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Mahadevan C, Mikkilineni R, Vyas N, Karabasanavar N. Assessment of Knowledge and Biosecurity Practices Related to Avian Influenza Among Poultry Workers in a District of South India. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024; 30:674-680. [PMID: 38489542 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is a contagious disease that affects both animals and humans, posing a significant threat to public health, animal welfare, and the economy. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of avian influenza among poultry farmworkers and evaluate the biosecurity practices implemented on their farms. OBJECTIVE The study's primary objective was to assess the knowledge regarding avian influenza among poultry farmworkers and the biosecurity practices they follow at the farm. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING The study was conducted in a district of South India. PARTICIPANTS This study included 105 poultry farmworkers across 70 poultry farms in the district. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Assessment of the participants' knowledge related to avian influenza, and the association between knowledge levels, demographic, and farm-related factors such as working experience in the poultry farm, type of poultry farm, type of poultry reared, and biosecurity practices. RESULTS In the study, 90% of participants were aware of avian influenza, with 36% correctly identifying the virus as its cause, whereas 5% wrongly cited it to be a bacteria. Although 90% knew avian influenza was infectious, only 18% recognized its potential transmission to humans; however, 82% understood prevention methods. Participants with an education level beyond high school displayed significantly higher awareness ( P < .05), emphasizing importance of the education. CONCLUSIONS The study showed diverse awareness levels among poultry farmworkers regarding avian influenza, emphasizing gaps in the knowledge, particularly about its transmission to humans. This underscores the need for targeted awareness campaigns focusing on zoonotic risks to improve the level of understanding and implement effective preventive measures against avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Mahadevan
- Department of Health Policy, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India (Dr Mahadevan, Dr Mikkilineni, and Dr Vyas); and Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College, Vidyanagar, Hassan, Karnataka, India (Dr Karabasanavar)
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Yamaguchi E, Hayama Y, Murato Y, Sawai K, Kondo S, Yamamoto T. A case-control study of the infection risk of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Japan during the winter of 2020-2021. Res Vet Sci 2024; 168:105149. [PMID: 38218062 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
In Japan, outbreaks of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) were reported between November 2020 and March 2021 in 52 poultry farms. Understanding HPAI epidemiology would help poultry industries improve their awareness of the disease and enhance the immediate implementation of biosecurity measures. This study was a simulation-based matched case-control study to elucidate the risk factors associated with HPAI outbreaks in chicken farms in Japan. Data were collected from 42 HPAI-affected farms and 463 control farms that were within a 5-km radius of each case farm but remained uninfected. When infected farms were detected as clusters, one farm was randomly selected from each cluster, considering the possibility that the cluster was formed by farm-to-farm transmission within an epidemic area. For each case farm, up to three control farms were selected within a 5-km radius. Overall, 26 case farms (16 layer and 10 broiler farms) and 75 control farms (45 layer and 30 broiler farms) were resampled 1000 times for the conditional logistic regression model with explanatory variables comprising geographical factors and farm flock size. A larger flock size and shorter distance to water bodies from the farm were found to increase infection risk in layer farms. Similarly, in broiler farms, a shorter distance to water bodies increased infection risk. On larger farms, frequent access of farm staff and instrument carriages to premises could lead to increased infection risk. Waterfowl visiting water bodies around farms may also be associated with infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Yamaguchi
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murato
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kotaro Sawai
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sonoko Kondo
