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Gallagher VT, Murthy P, Stocks J, Vesci B, Colegrove D, Mjaanes J, Chen Y, Breiter H, LaBella C, Herrold AA, Reilly JL. Differential Change in Oculomotor Performance among Female Collegiate Soccer Players versus Non-Contact Athletes from Pre- to Post-Season. Neurotrauma Rep 2020; 1:169-180. [PMID: 33274345 PMCID: PMC7703496 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable tools are needed to evaluate potential behavioral and cognitive changes following head impact exposure in contact and collision sport participation. We evaluated change in oculomotor testing performance among female, varsity, collegiate athletes following variable exposure to head impacts across a season. Female, collegiate, contact sport (soccer, CONT) and non-contact sport (NON-CONT) athletes were assessed pre-season and post-season. Soccer athletes were grouped according to total season game headers into low dose (≤40 headers; CONT-Low Dose) or high dose (>40 headers; CONT-High Dose) groups. Performance on pro-saccade (reflexive visual response), anti-saccade (executive inhibition), and memory-guided saccade (MGS, spatial working memory) computer-based laboratory tasks were assessed. Primary saccade measures included latency/reaction time, inhibition error rate (anti-saccade only), and spatial accuracy (MGS only). NON-CONT (n = 20), CONT-Low Dose (n = 17), and CONT-High Dose (n = 7) groups significantly differed on pre-season versus post-season latency on tasks with executive functioning demands (anti-saccade and MGS, p ≤ 0.001). Specifically, NON-CONT and CONT-Low Dose demonstrated shorter (i.e., faster) anti-saccade (1.84% and 2.68%, respectively) and MGS (5.74% and 2.76%, respectively) latencies from pre-season to post-season, whereas CONT-High Dose showed 1.40% average longer anti-saccade, and 0.74% shorter MGS, latencies. NON-CONT and CONT-Low Dose demonstrated reduced (i.e., improved) inhibition error rate on the anti-saccade task at post-season versus pre-season, whereas CONT-High Dose demonstrated relative stability (p = 0.021). The results of this study suggest differential exposure to subconcussive head impacts in collegiate female athletes is associated with differential change in reaction time and inhibitory control performances on executive saccadic oculomotor testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia T Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Prianka Murthy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jane Stocks
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Vesci
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Danielle Colegrove
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mjaanes
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Yufen Chen
- Center for Translational Imaging, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hans Breiter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cynthia LaBella
- Division of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy A Herrold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Schaeffer DJ, Gilbert KM, Hori Y, Hayrynen LK, Johnston KD, Gati JS, Menon RS, Everling S. Task-based fMRI of a free-viewing visuo-saccadic network in the marmoset monkey. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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3
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Wang LY, Chung J, Park C, Choi H, Rodrigue AL, Pierce JE, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. Regularized aggregation of statistical parametric maps. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:65-79. [PMID: 30184306 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining statistical parametric maps (SPM) from individual subjects is the goal in some types of group-level analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Brain maps are usually combined using a simple average across subjects, making them susceptible to subjects with outlying values. Furthermore, t tests are prone to false positives and false negatives when outlying values are observed. We propose a regularized unsupervised aggregation method for SPMs to find an optimal weight for aggregation, which aids in detecting and mitigating the effect of outlying subjects. We also present a bootstrap-based weighted t test using the optimal weights to construct an activation map robust to outlying subjects. We validate the performance of the proposed aggregation method and test using simulated and real data examples. Results show that the regularized aggregation approach can effectively detect outlying subjects, lower their weights, and produce robust SPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yu Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jongik Chung
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Cheolwoo Park
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Hosik Choi
- Department of Applied Statistics, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Jordan E Pierce
