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Yasuda N, Tanioka T, Nakazawa K. Evaluation of salivary α-amylase and immunoglobulin A responses after endurance exercise in adolescent males and females with similar aerobic fitness. Eur J Oral Sci 2024; 132:e12968. [PMID: 38135670 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to clarify whether there are sex-specific differences in salivary α-amylase and immunoglobulin A responses following acute endurance exercise in adolescent males and females with equivalent cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Twenty-six aerobically trained adolescent males and females with similar training status were enrolled in this study. Each individual executed a 1-h prolonged cycling exercise corresponding to a constant power output at 65% of peak oxygen uptake. Unstimulated whole salivary samples were taken with the passive drooling method at the 10-min period before and after exercise for the determination of salivary responses [α-amylase, immunoglobulin A, total protein and flow rate]. Salivary α-amylase activity, immunoglobulin A concentration and total protein concentration were significantly augmented immediately after acute endurance exercise. Regarding sex differences, only the salivary flow rate was significantly lower in females than in males. The findings of the present study imply that adolescent males and females appear to have similar salivary responses after acute endurance exercise, as represented by salivary α-amylase activity and immunoglobulin A concentration in connection with total protein concentration and salivary flow rate, when they are matched for peak oxygen uptake relative to fat-free body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Yasuda
- Department of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tanioka
- Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Foretić N, Nikolovski Z, Marić D, Perić R, Sekulić D. Analysis of the associations between salivary cortisol-, alpha-amylase-, and testosterone-responsiveness with the physical contact nature of team handball: a preliminary analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:170-177. [PMID: 35620955 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated endocrine responsiveness (ER) to physical stress (contact vs. non-contact nature of play) during team handball matches, according to the playing positions, thereby contextualizing the contact nature of the handball match. METHODS The participants were ten male team handball players (24.1±3.17 years, 188.2±6.42 cm, 94.6±9.6 kg) divided into two groups: contact playing positions (CPP) and non-contact playing positions (NCPP). To evaluate the ER, the salivary cortisol (C), testosterone (T), and alpha-amylase (AA) concentrations were assessed before the game, during the halftime break, and after the match. Moreover, playing time (PT) and the number of contacts (NC) were counted post-match by video analysis. To determine possible differences between PT and the NC in the first and second halves of the match, a paired-sample t-test was used. The differences among ER-measures were calculated by the magnitude-based Cohen's effect size. Possible associations between NC and ER were analyzed by comparing CPP and NCPP in C, T, and AA. RESULTS The CPP group performed significantly more physical contacts, while there was no difference in playing time between the groups. A stronger C response was evidenced in players with a longer playing time. During the game, the C response was directly determined by physical contact, with CPP players showing a stronger C response than NCPP players. CONCLUSIONS This study provided evidence of the importance of contact actions during matches and training sessions, as a parameter of calculating training loads and preparing strategies for recovery and injury prevention. Further studies examining larger samples are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Foretić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Dora Marić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia - .,Unit of Sport and Exercise Research, Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Education Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ratko Perić
- Department for Exercise Physiology, Ortho Sport, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Damir Sekulić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Besbes A, Khemiss M, Bragazzi N, Ben Saad H. The Impacts of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Saliva Flow-Rate and Metabolic Data: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:873502. [PMID: 35464020 PMCID: PMC9019589 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.873502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to report the impacts of Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on salivary flow-rate (SFR) and metabolic parameters. A thorough literature search was carried out using the databases PubMed and Scopus from their inception up to 15 July 2021. The Boolean connectors used in PubMed were (Saliva [Mesh] AND Fasting [Mesh]). The same keywords were used in Scopus. Inclusion criteria were defined using PICOS. The research included all original studies involving “healthy” adults and published in English. Methodological quality assessment was performed utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool, which allows attributing scores from 1 to 11 to the selected studies. Two authors carried out the literature search, study selection, and data extraction. Differences on issues were resolved by a third author if necessary. The systematic review protocol was registered within the “Open Science Framework” (Doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/DE7BH). Six articles met the inclusion criteria. All studies were heterogeneous and had a high score of bias and several methodological differences. The following parameters were collected: SFR, melatonin, cortisol, glucose, immunoglobulin A (IgA), uric-acid, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The SFR decreased by 10% during Ramadan in fasting subjects. The circadian pattern of melatonin remained unchanged during Ramadan, but melatonin levels dropped significantly from baseline. The salivary cortisol levels were unchanged or increased during Ramadan. The salivary glucose levels were decreased. ALP increased significantly, whilst uric-acid and AST decreased significantly. Salivary IgA decreased during the last week of Ramadan. To conclude, there is a trend toward a decrease in SFR and the content of the majority of the biomarkers investigated, with the exception of ALP and uric-acid. These changes cannot be easily attributed to any single factor (hydration status, dietary habits, physical activity, or hygiene habits). Systematic Review Registration: [https://osf.io/de7bh/], identifier [Doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/DE7B].
