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Vilor-Tejedor N, Evans TE, Adams HH, González-de-Echávarri JM, Molinuevo JL, Guigo R, Gispert JD, Operto G. Genetic Influences on Hippocampal Subfields: An Emerging Area of Neuroscience Research. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2021; 7:e591. [PMID: 34124350 PMCID: PMC8192059 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is clear evidence that hippocampal subfield volumes have partly distinct genetic determinants associated with specific biological processes. The identification of genetic correlates of hippocampal subfield volumes may help to elucidate the mechanisms of neurologic diseases, as well as aging and neurodegenerative processes. However, despite the emerging interest in this area of research, the current knowledge of the genetic architecture of hippocampal subfields has not yet been consolidated. We aimed to provide a review of the current evidence from genetic studies of hippocampal subfields, highlighting current priorities and upcoming challenges. The limited number of studies investigating the influential genetic effects on hippocampal subfields, a lack of replicated results and longitudinal designs, and modest sample sizes combined with insufficient standardization of protocols are identified as the most pressing challenges in this emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vilor-Tejedor
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (N.V.-T., J.M.G.-d-E., J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) (N.V.-T., R.G.), the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Spain; Department of Clinical Genetics (N.V.-T., T.E.E., H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (N.V.-T., J.M.G.--E., J.L.M., R.G., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) (J.L.M., G.O.); and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería (J.D.G.), Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tavia E Evans
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (N.V.-T., J.M.G.-d-E., J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) (N.V.-T., R.G.), the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Spain; Department of Clinical Genetics (N.V.-T., T.E.E., H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (N.V.-T., J.M.G.--E., J.L.M., R.G., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) (J.L.M., G.O.); and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería (J.D.G.), Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hieab H Adams
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (N.V.-T., J.M.G.-d-E., J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) (N.V.-T., R.G.), the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Spain; Department of Clinical Genetics (N.V.-T., T.E.E., H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (N.V.-T., J.M.G.--E., J.L.M., R.G., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) (J.L.M., G.O.); and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería (J.D.G.), Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María González-de-Echávarri
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (N.V.-T., J.M.G.-d-E., J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) (N.V.-T., R.G.), the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Spain; Department of Clinical Genetics (N.V.-T., T.E.E., H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (N.V.-T., J.M.G.--E., J.L.M., R.G., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) (J.L.M., G.O.); and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería (J.D.G.), Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (N.V.-T., J.M.G.-d-E., J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) (N.V.-T., R.G.), the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Spain; Department of Clinical Genetics (N.V.-T., T.E.E., H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (N.V.-T., J.M.G.--E., J.L.M., R.G., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) (J.L.M., G.O.); and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería (J.D.G.), Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roderic Guigo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (N.V.-T., J.M.G.-d-E., J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) (N.V.-T., R.G.), the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Spain; Department of Clinical Genetics (N.V.-T., T.E.E., H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (N.V.-T., J.M.G.--E., J.L.M., R.G., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) (J.L.M., G.O.); and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería (J.D.G.), Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Domingo Gispert
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (N.V.-T., J.M.G.-d-E., J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) (N.V.-T., R.G.), the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Spain; Department of Clinical Genetics (N.V.-T., T.E.E., H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (N.V.-T., J.M.G.--E., J.L.M., R.G., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) (J.L.M., G.O.); and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería (J.D.G.), Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Grégory Operto
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) (N.V.-T., J.M.G.-d-E., J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Pasqual Maragall Foundation; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) (N.V.-T., R.G.), the Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Spain; Department of Clinical Genetics (N.V.-T., T.E.E., H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (N.V.-T., J.M.G.--E., J.L.M., R.G., J.D.G.), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.H.A.