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Palmer MV, Kanipe C, Lehman KA, Thacker TC, Putz EJ, Boggiatto PM. Vaccination of White-Tailed Deer with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG): Effect of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2488. [PMID: 37894146 PMCID: PMC10609214 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In many parts of the world, bovine tuberculosis eradication efforts are hampered by wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis, which serve as a constant source of M. bovis for nearby cattle. The human tuberculosis vaccine, M. bovis BCG has been investigated for use in several wildlife species, including deer. In the US, white-tailed deer in Michigan have been the source of infection for over 82 cattle herds since M. bovis was discovered in free-ranging deer in 1995. The efficacy of BCG may be influenced by many factors, including prior exposure or infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria, that is, species other than members of the M. tuberculosis complex. M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infection is not uncommon in ruminants such as deer. Using natural exposure to Map and experimental infection with M. bovis, we demonstrate that Map infection increased BCG vaccine efficacy as measured by lesion severity scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V. Palmer
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.K.); (E.J.P.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Carly Kanipe
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.K.); (E.J.P.); (P.M.B.)
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Lehman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (K.A.L.); (T.C.T.)
| | - Tyler C. Thacker
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (K.A.L.); (T.C.T.)
| | - Ellie J. Putz
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.K.); (E.J.P.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Paola M. Boggiatto
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.K.); (E.J.P.); (P.M.B.)
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Williams GA, Scott-Baird E, Núñez A, Salguero FJ, Wood E, Houghton S, Vordermeier HM. The safety of BCG vaccination in cattle: results from good laboratory practice safety studies in calves and lactating cows. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12356. [PMID: 36590473 PMCID: PMC9800532 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a global disease of livestock that has damaging economic, animal health and public health consequences. Conventional bTB disease control strategies, based around the testing and slaughter of cattle infected with bTB, are typically used to help limit or reduce the transmission of this disease but in many low- and middle-income countries such strategies may often be economically unviable, culturally unacceptable or logistically impracticable. The use of vaccination to protect cattle against bTB could provide a potentially more affordable, ethically acceptable and practical additional disease control measure. The protective efficacy of the commercially produced and readily available human vaccine against tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin; BCG) in cattle has been demonstrated in many experimental laboratory and field studies. However, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) studies assessing the safety of BCG vaccination in cattle have not previously been reported. We describe here the results of two GLP safety studies in which calves and lactating cows were vaccinated with BCG (Danish 1331 strain). From an animal health and welfare perspective, the results of these studies indicate that BCG vaccine is well tolerated in these categories of cattle with only transient and minor local or systemic reactions. Furthermore, there was no evidence that BCG was shed in raw milk, saliva or faeces collected from vaccinates and vaccination did not have a detrimental effect on milk yields in lactating cattle. These data, underpinned by GLP principles, further support the existing data on the safety of BCG vaccine in cattle and complement the abundant available cattle efficacy data for this potential cattle bTB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth A. Williams
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Alejandro Núñez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Emma Wood
- Queens Hall, Narberth, Pembs, SA67 7AS, UK
| | - Steve Houghton
- Veterinary Vaccines Consultancy Ltd, Paulerspury, Northants, NN12 7NN, UK
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Rajendran D, Ezhuthupurakkal PB, Lakshman R, Gowda NKS, Manimaran A, Rao SBN. Application of encapsulated nano materials as feed additive in livestock and poultry: a review. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:315-328. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Apostolopoulos N, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Wildermuth B, Moser I, Hillemann D, Nobach D, Herden C, Ewers C, Thom N. Mycobacterium setense isolated from a cat with atypical mycobacterial panniculitis. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:390-396. [PMID: 34169497 DOI: 10.1055/a-1528-1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical mycobacterial panniculitis was diagnosed in a cat. Mycobacterium setense was identified as causative agent by 16 S rRNA gene sequence analysis. This a gram-positive rod-shaped acid-fast bacterium belonging to Mycobacterium fortuitum group was never reported before in diseased animals. Resistance to doxycycline and clarithromycin was detected. During treatment with pradofloxacin, additional resistance to fluoroquinolones developed which was due to a mutation in the gyrase gene gyrA (S90W exchange). Despite of antimicrobial treatment for 33 months the patient did not fully recover. Species identification and susceptibility testing for choosing adequate antimicrobial treatment is recommended in cases of feline mycobacterial panniculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Irmgard Moser
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, National Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Doris Hillemann
- National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Daniel Nobach
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Thom
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Arnot LF, Michel A. Challenges for controlling bovine tuberculosis in South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 87:e1-e8. [PMID: 32129639 PMCID: PMC7059242 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