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Besbes
- Laboratory Research of Medical and Molecular Parasitology and Mycology, LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Unit of Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Khemiss
- Department of Dental Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Section of Musculoskeletal Disease, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nicola Bragazzi,
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Research Laboratory “Heart Failure, LR12SP09”, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Farhat Hached, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Elkhatib SK, Alley J, Jepsen M, Smeins L, Barnes A, Naik S, Ackermann MR, Verhoeven D, Kohut ML. Exercise duration modulates upper and lower respiratory fluid cellularity, antiviral activity, and lung gene expression. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15075. [PMID: 34676696 PMCID: PMC8531599 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has substantial health benefits, but the effects of exercise on immune status and susceptibility to respiratory infections are less clear. Furthermore, there is limited research examining the effects of prolonged exercise on local respiratory immunity and antiviral activity. To assess the upper respiratory tract in response to exercise, we collected nasal lavage fluid (NALF) from human subjects (1) at rest, (2) after 45 min of moderate-intensity exercise, and (3) after 180 min of moderate-intensity exercise. To assess immune responses of the lower respiratory tract, we utilized a murine model to examine the effect of exercise duration on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid immune cell content and lung gene expression. NALF cell counts did not change after 45 min of exercise, whereas 180 min significantly increased total cells and leukocytes in NALF. Importantly, fold change in NALF leukocytes correlated with the post-exercise fatigue rating in the 180-min exercise condition. The acellular portion of NALF contained strong antiviral activity against Influenza A in both resting and exercise paradigms. In mice undergoing moderate-intensity exercise, BAL total cells and neutrophils decreased in response to 45 or 90 min of exercise. In lung lobes, increased expression of heat shock proteins suggested that cellular stress occurred in response to exercise. However, a broad upregulation of inflammatory genes was not observed, even at 180 min of exercise. This work demonstrates that exercise duration differentially alters the cellularity of respiratory tract fluids, antiviral activity, and gene expression. These changes in local mucosal immunity may influence resistance to respiratory viruses, including influenza or possibly other pathogens in which nasal mucosa plays a protective role, such as rhinovirus or SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan K. Elkhatib
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Cellular & Integrative PhysiologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Jessica Alley
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Program of ImmunobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Michael Jepsen
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
College of Osteopathic MedicineCampbell UniversityLillingtonNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Laurel Smeins
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Kirksville College of Osteopathic MedicineA.T. Still UniversityKirksvilleMissouriUSA
| | - Shibani Naik
- Program of ImmunobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Arisan Therapeutics11189 Sorrento Valley Rd, Suite 104, San DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark R. Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Director, Anatomic Veterinary Pathology DiagnosticsZoetisClear LakeIowa50428USA
| | - David Verhoeven
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Marian L. Kohut
- Department of KinesiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Program of ImmunobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
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Simões C, Caeiro I, Carreira L, Silva FCE, Lamy E. How Different Snacks Produce a Distinct Effect in Salivary Protein Composition. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092403. [PMID: 33919042 PMCID: PMC8122275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva secretion changes in response to different stimulation. Studies performed in animals and humans suggest that dietary constituents may influence saliva composition, although the dynamics of these changes, and how they are specific for each type of food, are little known. The objective of the present study was to access the short-term effects of different foods in salivation and salivary protein composition. Twelve participants were tested for four snacks (yoghurt, bread, apple and walnuts). Non-stimulated saliva was collected before and at 0′, 5′ and 30′ after each snack intake. Flow rate, total protein, alpha-amylase enzymatic activity and salivary protein profile were analyzed. Yoghurt and apple were the snacks resulting in higher salivary changes, with higher increases in flow rate and alpha-amylase activity immediately after intake. The expression levels of immunoglobulin chains decreased after the intake of all snacks, whereas cystatins and one pink band (proline-rich proteins—PRPs) increased only after yoghurt intake. Walnut’s snack was the one resulting in lower changes, probably due to lower amounts eaten. Even so, it resulted in the increase in one PRPs band. In conclusion, changes in saliva composition varies with foods, with variable changes in proteins related to oral food processing and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Simões
- Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal; (C.S.); (I.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Inês Caeiro
- Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal; (C.S.); (I.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Laura Carreira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal; (C.S.); (I.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Fernando Capela e Silva
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development and Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Mediterranean Institute for Agricultural, Environmental and Development, University of Évora, 7002-556 Évora, Portugal; (C.S.); (I.C.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Łoś K, Waszkiewicz N. Biological Markers in Anxiety Disorders. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1744. [PMID: 33920547 PMCID: PMC8073190 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are one of the most commonly reported disorders in psychiatry, causing a high medical and socio-economic burden. Recently, there has been a soaring interest in the biological basis of anxiety disorders, which is reflected in an increasing number of articles related to the topic. Due to the ambiguity of the diagnosis and a large number of underdiagnosed patients, researchers are looking for laboratory tests that could facilitate the diagnosis of anxiety disorders in clinical practice and would allow for the earliest possible implementation of appropriate treatment. Such potential biomarkers may also be useable in monitoring the efficacy of pharmacological therapy for anxiety disorders. Therefore this article reviews the literature of potential biomarkers such as components of saliva, peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and neuroimaging studies. There are promising publications in the literature that can be useful. The most valuable and promising markers of saliva are cortisol, lysozyme, and α-amylase (sAA). In the blood, in turn, we can distinguish serotonin, brain-derived serum neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cortisol, and microRNA. Structural changes in the amygdala and hippocampus are promising neuroimaging markers, while in CSF, potential markers include oxytocin and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Unfortunately, research in the field of biomarkers is hampered by insufficient knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of anxiety disorders, the significant heterogeneity of anxiety disorders, frequent comorbidities, and low specificity of biomarkers. The development of appropriate biomarker panels and their assessment using new approaches may have the prospective to overcome the above-mentioned obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Łoś
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Plac Brodowicza 1, 16-070 Choroszcz, Poland;
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Brancher JA, Morodome F, Madalena IR, Reis CLB, Von Held R, Antunes LAA, Winckler C, Salgueirosa F, Neto ZCO, Storrer CLM, Küchler EC, Antunes LS. Salivary pH and oral health of Brazilian para-athletes: Saliva and oral health of para-athletes. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2021; 41:505-511. [PMID: 33749857 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the association of the salivary pH and parameters of oral health in Brazilian para-athletes. METHODS AND RESULTS The sample was composed of 271 Brazilian para-athletes (147 athletics, 61 powerlifting, and 63 swimming); mean age was 31.2 ± 11.7 years. Data collected during anamnesis, clinical examination, and saliva collection revealed that salivary pH was different among sports (p = .01) and tends to decrease as age and body mass index (BMI) increase (p = .026, .027, respectively). The mean decay missing filled teeth was 8.8 (±0.57), but there is no correlation with salivary pH (R2 = -0.0852; CI 95%, -0.215-0.047; p = .194) as habits of grinding, clenching teeth, or bruxism was not associated with salivary pH (p = .317, .932, and .444, respectively). Regarding breathing, para-athletes that have buccal breathing had significantly higher salivary pH (p = .04). This data were confirmed by multiple logistic regression (p = .05). Open bite, lip seal, geographic or fissured tongue also were not associated with variation of salivary pH (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS This study provided evidence of an association between salivary pH with age, BMI, type of breathing, and type of sport practiced by the para-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Morodome
- School of Health Sciences, Positivo University, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Von Held
