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Bhoyar RC, Jolly B, Vignesh H, Bhatt L, Senthivel V, Israni R, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S. Protocol for next-generation sequencing of the LSD virus genome using an amplicon-based approach. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103020. [PMID: 39083382 PMCID: PMC11342167 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease predominantly affecting cattle caused by a poxvirus belonging to the capripoxvirus genus. Here, we present a protocol for next-generation sequencing of the LSD virus genome using an amplicon-based approach. We describe steps for DNA extraction, viral DNA enrichment, amplicon pooling and purification, and library preparation and pooling. We then detail procedures for sequencing and computational analysis. This protocol can be adapted to any Illumina sequencing platform as an accelerated and scalable system. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Bhatt et al.1,2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul C Bhoyar
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India
| | - Bani Jolly
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Harie Vignesh
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India
| | - Lenin Bhatt
- State Disease Diagnostic Centre, Department of Animal Husbandry, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302001, India
| | - Vigneshwar Senthivel
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Ravi Israni
- State Disease Diagnostic Centre, Department of Animal Husbandry, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302001, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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Uddin MA, Hossain MT, Rahman AKMA, Siddique MP, Kafi MA, Hossain MG, Chakraborty S, Rahman MM, Khasruzzaman AKM, Ward MP, Islam MA. Characterization, histopathology and immunogenicity of the lumpy skin disease virus isolated during 2019-20 in Bangladesh. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1324243. [PMID: 38725689 PMCID: PMC11081030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1324243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly contagious vector-borne viral disease of cattle. LSD has emerged in Bangladesh in 2019, causing significant economic losses due to its high morbidity and mortality. This research was designed to isolate, identify, and assess the immunogenicity of LSD virus (LSDV) using nodular tissue samples obtained from affected cattle during the 2019-20 outbreak across nine districts of Bangladesh. Methods To determine the presence of LSDV in nodular tissues, we initially used iiPCR and PCR, followed by histopathological examination. 151 were positive via iiPCR and PCR among the 180 collected samples. The PCR positive 151 samples were then inoculated into 10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs via the CAM route to isolate LSDV, confirmed through PCR. Subsequently, partial sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the P32 gene were performed to determine the origin of the circulating LSDV strain. The immunogenicity of selected LSDV strains was assessed through an ELISA test. Results The PCR results revealed a distinct positive band at 192 bp in both the nodular tissue samples and the LSDV isolated from chicken embryo inoculations. Microscopic analysis of the nodular lesions revealed thickening of the epidermis, ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes, and proliferation of follicular epithelia. Additionally, mononuclear infiltration was observed at the demarcation line between infected and healthy tissue, with necrosis of muscular tissues beneath the epidermis. The LSDV isolate from Bangladesh exhibited a close genetic relationship with LSDV strains isolated from neighboring and other regional countries including India, Myanmar, and Mongolia. This observation strongly suggests the possibility of a transboundary spread of the LSD outbreak in Bangladesh during 2019-2020. The results of the immunogenicity test showed that the serum antibody titer remained at a protective level for up to 18 months following secondary immunization with inactivated LSDV antigen. This finding suggests that the inactivated LSDV antigen could be a potential vaccine candidate to protect cattle in Bangladesh against LSDV. Conclusion In conclusion, our research successfully isolated, identified, and characterized LSDV in cattle nodular tissues from the 2019-20 outbreak in Bangladesh. Furthermore, it provided insights into the probable origin of the circulating strain and investigated a potential vaccine candidate to protect cattle in the region from LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Mahbubul Pratik Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Golbar Hossain
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Sourav Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohummad Muklesur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Khasruzzaman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Md. Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Smaraki N, Jogi HR, Kamothi DJ, Savsani HH. An insight into emergence of lumpy skin disease virus: a threat to Indian cattle. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:210. [PMID: 38592503 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious and economically devastating viral disease of cattle. It is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus and family Poxviridae. The origin of lumpy skin disease has been traced to Zambia, (an African nation) in Southern part during the year 1929. The first reported case of LSD besides Africa was from Israel, a Middle Eastern nation, thus proving inter-continental spread. Subsequently, the disease entered Middle East, Eastern Europe and Asia with numerous outbreaks in the recent years. LSD has emerged as a significant concern in the Indian sub-continent, due to outbreaks reported in countries such as Bangladesh, India, China in 2019. In the following years, other South and East Asian countries like Taipei, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Bhutan, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Pakistan, Indonesia and Singapore also faced severe outbreaks. At present, LSD is considered to be an emerging disease in the Indian sub-continent due to the recent status of disease. Considering the global scenario, LSDV is changing its transmission dynamics as evidenced by a shift in its epidemiology. As a result of high morbidity and mortality rate among cattle, the current outbreaks have been a major cause of socio-economic catastrophe. This contagious viral disease has eminent repercussions as the estimated monetary damage incurred is quite high. Despite having networked surveillance and comprehensive databases, the recurring outbreaks have raised major concern among researchers. Therefore, this review offers brief insights into the emergence of LSDV by amalgamating the newest literature related to its biology, transmission, clinico-pathology, epidemiology, prevention strategies, and economic consequences. Additionally, we have also provided the epidemiological insights of the recent outbreaks with detailed state wise studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabaneeta Smaraki
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Harsh Rajeshbhai Jogi
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Dhaval J Kamothi
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - H H Savsani
- Veterinary College, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh, Gujarat, 362001, India
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Yadav D, Rao GSNK, Paliwal D, Singh A, Alam A, Sharma PK, Surendra AV, Varshney P, Kumar Y. Cracking the Code of Lumpy Skin Disease: Identifying Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options for Livestock Farmers. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:e150124225632. [PMID: 38231058 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265261364231120053105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The novel bovine viral infection known as lumpy skin disease is common in most African and Middle Eastern countries, with a significant likelihood of disease transfer to Asia and Europe. Recent rapid disease spread in formerly disease-free zones highlights the need of understanding disease limits and distribution mechanisms. Capripox virus, the causal agent, may also cause sheeppox and Goatpox. Even though the virus is expelled through several bodily fluids and excretions, the most common causes of infection include sperm and skin sores. Thus, vulnerable hosts are mostly infected mechanically by hematophagous arthropods such as biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. As a result, milk production lowers, abortions, permanent or temporary sterility, hide damage, and mortality occur, contributing to a massive financial loss for countries that raise cattle. These illnesses are economically significant because they affect international trade. The spread of Capripox viruses appears to be spreading because to a lack of effectual vaccinations and poverty in rural areas. Lumpy skin disease has reached historic levels; as a consequence, vaccination remains the only viable option to keep the illness from spreading in endemic as well as newly impacted areas. This study is intended to offer a full update on existing knowledge of the disease's pathological characteristics, mechanisms of spread, transmission, control measures, and available vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devdhar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G S N Koteswara Rao
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai- 400056, India
| | - Deepika Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amareswarapu V Surendra
- K L College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Prachi Varshney