All effects taken together, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has a long-term detrimental effect on bovine herds and many wildlife species in South Africa. The disease is not only found in domestic cattle but also in African buffaloes and has to date been diagnosed in 21 wildlife species, including several rare and endangered species, thus having a potentially serious effect on conservation and biodiversity. In cattle, bTB is mostly characterised by sporadic outbreaks, but bovine herds chronically infected with the clinical disease are not uncommon. Presently, the recognised bTB control strategy in South Africa is based on 'test and slaughter', using the intradermal tuberculin test, followed by the slaughter of animals that have tested positive. Affected herds are placed under veterinary quarantine with movement restrictions until the outbreak is eradicated; this can take several years or last indefinitely if the outbreak cannot be eradicated. The same measures apply to infected buffalo populations, often with no prospect of ever being eradicated. This strategy is neither practical nor viable in the context of a communal farming system and becomes unethical when dealing with valuable wildlife reservoir hosts. Transmission of bTB between wildlife and cattle has been demonstrated and emphasises the need for an effective, affordable and culturally acceptable control strategy to curb the spread of bTB in South Africa. In countries with similar challenges, vaccination has been used and found to be promising for treating wild and domestic reservoir species and may hence be of value as a complementary tool for bTB control in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F Arnot
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; and, Bovine Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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Palmer MV, Thacker TC. Use of the Human Vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin in Deer. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:244. [PMID: 30349823 PMCID: PMC6186790 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The only vaccine ever approved for human tuberculosis was developed a century ago from an isolate of Mycobacterium bovis derived from a tuberculous cow. Initial safety and efficacy studies of an attenuated version of this isolate were conducted in cattle and other animals. In 1921 the first human, an infant, was orally dosed with this attenuated strain that came to be known as M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG); named for Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin, the two French scientists that developed the strain. Since 1921, billions of people have been vaccinated with BCG making it the oldest, most widely used, and safest vaccine in use today. It is also the tuberculosis vaccine most studied for use in wildlife, including deer. While BCG vaccination of deer may not reliably prevent infection, it consistently decreases lesion severity, minimizing large, necrotic lesions, which often contain large numbers of bacilli. It is believed that decreased lesion severity correlates with decreased disease transmission; however, this hypothesis remains to be proven. Safety studies in white-tailed deer show BCG may persist in lymphoid tissues for up to 12 months; a factor to be considered in deer used for food. Beyond efficacy and safety, methods of vaccine delivery to free-ranging deer are also under investigation, both in the laboratory and in the field. The ideal delivery method is effective, efficient and safe for non-target species, including livestock. Ingestion of BCG by cattle is of special concern as such cattle may present as "false positives" using currently approved diagnostic methods, thus interfering with efforts by animal health agencies to monitor cattle for tuberculosis. An effective BCG vaccine for deer would be of value in regions where free-ranging deer represent a potential source of M. bovis for livestock. Such a vaccine would also be beneficial to farmed deer where M. bovis represents a serious threat to trade and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V. Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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López V, González-Barrio D, Lima-Barbero JF, Ortiz JA, Domínguez L, Juste R, Garrido JM, Sevilla IA, Alberdi P, de la Fuente J, Gortázar C. Oral administration of heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis reduces the response of farmed red deer to avian and bovine tuberculin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:21-5. [PMID: 27032499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orally delivered mycobacterial antigens may not sensitize the immunized animals causing a positive tuberculin skin test response. As the first step to address this critical issue, we characterized the response of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) to orally delivered heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis. Thirty-two adult red deer hinds from a farm known to be free of tuberculosis (TB) were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups, immunized (n=24) and control (n=8). Immunized hinds were dosed orally with 2 ml of PBS containing 6 × 10(6) heat-inactivated M. bovis. The mean skin test response of immunized deer to both avian purified protein derivative (aPPD) and bovine PPD (bPPD) was consistently lower in immunized than in control hinds. One year after immunization, immunized hinds had a significant reduction in the skin test response to aPPD and in the ELISA antibody levels against both aPPD and bPPD (24-36% reduction; P<0.05). By contrast, no significant change was observed in the skin test response to phytohaemagglutinin, or in the ELISA antibody levels against the M. bovis specific antigen MPB70. The mRNA levels for C3, IFN-γ and IL-1β and serum protein levels for IFN-γ and IL-1β did not vary between immunized and control deer. However, serum C3 protein levels were significantly higher (P=0.001) in immunized than in control deer six months after immunization. These results confirm that oral heat-inactivated M. bovis does not sensitize farmed red deer and therefore does not cause false-positive responses in the tuberculin skin test. The absence of sensitization in orally immunized deer opens the possibility of testing the vaccine in deer and possibly other ruminants without the risk of causing false-positive reactions in TB-tests. This study also provided the first evidence that orally-delivered inactivated mycobacterial antigens elicit some kind of immune response in a ruminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir López