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Specific Formation of the Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ciro Winckler
- Department of Specific Formation of the Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Human Movement Science Department, São Paulo Federal University, Santos, Brazil.,CPB, Brazilian Paralympic Committee, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Leonardo Santos Antunes
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Specific Formation of the Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chojnowska S, Ptaszyńska-Sarosiek I, Kępka A, Knaś M, Waszkiewicz N. Salivary Biomarkers of Stress, Anxiety and Depression. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030517. [PMID: 33535653 PMCID: PMC7867141 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress, anxiety and depressive disorders are often characterized by the activation of the stress axis, which results in similar symptoms at some point in these disorders. These disorders are closely related to each other—they occur simultaneously or follow one another. The diagnosis of stress, anxiety and depression is not a perfect procedure currently—it is based on patient observation and an interview with the patient and their family. There are no laboratory tests that would dispel the doubts of the doctor making the diagnosis and allow the appropriate treatment to be implemented as soon as possible. Therefore, this study will review the components of saliva that could be helpful in the quick diagnosis of stress, anxiety and/or depression. Such potential salivary biomarkers could also be useful in monitoring the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment prescribed by a psychiatrist. The following are promising salivary biomarkers of stress, anxiety or depression: cortisol, immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lysozyme, melatonin, α-amylase (sAA), chromogranin A (CgA) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). To the best valuable potential salivary markers of stress, we can include cortisol, lysozyme, sAA and CgA. To differentiate depression from stress, salivary cortisol and melatonin can be helpful. Fluctuations in the concentrations of the above-mentioned substances in saliva indicate a particularly strong relationship with typical human psychological problems, such as stress, depression or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Chojnowska
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, Akademicka Street 14, 18-400 Lomza, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Alina Kępka
- Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Knaś
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, Akademicka Street 14, 18-400 Lomza, Poland;
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, 16-070 Choroszcz, Poland;
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Carreira L, Midori Castelo P, Simões C, Capela e Silva F, Viegas C, Lamy E. Changes in Salivary Proteome in Response to Bread Odour. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041002. [PMID: 32260553 PMCID: PMC7230670 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that smelling food results in a mouth-watering feeling and influences appetite. However, besides changes in volume, little is known about the effects that food odours have on the composition of saliva. The aim of the present study was to access the effects that smelling bread has on saliva proteome and to compare such effects with those of chewing and ingesting it. Besides a significant increase in saliva flow rate, together with a decrease in total protein concentration, bread odour induced changes in the proportion of different salivary proteins. The expression levels of two spots of cystatins and two spots of amylase increased due to olfactory stimulation, similar to what happened with bread mastication, suggesting that odour can allow anticipation of the type of food eaten and consequently the physiological oral changes necessary to that ingestion. An interesting finding was that bread odour increased the expression levels of several protein spots of immunoglobulin chains, which were decreased by both bread or rice mastication. This may be of clinical relevance since food olfactory stimulation of salivary immunoglobulins can be used to potentiate the oral immune function of saliva. Moreover, the effects of bread odour in the levels of salivary proteins, previously observed to be involved in oral food processing led to the hypothesis of an influence of this odour in the sensory perception of foods further ingested. Further studies are needed to elucidate this point, as well as whether the changes observed for bread odour are specific, or if different food odours lead to similar salivary proteome responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carreira
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; (L.C.); (C.S.); (F.C.e.S.)
| | - Paula Midori Castelo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Carla Simões
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; (L.C.); (C.S.); (F.C.e.S.)
| | - Fernando Capela e Silva
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal; (L.C.); (C.S.); (F.C.e.S.)