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) (J.L.M., J.D.G., G.O.), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) (J.L.M., G.O.); and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería (J.D.G.), Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Yarkoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Erzurumluoglu AM, Liu M, Jackson VE, Barnes DR, Datta G, Melbourne CA, Young R, Batini C, Surendran P, Jiang T, Adnan SD, Afaq S, Agrawal A, Altmaier E, Antoniou AC, Asselbergs FW, Baumbach C, Bierut L, Bertelsen S, Boehnke M, Bots ML, Brazel DM, Chambers JC, Chang-Claude J, Chen C, Corley J, Chou YL, David SP, de Boer RA, de Leeuw CA, Dennis JG, Dominiczak AF, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Eaton C, Elliott P, Evangelou E, Faul JD, Foroud T, Goate A, Gong J, Grabe HJ, Haessler J, Haiman C, Hallmans G, Hammerschlag AR, Harris SE, Hattersley A, Heath A, Hsu C, Iacono WG, Kanoni S, Kapoor M, Kaprio J, Kardia SL, Karpe F, Kontto J, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Kuulasmaa K, Laakso M, Lai D, Langenberg C, Le N, Lettre G, Loukola A, Luan J, Madden PAF, Mangino M, Marioni RE, Marouli E, Marten J, Martin NG, McGue M, Michailidou K, Mihailov E, Moayyeri A, Moitry M, Müller-Nurasyid M, Naheed A, Nauck M, Neville MJ, Nielsen SF, North K, Perola M, Pharoah PDP, Pistis G, Polderman TJ, Posthuma D, Poulter N, Qaiser B, Rasheed A, Reiner A, Renström F, Rice J, Rohde R, Rolandsson O, Samani NJ, Samuel M, Schlessinger D, Scholte SH, Scott RA, Sever P, Shao Y, Shrine N, Smith JA, Starr JM, Stirrups K, Stram D, Stringham HM, Tachmazidou I, Tardif JC, Thompson DJ, Tindle HA, Tragante V, Trompet S, Turcot V, Tyrrell J, Vaartjes I, van der Leij AR, van der Meer P, Varga TV, Verweij N, Völzke H, Wareham NJ, Warren HR, Weir DR, Weiss S, Wetherill L, Yaghootkar H, Yavas E, Jiang Y, Chen F, Zhan X, Zhang W, Zhao W, Zhao W, Zhou K, Amouyel P, Blankenberg S, Caulfield MJ, Chowdhury R, Cucca F, Deary IJ, Deloukas P, Di Angelantonio E, Ferrario M, Ferrières J, Franks PW, Frayling TM, Frossard P, Hall IP, Hayward C, Jansson JH, Jukema JW, Kee F, Männistö S, Metspalu A, Munroe PB, Nordestgaard BG, Palmer CNA, Salomaa V, Sattar N, Spector T, Strachan DP, van der Harst P, Zeggini E, Saleheen D, Butterworth AS, Wain LV, Abecasis GR, Danesh J, Tobin MD, Vrieze S, Liu DJ, Howson JMM. Meta-analysis of up to 622,409 individuals identifies 40 novel smoking behaviour associated genetic loci. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2392-2409. [PMID: 30617275 PMCID: PMC7515840 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major heritable and modifiable risk factor for many diseases, including cancer, common respiratory disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Fourteen genetic loci have previously been associated with smoking behaviour-related traits. We tested up to 235,116 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) on the exome-array for association with smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, pack-years, and smoking cessation in a fixed effects meta-analysis of up to 61 studies (up to 346,813 participants). In a subset of 112,811 participants, a further one million SNVs were also genotyped and tested for association with the four smoking behaviour traits. SNV-trait associations with P < 5 × 10-8 in either analysis were taken forward for replication in up to 275,596 independent participants from UK Biobank. Lastly, a meta-analysis of the discovery and replication studies was performed. Sixteen SNVs were associated with at least one of the smoking behaviour traits (P < 5 × 10-8) in the discovery samples. Ten novel SNVs, including rs12616219 near TMEM182, were followed-up and five of them (rs462779 in REV3L, rs12780116 in CNNM2, rs1190736 in GPR101, rs11539157 in PJA1, and rs12616219 near TMEM182) replicated at a Bonferroni significance threshold (P < 4.5 × 10-3) with consistent direction of effect. A further 35 SNVs were associated with smoking behaviour traits in the discovery plus replication meta-analysis (up to 622,409 participants) including a rare SNV, rs150493199, in CCDC141 and two low-frequency SNVs in CEP350 and HDGFRP2. Functional follow-up implied that decreased expression of REV3L may lower the probability of smoking initiation. The novel loci will facilitate understanding the genetic aetiology of smoking behaviour and may lead to the identification of potential drug targets for smoking prevention and/or cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengzhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Victoria E Jackson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Pde, 3052, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel R Barnes
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Gargi Datta
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carl A Melbourne
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Robin Young
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Chiara Batini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tao Jiang
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sheikh Daud Adnan
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saima Afaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elisabeth Altmaier
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiovascular Research, Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laura Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Circulatory Health, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David M Brazel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Cancer Centre Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chu Chen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janie Corley
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P David
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan A de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joe G Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Charles Eaton
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Gong
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jeff Haessler
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Andrew Hattersley
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chris Hsu
- University of Southern California, California, CA, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Centre for Genomic Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharon L Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jukka Kontto
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W12 0HS, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nhung Le
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Massimo Mangino
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Centre for Genomic Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Moitry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public health, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Aliya Naheed
- Initiative for Noncommunicable Diseases, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthew J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sune Fallgaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 74, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tinca J Polderman
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Beenish Qaiser
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Alex Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frida Renström
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, SE-214 28, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - John Rice