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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Tran TD, Kasemsuwan S, Sukmak M, Phimpraphai W, Prarakamawongsa T, Pham LT, Hoang TB, Nguyen PT, Nguyen TM, Truong MV, Dao TP, Padungtod P. Field and laboratory investigation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 and H5N8 in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam, 2020 to 2021. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e20. [PMID: 38568822 PMCID: PMC10990907 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease that causes illness and death in poultry and humans. High pathogenicity AI (HPAI) H5N6 outbreaks commonly occur in Quang Ninh province bordering China. In June 2021, the first HPAI H5N8 outbreak occurred at a Quang Ninh chicken farm. OBJECTIVES This study examined the risk factors associated with HPAI H5N6 and H5N8 outbreaks in Quang Ninh. METHODS A retrospective case-control study was conducted in Quang Ninh from Nov 2021 to Jan 2022. The cases were households with susceptible poultry with two or more clinical signs and tested positive by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The controls were households in the same village as the cases but did not show clinical symptoms of the disease. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the risk factors associated with HPAI outbreaks at the household level. RESULTS There were 38 cases with H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4h viruses (n = 35) and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses (n = 3). Compared to the 112 controls, raising poultry in uncovered or partially covered ponds (odds ratio [OR], 7.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-39.27), poultry traders visiting the farm (OR, 8.66; 95% CI, 2.7-27.69), farms with 50-2,000 birds (OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.06-8-51), and farms with ≥ 2,000 birds (OR, 11.35; 95% CI, 3.07-41.94) were significantly associated with HPAI outbreaks. CONCLUSIONS Combining biosecurity measures, such as restricting visitor entry and vaccination in farms with more than 50 birds, can enhance the control and prevention of HPAI in Quang Ninh and its spread across borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong Duc Tran
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office Number 2, Haiphong 180000, Vietnam.
| | - Suwicha Kasemsuwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Manakorn Sukmak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Tippawon Prarakamawongsa
- Department of Livestock Development, Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Service, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Long Thanh Pham
- Epidemiology Division, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Tuyet Bach Hoang
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office Number 2, Haiphong 180000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thi Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office Number 2, Haiphong 180000, Vietnam
| | - Thang Minh Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office Number 2, Haiphong 180000, Vietnam
| | - Minh Van Truong
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office Number 2, Haiphong 180000, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Pham Dao
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office Number 2, Haiphong 180000, Vietnam
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, FAO Country Office for Vietnam, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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El-Shall NA, Abd El Naby WSH, Hussein EGS, Yonis AE, Sedeik ME. Pathogenicity of H5N8 avian influenza virus in chickens and in duck breeds and the role of MX1 and IFN-α in infection outcome and transmission to contact birds. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 100:102039. [PMID: 37591150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and transmission potential of the H5N8 HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b virus in three breeds of ducks and in broiler chickens. Chickens, Muscovy, Pekin, and Mallard ducks (n = 10) received a dose of 6 log10 EID50 of HPAIV H5N8 directly. Nine contact chickens were introduced to each group on the day of infection. All infected chickens died, with MDT of 7.6 days. Muscovy and Pekin ducks died by 11.1% and 10%, respectively, with MDTs of 7 and 6 days. No Mallards died but showed more severe clinical disease than Pekin ducks. Mallards had the highest MX1 gene expression in the lung and spleen and IFN-α in the spleen. MX1 expression levels were lower in the spleen and lung of Pekin ducks, in the spleen of chickens and in the lung of Muscovy ducks than in noninfected controls. However, viral shedding was higher in ducks than in chickens and was highest in Mallards. 66.7% of chickens placed in contact with infected chickens died and 77.8% of in-contact chickens to infected three duck breeds died. In conclusion, there was a diversity in sensitivity and immunogenicity for HPAIV H5N8 among duck breeds, resulting in diverse infection outcomes and transmissibility to contacts. This study provides duck/chicken interface models for HPAIV transmission to poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed A El-Shall
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt.