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Viegas
- Department of Food Science, Estoril Higher Institute of Hospitality and Tourism (ESHTE), 2769-510 Estoril, Portugal;
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- IIFA—Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Peres CDS, Gava RP, Yoshida NM, Correa JCM, Scudeller LB, Seixas GF, Silva CC, Garbelini CCD, Ramos SDP. Could regular practice of volleyball modulate salivary secretory immunity in children? Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hanstock HG, Edwards JP, Walsh NP. Tear Lactoferrin and Lysozyme as Clinically Relevant Biomarkers of Mucosal Immune Competence. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1178. [PMID: 31231369 PMCID: PMC6558391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tears have attracted interest as a minimally-invasive biological fluid from which to assess biomarkers. Lactoferrin (Lf) and lysozyme (Lys) are abundant in the tear fluid and have antimicrobial properties. Since the eye is a portal for infection transmission, assessment of immune status at the ocular surface may be clinically relevant. Therefore, the aim of this series of studies was to investigate the tear fluid antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) Lf and Lys as biomarkers of mucosal immune status. To be considered biomarkers of interest, we would expect tear AMPs to respond to stressors known to perturb immunity but be robust to confounding variables, and to be lower in participants with heightened risk or incidence of illness. We investigated the relationship between tear AMPs and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI; study 1) as well as the response of tear AMPs to prolonged treadmill exercise (study 2) and dehydration (study 3). Study 1 was a prospective cohort study conducted during the common cold season whereas studies 2 and 3 used repeated-measures crossover designs. In study 1, tear Lys concentration (C) as well as tear AMP secretion rates (SRs) were lower in individuals who reported pathogen-confirmed URTI (n = 9) throughout the observation period than in healthy, pathogen-free controls (n = 17; Lys-C, P = 0.002, d = 0.85; Lys-SR, P < 0.001, d = 1.00; Lf-SR, P = 0.018, d = 0.66). Tear AMP secretion rates were also lower in contact lens wearers. In study 2, tear AMP SRs were 42-49% lower at 30 min-1 h post-exercise vs. pre-exercise (P < 0.001, d = 0.80-0.93). Finally, in study 3, tear AMPs were not influenced by dehydration, although tear AMP concentrations (but not secretion rates) displayed diurnal variation. We conclude that Lf and Lys have potential as biomarkers of mucosal immune competence; in particular, whether these markers are lower in infection-prone individuals warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen G Hanstock
- Extremes Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Jason P Edwards
- Extremes Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Walsh
- Extremes Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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12
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Jones AW, Davison G. Exercise, Immunity, and Illness. MUSCLE AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814593-7.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that moderate amounts of exercise improve immune system functions and hence reduce the risk of infection whereas athletes engaged in regular prolonged and/or intensive training have a higher than “normal” incidence of minor infections, especially of the upper respiratory tract (URT, e.g., common cold and influenza). This is likely related to regular acute (and possibly chronic) periods of exercise-induced changes in immune function. URT infections can compromise performance directly if suffered shortly before or during competition or indirectly if suffered at other times via effects on training and/or physiological adaptations. This chapter covers the effects of exercise (acute and chronic), both positive and negative, on immune function and consequent infection risk, and considers the current state-of-the-art for monitoring and assessing this in athletes.
