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McKay S, Ng C, Kenny B, Armanto R, Lamblin M, Robinson J. Participatory Design in Suicide Prevention: A Qualitative Study of International Students' Experiences of Adapting the LivingWorks safeTALK Programme. Health Expect 2024; 27:e14164. [PMID: 39108064 PMCID: PMC11303664 DOI: 10.1111/hex.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current suicide prevention approaches are not adapted to international student needs, and participatory design is a method that may facilitate the development or adaptation of appropriate programmes for this group. METHODS This qualitative study investigated the experiences of international university students studying in Australia who participated in a co-consultation process to adapt the LivingWorks safeTALK suicide prevention programme. Eight international students from the co-consultation workshop completed semi-structured interviews about their workshop experience. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS The findings showed that participants found the co-consultation process empowering and engaging. They also reported that the experience promoted mutual learning and challenged simplistic views of suicide. No students reported experiencing distress. Suggestions for improving participatory design for international students focussed on enhancing participant interaction, supporting quiet voices to be heard and ensuring understanding of mental health and suicide through shared language. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the value of participatory design in suicide prevention, emphasising its potential to empower international students and facilitate culturally sensitive programme adaptations. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION International students were involved in the co-consultation process to redevelop the training content and provided a series of recommendations for improving such processes for international students in the future. The two researchers who conducted the interviews and data analysis were former international students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel McKay
- OrygenParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Bridget Kenny
- OrygenParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Michelle Lamblin
- OrygenParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jo Robinson
- OrygenParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Holmes G, Clacy A, Hamilton A, Kõlves K. Online versus in-person gatekeeper suicide prevention training: comparison in a community sample. J Ment Health 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38602188 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2024.2332811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide prevention gatekeeper Training (GKT) is a frequently used suicide prevention intervention, however, there is still limited information about its long-term impact and effectiveness of online delivery. AIMS The current study aimed to test the effectiveness of online GKT compared to in-person GKT in improving participant training outcomes. METHODS A non-randomised comparison of pre-, post- and six-month follow-up data was conducted. In total 545 people participated in GKT, 317 in SafeTALK in-person sessions and 228 in online "Start" GKT by LivingWorks. Main outcome measures included: perceived knowledge; perceived preparedness; gatekeeper efficacy; and gatekeeper reluctance to intervene. RESULTS Linear mixed model analysis demonstrated a significant effect for time for both modes of delivery for all four outcome measures. Post-hoc testing revealed that significant improvement in all outcomes were maintained above baseline at six-months following online and in-person training. CONCLUSIONS Online training performed as good, or better than in-person GKT, on measured outcomes demonstrating utility and effectiveness of the modality for use in suicide prevention training practices. Findings additionally indicate that online training may reach participants that in-person programs do not. This study provides evidence that Online GKT has significant utility in addressing a crucial need for online alternatives to evidence-based suicide prevention training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Holmes
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda Clacy
- School of Law and Society, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anita Hamilton
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kairi Kõlves
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, School of Applied Psychology, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Hill RM, McCray CL. Suicide-Related Stigma and Social Responsibility Moderate the Effects of an Online Suicide Prevention Gatekeeper Training Program. Arch Suicide Res 2024; 28:706-715. [PMID: 37209132 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2199802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Gatekeeper interventions are universal programs designed for use by the general public that provide brief training sessions in responding to suicidal risk. To date, the evidence base for the efficacy of gatekeeper intervention training programs has been mixed. However, little attention has been paid to potential psychological moderators of the efficacy of suicide gatekeeper interventions. We explore the potential moderating effects of suicide-related stigma and social responsibility on the efficacy of a suicide prevention gatekeeper training program. METHODS Participants were 179 college students with a mean age of 19.05 years (SD = 1.82, range 18-31). Participants were 71.5% women, 48.6% Hispanic, and 19.6% non-Hispanic White. RESULTS Results indicated that higher scores on suicide-related stigma were associated with smaller intervention effects on gatekeeper self-efficacy. In contrast, higher scores on social responsibility were associated with greater intervention effects with regard to gatekeeper preparedness and gatekeeper likelihood. CONCLUSION An improved understanding of the factors associated with efficacy of gatekeeper intervention programs may lead to the development of improved gatekeeper interventions. These findings may also contribute to the development of targeted gatekeeper interventions for specific cultural or occupational groups.