| | - Walaa S H Abd El Naby
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering in the Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Eid G S Hussein
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Damanhour Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt
| | - Ahlam E Yonis
- Biotechnology Department, Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production ( RLQP), Damanhour branch, Animal health research institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Sedeik
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
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Patyk KA, Fields VL, Beam AL, Branan MA, McGuigan RE, Green A, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Freifeld A, Marshall K, Delgado AH. Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 infection among commercial turkey operations in the United States, 2022: a case-control study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1229071. [PMID: 37711433 PMCID: PMC10498466 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1229071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 2022-2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in the United States (U.S.) is the largest and most costly animal health event in U.S. history. Approximately 70% of commercial farms affected during this outbreak have been turkey farms. Methods We conducted a case-control study to identify potential risk factors for introduction of HPAI virus onto commercial meat turkey operations. Data were collected from 66 case farms and 59 control farms in 12 states. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to compare management and biosecurity factors on case and control farms. Results Factors associated with increased risk of infection included being in an existing control zone, having both brooders and growers, having toms, seeing wild waterfowl or shorebirds in the closest field, and using rendering for dead bird disposal. Protective factors included having a restroom facility, including portable, available to crews that visit the farm and workers having access and using a shower at least some of the time when entering a specified barn. Discussion Study results provide a better understanding of risk factors for HPAI infection and can be used to inform prevention and control measures for HPAI on U.S. turkey farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Patyk
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Victoria L. Fields
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Andrea L. Beam
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Matthew A. Branan
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Rachel E. McGuigan
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Alice Green
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alexis Freifeld
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katherine Marshall
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Amy H. Delgado
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Green AL, Branan M, Fields VL, Patyk K, Kolar SK, Beam A, Marshall K, McGuigan R, Vuolo M, Freifeld A, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Delgado AH. Investigation of risk factors for introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus onto table egg farms in the United States, 2022: a case-control study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1229008. [PMID: 37559891 PMCID: PMC10408129 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1229008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2022-2023 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreak in the United States (U.S.) is the most geographically extensive and costly animal health event in U.S. history. In 2022 alone, over 57 million commercial and backyard poultry in 47 U.S. states were affected. Over 75% of affected poultry were part of the commercial table egg production sector. METHODS We conducted a case-control study to identify potential risk factors for introduction of HPAI virus onto commercial table egg operations. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to compare farm characteristics, management, and biosecurity factors on case and control farms. RESULTS Factors associated with increased risk of infection included being in an existing control zone, sightings of wild waterfowl, mowing or bush hogging vegetation less than 4 times a month, having an off-site method of daily mortality disposal (off-site composting or burial, rendering, or landfill), and wild bird access to feed/feed ingredients at least some of the time. Protective factors included a high level of vehicle washing for trucks and trailers entering the farm (a composite variable that included having a permanent wash station), having designated personnel assigned to specific barns, having a farm entrance gate, and requiring a change of clothing for workers entering poultry barns. DISCUSSION Study results improve our understanding of risk factors for HPAI infection and control measures for preventing HPAI on commercial U.S. table egg farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L. Green
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Matthew Branan
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Victoria L. Fields
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kelly Patyk
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie K. Kolar
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Andrea Beam
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Katherine Marshall
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Rachel McGuigan
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Matthew Vuolo
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Alexis Freifeld
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amy H. Delgado