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mazloum A, Van Schalkwyk A, Babiuk S, Venter E, Wallace DB, Sprygin A. Lumpy skin disease: history, current understanding and research gaps in the context of recent geographic expansion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266759. [PMID: 38029115 PMCID: PMC10652407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is recognized as a transboundary and emerging disease of cattle, buffaloes and other wild ruminants. Being initially restricted to Africa, and since 1989 the Middle East, the unprecedented recent spread across Eurasia demonstrates how underestimated and neglected this disease is. The initial identification of the causative agent of LSD as a poxvirus called LSD virus, was well as findings on LSDV transmission and epidemiology were pioneered at Onderstepoort, South Africa, from as early as the 1940s by researchers such as Weiss, Haig and Alexander. As more data emerges from an ever-increasing number of epidemiological studies, previously emphasized research gaps are being revisited and discussed. The currently available knowledge is in agreement with the previously described South African research experience that LSDV transmission can occur by multiple routes, including indirect contact, shared water sources and arthropods. The virus population is prone to molecular evolution, generating novel phylogenetically distinct variants resulting from a diverse range of selective pressures, including recombination between field and homologous vaccine strains in cell culture that produce virulent recombinants which pose diagnostic challenges. Host restriction is not limited to livestock, with certain wild ruminants being susceptible, with unknown consequences for the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Estelle Venter
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Schlosser-Perrin L, Holzmuller P, Fernandez B, Miotello G, Dahmani N, Neyret A, Bertagnoli S, Armengaud J, Caufour P. Constitutive proteins of lumpy skin disease virion assessed by next-generation proteomics. J Virol 2023; 97:e0072323. [PMID: 37737587 PMCID: PMC10617387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00723-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of an economically important cattle disease which is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health. Over the past decades, the disease has spread at an alarming rate throughout the African continent, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, the Russian Federation, and many Asian countries. While multiple LDSV whole genomes have made further genetic comparative analyses possible, knowledge on the protein composition of the LSDV particle remains lacking. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive proteomic analysis of an infectious LSDV particle, prompting new efforts toward further proteomic LSDV strain characterization. Furthermore, this first incursion within the capripoxvirus proteome represents one of very few proteomic studies beyond the sole Orthopoxvirus genus, for which most of the proteomics studies have been performed. Providing new information about other chordopoxviruses may contribute to shedding new light on protein composition within the Poxviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Schlosser-Perrin
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Fernandez
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Noureddine Dahmani
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Aymeric Neyret
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Philippe Caufour
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
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Omoniwa DO, Meki IK, Kudi CA, Sackey AK, Aminu M, Adedeji AJ, Meseko CA, Luka PD, Asala OO, Adole JA, Atai RB, Atuman YJ, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Poxvirus Infections in Dairy Farms and Transhumance Cattle Herds in Nigeria. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051051. [PMID: 37243137 DOI: 10.3390/v15051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease in cattle caused by the LSD virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, while pseudocowpox (PCP) is a widely distributed zoonotic cattle disease caused by the PCP virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus. Though both viral pox infections are reportedly present in Nigeria, similarities in their clinical presentation and limited access to laboratories often lead to misdiagnosis in the field. This study investigated suspected LSD outbreaks in organized and transhumance cattle herds in Nigeria in 2020. A total of 42 scab/skin biopsy samples were collected from 16 outbreaks of suspected LSD in five northern States of Nigeria. The samples were analyzed using a high-resolution multiplex melting (HRM) assay to differentiate poxviruses belonging to Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera. LSDV was characterized using four gene segments, namely the RNA polymerase 30 kDa subunit (RPO30), G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein and CaPV homolog of the variola virus B22R. Likewise, the partial B2L gene of PCPV was also analyzed. Nineteen samples (45.2%) were positive according to the HRM assay for LSDV, and five (11.9%) were co-infected with LSDV and PCPV. The multiple sequence alignments of the GPCR, EEV, and B22R showed 100% similarity among the Nigerian LSDV samples, unlike the RPO30 phylogeny, which showed two clusters. Some of the Nigerian LSDVs clustered within LSDV SG II were with commonly circulating LSDV field isolates in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, while the remaining Nigerian LSDVs produced a unique sub-group. The B2L sequences of Nigerian PCPVs were 100% identical and clustered within the PCPV group containing cattle/Reindeer isolates, close to PCPVs from Zambia and Botswana. The results show the diversity of Nigerian LSDV strains. This paper also reports the first documented co-infection of LSDV and PCPV in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oludare Omoniwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Plateau State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Kojo Sackey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Aminu
- Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Yakubu Joel Atuman
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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Vinitchaikul P, Punyapornwithaya V, Seesupa S, Phuykhamsingha S, Arjkumpa O, Sansamur C, Jarassaeng C. The first study on the impact of lumpy skin disease outbreaks on monthly milk production on dairy farms in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:687-692. [PMID: 37235156 PMCID: PMC10206973 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.687-692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) have resulted in substantial economic losses to the dairy industry in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the influence of LSD outbreaks on monthly milk production levels. Materials and Methods Milk production for dairy farms located in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand, belonging to the Khon Kaen Dairy Cooperative, was affected by LSD outbreaks from May to August of 2021. The resulting data were analyzed using general linear mixed models. Results It was estimated that the LSD outbreak caused economic losses totaling 2,413,000 Thai Baht (68,943 USD) over the outbreak period. The monthly farm milk production level in May differed from the levels in June and August. Dairy farmers experienced losses between 8.23 and 9.96 tons of milk each month, which equated to between 4180 and 14,440 Thai Baht (119.43 and 412.57 USD) in monthly income. Conclusion This study demonstrated that LSD outbreaks on dairy farms resulted in significant farm milk production losses. Our findings will increase awareness among authorities and stakeholders in the dairy industry of Thailand, as well as to assist in the prevention of future LSD outbreaks and minimize the negative impacts of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramintra Vinitchaikul
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suvaluk Seesupa
- Division of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Department of Livestock Development, Animal Health Section, The 4 Regional Livestock Office, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Jarassaeng
- Division of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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The genome sequence of lumpy skin disease virus from an outbreak in India suggests a distinct lineage of the virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:81. [PMID: 36740645 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05705-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although previously confined to regions within Africa, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infections have caused significantly large outbreaks in several regions of the world in recent years. In 2019, an outbreak of the disease was reported in India with low rates of morbidity and no reported mortality. However, in 2022, an ongoing outbreak of LSDV spanning over seven states in India resulted in the loss of over 80,000 cattle over a period of three months. Here, we report complete genome sequences of six isolates of LSDV collected from affected cattle during an ongoing outbreak of the disease in Rajasthan, India. Analysis of these sequences showed that the genome isolates from the 2022 outbreak have a large number of genetic variations compared to the reference strain and that they form a distinct genetic lineage. This report thus highlights the importance of genome sequencing and surveillance of transboundary infectious agents to track the prevalence and emergence of variants.
