAFWT cell lines confirms specific GJB5 protein downregulation. RT-qPCR analysis also revealed upregulation of miR-335 in BRAFV600E melanoma cells, which is significantly downregulated in cells resistant to MEK inhibitors. Our data were further validated using the TCGA-SKCM dataset, where BRAF mutations associate with increased miR-335 expression and inversely correlate with GJB5 expression. In clinical samples, GJB5 underexpression is also associated with patient overall worse survival, especially at early stages. CONCLUSION We identified a significant association between metastases / BRAF mutation and low GJB5 expression in melanoma. Our results identify a novel mechanism of Gap-junctional protein regulation, suggesting a prognostic role for GJB5 in cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scatolini
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13875, Ponderano, BI, Italy
| | - A Patel
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London SMD, QMUL, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - E Grosso
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13875, Ponderano, BI, Italy
| | - M Mello-Grand
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - P Ostano
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - R Coppo
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, 10126, Torino, Italy.,Department of Clinical Bio-Resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Vitiello
- Oncogenomics Unit, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - T Venesio
- Pathology and Dermosurgery Units, Candiolo Cancer Institute (FPO-IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - A Zaccagna
- Pathology and Dermosurgery Units, Candiolo Cancer Institute (FPO-IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - A Pisacane
- Pathology and Dermosurgery Units, Candiolo Cancer Institute (FPO-IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - I Sarotto
- Pathology and Dermosurgery Units, Candiolo Cancer Institute (FPO-IRCCS), 10060, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - D Taverna
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - L Poliseno
- Oncogenomics Unit, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Bergamaschi
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London SMD, QMUL, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - G Chiorino
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13900, Biella, Italy
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