- Departments of Psychiatry and Mathematics, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Section for Family Medicine, Umeå universitet, SE, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Maria Samuel
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven H Scholte
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam & Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter Sever
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yaming Shao
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nick Shrine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Danielle Stram
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of gerontology and geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie Turcot
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Ilonca Vaartjes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Circulatory Health, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andries R van der Leij
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam & Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, SE-214 28, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 301 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Helen R Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stefan Weiss
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Ersin Yavas
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yu Jiang
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kaixin Zhou
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Marco Ferrario
- EPIMED Research Centre, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria at Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027- INSERM, Toulouse University-CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, SE-214 28, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tim M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Ian P Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jan-Håkan Jansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Skellefteå Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens, University, Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Børge Grønne Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 74, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Timothy Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David Peter Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George!s, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Danish Saleheen
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.
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Avinun R, Nevo A, Knodt AR, Elliott ML, Hariri AR. Replication in Imaging Genetics: The Case of Threat-Related Amygdala Reactivity. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:148-159. [PMID: 29279201 PMCID: PMC5955809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low replication rates are a concern in most, if not all, scientific disciplines. In psychiatric genetics specifically, targeting intermediate brain phenotypes, which are more closely associated with putative genetic effects, was touted as a strategy leading to increased power and replicability. In the current study, we attempted to replicate previously published associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and threat-related amygdala reactivity, which represents a robust brain phenotype not only implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple disorders, but also used as a biomarker of future risk. METHODS We conducted a literature search for published associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and threat-related amygdala reactivity and found 37 unique findings. Our replication sample consisted of 1117 young adult volunteers (629 women, mean age 19.72 ± 1.25 years) for whom both genetic and functional magnetic resonance imaging data were available. RESULTS Of the 37 unique associations identified, only three replicated as previously reported. When exploratory analyses were conducted with different model parameters compared to the original findings, significant associations were identified for 28 additional studies: eight of these were for a different contrast/laterality; five for a different gender and/or race/ethnicity; and 15 in the opposite direction and for a different contrast, laterality, gender, and/or race/ethnicity. No significant associations, regardless of model parameters, were detected for six studies. Notably, none of the significant associations survived correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS We discuss these patterns of poor replication with regard to the general strategy of targeting intermediate brain phenotypes in genetic association studies and the growing importance of advancing the replicability of imaging genetics findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Avinun
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Adam Nevo
- Cardiothoracic Division, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annchen R. Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maxwell L. Elliott
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ahmad R. Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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5
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Vilor-Tejedor N, Alemany S, Cáceres A, Bustamante M, Pujol J, Sunyer J, González JR. Strategies for integrated analysis in imaging genetics studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 93:57-70. [PMID: 29944960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imaging Genetics (IG) integrates neuroimaging and genomic data from the same individual, deepening our knowledge of the biological mechanisms behind neurodevelopmental domains and neurological disorders. Although the literature on IG has exponentially grown over the past years, the majority of studies have mainly analyzed associations between candidate brain regions and individual genetic variants. However, this strategy is not designed to deal with the complexity of neurobiological mechanisms underlying behavioral and neurodevelopmental domains. Moreover, larger sample sizes and increased multidimensionality of this type of data represents a challenge for standardizing modeling procedures in IG research. This review provides a systematic update of the methods and strategies currently used in IG studies, and serves as an analytical framework for researchers working in this field. To complement the functionalities of the Neuroconductor framework, we also describe existing R packages that implement these methodologies. In addition, we present an overview of how these methodological approaches are applied in integrating neuroimaging and genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Vilor-Tejedor