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Nandi S, Mahajan S, Mishra R, Nautiyal S, Agrawal RK, Singh M, Biswas SK, Chander V, Singh KP, Sharma GK. LSDV126 gene based molecular assays for specific detection and characterization of emerging Lumpy Skin Disease virus. J Virol Methods 2023; 312:114665. [PMID: 36509247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious and economically important viral disease, which is currently emerging in the Indian subcontinent. LSD is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) under the genus Capripoxvirus and the family Poxviridae. Since its first incursion in India in the year 2019, the virus is rapidly disseminating through different means like direct contact, fomites and mainly by blood-feeding insects. As the disease has never been reported from India or neighbouring countries, there is a lack of planning and preparatory measures in terms of diagnostics and vaccines to control the disease. In the absence of any homologous vaccine, a live attenuated heterologous goat pox vaccine (Uttarkashi strain) is now being widely used in the country for the prevention of LSDV infection. Use of live attenuated goat pox virus vaccine necessitates the availability of an assay which could specifically detect and differentiate LSDV from goat pox virus. In this study, nucleotide sequences of LSDV126 gene encoding extracellular enveloped virus protein of circulating LSDV and goat pox virus were determined and analyzed. Deletion of 27 nt tandem repeats was observed in LSDV in comparison to goat pox and LSDV vaccine viruses. The deletion region was targeted for designing primers specific to LSDV, but not goat pox virus. A novel isothermal polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) was optimized as pen side diagnostic for prompt and sensitive detection of genomic DNA of LSDV. The assay was found to be highly sensitive and specific when compared to the real-time PCR. The assay was found to be specifically detecting only LSDV but not the goat pox virus. The limit of detection was identified as 9 × 10-6 ng of positive DNA. The assay will provide a point of care tool that will be a boon for the successful control of LSD in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukdeb Nandi
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Ragini Mishra
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Sushmita Nautiyal
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Ravi Kant Agrawal
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Sanchay K Biswas
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Vishal Chander
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India.
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11
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Hakobyan V, Sargsyan K, Kharatyan S, Elbakyan H, Sargsyan V, Markosyan T, Vardanyan T, Badalyan M, Achenbach JE. The Serological Response in Cattle following Administration of a Heterologous Sheep Pox Virus Strain Vaccine for Protection from Lumpy Skin Disease; Current Situation in Armenia. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020102. [PMID: 36851406 PMCID: PMC9965929 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious viral disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV), which was first reported in Armenia in late 2015. It was identified in pasture-raised cattle near the border with Iran. Currently, vaccination plays a key role in preventing further incursion of disease in high-risk areas. The purpose of this work was to assess the quality of vaccination currently used in Armenia by determining the immune response of the heterologous dry culture sheep pox virus-based vaccine against LSD in cattle. Seroprevalence and seroconversion testing was carried out using an ELISA to detect specific antibodies against LSD before and 30 days after vaccination in three adjacent regions of Armenia (Ararat, Armavir, Gegharkunik). Ixodes ticks were also examined for the presence of LSDV via real-time PCR. We found that the heterologous vaccine used in Armenia creates a high level of population immunity of 86.09% (83.83-87.97%) and no adverse side effects were observed in cattle. Of the 6 types of Ixodes ticks identified and tested, we found no evidence of LSDV circulating in these vectors. These results suggest that regular serological monitoring via ELISA and heterologous vaccination should continue in areas of Armenia at high risk for incursion of LSD to reduce the spread of this highly infectious transboundary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varduhi Hakobyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +374-91453912
| | - Khachik Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Satenik Kharatyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Hasmik Elbakyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Vazgen Sargsyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Tigran Markosyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Tigranuhi Vardanyan
- Scientific Center for Risk Assessment and Analysis in Food Safety Area, 107/2 Masis Highway, Yerevan 0071, Armenia
| | - Manvel Badalyan
- General Biology Department, Armenian National Agrarian University, 74 Teryan Street, Yerevan 0009, Armenia
| | - Jenna E. Achenbach
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 1001 Research Park Boulevard, Town Center Two, Suite 400, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
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12
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Duration of Immunity Induced after Vaccination of Cattle with a Live Attenuated or Inactivated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010210. [PMID: 36677502 PMCID: PMC9864976 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have proven themselves as an efficient way to control and eradicate lumpy skin disease (LSD). In addition to the safety and efficacy aspects, it is important to know the duration for which the vaccines confer protective immunity, as this impacts the design of an efficient control and eradication program. We evaluated the duration of immunity induced by a live attenuated vaccine (LSDV LAV) and an inactivated vaccine (LSDV Inac), both based on LSDV. Cattle were vaccinated and challenged after 6, 12 and 18 months for LSDV LAV or after 6 and 12 months for the LSDV Inac. The LSDV LAV elicited a strong immune response and protection for up to 18 months, as no clinical signs or viremia could be observed after a viral LSDV challenge in any of the vaccinated animals. A good immune response and protection were similarly seen for the LSDV Inac after 6 months. However, two animals developed clinical signs and viremia when challenged after 12 months. In conclusion, our data support the annual booster vaccination when using the live attenuated vaccine, as recommended by the manufacturer, which could potentially even be prolonged. In contrast, a bi-annual vaccination seems necessary when using the inactivated vaccine.
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13
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Khalafalla A. Lumpy Skin Disease: An Economically Significant Emerging Disease. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.108845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe viral disease of cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Capripoxvirus genus of the poxviridae family. Fever and flat disk-like skin nodules on the skin characterize the disease. It can also lead to death and significant economic losses, especially in herds, that have never been exposed to the virus. Blood-feeding insects, such as specific types of flies, mosquitoes, and ticks, are thought to be the primary vectors of LSDV transmission. Most African and middle eastern countries have a high prevalence of lumpy skin disease. The disease extended to southeast Europe, the Balkans, and the Caucasus in 2015 and 2016 and is still spreading throughout Asia. The World Organization for Animal Health [WOAH] has designated LSD as a notifiable illness due to the likelihood of fast transmission. The rapid spread of disease in formerly disease-free areas emphasizes the need to know the disease epidemiology and the virus’s interaction with its host. This chapter aims to provide the latest developments in the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of LSD.
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14
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Parvin R, Chowdhury EH, Islam MT, Begum JA, Nooruzzaman M, Globig A, Dietze K, Hoffmann B, Tuppurainen E. Clinical Epidemiology, Pathology, and Molecular Investigation of Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Bangladesh during 2020-2021 Indicate the Re-Emergence of an Old African Strain. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112529. [PMID: 36423138 PMCID: PMC9698944 DOI: 10.3390/v14112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) emerged in Bangladesh in mid-2019, leading to great economic losses for cattle farmers. This study describes the recent occurrence of the LSDV in Bangladesh and examines the clinical manifestation of the disease in local cattle breeds, characteristic epidemiological features, and pathological findings in affected animals. In addition, a full-genome sequencing of two local LSDV isolates was carried out. A total of 565 animals from 88 households were investigated, and 165 samples (skin lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, feces, and milk) were collected for virus detection. Pathology and immunohistochemistry were performed on nodule biopsies. Fever, nodular skin lesions, and swelling of the joints were the most common clinical manifestations. Skin lesions had a higher concentration of viral DNA compared to other sample types and were therefore selected for virus isolation and characterization. Pathology of the LSD skin nodules comprised a granulomatous reaction in the dermis and hypodermis that extended to the surrounding tissues. Development of the skin lesions started with swelling of keratinocytes with cytoplasmic vacuolation, vasculitis, panniculitis, thrombosis, and infarction. Altogether, the LSDV produced transmural, hemorrhagic, necrotizing, proliferative and ulcerative dermatitis. The LSD viral antigen was detected occasionally in the macrophages, epithelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The complete genome sequence analysis revealed that the two Bangladeshi field strains (BD-V392.1 and BD-V395.1) were distinct from the contemporary field strains and were closely related to the ancestral African Neethling strain. The findings of this study will improve the diagnosis, monitoring, and control of LSD in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Md Taohidul Islam
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eeva Tuppurainen
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.T.)