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Yoo DS, Chun BC, Hong K, Kim J. Risk Prediction of Three Different Subtypes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Poultry Farms: Based on Spatial Characteristics of Infected Premises in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:897763. [PMID: 35711796 PMCID: PMC9194674 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2003 to 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemics, particularly H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 infections in poultry farms, increased in South Korea. More recently, these subtypes of HPAI virus resurged and spread nationwide, heavily impacting the entire poultry production and supply system. Most outbreaks in poultry holdings were concentrated in the southwestern part of the country, accounting for 58.3% of the total occurrences. This geographically persistent occurrence demanded the investigation of spatial risk factors related to the HPAI outbreak and the prediction of the risk of emerging HPAI outbreaks. Therefore, we investigated 12 spatial variables for the three subtypes of HPAI virus-infected premises [(IPs), 88 H5N1, 339 H5N8, and 335 H5N6 IPs]. Then, two prediction models using statistical and machine learning algorithm approaches were built from a case-control study on HPAI H5N8 epidemic, the most prolonged outbreak, in 339 IPs and 626 non-IPs. Finally, we predicted the risk of HPAI H5N1 and H5N6 occurrence at poultry farms using a Bayesian logistic regression and machine learning algorithm model [extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model] built on the case-control study. Several spatial variables showed similar distribution between two subtypes of IPs, although there were distinct heterogeneous distributions of spatial variables among the three IP subtypes. The case-control study indicated that the density of domestic duck farms and the minimum distance to live bird markets were leading risk factors for HPAI outbreaks. The two prediction models showed high predictive performance for H5N1 and H5N6 occurrences [an area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic of Bayesian model > 0.82 and XGBoost model > 0.97]. This finding emphasizes that spatial characteristics of the poultry farm play a vital role in the occurrence and forecast of HPAI outbreaks. Therefore, this finding is expected to contributing to developing prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-sung Yoo
- Department of Animal Disease Control and Quarantine, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, South Korea
| | - Byung Chul Chun
- Department of Animal Disease Control and Quarantine, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byung Chul Chun
| | - Kwan Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Healthcare Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Ahmad S, Koh KY, Lee JI, Suh GH, Lee CM. Interpolation of Point Prevalence Rate of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtype H5N8 Second Phase Epidemic in South Korea. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030139. [PMID: 35324867 PMCID: PMC8954420 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals are both susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In the future, HPAI has the potential to be a source of zoonoses and pandemic disease drivers. It is necessary to identify areas of high risk that are more vulnerable to HPAI infections. In this study, we applied unbiased predictions based on known information to find points of localities with a high probability of point prevalence rate. To carry out such predictions, we utilized the inverse distance weighting (IDW) and kriging method, with the help of the R statistical computing program. The provinces of Jeollanam-do, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do and Ulsan have high anticipated risk. This research might aid in the management of avian influenza threats associated with various potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ahmad
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.A.); (K.-Y.K.); (J.-i.L.)
| | - Kye-Young Koh
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.A.); (K.-Y.K.); (J.-i.L.)
| | - Jae-il Lee
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.A.); (K.-Y.K.); (J.-i.L.)
| | - Guk-Hyun Suh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Ahmad S, Koh KY, Yoo DS, Lee JI. Impact of inland waters on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in neighboring poultry farms in South Korea. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e36. [PMID: 35618317 PMCID: PMC9149499 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2003, the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype has caused massive economic losses in the poultry industry in South Korea. The role of inland water bodies in avian influenza (AI) outbreaks has not been investigated. Identifying water bodies that facilitate risk pathways leading to the incursion of the HPAI virus (HPAIV) into poultry farms is essential for implementing specific precautionary measures to prevent viral transmission. Objectives This matched case-control study (1:4) examined whether inland waters were associated with a higher risk of AI outbreaks in the neighboring poultry farms. Methods Rivers, irrigation canals, lakes, and ponds were considered inland water bodies. The cases and controls were chosen based on the matching criteria. The nearest possible farms located within a radius of 3 km of the case farms were chosen as the control farms. The poultry farms were selected randomly, and two HPAI epidemics (H5N8 [2014–2016] and H5N6 [2016–2017]) were studied. Conditional logistic regression analysis was applied. Results Statistical analysis revealed that inland waters near poultry farms were significant risk factors for AI outbreaks. The study speculated that freely wandering wild waterfowl and small animals contaminate areas surrounding poultry farms. Conclusions Pet birds and animals raised alongside poultry birds on farm premises may wander easily to nearby waters, potentially increasing the risk of AI infection in poultry farms. Mechanical transmission of the AI virus occurs when poultry farm workers or visitors come into contact with infected water bodies or their surroundings. To prevent AI outbreaks in the future, poultry farms should adopt strict precautions to avoid contact with nearby water bodies and their surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ahmad