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Beta Brain Research Center (BBRC) - Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Alemany
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cáceres
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Hospital del Mar, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan R González
- Barcelona Research Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Bas-Hoogendam JM, Harrewijn A, Tissier RLM, van der Molen MJW, van Steenbergen H, van Vliet IM, Reichart CG, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Slagboom PE, van der Wee NJA, Westenberg PM. The Leiden Family Lab study on Social Anxiety Disorder: A multiplex, multigenerational family study on neurocognitive endophenotypes. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2018; 27:e1616. [PMID: 29700902 PMCID: PMC6001802 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a serious and prevalent psychiatric condition, with a heritable component. However, little is known about the characteristics that are associated with the genetic component of SAD, the so-called "endophenotypes". These endophenotypes could advance our insight in the genetic susceptibility to SAD, as they are on the pathway from genotype to phenotype. The Leiden Family Lab study on Social Anxiety Disorder (LFLSAD) is the first multiplex, multigenerational study aimed to identify neurocognitive endophenotypes of social anxiety. METHODS The LFLSAD is characterized by a multidisciplinary approach and encompasses a variety of measurements, including a clinical interview, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging and an electroencephalography experiment. Participants are family members from 2 generations, from families genetically enriched for SAD. RESULTS The sample (n = 132 participants, from 9 families) was characterized by a high prevalence of SAD, in both generations (prevalence (sub)clinical SAD: 38.3%). Furthermore, (sub)clinical SAD was positively related to self-reported social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, trait anxiety, behavioral inhibition, negative affect, and the level of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS By the multidimensional character of the measurements and thorough characterization of the sample, the LFLSAD offers unique opportunities to investigate candidate neurocognitive endophenotypes of SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Marie Bas-Hoogendam
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Harrewijn
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renaud L M Tissier
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Melle J W van der Molen
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Steenbergen
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Irene M van Vliet
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - P Eline Slagboom
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Michiel Westenberg
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Ranlund S, Calafato S, Thygesen JH, Lin K, Cahn W, Crespo‐Facorro B, de Zwarte SM, Díez Á, Di Forti M, Iyegbe C, Jablensky A, Jones R, Hall M, Kahn R, Kalaydjieva L, Kravariti E, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McQuillin A, Picchioni M, Prata DP, Rujescu D, Schulze K, Shaikh M, Toulopoulou T, van Haren N, van Os J, Vassos E, Walshe M, Lewis C, Murray RM, Powell J, Bramon E. A polygenic risk score analysis of psychosis endophenotypes across brain functional, structural, and cognitive domains. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:21-34. [PMID: 28851104 PMCID: PMC5763362 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This large multi-center study investigates the relationships between genetic risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and multi-modal endophenotypes for psychosis. The sample included 4,242 individuals; 1,087 patients with psychosis, 822 unaffected first-degree relatives of patients, and 2,333 controls. Endophenotypes included the P300 event-related potential (N = 515), lateral ventricular volume (N = 798), and the cognitive measures block design (N = 3,089), digit span (N = 1,437), and the Ray Auditory Verbal Learning Task (N = 2,406). Data were collected across 11 sites in Europe and Australia; all genotyping and genetic analyses were done at the same laboratory in the United Kingdom. We calculated polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder separately, and used linear regression to test whether polygenic scores influenced the endophenotypes. Results showed that higher polygenic scores for schizophrenia were associated with poorer performance on the block design task and explained 0.2% (p = 0.009) of the variance. Associations in the same direction were found for bipolar disorder scores, but this was not statistically significant at the 1% level (p = 0.02). The schizophrenia score explained 0.4% of variance in lateral ventricular volumes, the largest across all phenotypes examined, although this was not significant (p = 0.063). None of the remaining associations reached significance after correction for multiple testing (with alpha at 1%). These results indicate that common genetic variants associated with schizophrenia predict performance in spatial visualization, providing additional evidence that this measure is an endophenotype for the disorder with shared genetic risk variants. The use of endophenotypes such as this will help to characterize the effects of common genetic variation in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Ranlund
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | | | | | - Kuang Lin
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Benedicto Crespo‐Facorro
- CIBERSAMCentro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud MentalMadridSpain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of MedicineUniversity of Cantabria–IDIVALSantanderSpain
| | - Sonja M.C. de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Álvaro Díez
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience—Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB)Complutense University and Technical University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | | | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Assen Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in NeuropsychiatryThe University of Western AustraliaPerth, Western AustraliaAustralia
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mei‐Hua Hall