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Montiel C, Mishara BL. Evaluation of the outcomes of the Quebec provincial suicide prevention gatekeeper training on knowledge, recognition of attitudes, perceived self-efficacy, intention to help, and helping behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024; 54:108-121. [PMID: 37987534 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gatekeeper (GK) training is a suicide prevention strategy in which community members learn to identify individuals at risk of suicide and refer them for appropriate help. Despite its widespread use, few studies have investigated its effects, including changes in helping behaviors. AIMS To assess the impact of GK training on participants' knowledge, recognition of the influence of attitudes, perceived self-efficacy, intention to help and helping behaviors, and to identify variables associated with GK behaviors. METHODS Mixed linear effects and forward stepwise logistic regressions were used to analyze data from 159 participants receiving the Quebec Provincial GK Training program offered by five different suicide prevention centers using pretest, posttest and 6-month follow-up questionnaires. RESULTS Participants' knowledge of the GK role and suicide prevention, intention to help, self-efficacy, knowledge of services, and recognition of the influence of attitudes significantly increased following training. Most changes decreased at follow-up but remained higher than at pretest. Lower levels of education and higher intention to help were significant predictors of engaging in helping behaviors in the first 6 months after receiving training. CONCLUSIONS The Quebec GK training appears to be effective in preparing participants for their role but does not appear to significantly increase helping behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Montiel
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide, Ethical Issues and End-of-life Practices (CRISE), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian L Mishara
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide, Ethical Issues and End-of-life Practices (CRISE), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Holmes G. Effectiveness of suicide prevention gatekeeper training: 12-month follow-up of SafeTALK training to community members. Australas Psychiatry 2023; 31:835-840. [PMID: 37824290 PMCID: PMC10725624 DOI: 10.1177/10398562231205132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term assessments of gatekeeper training (GKT) with multiple follow-ups are rare. Therefore, the aim of the current analysis is to examine 12-month follow-up outcomes of SafeTALK training in addition to the earlier analysis of pre-, post-, and 6-month follow-up. METHOD Two hundred and sixty two community volunteers participated in half-day (4-h) gatekeeper training sessions. Before, after, and 6- and 12-month follow-up surveys were used to assess participants' knowledge, efficacy, and reluctance to intervene. Linear mixed effects regression was used in statistical analysis. RESULTS Fifty six participants (21.4%) completed the 12-month follow-up, representing an attrition rate of 78.6% from pre-test. Linear mixed model analysis revealed a significant, consistent effect for time for knowledge, efficacy, and reluctance. Post-hoc testing revealed significant differences between scores at pre-test and 12-month follow-up for GK knowledge and efficacy; however, no significant difference was seen between these time points for reluctance to intervene. No significant change was measured between the 6 and 12 months for any outcomes. GK knowledge and efficacy remained significantly above pre-test scores. CONCLUSION The evaluation of the GKT demonstrated the long-term effectiveness of community-based suicide prevention training programs to improve and maintain GK knowledge and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Holmes
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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Mueller-Williams AC, Hopson J, Momper SL. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Suicide Prevention Gatekeeper Trainings as Part of an American Indian/Alaska Native Youth Suicide Prevention Program. Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:1631-1638. [PMID: 37558869 PMCID: PMC10598093 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-023-01154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
According to the Centers for Disease Control suicide rates in 2022 for American Indian/Alaska Native youth are 2.5 times higher than the national average. An Urban Indian Health Organization's response to this crisis was to provide community and State-wide Gatekeeper trainings between 2012 and 2019 to teach trainees (N = 810) to respond appropriately to youth at-risk of suicide. We report data on pre-, post-, and six-month follow-up surveys with trainees. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models repeated measures to test within-subject, and between-subject mean score changes on suicide prevention-related measures "knowledge," "ask directly," "respond," "comfort," and "preparedness." Results indicated improved capacity to be prepared to address suicide in the short term and that having a graduate degree enhanced baseline suicide prevention knowledge. Over time those with less education benefited the most and better retained content. Future Trainings should engage young people and those with less education to realize the largest benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Hopson