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - José Antonio Ortiz
- Departamento Veterinario, Cinegético e Investigación de Medianilla S.L., Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Juste
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Waters WR, Palmer MV. Mycobacterium bovis Infection of Cattle and White-Tailed Deer: Translational Research of Relevance to Human Tuberculosis. ILAR J 2016; 56:26-43. [PMID: 25991696 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a premier example of a disease complex with pathogens primarily affecting humans (i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or livestock and wildlife (i.e., Mycobacterium bovis) and with a long history of inclusive collaborations between physicians and veterinarians. Advances in the study of bovine TB have been applied to human TB, and vice versa. For instance, landmark discoveries on the use of Koch's tuberculin and interferon-γ release assays for diagnostic purposes, as well as Calmette and Guérin's attenuated M. bovis strain as a vaccine, were first evaluated in cattle for control of bovine TB prior to wide-scale use in humans. Likewise, recent discoveries on the role of effector/memory T cell subsets and polyfunctional T cells in the immune response to human TB, particularly as related to vaccine efficacy, have paved the way for similar studies in cattle. Over the past 15 years, substantial funding for development of human TB vaccines has led to the emergence of multiple promising candidates now in human clinical trials. Several of these vaccines are being tested for immunogenicity and efficacy in cattle. Also, the development of population-based vaccination strategies for control of M. bovis infection in wildlife reservoirs will undoubtedly have an impact on our understanding of herd immunity with relevance to the control of both bovine and human TB in regions of the world with high prevalence of TB. Thus, the one-health approach to research on TB is mutually beneficial for our understanding and control of TB in humans, livestock, and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- Dr. W. Ray Waters, DVM, PhD, is a veterinary medical officer in the TB Research Project in the Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, Iowa, and a collaborator/assistant professor of veterinary microbiology and preventive medicine at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Dr. Mitchell V. Palmer, DVM, PhD, is a veterinary medical officer in the TB Research Project in the Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, and a collaborator/assistant professor of veterinary pathology at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Dr. W. Ray Waters, DVM, PhD, is a veterinary medical officer in the TB Research Project in the Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, Iowa, and a collaborator/assistant professor of veterinary microbiology and preventive medicine at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Dr. Mitchell V. Palmer, DVM, PhD, is a veterinary medical officer in the TB Research Project in the Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, Iowa, and a collaborator/assistant professor of veterinary pathology at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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9
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Nol P, Robbe-Austerman S, Rhyan JC, McCollum MP, Triantis JM, Beltrán-Beck B, Salman MD. Determining the persistence of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin Danish in select tissues of orally vaccinated feral swine (Sus scrofa ssp.). Res Vet Sci 2015; 104:50-2. [PMID: 26850536 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is being considered for vaccination of feral swine (Sus scrofa ssp.). Since BCG is a live bacterium, evaluation of its safety and persistence in tissues is important. Fifteen feral swine received approximately 4.5 × 10(6) colony forming units of BCG Danish via oral bait. Four animals received bait without BCG. At 1, 3, 6, and 9 months post-vaccination, four vaccinates were euthanized. Non-vaccinates were euthanized at 9 months. Clinical signs were not noted in vaccinated pigs at any time. Tissues from all 20 pigs were culture-negative for mycobacteria. Based on our data, BCG is safe and appears not to persist in feral swine tissues after one month post-oral vaccination. However, further work must be performed at higher doses, and on a larger number of animals representing the target population, and further evaluation of persistence in tissues within the first month post-vaccination is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Nol
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Science, Technology and Analysis Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Jack C Rhyan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Matt P McCollum
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Joni M Triantis
- Animal Population Health Institute, 1644 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Beatriz Beltrán-Beck
- Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Mo D Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, 1644 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Gortázar C, Che Amat A, O'Brien DJ. Open questions and recent advances in the control of a multi-host infectious disease: animal tuberculosis. Mamm Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortázar
- Animal Health; SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n Ciudad Real 13071 Spain
| | - Azlan Che Amat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Daniel J. O'Brien
- Wildlife Disease Laboratory; Michigan Department of Natural Resources; 4125 Beaumont Rd., Room 250 Lansing Michigan 48910-8106 USA