- Psychosis Neurobiology Laboratory, Harvard Medical SchoolMcLean HospitalBelmontMassachusetts
| | - Rene Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Luba Kalaydjieva
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical ResearchThe University of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Eugenia Kravariti
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Colm McDonald
- The Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG) and NCBES Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of EdinburghRoyal Edinburgh HospitalEdinburghUK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive EpidemiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Marco Picchioni
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Diana P. Prata
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina MolecularUniversidade de LisboaPortugal
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of PsychiatryLudwig‐Maximilians University of MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and PsychosomaticsUniversity of Halle WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Katja Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Madiha Shaikh
- North East London Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Timothea Toulopoulou
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Department of Psychology, Bilkent UniversityMain CampusBilkent, AnkaraTurkey
- Department of PsychologyThe University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam RdHong Kong SARChina
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong KongThe Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary ResearchHong Kong SARChina
| | - Neeltje van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf MagnusUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical CentreEURONMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Muriel Walshe
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | | | - Cathryn Lewis
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - John Powell
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London and South LondonMaudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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8
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Coleman JR, Lester KJ, Keers R, Munafò MR, Breen G, Eley TC. Genome-wide association study of facial emotion recognition in children and association with polygenic risk for mental health disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:701-711. [PMID: 28608620 PMCID: PMC5638097 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Emotion recognition is disrupted in many mental health disorders, which may reflect shared genetic aetiology between this trait and these disorders. We explored genetic influences on emotion recognition and the relationship between these influences and mental health phenotypes. Eight-year-old participants (n = 4,097) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) completed the Diagnostic Analysis of Non-Verbal Accuracy (DANVA) faces test. Genome-wide genotype data was available from the Illumina HumanHap550 Quad microarray. Genome-wide association studies were performed to assess associations with recognition of individual emotions and emotion in general. Exploratory polygenic risk scoring was performed using published genomic data for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, autism spectrum disorder, anorexia, and anxiety disorders. No individual genetic variants were identified at conventional levels of significance in any analysis although several loci were associated at a level suggestive of significance. SNP-chip heritability analyses did not identify a heritable component of variance for any phenotype. Polygenic scores were not associated with any phenotype. The effect sizes of variants influencing emotion recognition are likely to be small. Previous studies of emotion identification have yielded non-zero estimates of SNP-heritability. This discrepancy is likely due to differences in the measurement and analysis of the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R.I. Coleman
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) CentreLondonUK,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley National Health Service TrustLondonUK
| | | | - Robert Keers
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) CentreLondonUK,School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Gerome Breen
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) CentreLondonUK,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley National Health Service TrustLondonUK
| | - Thalia C. Eley
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, MRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) CentreLondonUK,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley National Health Service TrustLondonUK
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9
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Beauchaine TP, Constantino JN. Redefining the endophenotype concept to accommodate transdiagnostic vulnerabilities and etiological complexity. Biomark Med 2017; 11:769-780. [PMID: 28891303 PMCID: PMC5771461 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In psychopathology research, endophenotypes are a subset of biomarkers that indicate genetic vulnerability independent of clinical state. To date, an explicit expectation is that endophenotypes be specific to single disorders. We evaluate this expectation considering recent advances in psychiatric genetics, recognition that transdiagnostic vulnerability traits are often more useful than clinical diagnoses in psychiatric genetics, and appreciation for etiological complexity across genetic, neural, hormonal and environmental levels of analysis. We suggest that the disorder-specificity requirement of endophenotypes be relaxed, that neural functions are preferable to behaviors as starting points in searches for endophenotypes, and that future research should focus on interactive effects of multiple endophenotypes on complex psychiatric disorders, some of which are ‘phenocopies’ with distinct etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Beauchaine
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 225 Psychology Building, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - John N Constantino