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61216, Korea
| | - Kye-Young Koh
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61216, Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jae-Il Lee
- Veterinary Public Health Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61216, Korea
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Yoo DS, Song YH, Choi DW, Lim JS, Lee K, Kang T. Machine learning-driven dynamic risk prediction for highly pathogenic avian influenza at poultry farms in Republic of Korea: Daily risk estimation for individual premises. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2667-2681. [PMID: 34902223 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a fatal zoonotic disease that damages the poultry industry and endangers human lives via exposure to the pathogen. A risk assessment model that precisely predicts high-risk groups and occurrence of HPAI infection is essential for effective biosecurity measures that minimize the socio-economic losses of massive outbreaks. However, the conventional risk prediction approaches have difficulty incorporating the broad range of factors associated with HPAI infections at poultry holdings. Therefore, it is difficult to accommodate the complexity of the dynamic transmission mechanisms and generate risk estimation on a real-time basis. We proposed a continuous risk prediction framework for HPAI occurrences that used machine learning algorithms (MLAs). This integrated environmental, on-farm biosecurity, meteorological, vehicle movement tracking, and HPAI wild bird surveillance data to improve accuracy and timeliness. This framework consisted of (i) the generation of 1788 predictors from six types of data and reconstructed them with an outcome variable into a data mart based on a temporal assumption (i.e. infected period and day-ahead forecasting); (ii) training of the predictors with the temporally rearranged outcome variable that corresponded to HPAI H5N6 infected state at each individual farm on daily basis during the 2016-2017 HPAI epidemic using three different MLAs [Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting]; (iii) predicting the daily risk of HPAI infection during the 2017-2018 HPAI epidemic using the pre-trained MLA models for each farm across the country. The models predicted the high risk to 8-10 out of 19 infected premises during the infected period in advance. The GBM MLAs outperformed the 7-day forecasting of HPAI prediction at individual poultry holdings, with an area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic of 0.88. Therefore, this approach enhances the flexibility and timing of interventions against HPAI outbreaks at poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sung Yoo
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Han Song
- Department of Statistics, Graduate School, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Woo Choi
- Department of Statistics, Graduate School, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sik Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangnyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehun Kang
- Department of Statistics, Graduate School, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Preventive effect of on-farm biosecurity practices against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 infection on commercial layer farms in the Republic of Korea during the 2016-17 epidemic: A case-control study. Prev Vet Med 2021; 199:105556. [PMID: 34896940 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIv) H5N6 has destructive consequences on the global poultry production system. Recently, a growing number of layer farms have been heavily damaged from the HPAIv epidemic due to the increased virulence of the virus and the intensification of the production system. Therefore, stakeholders should implement effective preventive practices at the farm level that are aligned with contingency measures at the national level to minimize poultry losses. However, numerous biosecurity protocols for layer farm workers to follow have been developed, impeding efficient prevention and control. Furthermore, the effectiveness of biosecurity practices varies with the geographical condition and inter-farm contact structures. Hence, the objective of our study was to examine the preventive effect of five biosecurity actions commonly practiced at layer farms in the Republic of Korea against HPAIv H5N6: (i) fence installation around a farm, ii) rodent control inside a farm; iii) disinfection booth for visitors for disinfection protocols, iv) an anterior room in the sheds before entering the bird area and v) boots changes when moving between sheds in the same farm. We conducted a case-control study on 114 layer case farms and 129 layer control farms during the 2016-17 HPAI epidemic. The odds ratios for five on-farm biosecurity practices implemented in those study groups were estimated as a preventive effect on the HPAI infection with covariates, including seven geographical conditions and three network metrics using Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression and geographical location weighted logistic regression. The results showed that the use of a disinfection booth for personnel reduced the odds of HPAIv H5N6 infection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.002, 95 % credible interval [CrI] = 0.00007 - 0.025) with relatively small spatial variation (minimum AOR - maximum AOR: 0.084-0.263). Changing boots between sheds on the same farm reduced the odds of HPAIv H5N6 infection (AOR = 0.160, 95 % CrI = 0.024-0.852) with relatively wide spatial variation (minimum AOR - maximum AOR = 0.270-0.688). Therefore, enhanced personnel biosecurity protocols at the farm of entry for layer farms is recommended to effectively prevent and respond to HPAIv H5N6 infection under different local condition. Our study provides an important message for layer farmers to effectively implement on-farm biosecurity actions against HPAIv H5N6 infection at their farms by setting priorities based on their spatial condition and network position.