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Rodrigue AL, Schaeffer DJ, Pierce JE, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. Evaluating the Specificity of Cognitive Control Deficits in Schizophrenia Using Antisaccades, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Healthy Individuals With Poor Cognitive Control. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:107. [PMID: 29695982 PMCID: PMC5904188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control impairments in schizophrenia (SZ) can be evaluated using antisaccade tasks and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Studies, however, often compare people with SZ to high performing healthy people, making it unclear if antisaccade-related disruptions are specific to the disease or due to generalized deficits in cognitive control. We included two healthy comparison groups in addition to people with SZ: healthy people with high cognitive control (HCC), who represent a more typical comparison group, and healthy people with low cognitive control (LCC), who perform similarly on antisaccade measures as people with SZ. Using two healthy comparison groups may help determine which antisaccade-related deficits are specific to SZ (distinguish SZ from LCC and HCC groups) and which are due to poor cognitive control (distinguish the LCC and SZ groups from the HCC group). People with SZ and healthy people with HCC or LCC performed an antisaccade task during fMRI acquisition. LCC and SZ groups showed under-activation of saccade circuitry. SZ-specific disruptions were observed in the left superior temporal gyrus and insula during error trials (suppression of activation in the SZ group compared to the LCC and HCC group). Differences related to antisaccade errors may distinguish people with SZ from healthy people with LCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Rodrigue
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jordan E Pierce
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Gao S, Liu P, Guo J, Zhu Y, Liu P, Sun J, Yang X, Qin W. White matter microstructure within the superior longitudinal fasciculus modulates the degree of response conflict indexed by N2 in healthy adults. Brain Res 2017; 1676:1-8. [PMID: 28916440 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Response conflict can be induced by priming multiple responses competing for control of action in trials. The N2 is one functionally-related cognitive control index for response conflict. And yet the underlying whiter matter neural substrates of inter-individual difference in conflict N2 remain unclear. So the aim of present study was to address the white matter microstructure of the N2 responsible for conflict by directly relating the amplitude cost of the event-related potential (ERP) N2 component to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices in healthy subjects. Thirty healthy subjects underwent DTI scanning and electrophysiology recording during a modified Flanker task. N2 was a stimulus-locked negative ERP component. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was calculated based on DTI measures and was assumed to reflect the integrity of myelinate fiber bundles. Therefore, we tested the relationship between N2 amplitude and FA in brain white matter. Results showed that FA, an index for white matter characteristics, in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) was significantly positively associated with N2 amplitude cost. The N2 amplitude cost also predicted response time (RT) cost in the Flanker task. Higher FA was associated with larger N2 amplitude cost, suggesting that changes in white matter integrity in the SLF may account for changes in efficient transmission of fronto-parietal modulatory conflict signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China; School of Computer and Communication, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 710050, China
| | - Jialu Guo
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710126, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jinbo Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Xuejuan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
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6
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Schaeffer DJ, Rodrigue AL, Burton CR, Pierce JE, Murphy MN, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. White matter fiber integrity of the saccadic eye movement network differs between schizophrenia and healthy groups. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1967-1977. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordan E. Pierce
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - Megan N. Murphy
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - Brett A. Clementz
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - Jennifer E. McDowell
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
- Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
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Lo CC, Wang XJ. Conflict Resolution as Near-Threshold Decision-Making: A Spiking Neural Circuit Model with Two-Stage Competition for Antisaccadic Task. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005081. [PMID: 27551824 PMCID: PMC4995026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Automatic responses enable us to react quickly and effortlessly, but they often need to be inhibited so that an alternative, voluntary action can take place. To investigate the brain mechanism of controlled behavior, we investigated a biologically-based network model of spiking neurons for inhibitory control. In contrast to a simple race between pro- versus anti-response, our model incorporates a sensorimotor remapping module, and an action-selection module endowed with a “Stop” process through tonic inhibition. Both are under the modulation of rule-dependent control. We tested the model by applying it to the well known antisaccade task in which one must suppress the urge to look toward a visual target that suddenly appears, and shift the gaze diametrically away from the target instead. We found that the two-stage competition is crucial for reproducing the complex behavior and neuronal activity observed in the antisaccade task across multiple brain regions. Notably, our model demonstrates two types of errors: fast and slow. Fast errors result from failing to inhibit the quick automatic responses and therefore exhibit very short response times. Slow errors, in contrast, are due to incorrect decisions in the remapping process and exhibit long response times comparable to those of correct antisaccade responses. The model thus