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Lindsay A, Costello JT. Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine. Sports Med 2018; 47:11-31. [PMID: 27294353 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of homeostatic perturbations following various psychophysiological stressors is essential in sports and exercise medicine. Various biomarkers are routinely used as monitoring tools in both clinical and elite sport settings. Blood collection and muscle biopsies, both invasive in nature, are considered the gold standard for the analysis of these biomarkers in exercise science. Exploring non-invasive methods of collecting and analysing biomarkers that are capable of providing accurate information regarding exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress is of obvious practical importance. This review describes the potential benefits, and the limitations, of using saliva and urine to ascertain biomarkers capable of identifying important stressors that are routinely encountered before, during, or after intense or unaccustomed exercise, competition, over-training, and inappropriate recovery. In particular, we focus on urinary and saliva biomarkers that have previously been used to monitor muscle damage, inflammation, cardiovascular stress, oxidative stress, hydration status, and brain distress. Evidence is provided from a range of empirical studies suggesting that urine and saliva are both capable of identifying various stressors. Although additional research regarding the efficacy of using urine and/or saliva to indicate the severity of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress is required, it is likely that these non-invasive biomarkers will represent "the future" in sports and exercise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, UK
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Martínez-Miró S, Rubio M, Tvarijonaviciute A, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Influence of the way of reporting alpha-Amylase values in saliva in different naturalistic situations: A pilot study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180100. [PMID: 28654668 PMCID: PMC5487069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this pilot study was to compare the different ways of measuring salivary alpha-amylase (sAA, enzymatic vs. concentration) and to evaluate the influence that the different ways of reporting the results can have in sAA interpretation. For this purpose, sAA was measured by direct quantification and also by an enzymatic assay in three different naturalistic situations, a physical stressor (situation 1) and two mental stressors of different intensity (situations 2 and 3). The results were expressed in three different ways (without correction, multiplied by flow rate and divided by protein concentration). sAA concentration and activity increased just after situations 1 and 3. When values were multiplied by the flow rate, significant changes after situation 1 were detected only for sAA activity but not for sAA concentration, being these changes of lower significance and magnitude that those observed for sAA activity without any correction. In addition, a significant increase in sAA activity was found at T+15 in situation 2. In situation 3 the significant decrease in sAA at T+15 disappeared. When values were divided by protein concentration, there were no significant changes in situations 1 or 3, but a decrease in situation 2 at T+0 and an increase at T+15. sAA activity and concentration showed a significant correlation in all situations. This pilot study points out that the way of expressing sAA can influence the results obtained in different stress models and also their interpretation. Therefore, how sAA is reported and the factors involved in the different ways of expressing sAA, should be taken into consideration for an objective interpretation of sAA values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damián Escribano
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Departament of Animal Production, Veterinary school, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia Spain
| | - Mónica Rubio
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgey, Veterinary school, Universitat CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jose J. Cerón
- Clinic Analysis Interdisciplinary Laboratory (Interlab-UMU), Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Justino AB, Teixeira RR, Peixoto LG, Jaramillo OLB, Espindola FS. Effect of saliva collection methods and oral hygiene on salivary biomarkers. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017; 77:415-422. [PMID: 28613965 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1334261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of unstimulated and stimulated saliva collection methods, as well as tooth brushing, on the secretion rate of salivary total protein, nitrite, total antioxidant capacity and alpha-amylase. Saliva of 14 healthy individuals were collected with stimulation using Salivette®, Parafilm® and chewing gum and without stimulation from spit with and without fluid accumulation, before and after oral hygiene. Total protein, nitrite, total antioxidant capacity and alpha-amylase concentration (sAA) were evaluated. The collection of saliva stimulated with Parafilm® and chewing gum increased the salivary flow (1.5 ± 0.4 and 3.4 ± 0.7 mL/min, respectively) and the secretion rate of salivary total protein (1.0 ± 0.2 and 2.3 ± 0.5 mg/min, respectively). Also, chewing gum increases the salivary nitrite secretion (213 ± 58 nmol/min) and total antioxidant capacity (410 ± 47 nmol trolox eq/min). Interestingly, the unstimulated method without saliva accumulation prior to collection resulted in low sAA levels (23,531 ± 7979 pixel density). Furthermore, oral hygiene decreased salivary flow (1.3 ± 0.5 to 1.0 ± 0.4 mL/min), reduced the secretion rate of total protein (1.0 ± 0.5 to 0.6 ± 0.2 mg/min, p < .05) and increased sAA (13,159 ± 7114 to 20,075 ± 25,656 pixel density, p < .05). The type of stimulation can activate autonomous receptors responsible for the secretion and composition of saliva. Therefore, the evaluation of saliva collection methods and oral hygiene on salivary biomarkers is important for understanding and standardizing variations in salivary composition to strengthen the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisson Benatti Justino
- a Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlândia , MG , Brazil
| | - Renata Roland Teixeira