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15
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Uddin MA, Islam MA, Rahman AKMA, Rahman MM, Khasruzzaman AKM, Ward MP, Hossain MT. Epidemiological investigation of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Bangladeshi cattle during 2019-2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3397-3404. [PMID: 36053488 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute infectious viral disease of cattle with a wide distribution that emerged in Bangladesh in 2019, causing huge economic losses. This study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiological features of LSD emergence in nine districts of Bangladesh between December 2019 and December 2020. A total of 8215 cattle from 603 herds were investigated and LSD was diagnosed based on the characteristic clinical findings. A standard questionnaire was administered to collect herd-level data including location, herd size, number of LSD-infected cattle, number died due to LSD, farm type, season, house type, vector presence, sanitation and fly repellent use. Similarly, data on clinical signs, sex, age, animal class and breed of the LSD-infected cattle were also recorded. The herd-level attack risk (%) and mortality risk (%) were calculated based on the number of infected and dead cattle, respectively, as a proportion of total cattle. The herd-level risk factors for LSD were identified using a multivariable Poisson regression model. The most common clinical signs were skin nodules (100%), fever (97.9%) and depression with anorexia and weight loss (97.9%). Crossbred (84.9%) and female (72.2%) cattle were mostly affected by LSD. The overall LSD attack risk, mortality risk and case fatality were 26.5%, 0.26% and 0.97%, respectively. The LSD attack risk was significantly higher in small herds (risk ratio: [RR] 1.39; 95% CI: 1.27; 1.53) than large herds. In addition, significantly higher LSD attack risk was observed in semi-intensive management systems (RR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.01; 1.64) than intensive management systems. Moreover, it was also significantly higher in hut (RR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.12; 2.92), temporary (RR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.21; 2.17) and tin-shed houses (RR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.11; 1.51) than in semi-building houses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed epidemiological study of LSD emergence in South Asia. Female crossbred cattle in small herds under semi-intensive management should be prioritized for LSD surveillance and vaccination to prevent further outbreaks and control the impact of the disease in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asir Uddin
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Anisur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohummad Muklesur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Khasruzzaman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Punyapornwithaya V, Seesupa S, Phuykhamsingha S, Arjkumpa O, Sansamur C, Jarassaeng C. Spatio-temporal patterns of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in dairy farms in northeastern Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:957306. [PMID: 35990277 PMCID: PMC9386524 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2021–2022, there were numerous outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) affecting cattle farms across Thailand. This circumstance was the country's first encounter with an LSD outbreak. Thus, a better understanding of LSD epidemiology is necessary. The aim of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal patterns of the LSD outbreaks in dairy farming areas. Data from LSD outbreak investigations collected from dairy farms in Khon Kean province, northeastern Thailand, were analyzed using spatio-temporal models including space-time permutation, Poisson, and Bernoulli models. LSD outbreaks were found in 133 out of 152 dairy farms from May to July, 2021. The majority of dairy farms (n = 102) were affected by the LSD outbreaks in June. The overall herd attack, morbidity and mortality rates were 87, 31, and 0.9%, respectively. According to the results of all models, the most likely clusters were found in the northern part of the study area. The space-time permutation and Poisson model identified 15 and 6 spatio-temporal outbreak clusters, respectively, while the Bernoulli model detected only one cluster. The most likely clusters from those models cover radii of 1.59, 4.51, and 4.44 km, respectively. All farms included in the cluster identified by the space-time permutation model were also included in the cluster identified by the Poisson model, implying that both models detected the same outbreak area. Furthermore, the study results suggested that farmers who own farms within a one km radius of the LSD outbreak farm should be advised to implement more stringent insect vector control measures to prevent disease spread. This study provides better insights into the spatio-temporal pattern of clusters of LSD in the outbreak area. The findings of this study can support authorities in formulating strategies to prevent and control future outbreaks as well as prioritizing resource allocation to high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suvaluk Seesupa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Department of Livestock Development, Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Jarassaeng
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Chaiwat Jarassaeng
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17
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Arjkumpa O, Suwannaboon M, Boonrod M, Punyawan I, Liangchaisiri S, Laobannue P, Lapchareonwong C, Sansri C, Kuatako N, Panyasomboonying P, Uttarak P, Buamithup N, Sansamur C, Punyapornwithaya V. The First Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreak in Thailand (2021): Epidemiological Features and Spatio-Temporal Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:799065. [PMID: 35071388 PMCID: PMC8782428 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.799065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Thailand was reported in March 2021, but information on the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak is very limited. The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiological features of LSD outbreaks and to identify the outbreak spatio-temporal clusters. The LSD-affected farms located in Roi Et province were investigated by veterinary authorities under the outbreak response program. A designed questionnaire was used to obtain the data. Space-time permutation (STP) and Poisson space-time (Poisson ST) models were used to detect areas of high LSD incidence. The authorities identified 293 LSD outbreak farms located in four different districts during the period of March and the first week of April 2021. The overall morbidity and mortality of the affected cattle were 40.5 and 1.2%, respectively. The STP defined seven statistically significant clusters whereas only one cluster was identified by the Poisson ST model. Most of the clusters (n = 6) from the STP had a radius <7 km, and the number of LSD cases in those clusters varied in range of 3-51. On the other hand, the most likely cluster from the Poisson ST included LSD cases (n = 361) from 198 cattle farms with a radius of 17.07 km. This is the first report to provide an epidemiological overview and determine spatio-temporal clusters of the first LSD outbreak in cattle farms in Thailand. The findings from this study may serve as a baseline information for future epidemiological studies and support authorities to establish effective control programs for LSD in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orapun Arjkumpa
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Minta Suwannaboon
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Manoch Boonrod
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Issara Punyawan
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Liangchaisiri
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patchariya Laobannue
- Animal Health Section, Roi Et Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chayanun Lapchareonwong
- Animal Health Section, Roi Et Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Sansri
- Animal Health Section, Roi Et Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppasorn Kuatako
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawares Panyasomboonying
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ponkrit Uttarak
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Noppawan Buamithup
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhararatchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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18
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Aerts L, Haegeman A, De Leeuw I, Philips W, Van Campe W, Behaeghel I, Mostin L, De Clercq K. Detection of Clinical and Subclinical Lumpy Skin Disease Using Ear Notch Testing and Skin Biopsies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2171. [PMID: 34683492 PMCID: PMC8541182 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) diagnosis is primarily based on clinical surveillance complemented by PCR of lesion crusts or nodule biopsies. Since LSD can be subclinical, the sensitivity of clinical surveillance could be lower than expected. Furthermore, real-time PCR for the detection of LSD viral DNA in blood samples from subclinical animals is only intermittently positive. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate an acceptable, easily applicable and more sensitive testing method for the detection of clinical and subclinical LSD. An animal experiment was conducted to investigate ear notches and biopsies from unaffected skin taken from the neck and dorsal back as alternatives to blood samples. It was concluded that for early LSD confirmation, normal skin biopsies and ear notches are less fit for purpose, as LSDV DNA is only detectable in these samples several days after it is detectable in blood samples. On the other hand, blood samples are less advisable for the detection of subclinical animals, while ear notches and biopsies were positive for LSD viral DNA in all subclinically infected animals by 16 days post infection. In conclusion, ear notches could be used for surveillance to detect subclinical animals after removing the clinical animals from a herd, to regain trade by substantiating the freedom of disease or to support research on LSDV transmission from subclinical animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Aerts
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Diseases Caused by Capripox Viruses, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (L.A.); (W.P.)