reveals a circuit mechanism for the empirically observed slow errors and broad distributions of erroneous response times in antisaccade. Our work suggests that selecting between competing automatic and voluntary actions in behavioral control can be understood in terms of near-threshold decision-making, sharing a common recurrent (attractor) neural circuit mechanism with discrimination in perception. We propose a novel neural circuit mechanism and construct a spiking neural network model for resolving conflict between an automatic response and a volitional one. In this mechanism the two types of responses compete against each other under the modulation of top-down control via multiple neural pathways. The model is able to reproduce a wide range of neuronal and behavioral features observed in various studies and provides insights into not just how subjects make correct responses and fast errors, but also why they make slow errors, a type of error often overlooked by previous modeling studies. The model suggests critical roles of tonic (non-racing) top-down inhibition and near-threshold decision-making in neural competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chuan Lo
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CCL); (XJW)
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CCL); (XJW)
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8
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Ye J, Li Y, Lazar NA, Schaeffer DJ, McDowell JE. Finding common task-related regions in fMRI data from multiple subjects by periodogram clustering and clustering ensemble. Stat Med 2016; 35:2635-51. [PMID: 26875570 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We propose an innovative and practically relevant clustering method to find common task-related brain regions among different subjects who respond to the same set of stimuli. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time series data, we first cluster the voxels within each subject on a voxel by voxel basis. To extract signals out of noisy data, we estimate a new periodogram at each voxel using multi-tapering and low-rank spline smoothing and then use the periodogram as the main feature for clustering. We apply a divisive hierarchical clustering algorithm to the estimated periodograms within a single subject and identify the task-related region as the cluster of voxels that have periodograms with a peak frequency matching that of the stimulus sequence. Finally, we apply a machine learning technique called clustering ensemble to find common task-related regions across different subjects. The efficacy of the proposed approach is illustrated via a simulation study and a real fMRI data set. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- Department of Statistics, University of Akron, Akron, OH, U.S.A
| | - Yehua Li
- Department of Statistics and Statistical Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
| | - Nicole A Lazar
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A
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9
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Jamadar SD, Johnson BP, Clough M, Egan GF, Fielding J. Behavioral and Neural Plasticity of Ocular Motor Control: Changes in Performance and fMRI Activity Following Antisaccade Training. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:653. [PMID: 26733841 PMCID: PMC4683540 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antisaccade task provides a model paradigm that sets the inhibition of a reflexively driven behavior against the volitional control of a goal-directed behavior. The stability and adaptability of antisaccade performance was investigated in 23 neurologically healthy individuals. Behavior and brain function were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) prior to and immediately following 2 weeks of daily antisaccade training. Participants performed antisaccade trials faster with no change in directional error rate following 2 weeks of training; however this increased speed came at the cost of the spatial accuracy of the saccade (gain) which became more hypometric following training. Training on the antisaccade task resulted in increases in fMRI activity in the fronto-basal ganglia-parietal-cerebellar ocular motor network. Following training, antisaccade latency was positively associated with fMRI activity in the frontal and supplementary eye fields, anterior cingulate and intraparietal sulcus; antisaccade gain was negatively associated with fMRI activity in supplementary eye fields, anterior cingulate, intraparietal sulcus, and cerebellar vermis. In sum, the results suggest that following training, larger antisaccade latency is associated with larger activity in fronto-parietal-cerebellar ocular motor regions, and smaller antisaccade gain is associated with larger activity in fronto-parietal ocular motor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharna D Jamadar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Beth P Johnson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Meaghan Clough
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary F Egan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Fielding