- a Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlândia , MG , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Gomes Peixoto
- a Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlândia , MG , Brazil
| | | | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- a Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlândia , MG , Brazil
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16
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Gill SK, Price M, Costa RJS. Measurement of saliva flow rate in healthy young humans: influence of collection time and mouthrinse water temperature. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 124:447-453. [PMID: 27671982 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine if unstimulated saliva flow (measured in μl min-1 ) is affected by different durations of sample collection and by temperatures of mouthrinse water used before sample collection. In randomized order, participants provided 10 samples of unstimulated saliva at time points ranging from 1 to 6 min after rinsing with different temperatures of water (10, 20, and 30°C). Data were analysed by one-way anova with post-hoc tests. Test-retest reliability was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and correlation coefficients. A larger volume of saliva was obtained over a longer collection time. No significant difference in saliva flow rate was observed between collection times [mean: 364 (95% CI: 332-397) μl min-1 ]. Although rinsing with different temperatures of mouthrinse water resulted in no significant difference in saliva flow rates as a result of the mouthrinse water temperatures, 60% of the participants had a higher saliva flow rate after rinsing with mouthrinse water at a temperature of 10°C compared with mouthrinse water at 20 and 30°C, suggesting large individual variation (range: 24-420 μl min-1 ). These findings provide justification for using saliva collection times of 1-6 min during sampling of unstimulated saliva. The large individual variations in saliva flow rate in response to different mouthrinse water temperatures suggest that standardization, control, and reporting of mouthrinse water temperature is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Gill
- Education and Professional Development, British Dietetic Association, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike Price
- Applied Biology and Exercise Sciences Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Monash University, Notting Hill, Vic., Australia.
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17
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The effect of physical exercise on salivary secretion of MUC5B, amylase and lysozyme. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1639-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Jones AW, Thatcher R, March DS, Davison G. Influence of 4 weeks of bovine colostrum supplementation on neutrophil and mucosal immune responses to prolonged cycling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25:788-96. [PMID: 25727914 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (COL) has been advocated as a nutritional countermeasure to exercise-induced immune dysfunction. The aims of this study were to identify the effects of 4 weeks of COL supplementation on neutrophil responses and mucosal immunity following prolonged exercise. In a randomized double-blind, parallel group design, participants [age 28 ± 8 years; body mass 79 ± 7 kg; height 182 ± 6 cm; maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) 55 ± 9 mL/kg/min] were assigned to 20 g per day of COL (n = 10) or an isoenergetic/isomacronutrient placebo (PLA; n = 10) for 4 weeks. Venous blood and unstimulated saliva samples were obtained before and after 2.5 h of cycling at 15% Δ (∼55-60% V̇O2max). A significantly greater formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine-stimulated oxidative burst was observed in the COL group compared with PLA group (P < 0.05) and a trend toward a time × group interaction (P = 0.06). However, there was no effect of COL on leukocyte trafficking, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated oxidative burst, bacterial-stimulated neutrophil degranulation, salivary secretory IgA, lactoferrin or lysozyme (P > 0.05). These findings provide further evidence of the beneficial effects of COL on receptor-mediated stimulation of neutrophil oxidative burst in a model of exercise-induced immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Jones
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.,Clinical Research Centre, Prince Phillip Hospital, Llanelli, UK
| | - R Thatcher
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - D S March
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - G Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Chatham, UK
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Koibuchi E, Suzuki Y. Exercise upregulates salivary amylase in humans (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:773-777. [PMID: 24669232 PMCID: PMC3961115 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretion of salivary α-amylase is influenced by adrenergic regulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; thus, exercise affects the levels of salivary α-amylase. Granger et al published a review in 2007 that focused attention on salivary α-amylase. In addition, a portable system for monitoring salivary α-amylase activity was launched in Japan at the end of 2005. The correlation between exercise and salivary α-amylase has since been extensively investigated. The present review summarizes relevant studies published in the English and Japanese literature after 2006. A search of the PubMed and CiNii databases identified 54 articles, from which 15 original articles were selected. The findings described in these publications indicate that exercise consistently increases mean salivary α-amylase activities and concentrations, particularly at an intensity of >70% VO2max in healthy young individuals. Thus, these studies have confirmed that salivary α-amylase levels markedly increase in response to physical stress. Salivary α-amylase levels may therefore serve as an effective indicator in the non-invasive assessment of physical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Koibuchi
- Laboratory of Sports Nutrition and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Laboratory of Sports Nutrition and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
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