- Departments of Psychiatry & Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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More than just noise: Inter-individual differences in fear acquisition, extinction and return of fear in humans - Biological, experiential, temperamental factors, and methodological pitfalls. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:703-728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Carter CS, Bearden CE, Bullmore ET, Geschwind DH, Glahn DC, Gur RE, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR. Enhancing the Informativeness and Replicability of Imaging Genomics Studies. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:157-164. [PMID: 27793332 PMCID: PMC5318285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Imaging genomics is a new field of investigation that seeks to gain insights into the impact of human genetic variation on the structure, chemistry, and function of neural systems in health and disease. Because publications in this field have increased over the past decade, increasing concerns have been raised about false-positive results entering the literature. Here, we provide an overview of the field of imaging genomic and genetic approaches and discuss factors related to research design and analysis that can enhance the informativeness and replicability of these studies. We conclude that imaging genetic studies can provide important insights into the role of human genetic variation on neural systems and circuits, both in the context of normal quantitative variation and in relation to neuropsychiatric disease. We also argue that demonstrating genetic association to imaging-derived traits is subject to the same constraints as any other genetic study, including stringent type I error control. Adequately powered studies are necessary; however, there are currently limited data available to allow precise estimates of effect sizes for candidate gene studies. Independent replication is necessary before a result can be considered definitive, and for studies with small sample sizes it is necessary before publication. Increased transparency of methods and enhanced data sharing will further enhance replicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Carter
- University of California at Davis, 4701 X Street Sacramento, CA 95816, phone 916 7348883 fax 916 7347884,
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12
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Thompson PM, Andreassen OA, Arias-Vasquez A, Bearden CE, Boedhoe PS, Brouwer RM, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bulayeva KB, Cannon DM, Cohen RA, Conrod PJ, Dale AM, Deary IJ, Dennis EL, de Reus MA, Desrivieres S, Dima D, Donohoe G, Fisher SE, Fouche JP, Francks C, Frangou S, Franke B, Ganjgahi H, Garavan H, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Guadalupe T, Gutman BA, Hashimoto R, Hibar DP, Holland D, Hoogman M, Hulshoff Pol HE, Hosten N, Jahanshad N, Kelly S, Kochunov P, Kremen WS, Lee PH, Mackey S, Martin NG, Mazoyer B, McDonald C, Medland SE, Morey RA, Nichols TE, Paus T, Pausova Z, Schmaal L, Schumann G, Shen L, Sisodiya SM, Smit DJA, Smoller JW, Stein DJ, Stein JL, Toro R, Turner JA, van den Heuvel MP, van den Heuvel OL, van Erp TGM, van Rooij D, Veltman DJ, Walter H, Wang Y, Wardlaw JM, Whelan CD, Wright MJ, Ye J. ENIGMA and the individual: Predicting factors that affect the brain in 35 countries worldwide. Neuroimage 2017; 145:389-408. [PMID: 26658930 PMCID: PMC4893347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss recent work by the ENIGMA Consortium (http://enigma.ini.usc.edu) - a global alliance of over 500 scientists spread across 200 institutions in 35 countries collectively analyzing brain imaging, clinical, and genetic data. Initially formed to detect genetic influences on brain measures, ENIGMA has grown to over 30 working groups studying 12 major brain diseases by pooling and comparing brain data. In some of the largest neuroimaging studies to date - of schizophrenia and major depression - ENIGMA has found replicable disease effects on the brain that are consistent worldwide, as well as factors that modulate disease effects. In partnership with other consortia including ADNI, CHARGE, IMAGEN and others1, ENIGMA's genomic screens - now numbering over 30,000 MRI scans - have revealed at least 8 genetic loci that affect brain volumes. Downstream of gene findings, ENIGMA has revealed how these individual variants - and genetic variants in general - may affect both the brain and risk for a range of diseases. The ENIGMA consortium is discovering factors that consistently affect brain structure and function that will serve as future predictors linking individual brain scans and genomic data. It is generating vast pools of normative data on brain measures - from tens of thousands of people - that may help detect deviations from normal development or aging in specific groups of subjects. We discuss challenges and opportunities in applying these predictors to individual subjects and new cohorts, as well as lessons we have learned in ENIGMA's efforts so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey 90292, USA; Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego 92093, CA, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT-KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway; NORMENT-KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Departments of Psychiatry, Human Genetics & Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Dept. of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Premika S Boedhoe
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kazima B Bulayeva
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin str. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dara M Cannon
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda 20892, USA; Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics Centre (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Section of Addiction, King's College London, University of London, UK
| | - Anders M Dale
- Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0841, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Emily L Dennis
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey 90292, USA
| | - Marcel A de Reus
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Danai Dima
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King׳s College London, UK; Clinical Neuroscience Studies (CNS) Center, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics center (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Fouche
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Clinical Neuroscience Studies (CNS) Center, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Habib Ganjgahi
- Department of Statistics, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Psychiatry Department, University of Vermont, VT, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, CT 06114, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital, Stralsund 18435, Germany