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Pilbrow S, Staniland L, Uren HV, Shand F, McGoldrick J, Thorp E, MacKrill M, Moullin JC. Evaluation of an online advanced suicide prevention training for pharmacists. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1203-1211. [PMID: 37702959 PMCID: PMC10600280 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the pharmacist role extending internationally to include health promotion and harm reduction, pharmacists are well-suited to adopt a frontline role within suicide prevention efforts. To maximise their abilities to implement suicide prevention strategies, suicide prevention training is essential to improve pharmacists' knowledge of, attitudes towards, and confidence in pharmacy-based suicide prevention. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an online Advanced Suicide Prevention Training for Pharmacists and explore how participant feedback may direct training improvements. METHOD One hundred and fifty pharmacists in Tasmania, Australia, completed the training. Of these, 109 participants completed surveys pre-, post- and 6-months post-training to evaluate changes in suicide prevention knowledge, confidence, and attitudes, and explore participants' perceptions of the training. RESULTS Significant improvements were observed in suicide prevention attitudes (F(2, 20) = 4.12, p = 0.032, partial η2 = 0.292), and self-efficacy (F(2, 20) = 7.84, p = 0.003, partial η2 = 0.439), across the three timepoints, with improvements to knowledge and confidence evident between pre- and post-training (p < 0.05). Qualitative data reflected that the training was beneficial in aiding the identification and support of at-risk individuals, however barriers such as the pharmacy setting, personal discomfort, and perceptions of the pharmacist role were identified as impeding the implementation of suicide prevention within pharmacy practice. CONCLUSION Training is an effective means of improving pharmacists' suicide prevention knowledge, confidence, and attitudes. While personal barriers to suicide prevention improved, contextual and social barriers continue to impede pharmacists' implementation of suicide prevention in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Pilbrow
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lexy Staniland
- Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hannah V Uren
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fiona Shand
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Emily Thorp
- Pharmaceutical Society of Australia Tasmanian Branch, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Monique MacKrill
- The Pharmacy Guild of Australia Tasmanian Branch, Battery Point, TAS, Australia
| | - Joanna C Moullin
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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White J, Ahern E. Self‐efficacy, sympathy, and attributions: Understanding helping intentions towards disclosers of mental health concerns on social media. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica White
- School of Psychology, Glasnevin Campus Dublin City University Dublin Ireland
| | - Elayne Ahern
- School of Psychology, Glasnevin Campus Dublin City University Dublin Ireland
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Hawgood J, Krysinska K, Mooney M, Ozols I, Andriessen K, Betterridge C, De Leo D, Kõlves K. Suicidology Post Graduate Curriculum: Priority Topics and Delivery Mechanisms for Suicide Prevention Education. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9926. [PMID: 34574848 PMCID: PMC8469380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been limited attention to the development and delivery of tertiary suicide prevention curricula. The aim of this work was to describe the status of postgraduate suicide prevention education, with specific attention on examining the needs of the suicide prevention sector in Australia. METHOD An online survey was completed by 76 stakeholders in Australia. Current curriculum learning outcomes from Griffith University's postgraduate suicidology programs guided the development of the survey. RESULTS Four key learning domains were rated highest in importance by stakeholders. According to most stakeholders, skills-based qualifications were the most relevant type of qualification, and online modulized education was the most preferred delivery mode. Half of stakeholders supported suicide prevention professional development through a combination of financial support and study leave. CONCLUSIONS The survey provided invaluable feedback regarding the priorities of Australia's suicide prevention sector for content domains and delivery mechanisms for tertiary suicidology education. The findings showed the preferred type of organizational (employer) support that may be provided for employees to undertake such education. These findings will inform the future developments of Griffith University's suicidology programs and may motivate other universities to consider offering same or a similar type of education to support the suicide prevention sector toward saving lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Hawgood
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia; (M.M.); (D.D.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Karolina Krysinska
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (K.K.); (K.A.)
| | - Maddeline Mooney
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia; (M.M.); (D.D.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Ingrid Ozols
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3002, Australia;
- Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Karl Andriessen
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (K.K.); (K.A.)
| | | | - Diego De Leo
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia; (M.M.); (D.D.L.); (K.K.)
| | - Kairi Kõlves
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia; (M.M.); (D.D.L.); (K.K.)
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