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.)
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.)
| | - Wannes Philips
- European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Diseases Caused by Capripox Viruses, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (L.A.); (W.P.)
| | - Willem Van Campe
- Experimental Center Machelen, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium; (W.V.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Isabelle Behaeghel
- Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Experimental Center Machelen, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium; (W.V.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.)
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19
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Haegeman A, De Leeuw I, Mostin L, Campe WV, Aerts L, Venter E, Tuppurainen E, Saegerman C, De Clercq K. Comparative Evaluation of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus-Based Live Attenuated Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050473. [PMID: 34066658 PMCID: PMC8151199 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines form the cornerstone of any control, eradication and preventative strategy and this is no different for lumpy skin disease. However, the usefulness of a vaccine is determined by a multiplicity of factors which include stability, efficiency, safety and ease of use, to name a few. Although the vaccination campaign in the Balkans against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was successful and has been implemented with success in the past in other countries, data of vaccine failure have also been reported. It was therefore the purpose of this study to compare five homologous live attenuated LSDV vaccines (LSDV LAV) in a standardized setting. All five LSDV LAVs studied were able to protect against a challenge with virulent LSDV. Aside from small differences in serological responses, important differences were seen in side effects such as a local reaction and a Neethling response upon vaccination between the analyzed vaccines. These observations can have important implications in the applicability in the field for some of these LSDV LAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Experimental Center Machelen, Sciensano, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium; (L.M.); (W.V.C.)
| | - Willem Van Campe
- Experimental Center Machelen, Sciensano, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium; (L.M.); (W.V.C.)
| | - Laetitia Aerts
- EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripox Viruses, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Estelle Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa;
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline: Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Eeva Tuppurainen
- Institut für Internationale Tiergesundheit/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17489 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
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20
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Elhaig MM, Almeer R, Abdel-Daim MM. Lumpy skin disease in cattle in Sharkia, Egypt: epidemiological and genetic characterization of the virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:287. [PMID: 33900473 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) continues to threaten the cattle industry in Egypt. This survey investigated the epidemiological risk factors and the genetic characterization of circulating strains by partial sequencing of the P32 gene on cattle farms in the Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Out of 600 cattle examined, morbidity, mortality, and case fatality were 31.2%, 1.8%, and 5.9%, respectively. Risk of LSD was higher among unvaccinated cattle kept outdoors compared to vaccinated cattle kept indoors, and the prevalence rates were statistically significantly different (P < 0.05). Regarding seasonal distribution, the highest number of cases was in June and July, and the lowest was in November. The P32 gene sequences showed that two LSDV isolates were 100% identical and 99.26% identical with 2017 Russian LSDV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two local isolates in this study were grouped together with other LSDVs from Russia (Saratov), Kenya, Greece, and Israel. The sequences in the study and other Egyptian sequences were grouped into two clusters with low genetic divergence, indicating that different strains are spreading in Egypt and that LSDV is more genetically related to sheep poxviruses than goat poxviruses. Our study confirms the necessity of evaluating the vaccination strategy adopted in Egypt, and sequence analysis based on the P32 gene is appropriate for genetic epidemiological studies of the local LSDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elhaig
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Rafa Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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21
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Quantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease Outbreaks. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02239-20. [PMID: 33568514 PMCID: PMC8104101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02239-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe systemic disease characterized by cutaneous nodules in cattle. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen, having spread since 2012 into Europe and Russia and across Asia. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a vector-transmitted poxvirus that causes disease in cattle. Vector species involved in LSDV transmission and their ability to acquire and transmit the virus are poorly characterized. Using a highly representative bovine experimental model of lumpy skin disease, we fed four model vector species (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Culicoides nubeculosus) on LSDV-inoculated cattle in order to examine their acquisition and retention of LSDV. Subclinical disease was a more common outcome than clinical disease in the inoculated cattle. Importantly, the probability of vectors acquiring LSDV from a subclinical animal (0.006) was very low compared with that from a clinical animal (0.23), meaning an insect feeding on a subclinical animal was 97% less likely to acquire LSDV than one feeding on a clinical animal. All four potential vector species studied acquired LSDV from the host at a similar rate, but Aedes aegypti and Stomoxys calcitrans retained the virus for a longer time, up to 8 days. There was no evidence of virus replication in the vector, consistent with mechanical rather than biological transmission. The parameters obtained in this study were combined with data from studies of LSDV transmission and vector life history parameters to determine the basic reproduction number of LSDV in cattle mediated by each of the model species. This reproduction number was highest for Stomoxys calcitrans (19.1), followed by C. nubeculosus (7.1) and Ae. aegypti (2.4), indicating that these three species are potentially efficient transmitters of LSDV; this information can be used to inform LSD control programs. IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe systemic disease characterized by cutaneous nodules in cattle. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen, having spread since 2012 into Europe and Russia and across Asia. The vector-borne nature of LSDV transmission is believed to have promoted this rapid geographic spread of the virus; however, a lack of quantitative evidence about LSDV transmission has hampered effective control of the disease during the current epidemic. Our research shows subclinical cattle play little part in virus transmission relative to clinical cattle and reveals a low probability of virus acquisition by insects at the preclinical stage. We have also calculated the reproductive number of different insect species, therefore identifying efficient transmitters of LSDV. This information is of utmost importance, as it will help to define epidemiological control measures during LSDV epidemics and of particular consequence in resource-poor regions where LSD vaccination may be less than adequate.