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands; International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Boris A Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey 90292, USA
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey 90292, USA
| | - Dominic Holland
- Departments of Neurosciences, Radiology, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0841, USA
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Department of Radiology University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey 90292, USA
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey 90292, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phil H Lee
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, USA
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington 05401, VT, USA
| | | | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d'imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, UMR5296 CNRS CEA Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Colm McDonald
- Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics Centre (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas E Nichols
- Department of Statistics & WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Child Mind Institute, NY, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC-SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Dept. of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W. 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W. 16th Street, Suite 4100, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK and Epilepsy Society, Bucks, UK
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; MRC Research Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, South Africa
| | - Jason L Stein
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey 90292, USA; Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | | | - Jessica A Turner
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Odile L van den Heuvel
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Yalin Wang
- School of Computing, Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey 90292, USA
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jieping Ye
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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13
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Statistical Rigor and the Perils of Chance. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-ICOM-0030-16. [PMID: 27482537 PMCID: PMC4945734 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0030-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Bogdan R, Winstone JMA, Agrawal A. Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with Cannabis Involvement. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2016; 3:199-213. [PMID: 27642547 PMCID: PMC5019486 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-016-0103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50-70% of the variation in cannabis use and use disorders can be attributed to heritable factors. For cannabis use, the remaining variance can be parsed in to familial and person-specific environmental factors while for use disorders, only the latter contribute. While numerous candidate gene studies have identified the role of common variation influencing liability to cannabis involvement, replication has been elusive. To date, no genomewide association study has been sufficiently powered to identify significant loci. Despite this, studies adopting polygenic techniques and integrating genetic variation with neural phenotypes and measures of environmental risk, such as childhood adversity, are providing promising new leads. It is likely that the small effect sizes associated with variants related to cannabis involvement will only be robustly identified in substantially larger samples. Results of such large-scale efforts will provide valuable single variant targets for translational research in neurogenetic, pharmacogenetic and non-human animal models as well as polygenic risk indices that can be used to explore a host of other genetic hypotheses related to cannabis use and misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bogdan
- BRAIN lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jonathan MA Winstone
- BRAIN lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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15
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Zhao Y, Castellanos FX. Annual Research Review: Discovery science strategies in studies of the pathophysiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders--promises and limitations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:421-39. [PMID: 26732133 PMCID: PMC4760897 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric science remains descriptive, with a categorical nosology intended to enhance interobserver reliability. Increased awareness of the mismatch between categorical classifications and the complexity of biological systems drives the search for novel frameworks including discovery science in Big Data. In this review, we provide an overview of incipient approaches, primarily focused on classically categorical diagnoses such as schizophrenia (SZ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but also reference convincing, if focal, advances in cancer biology, to describe the challenges of Big Data and discovery science, and outline approaches being formulated to overcome existing obstacles. FINDINGS A paradigm shift from categorical diagnoses to a domain/structure-based nosology and from linear causal chains to complex causal network models of brain-behavior relationship is ongoing. This (r)evolution involves appreciating the complexity, dimensionality, and heterogeneity of neuropsychiatric data collected from multiple sources ('broad' data) along with data obtained at multiple levels of analysis, ranging from genes to molecules, cells, circuits, and behaviors ('deep' data). Both of these types of Big Data landscapes require the use and development of robust and powerful informatics and statistical approaches. Thus, we describe Big Data analysis pipelines and the promise and potential limitations in using Big Data approaches to study psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS We highlight key resources available for psychopathological studies and call for the application and development of Big Data approaches to dissect the causes and mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders and identify corresponding biomarkers for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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16