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Stahl RS, Ellis CK, Nol P, Waters WR, Palmer M, VerCauteren KC. Fecal Volatile Organic Ccompound Profiles from White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as Indicators of Mycobacterium bovis Exposure or Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129740. [PMID: 26060998 PMCID: PMC4465024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serve as a reservoir for bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, and can be a source of infection in cattle. Vaccination with M. bovis Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) is being considered for management of bovine tuberculosis in deer. Presently, no method exists to non-invasively monitor the presence of bovine tuberculosis in deer. In this study, volatile organic compound profiles of BCG-vaccinated and non-vaccinated deer, before and after experimental challenge with M. bovis strain 95–1315, were generated using solid phase microextraction fiber head-space sampling over suspended fecal pellets with analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Chromatograms were processed using XCMS Online to characterize ion variation among treatment groups. The principal component scores resulting from significant (α = 0.05) ion responses were used to build linear discriminant analysis models. The sensitivity and specificity of these models were used to evaluate the feasibility of using this analytical approach to distinguish within group comparisons between pre- and post-M. bovis challenge: non-vaccinated male or female deer, BCG-vaccinated male deer, and the mixed gender non-vaccinated deer data. Seventeen compounds were identified in this analysis. The peak areas for these compounds were used to build a linear discriminant classification model based on principal component analysis scores to evaluate the feasibility of discriminating between fecal samples from M. bovis challenged deer, irrespective of vaccination status. The model best representing the data had a sensitivity of 78.6% and a specificity of 91.4%. The fecal head-space sampling approach presented in this pilot study provides a non-invasive method to discriminate between M. bovis challenged deer and BCG-vaccinated deer. Additionally, the technique may prove invaluable for BCG efficacy studies with free-ranging deer as well as for use as a non-invasive monitoring system for the detection of tuberculosis in captive deer and other livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal S. Stahl
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine K. Ellis
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pauline Nol
- Wildlife Livestock Disease Investigations Team, USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services-Science, Technology, and Analysis Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - W. Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kurt C. VerCauteren
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Derrick SC, Yang A, Parra M, Kolibab K, Morris SL. Effect of cationic liposomes on BCG trafficking and vaccine-induced immune responses following a subcutaneous immunization in mice. Vaccine 2014; 33:126-32. [PMID: 25448108 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While formulating Mycobacterium bovis BCG in lipid-based adjuvants has been shown to increase the vaccine's protective immunity, the biological mechanisms responsible for the enhanced potency of lipid encapsulated BCG are unknown. To assess whether mixing BCG in adjuvant increases its immunogenicity by altering post-vaccination organ distribution and persistence, mice were immunized subcutaneously with conventional BCG Pasteur or BCG formulated in DDA/TDB adjuvant and the bio-distribution of BCG bacilli was evaluated in mouse lungs, spleens, lymph nodes, and livers for up to 1 year. Although BCG was rarely detected in mouse livers, mycobacteria were found in mouse lungs, spleens, and lymph nodes for at least 1 year post-vaccination. However, at various time points during the 1 year study, the frequency of lung and spleen infections and the number of mycobacteria in infected organs of individual mice were highly variable. In contrast, mycobacteria were nearly always detected in the lymph nodes of vaccinated mice. While the frequency and extent of lymph node infections generally were not significantly different between mice vaccinated with adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted BCG preparations, multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of lymph node cells showed significantly higher frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ and IFN-γ/TNF-α in mice immunized with adjuvanted BCG. Overall, our data suggest that the relationship between lymph node infection and the generation of anti-tuberculosis protective responses following BCG vaccination should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Derrick
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
| | - Amy Yang
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Marcela Parra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Kristopher Kolibab
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Sheldon L Morris
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
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Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Waters WR, Robbe-Austerman S. Oral vaccination of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). PLoS One 2014; 9:e97031. [PMID: 24804678 PMCID: PMC4013142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis represent serious obstacles to the eradication of tuberculosis from livestock, particularly cattle. In Michigan, USA tuberculous white-tailed deer transmit M. bovis to other deer and cattle. One approach in dealing with this wildlife reservoir is to vaccinate deer, thus interfering with the intraspecies and interspecies transmission cycles. Thirty-three white-tailed deer were assigned to one of two groups; oral vaccination with 1 × 10(8) colony-forming units of M. bovis BCG Danish (n = 17); and non-vaccinated (n = 16). One hundred eleven days after vaccination deer were infected intratonsilarly with 300 colony-forming units of virulent M. bovis. At examination, 150 days after challenge, BCG vaccinated deer had fewer gross and microscopic lesions, fewer tissues from which M. bovis could be isolated, and fewer late stage granulomas with extensive liquefactive necrosis. Fewer lesions, especially those of a highly necrotic nature should decrease the potential for dissemination of M. bovis within the host and transmission to other susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V. Palmer
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tyler C. Thacker
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - W. Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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