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Tran HTT, Truong AD, Dang AK, Ly DV, Nguyen CT, Chu NT, Hoang TV, Nguyen HT, Nguyen VT, Dang HV. Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in vietnam, 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:977-980. [PMID: 33548101 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary, systemic, viral disease of cattle. The first outbreaks of LSD were reported in Lang Son Province of Vietnam (bordered to China), and an official document has been submitted to OIE on 1 November 2020. Here, we described first the genetic profiles of this pathogen based on four well-known marker regions. The LSD virus isolated in these first outbreaks was 100% identical to viruses isolated in China (2019) based on the p32 and RP030 genes. Additionally, it is very close to the virus isolated in Russia (2017) based on the p32, RP030, thymidine kinase and ORF103 genes (100%, 99.01%, 99.08% and 99.47% identities). This finding is new, and a success in LSD virus isolation using MDBK cells from first outbreaks is important for vaccine development to control and eradicate LSD in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Kieu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Viet Ly
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhu Thi Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Van Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vinh The Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Sanz-Bernardo B, Haga IR, Wijesiriwardana N, Hawes PC, Simpson J, Morrison LR, MacIntyre N, Brocchi E, Atkinson J, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Darpel KE, Beard PM. Lumpy Skin Disease Is Characterized by Severe Multifocal Dermatitis With Necrotizing Fibrinoid Vasculitis Following Experimental Infection. Vet Pathol 2021; 57:388-396. [PMID: 32314676 PMCID: PMC7201124 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820913268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is a high-consequence disease in cattle caused by infection with the
poxvirus lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). The virus is endemic in most countries in Africa
and an emerging threat to cattle populations in Europe and Asia. As LSDV spreads into new
regions, it is important that signs of disease are recognized promptly by animal
caregivers. This study describes the gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural changes that
occur over time in cattle experimentally challenged with LSDV. Four calves were inoculated
with wildtype LSDV and monitored for 19 to 21 days. At 7 days after inoculation, 2 of the
4 cattle developed multifocal cutaneous nodules characteristic of LSD. Some lesions
displayed a targetoid appearance. Histologically, intercellular and intracellular edema
was present in the epidermis of some nodules. Occasional intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
were identified in keratinocytes. More severe and consistent changes were present in the
dermis, with marked histiocytic inflammation and necrotizing fibrinoid vasculitis of
dermal vessels, particularly the deep dermal plexus. Chronic lesions consisted of
full-thickness necrosis of the dermis and epidermis. Lesions in other body organs were not
a major feature of LSD in this study, highlighting the strong cutaneous tropism of this
virus. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy identified LSDV-infected histiocytes
and fibroblasts in the skin nodules of affected cattle. This study highlights the
noteworthy lesions of LSDV and how they develop over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda R Morrison
- The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Neil MacIntyre
- The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - John Atkinson
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Ukkel, Belgium
| | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK.,The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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24
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Namazi F, Khodakaram Tafti A. Lumpy skin disease, an emerging transboundary viral disease: A review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:888-896. [PMID: 33522708 PMCID: PMC8136940 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is an emerging bovine viral disease, which is endemic in most African countries and some Middle East ones, and the elevated risk of the spread of disease into the rest of Asia and Europe should be considered. The recent rapid spread of disease in currently disease-free countries indicates the importance of understanding the limitations and routes of distribution. The causative agent, Capripoxvirus, can also induce sheeppox and goatpox. The economic significance of these diseases is of great concern, given that they threaten international trade and could be used as economic bioterrorism agents. The distribution of capripoxviruses seems to be expanding due to limited access to effective vaccines and poverty within farming communities. This is largely due to the economic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and the imposition of crippling sanctions in endemic regions, as well as an increase in the legal and illegal trade of live animals and animal products, and also global climate change. The present review is designed to provide existing information on the various aspects of the disease such as its clinicopathology, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures, and the potential role of wildlife in the further spread of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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25
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Fay PC, Cook CG, Wijesiriwardana N, Tore G, Comtet L, Carpentier A, Shih B, Freimanis G, Haga IR, Beard PM. Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells are a suitable cell line for the propagation and study of the bovine poxvirus lumpy skin disease virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113943. [PMID: 32707050 PMCID: PMC7561597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
LSDV replicates to high titers (approximately 1 × 107 PFU/mL) in MDBK cells. LSDV forms foci-like poxviral plaques in MDBK cells. A plaque-reduction neutralisation test was developed for LSDV antibody quantitation. A method for purification of LSDV genomic DNA was optimized.
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a poxvirus that causes systemic disease in cattle, resulting in substantial economic loss to affected communities. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen of growing global concern that recently spread from Africa and the Middle East into Europe and Asia, impacting the cattle population in these regions. An increase in research efforts into LSDV is required to address key knowledge gaps, however this is hampered by lack of suitable cell lines on which to propagate and study the virus. In this work we describe the replication and spread of LSDV on Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, and the formation of foci-type poxvirus plaques by LSDV on MDBK cells. Methods utilising MDBK cells to quantify neutralising antibodies to LSDV, and to purify LSDV genomic DNA suitable for short read sequencing are described. These research methods broaden the tools available for LSDV researchers and will facilitate the gathering of evidence to underpin the development of LSD control and prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Fay
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | | | - Gessica Tore
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Loic Comtet
- IDvet, 310 Rue Louis Pasteur, 34790, Grabels, France
| | | | - Barbara Shih
- The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Ismar R Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK; The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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26
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Allam AM, Elbayoumy MK, Abdel-Rahman EH, Hegazi AG, Farag TK. Molecular characterization of the 2018 outbreak of lumpy skin disease in cattle in Upper Egypt. Vet World 2020; 13:1262-1268. [PMID: 32848299 PMCID: PMC7429391 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1262-1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Lumpy skin disease (LSD), an infectious disease of cattle, is characterized by raised nodules on the skin. Although the morbidity rate of LSD is low, it has a considerable fatality rate. Despite the annual mass vaccination of livestock with sheep pox vaccine (Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Egypt) enforced by Egyptian authorities, the LSD virus (LSDV) continues to circulate almost every summer. The present study aimed to discover the cause of cows naturally infected with LSDV circulating in Upper Egypt during the summer of 2018 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and to analyze their phylogenetics against reference genome sequences. Materials and Methods We cultured LSDV in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs (SPF-ECE) and used conventional PCR to identify fusion and P32 genes, previously deposited in GenBank (MN694826, MN694827, and MN954664). Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed on these two highly conserved viral genes. Results LSDV infection of SPF-ECE resulted in characteristic white pock lesions. PCR products were identified on 1.5% agarose gel after electrophoresis at the expected positions for the fusion and P32 genes at 472 and 587 bp, respectively. Conclusion The present study revealed that the two viral genes were identified from the Beni Suef and Sohag Governorates in all clinical cases and confirmed the circulation of LSDV in this outbreak. After sequencing, these genes were identical to those of the LSDV that had been identified and recorded in GenBank for the past 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M Allam