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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Schaeffer DJ, Rodrigue AL, Burton CR, Pierce JE, Unsworth N, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. White matter structural integrity differs between people with schizophrenia and healthy groups as a function of cognitive control. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:62-68. [PMID: 26585221 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A behavioral hallmark of schizophrenia is poor cognitive control. Recent evidence suggests that problems with cognitive control in schizophrenia are related to disconnectivity along major white matter fibers. Although deficits of cognitive control are common in schizophrenia, a proportion of otherwise healthy subjects show poor cognitive control performance. The present study sought to address this potential confound by comparing white matter integrity between a group with schizophrenia and otherwise healthy individuals with either high or low levels of cognitive control (based on working memory span performance). Diffusion tensor imaging was used to evaluate white matter integrity in 24 participants with schizophrenia, 24 healthy participants with high cognitive control (HCC), and 25 healthy participants with low cognitive control (LCC). To test for differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) across major white matter fiber tracts, a voxelwise region of interest analysis was conducted in standardized brain space. In a separate analysis, regions of interest were manually drawn in native brain space to isolate superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), a tract implicated in cognitive control performance. The voxelwise analysis demonstrated widespread lower FA in the schizophrenia group compared to the HCC group. With a high degree of concordance, the manual ROI analysis revealed lower FA in the schizophrenia group compared to the HCC group. Taken together, these results provide evidence to suggest that structural differences identified between healthy groups and schizophrenia may not be entirely specific to the disease process and can vary as a function of cognitive control capacity in the comparison group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jordan E Pierce
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nash Unsworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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11
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Subramaniam A, Agarwal SM, Kalmady S, Shivakumar V, Chhabra H, Bose A, Damodharan D, Narayanaswamy JC, Hutton SB, Venkatasubramanian G. Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Prefrontal Inhibition in Schizophrenia Patients with Persistent Auditory Hallucinations: A Study on Antisaccade Task Performance. Indian J Psychol Med 2015; 37:419-22. [PMID: 26702174 PMCID: PMC4676208 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.168584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficient prefrontal cortex inhibitory control is of particular interest with regard to the pathogenesis of auditory hallucinations (AHs) in schizophrenia. Antisaccade task performance is a sensitive index of prefrontal inhibitory function and has been consistently found to be abnormal in schizophrenia. METHODS This study investigated the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on antisaccade performance in 13 schizophrenia patients. RESULTS The tDCS resulted in significant reduction in antisaccade error percentage (t = 3.4; P = 0.005), final eye position gain (t = 2.3; P = 0.042), and AHs severity (t = 4.1; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Our results raise the possibility that improvement in antisaccade performance and severity of AH may be mechanistically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Subramaniam
- Department of Psychiatry, The Schizophrenia Clinic, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry, The Schizophrenia Clinic, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil Kalmady
- Department of Psychiatry, The Schizophrenia Clinic, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Department of Psychiatry, The Schizophrenia Clinic, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Harleen Chhabra
- Department of Psychiatry, The Schizophrenia Clinic, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anushree Bose
- Department of Psychiatry, The Schizophrenia Clinic, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinakaran Damodharan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Schizophrenia Clinic, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, The Schizophrenia Clinic, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, The Schizophrenia Clinic, Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Moeller SJ, Beebe-Wang N, Schneider KE, Konova AB, Parvaz MA, Alia-Klein N, Hurd YL, Goldstein RZ. Effects of an opioid (proenkephalin) polymorphism on neural response to errors in health and cocaine use disorder. Behav Brain Res 2015; 293:18-26. [PMID: 26164485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to drugs of abuse perturbs the endogenous opioid system, which plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of addictive disorders. Opioid genetics may therefore play an important modulatory role in the expression of substance use disorders, but these genes have not been extensively characterized, especially in humans. In the current imaging genetics study, we investigated a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the protein-coding proenkephalin gene (PENK: rs2609997, recently shown to be associated with cannabis dependence) in 55 individuals with cocaine use disorder and 37 healthy controls. Analyses tested for PENK associations with fMRI response to error (during a classical color-word Stroop task) and gray matter volume (voxel-based morphometry) as a function of Diagnosis (cocaine, control). Results revealed whole-brain Diagnosis×PENK interactions on the neural response to errors (fMRI error>correct contrast) in the right putamen, left rostral anterior cingulate cortex/medial orbitofrontal cortex, and right inferior frontal gyrus; there was also a significant Diagnosis×PENK interaction on right inferior frontal gyrus gray matter volume. These interactions were driven by differences between individuals with cocaine use disorders and controls that were accentuated in individuals carrying the higher-risk PENK C-allele. Taken together, the PENK polymorphism-and potentially opioid neurotransmission more generally-modulates functioning and structural integrity of brain regions previously implicated in error-related processing. PENK could potentially render a subgroup of individuals with cocaine use disorder (i.e., C-allele carriers) more sensitive to mistakes or other related challenges; in future studies, these results could contribute to the development of individualized genetics-informed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Moeller