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12
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Kim WH, Cho S. Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Numbers of the Subtypes H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 During the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Epidemic Spread Between Farms. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:597630. [PMID: 34250054 PMCID: PMC8264784 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.597630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand pathogen transmissibility in a population to establish an effective disease prevention policy. The basic reproduction number (R 0) is an epidemiologic parameter for understanding the characterization of disease and its dynamics in a population. We aimed to estimate the R 0 of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtypes H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6, which were associated with nine outbreaks in Korea between 2003 and 2018, to understand the epidemic transmission of each subtype. According to HPAI outbreak reports of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, we estimated the generation time by calculating the time of infection between confirmed HPAI-positive farms. We constructed exponential growth and maximum likelihood (ML) models to estimate the basic reproduction number, which assumes the number of secondary cases infected by the index case. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the epidemic statistics between subtypes. The estimated generation time of H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 were 4.80 days [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.23-5.38] days, 7.58 (95% CI 6.63-8.46), and 5.09 days (95% CI 4.44-5.74), respectively. A pairwise comparison showed that the generation time of H5N8 was significantly longer than that of the subtype H5N1 (P = 0.04). Based on the ML model, R 0 was estimated as 1.69 (95% CI 1.48-2.39) for subtype H5N1, 1.60 (95%CI 0.97-2.23) for subtype H5N8, and 1.49 (95%CI 0.94-2.04) for subtype H5N6. We concluded that R 0 estimates may be associated with the poultry product system, climate, species specificity based on the HPAI virus subtype, and prevention policy. This study provides an insight on the transmission and dynamics patterns of various subtypes of HPAI occurring worldwide. Furthermore, the results are useful as scientific evidence for establishing a disease control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Elucidating the Local Transmission Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 in the Republic of Korea by Integrating Phylogenetic Information. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060691. [PMID: 34199439 PMCID: PMC8230294 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus is one of the most virulent and infectious pathogens of poultry. As a response to HPAI epidemics, veterinary authorities implement preemptive depopulation as a controlling strategy. However, mass culling within a uniform radius of the infection site can result in unnecessary depopulation. Therefore, it is useful to quantify the transmission distance from infected premises (IPs) before determining the optimal area for preemptive depopulation. Accordingly, we analyzed the transmission risk within spatiotemporal clusters of IPs using transmission kernel estimates derived from phylogenetic clustering information on 311 HPAI H5N6 IPs identified during the 2016–2017 epidemic, Republic of Korea. Subsequently, we explored the impact of varying the culling radius on the local transmission of HPAI given the transmission risk estimates. The domestic duck farm density was positively associated with higher transmissibility. Ring culling over a radius of 3 km may be effective for areas with high dense duck holdings, but this approach does not appear to significantly reduce the risk for local transmission in areas with chicken farms. This study provides the first estimation of the local transmission dynamics of HPAI in the Republic of Korea as well as insight into determining an effective ring culling radius.