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, EL Buhouth St., 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Karam Elbayoumy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, EL Buhouth St., 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman H Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, EL Buhouth St., 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G Hegazi
- Department of Zoonotic Disease, National Research Centre, EL Buhouth St., 12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarek Korany Farag
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, EL Buhouth St., 12622 Giza, Egypt
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27
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Limon G, Gamawa AA, Ahmed AI, Lyons NA, Beard PM. Epidemiological Characteristics and Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheeppox and Goatpox Among Subsistence Farmers in Northeast Nigeria. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:8. [PMID: 32083098 PMCID: PMC7001645 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), sheeppox (SP), and goatpox (GP) are contagious viral infections, affecting cattle (LSD), sheep and goats (SP and GP) with highly characteristic clinical signs affecting multiple body systems. All three diseases are widely reported to reduce meat, milk, wool and cashmere production although few studies have formally evaluated their economic impact on affected farms. This study aimed to estimate the economic impact and epidemiological parameters of LSD, SP, and GP among backyard and transhumance farmers in northeast Nigeria. A retrospective study was conducted on herds and flocks affected between August 2017 and January 2018 in Bauchi, Nigeria. Herds and flocks were diagnosed based on clinical signs and information was collected once the outbreak concluded using a standardized questionnaire. Data were collected from 99 farmers (87 backyard and 12 transhumance). The median incidence risk and fatality rate were 33 and 0% in cattle, 53 and 34 % in sheep; 50 and 33% in goats, respectively, with young stock having higher incidence risk and fatality rates than adults. Almost all farmers (94%) treated affected animals with antibiotics, spending a median of US$1.96 (min US$0.19–max US$27.5) per herd per day. Slaughtering or selling affected animals at low prices were common coping strategies. Farmers sold live cattle for 47% less than would have been sold if the animal was healthy, while sheep and goats were sold for 58 and 57% less, respectively. Milk production dropped 65% when cows were clinically affected and 35% after they recovered. Cattle lost a median of 10% of their live weight and sheep and goats lost 15%. Overall economic losses at farm level range from US$9.6 to US$6,340 depending on species affected and production system. Most of the farmers (72%) had not replaced all affected animals at the time of the study. Livestock markets were the most common place to sell affected animals and buy replacements, suggesting these are likely hubs for spreading infections. This study confirms the immediate and long-lasting impact of these diseases on subsistence farmers' livelihoods in North-East Nigeria and suggests potential mechanisms for targeted control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed I Ahmed
- Bauchi State College of Agriculture, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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28
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Ardestani EG, Mokhtari A. Modeling the lumpy skin disease risk probability in central Zagros Mountains of Iran. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104887. [PMID: 32032798 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) outbreaks are currently circulating in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, (western Iran, in central Zagros Mountains). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to model the risk probability of LSD in this area. METHOD Data were collected from veterinary organizations between 2012 and 2016. During this period, 290 outbreaks were registered. The herds were grazing and zero grazing. The average size of herds was 2958. We analyzed the potential for an outbreak of LSD in this area basing on the grid maps with the resolution of 1 km. In this study, 22 environmental variables (19 bioclimatic and 3 topography variables) were used to explore the environmental influences on LSD outbreak by maximum entropy ecological niche modeling (MaxEnt). RESULTS The results showed that mainly the central, northern, northeast and southern parts of Charmahal and Bakhtiari were the most very high risk areas for LSD. The MaxEnt model performed, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.977 and 0.972 for training and test data, respectively. It showed high accuracy for predicting the prevalence of LSD (AUC close to 1). The precipitation of coldest season, isothermality and mean temperature of wettest season made the greatest contribution to the model (68.1%). Evaluating the importance of environmental variables, which were derived from the jackknife test, stated the precipitation of the wettest period and the coldest season and isothermality as the bioclimatic variables in explaining LSD prevalence compared to the other variables. CONCLUSION The MaxEnt model could be applied to predict the LSD risk probability of occurrence in central Zagros Mountains of Iran based on the current prevalence data of the disease. Also, the model confirmed that coexistence of weather conditions including defined humidity and temperature is necessary for the disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghehsareh Ardestani
- Department of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord- Iran, Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Azam Mokhtari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Manić M, Stojiljković M, Petrović M, Nišavić J, Bacić D, Petrović T, Vidanović D, Obrenović S. Epizootic features and control measures for lumpy skin disease in south-east Serbia in 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2087-2099. [PMID: 31144436 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease of cattle caused by virus of the Capripoxvirus genus (LSDV), family Poxviridae. Until 2015, it had not appeared in the Balkans. In June 2016, LSD spread throughout Serbia. This study analyses the first LSD occurrence, epizootic features, applied diagnostic procedures and control measures in five districts in south-east Serbia (Pcinja, Jablanica, Pirot, Toplica and Nisava). In total, there were 225 LSD outbreaks reported in Serbia, out of which 189 (84%) were located in the study area. The highest number of outbreaks was registered in Pcinja district (169), where LSD was first registered. The median distance and time between the nearest previous outbreak sites were calculated (4.32 km and 9 days). The median altitude of outbreak locations was 992 m with more than 90% above 500 m (p ≤ 0.001). The average herd morbidity rate in the study area was 13.6% and the herd mortality rate was recorded only in Pcinja (0.5%) and Jablanica (1.6%) districts. Samples taken from the cattle suspected to LSD were subjected to real time PCR analysis. Out of 233 samples tested for LSDV 132 (56.7%) were positive. The LSDV genome was identified in skin nodules (85.4%), blood (72.7%) and nasal swabs (62.5%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the LSDV strain circulating in Serbia fell within the cluster of field LSDV found worldwide. In response to the LSD epizootic, animal trade and movement were prohibited, complete stamping out, disinfection, disinsection and an entire bovine population vaccination using the homologous Neethling live attenuated vaccine (OBP, South Africa) were conducted. A month and a half after the completion of the vaccination campaign, the LSD epizootic was stopped, and no new cases have been reported since.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Manić
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | | | - Jakov Nišavić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Bacić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Sonja Obrenović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Haegeman A, De Vleeschauwer A, De Leeuw I, Vidanović D, Šekler M, Petrović T, Demarez C, Lefebvre D, De Clercq K. Overview of diagnostic tools for Capripox virus infections. Prev Vet Med 2019; 181:104704. [PMID: 31196699 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Capripox viruses are the causative agents of important animal diseases in cattle (Lumpy Skin Disease), sheep (Sheeppox) and goats (Goatpox) with severe socio-economic impact in case of wide scale outbreaks. Therefore there is a constant need for adequate diagnostic tools. The assays must be fit-for-purpose to identify the virus quickly and correctly and to be useful for surveillance and monitoring at different stages of an epidemic. Different diagnostic performance characteristics are required depending on the situation and the test purpose. The need for high throughput, high specificity/sensitivity and the capability for differentiating field virus strains from vaccine strains drives the development of new and better assays preferably with an advantageous cost-benefit balance. This review aims to look at existing and new virological and serological diagnostic tools used in the control against diseases caused by Capripox viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | | | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | - Dejan Vidanović
- Specialized Veterinary Institute "Kraljevo", Kraljevo, Serbia.
| | - Milanko Šekler
- Specialized Veterinary Institute "Kraljevo", Kraljevo, Serbia.