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | | - Kristin E Schneider
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna B Konova
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Muhammad A Parvaz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Reineberg AE, Andrews-Hanna JR, Depue BE, Friedman NP, Banich MT. Resting-state networks predict individual differences in common and specific aspects of executive function. Neuroimage 2015; 104:69-78. [PMID: 25281800 PMCID: PMC4262251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to examine relationships between individual differences in resting state functional connectivity as ascertained by fMRI (rs-fcMRI) and performance on tasks of executive function (EF), broadly defined as the ability to regulate thoughts and actions. Unlike most previous research that focused on the relationship between rs-fcMRI and a single behavioral measure of EF, in the current study we examined the relationship of rs-fcMRI with individual differences in subcomponents of EF. Ninety-one adults completed a resting state fMRI scan and three separate EF tasks outside the magnet: inhibition of prepotent responses, task set shifting, and working memory updating. From these three measures, we derived estimates of common aspects of EF, as well as abilities specific to working memory updating and task shifting. Using Independent Components Analysis (ICA), we identified across the group of participants several networks of regions (Resting State Networks, RSNs) with temporally correlated time courses. We then used dual regression to explore how these RSNs covaried with individual differences in EF. Dual regression revealed that increased higher common EF was associated with connectivity of a) frontal pole with an attentional RSN, and b) Crus I and II of the cerebellum with the right frontoparietal RSN. Moreover, higher shifting-specific abilities were associated with increased connectivity of angular gyrus with a ventral attention RSN. The results of the current study suggest that the organization of the brain at rest may have important implications for individual differences in EF, and that individuals higher in EF may have expanded resting state networks as compared to individuals with lower EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Reineberg
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-034, USA.
| | - Jessica R Andrews-Hanna
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0344, USA
| | - Brendan E Depue
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-034, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0344, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-034, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th St., Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Marie T Banich
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-034, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0344, USA
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Krafft CE, Schaeffer DJ, Schwarz NF, Chi L, Weinberger AL, Pierce JE, Rodrigue AL, Allison JD, Yanasak NE, Liu T, Davis CL, McDowell JE. Improved frontoparietal white matter integrity in overweight children is associated with attendance at an after-school exercise program. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:1-9. [PMID: 24457421 DOI: 10.1159/000356219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic fitness is associated with white matter integrity (WMI) in adults as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). This study examined the effect of an 8-month exercise intervention on WMI in children. Participants were 18 sedentary, overweight (BMI≥85th percentile) 8- to 11-year-old children (94% Black), randomly assigned to either an aerobic exercise (n=10) or sedentary attention control group (n=8). Each group was offered an instructor-led after-school program every school day for approximately 8 months. Before and after the program, all subjects participated in DTI scans. Tractography was conducted to isolate the superior longitudinal fasciculus and investigate whether the exercise intervention affected WMI in this region. There was no group by time interaction for WMI in the superior longitudinal fasciculus. There was a group by time by attendance interaction, however, such that higher attendance at the exercise intervention, but not the control intervention, was associated with increased WMI. Heart rate and the total dose of exercise correlated with WMI changes in the exercise group. In the overall sample, increased WMI was associated with improved scores on a measure of attention and improved teacher ratings of executive function. This study indicates that participating in an exercise intervention improves WMI in children as compared to a sedentary after-school program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia E Krafft
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga., USA
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Judah MR, Grant DM, Mills AC, Lechner WV. Factor structure and validation of the attentional control scale. Cogn Emot 2013; 28:433-51. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.835254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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