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14
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Scolamacchia F, Mulatti P, Mazzucato M, Barbujani M, Harvey WT, Fusaro A, Monne I, Marangon S. Different environmental gradients associated to the spatiotemporal and genetic pattern of the H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in poultry in Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:152-167. [PMID: 32613724 PMCID: PMC8048857 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive understanding of the patterns and drivers of avian influenza outbreaks is pivotal to inform surveillance systems and heighten nations' ability to quickly detect and respond to the emergence of novel viruses. Starting in early 2017, the Italian poultry sector has been involved in the massive H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic that spread in the majority of the European countries in 2016/2017. Eighty-three outbreaks were recorded in north-eastern Italy, where a densely populated poultry area stretches along the Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto regions. The confirmed cases, affecting both the rural and industrial sectors, depicted two distinct epidemic waves. We adopted a combination of multivariate statistics techniques and multi-model regression selection and inference, to investigate how environmental factors relate to the pattern of outbreaks diversity with respect to their spatiotemporal and genetic diversity. Results showed that a combination of eco-climatic and host density predictors were associated with the outbreaks pattern, and variation along gradients was noticeable among genetically and geographically distinct groups of avian influenza cases. These regional contrasts may be indicative of a different mechanism driving the introduction and spreading routes of the influenza virus in the domestic poultry population. This methodological approach may be extended to different spatiotemporal scale to foster site-specific, ecologically informed risk mitigating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
| | - Matteo Mazzucato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
| | - Marco Barbujani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
| | - William T. Harvey
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem HealthInstitute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
| | - Stefano Marangon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle VenezieLegnaro (Padua)Italy
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15
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Kim TS, Kim GS, Son JS, Lai VD, Mo IP, Jang H. Prevalence, biosecurity factor, and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of Salmonella species isolated from commercial duck farms in Korea. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100893. [PMID: 33518320 PMCID: PMC8011037 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck meat consumption in South Korea has increased in recent years, but no standard about duck farm-specific biosecurity and hygiene guidelines have yet been established. We here investigated Salmonella contamination levels in duck farms to evaluate biosecurity and hygiene practices. We collected 1,116 environmental samples from 31 duck farms in Jeonnam Province, South Korea. The Salmonella-positive farm rate dramatically increased, from 22.6 to 71.0%, on introduction of ducklings. As the ducklings aged 4-6 wk, the positive rate slightly decreased to 64.5%. The Salmonella detection rate on each sampled surface, such as the feed pan (34.4%), wall (33.9%), litter (32.3%), and nipples (24.2%), was highest at 3 wk of age. The most frequently detected Salmonella serovars were Salmonella London (22.2%), Salmonella Albany (21.6%), Salmonella Bareilly (17.0%), and Salmonella Indiana (16.5%). Implementation of cleaning and disinfection procedures, rodent control, and metal house walls significantly lowered the prevalence of Salmonella (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively). A high proportion of Salmonella isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance: 100 and 62.9% exhibited resistance to erythromycin and nalidixic acid, respectively. Furthermore, a majority of S. Albany and all Salmonella Enteritidis isolates were multidrug resistant. These results indicate the level of Salmonella contamination in duck farm environments in Korea is high. Good biosecurity and hygiene practices are the most effective measures for controlling Salmonella contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sik Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk University, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-San Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk University, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Sung Son
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk University, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Dam Lai
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk University, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Pil Mo
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk University, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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16
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Lee K, Yu D, Martínez-López B, Yoon H, Kang SI, Hong SK, Lee I, Kang Y, Jeong W, Lee E. Fine-scale tracking of wild waterfowl and their impact on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the Republic of Korea, 2014-2015. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18631. [PMID: 33122803 PMCID: PMC7596240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild migratory waterfowl are considered one of the most important reservoirs and long-distance carriers of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Our study aimed to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of wild migratory waterfowl’s wintering habitat in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and to evaluate the impact of these habitats on the risk of HPAI outbreaks in commercial poultry farms. The habitat use of 344 wild migratory waterfowl over four migration cycles was estimated based on tracking records. The association of habitat use with HPAI H5N8 outbreaks in poultry farms was evaluated using a multilevel logistic regression model. We found that a poultry farm within a wild waterfowl habitat had a 3–8 times higher risk of HPAI outbreak than poultry farms located outside of the habitat. The range of wild waterfowl habitats increased during autumn migration, and was associated with the epidemic peak of HPAI outbreaks on domestic poultry farms in the ROK. Our findings provide a better understanding of the dynamics of HPAI infection in the wildlife–domestic poultry interface and may help to establish early detection, and cost-effective preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuyoung Lee
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daesung Yu
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hachung Yoon
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Kang
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmyung Kang
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseg Jeong
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunesub Lee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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