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Department for Virology, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Céline Demarez
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | - David Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
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31
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Assessing the possible causes of hemolytic anemia associated with lumpy skin disease naturally infected buffaloes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-019-02952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abdallah FM, El Damaty HM, Kotb GF. Sporadic cases of lumpy skin disease among cattle in Sharkia province, Egypt: Genetic characterization of lumpy skin disease virus isolates and pathological findings. Vet World 2018; 11:1150-1158. [PMID: 30250377 PMCID: PMC6141277 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1150-1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious viral disease upsetting cattle, caused by LSD virus (LSDV) within the family Poxviridae. Sporadic cases of LSD have been observed in cattle previously vaccinated with the Romanian sheep poxvirus (SPPV) vaccine during the summer of 2016 in Sharkia province, Egypt. The present study was undertaken to perform molecular characterization of LSDV strains which circulated in this period as well as investigate their phylogenetic relatedness with published reference capripoxvirus genome sequences. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 82 skin nodules, as well as 5 lymph nodes, were collected from suspect LSD cases, and the virus was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). LSD was confirmed by polymerase chain reactions amplification of the partial and full-length sequences of the attachment and G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) genes, respectively, as well as a histopathological examination of the lesions. Molecular characterization of the LSDV isolates was conducted by sequencing the GPCR gene. RESULTS Characteristic skin nodules that covered the whole intact skin, as well as lymphadenopathy, were significant clinical signs in all suspected cases. LSDV isolation in ECEs revealed the characteristic focal white pock lesions dispersed on the chorioallantoic membranes. Histopathologic examination showed characteristic eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within inflammatory cell infiltration. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the LSDV isolates were clustered together with other African and European LSDV strains. In addition, the LSDV isolates have a unique signature of LSDVs (A11, T12, T34, S99, and P199). CONCLUSION LSDV infections have been detected in cattle previously vaccinated with Romanian SPPV vaccine during the summer of 2016 and making the evaluation of vaccine efficacy under field conditions necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M. Abdallah
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511-Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - Hend M. El Damaty
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511-Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - Gamilat F. Kotb
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511-Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt
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Phylogenetic analysis of the lumpy skin disease viruses in northwest of Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1851-1858. [PMID: 29948777 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating viral disease of cattle which has recently spread from Africa into the countries of the Middle East. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships among lumpy skin disease viruses (LSDV) isolated from different regions of Iran and the origin and spread of these viruses. In this study, a total of 234 blood samples from clinically affected animals from four provinces in the northwest of Iran were screened for LSDV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From 80 positive samples for LSDV detected by PCR, the partial P32 gene (759 bp) of 12 isolates were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. LSD viruses were grouped in three subclusters with an overall 97.1-100% nucleotide identity. LSDVs isolated from Gilan showed lowest nucleotide identity with the other LSDVs. Four isolates of LSDV including KO-1, EA-1, EA-3, and WA-3 showed 100% similarity with each other and also with the Neethling strain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the identified LSDVs were closely related to each other and had high-sequence homology with other LSDV isolates from Africa. It was concluded that LSD outbreak probably occurred in the northwest of Iran by LSDVs entering the country from Iraq and P32 nucleotide sequence information obtained in the present study is a valuable resource in understanding the genetic nature and molecular epidemiology of local LSDV isolates which can be used for future vaccine development based on the circulating strains in the region.
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Saegerman C, Bertagnoli S, Meyer G, Ganière JP, Caufour P, De Clercq K, Jacquiet P, Fournié G, Hautefeuille C, Etore F, Casal J. Risk of introduction of lumpy skin disease in France by the import of vectors in animal trucks. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198506. [PMID: 29889905 PMCID: PMC5995388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease in cattle producing major economic losses. In 2014, the disease was first reported in the European Union (in Cyprus); it was then reported in 2015 (in Greece) and has spread through different Balkan countries in 2016. Indirect vector transmission is predominant at small distances, but transmission between distant herds and between countries usually occurs through movements of infected cattle or through vectors found mainly in animal trucks. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to estimate the threat for France due to the introduction of vectors found in animal trucks (cattle or horses) from at-risk countries (Balkans and neighbours), a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed according to the international standard. Using stochastic QIRA modelling and combining experimental/field data and expert opinion, the yearly risk of LSDV being introduced by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), that travel in trucks transporting animals was between 6 x 10-5 and 5.93 x 10-3 with a median value of 89.9 x 10-5; it was mainly due to the risk related to insects entering farms in France from vehicles transporting cattle from the at-risk area. The risk related to the transport of cattle going to slaughterhouses or the transport of horses was much lower (between 2 x 10-7 and 3.73 x 10-5 and between 5 x 10-10 and 3.95 x 10-8 for cattle and horses, respectively). The disinsectisation of trucks transporting live animals was important to reduce this risk. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE The development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced in France through the import of vectors that travel in trucks transporting animals. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be updated to process new information on vectors and the changing health situation, in addition to new data from the TRAde Control and Expert System (TRACES, EU database). This model is easy to adapt to different countries and to other vectors and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- IHAP, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Ganière
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Caufour
- CIRAD-INRA ASTRE Joint Research Unit (UMR), BIOS Department, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Fournié
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hautefeuille
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Etore
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jordi Casal
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona / IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
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Salnikov N, Usadov T, Kolcov A, Zhivoderov S, Morgunov Y, Gerasimov V, Gogin A, Titov I, Yurkov S, Malogolovkin A, Kolbasov D, Lunitsyn A. Identification and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus isolated from cattle in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania in 2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:916-920. [PMID: 29363284 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first notifications of the unknown disease of cattle appeared in September-October 2015 in North Caucasus region of Russia (Republic of North Ossetia-Alania). The clinical signs included watery discharge from eyes, apathy, loss of appetite, salivation, lameness and nodular skin lesions. Capripoxvirus genome was detected by real-time PCR in the tissue samples of sick animals. The aetiological agent was isolated in the primary cell cultures of lamb testis and goat testis, as well as in the continuous MDBK cell culture. Further sequencing of the GPCR gene and phylogenetic analysis showed the close genetic relationship of isolated capripoxvirus with a group of lumpy skin disease virus. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by the experimental infection of four calves with a suspension of tissue samples from sick animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Salnikov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - T Usadov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - A Kolcov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - S Zhivoderov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Y Morgunov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - V Gerasimov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - A Gogin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - I Titov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - S Yurkov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - A Malogolovkin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - D Kolbasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - A Lunitsyn
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
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Agianniotaki EI, Chaintoutis SC, Haegeman A, Tasioudi KE, De Leeuw I, Katsoulos PD, Sachpatzidis A, De Clercq K, Alexandropoulos T, Polizopoulou ZS, Chondrokouki ED, Dovas CI. Development and validation of a TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR method for the differentiation of wild type lumpy skin disease virus from vaccine virus strains. J Virol Methods 2017; 249:48-57. [PMID: 28837841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral disease of cattle with severe economic impact. Immunization of cattle with homologous live attenuated vaccines poses a number of diagnostic problems, as it has been associated with adverse reactions resembling disease symptoms. The latter hampers clinical diagnosis and poses challenges in virus identification. To this end, a duplex quantitative real-time PCR method targeting the GPCR gene was developed and validated, for the concurrent detection and differentiation of wild type and vaccine Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains. The method was evaluated in three laboratories. The evaluation included a panel of 38 poxvirus isolates/strains and the analytical characteristics of the method were determined. Amplification efficiencies were 91.3% and 90.7%, for wild type and vaccine LSDV, respectively; the limit of detection was 8 DNA copies for both targets and the inter-assay CV was 0.30% for wild type and 0.73% for vaccine LSDV. The diagnostic performance was assessed using 163 LSDV-positive samples, including field specimens and samples from experimentally vaccinated/infected animals. The method is able to confirm diagnosis in suspect cases, it differentiates infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) and can be regarded as an important tool for effective LSD surveillance and eradication during vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini I Agianniotaki
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; National Reference Laboratory for CaPVs, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Konstantia E Tasioudi
- National Reference Laboratory for CaPVs, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Panagiotis-Dimitrios Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Kris De Clercq
- Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Thomas Alexandropoulos
- Directorate General of Sustainable Animal Production and Veterinary Medicines, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoe S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni D Chondrokouki
- National Reference Laboratory for CaPVs, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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