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Abstract
Endophenotypes are quantitative, heritable traits that may help to elucidate the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying complex disease syndromes, such as schizophrenia. They can be assessed at numerous levels of analysis; here, we review electrophysiological endophenotypes that have shown promise in helping us understand schizophrenia from a more mechanistic point of view. For each endophenotype, we describe typical experimental procedures, reliability, heritability, and reported gene and neurobiological associations. We discuss recent findings regarding the genetic architecture of specific electrophysiological endophenotypes, as well as converging evidence from EEG studies implicating disrupted balance of glutamatergic signaling and GABAergic inhibition in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We conclude that refining the measurement of electrophysiological endophenotypes, expanding genetic association studies, and integrating data sets are important next steps for understanding the mechanisms that connect identified genetic risk loci for schizophrenia to the disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Owens
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter Bachman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David C Glahn
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Yoon HH, Malone SM, Iacono WG. Longitudinal stability and predictive utility of the visual P3 response in adults with externalizing psychopathology. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:1632-45. [PMID: 26402396 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined whether time-domain P3 amplitude and time-frequency principal component (TF-PC) reductions could serve as stable and predictive developmental endophenotypes of externalizing psychopathology. Participants from the Minnesota Twin Family Study were assessed at age 17 and again at age 29 for lifetime externalizing (EXT) disorders. Comparisons of P3 amplitude and TF-PCs at delta and theta frequencies were made between EXT and unaffected comparison subjects. P3 amplitude and all five extracted TF-PCs were significantly reduced in those presenting lifetime EXT disorders at both ages 17 and 29 and showed substantial 12-year rank-order stability. P3 amplitude and delta TF-PCs measured at age 17 also predicted subsequent development of EXT by age 29, with every 1-microvolt decrease in age 17 amplitude associated with an approximately 5% increase in risk for an EXT diagnosis by age 29. Overall, results from this study further confirm that these P3-derived brain measures maintain their potential as putative EXT endophenotypes through the third decade of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Yoon
- Department of Psychology, Augsburg College, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
Endophenotypes are disease-associated phenotypes that are thought to reflect the neurobiological or other mechanisms that underlie the more overt symptoms of a psychiatric illness. Endophenotypes have been critical in understanding the genetics, neurobiology, and treatment of schizophrenia. Because psychiatric illnesses have multiple causes, including both genetic and nongenetic risk factors, an endophenotype linked to one of the mechanisms may be expressed more frequently than the disease itself. However, in schizophrenia research, endophenotypes have almost exclusively been studied in older adolescents or adults who have entered or passed through the age of risk for the disorder. Yet, schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder where prenatal development starts a cascade of brain changes across the lifespan. Endophenotypes have only minimally been utilized to explore the perinatal development of vulnerability. One major impediment to the development of perinatally-useful endophenotypes has been the established validity criteria. For example, the criterion that the endophenotype be more frequently present in those with disease than those without is difficult to demonstrate when there can be a decades-long period between endophenotype measurement and the age of greatest risk for onset of the disorder. This article proposes changes to the endophenotype validity criteria appropriate to perinatal research and reviews how application of these modified criteria helped identify a perinatally-usable phenotype of risk for schizophrenia, P50 sensory gating, which was then used to propose a novel perinatal primary prevention intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal G. Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 13001 E. 17th Place, Campus Box F546, Aurora, CO 80045, US; tel: 303-724-6203, fax: 303-724-6207, e-mail:
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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Munafò MR. Understanding the candidate gene × environment interaction debate: epistemological or evidential divide? Int J Epidemiol 2015; 44:1130-2. [PMID: 25855723 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
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Iacono WG, Vaidyanathan U, Vrieze SI, Malone SM. Knowns and unknowns for psychophysiological endophenotypes: integration and response to commentaries. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:1339-47. [PMID: 25387720 PMCID: PMC4231488 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We review and summarize seven molecular genetic studies of 17 psychophysiological endophenotypes that comprise this special issue of Psychophysiology, address criticisms raised in accompanying Perspective and Commentary pieces, and offer suggestions for future research. Endophenotypes are polygenic, and possibly influenced by rare genetic variants. Because they are not simpler genetically than clinical phenotypes, they are unlikely to assist gene discovery for psychiatric disorder. Once genetic variants for clinical phenotypes are identified, associated endophenotypes are likely to provide valuable insights into the psychological and neural mechanisms important to disorder pathology. This special issue provides a foundation for informed future steps in endophenotype genetics, including the formation of large sample consortia capable of fleshing out the many genetic variants contributing to individual differences in psychophysiological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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