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Seoke L, Fosgate GT, Opperman PA, Malesa RP, Lazarus DD, Sirdar MM, Heath L. Optimization of a foot-and-mouth disease virus Southern African Territories-specific solid-phase competitive ELISA for small ruminant serum samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:192-204. [PMID: 38111309 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231218202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We optimized and verified a single-spot solid-phase competitive ELISA (ss-SPCE) to detect antibodies against structural proteins of Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in small ruminants. Sera from goats vaccinated and experimentally challenged with a SAT1 FMDV pool were tested in duplicate at 4 dilutions (1:10, 1:15, 1:22.5, 1:33.8) to optimize the assay. To assess the performance of the assay in naturally infected animals, we evaluated 316 goat and sheep field sera collected during active SAT2 outbreaks. Relative to results of the virus neutralization test, the optimal serum dilution and cutoff percentage inhibition (PI) were 1:15 and 50%, respectively. At these values, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.85 (p < 0.001), and the sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 80.3% (72.6, 87.2) and 91.1% (84.1, 95.9), respectively. Relative to the liquid-phase blocking ELISA and the nonstructural protein ELISA, the ss-SPCE exhibited divergent performance characteristics between the goat and sheep field sera. Repeatability was better for goats, but the correlation and agreement among all 3 assays were better for the sheep sera. The prevalence of SAT2 FMDV infection in the sampled sheep was 23.6%; sampled goats were seemingly FMDV-free. The ss-SPCE is an appropriate FMDV detection tool to investigate the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of FMD in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaToya Seoke
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Pamela A Opperman
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Refiloe P Malesa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David D Lazarus
- Epidemiology and Training Program of Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Mohamed M Sirdar
- World Organisation for Animal Health Sub-Regional Representative for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Rivera AM, Sanchez-Vazquez MJ, Pituco EM, Buzanovsky LP, Martini M, Cosivi O. Advances in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease in South America: 2011-2020. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1024071. [PMID: 36699326 PMCID: PMC9868265 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1024071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than 70 years, the countries of South America have been attempting to eliminate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), but a regional strategy had not been established by all the affected countries until 1988. The Action Plan 1988-2009 of the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PHEFA 1988-2009) resulted in an FMD-free status in 88.4% of the bovine population of South America. However, countries of the Andean sub-region maintained an FMD endemic. In addition, sporadic outbreaks in vaccinated cattle populations have been reported in countries of the Southern Cone, endangering the disease-free status in these countries. Within this context, the PHEFA 2011-2020 was approved to eliminate FMD from the subcontinent, and this review describes the most important milestones during its execution. FMD in Ecuador and sporadic outbreaks in the Southern Cone sub-region were effectively eliminated. The outbreaks that occurred in Colombia in 2017 and 2018 were successfully controlled. The type C virus was removed from the vaccines in use in most countries, based on a risk assessment. This review also describes the progress made by the countries advancing toward official recognition as FMD-free in all their territories, with Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru leading the progressive suspension of vaccination to achieve FMD-free status without vaccination. Consequently, at the end of PHEFA 2011-2020, Venezuela was, and still is, the only country in the region whose control program has suffered setbacks, and no evidence has suggested that the transmission and infection of the bovine population have been eliminated. At the end of 2020, a new PHEFA Action Plan 2021-2025 was approved with a five-year horizon, to complete the eradication of the disease in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mauricio Rivera
- Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health (PANAFTOSA/VPH), Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Edviges Maristela Pituco
- Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health (PANAFTOSA/VPH), Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lia Puppim Buzanovsky
- Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health (PANAFTOSA/VPH), Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica Martini
- Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health (PANAFTOSA/VPH), Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ottorino Cosivi
- Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health (PANAFTOSA/VPH), Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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González Gordon L, Porphyre T, Muhanguzi D, Muwonge A, Boden L, Bronsvoort BMDC. A scoping review of foot-and-mouth disease risk, based on spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of outbreaks in endemic settings. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3198-3215. [PMID: 36383164 PMCID: PMC10107783 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important transboundary animal diseases affecting livestock and wildlife species worldwide. Sustained viral circulation, as evidenced by serological surveys and the recurrence of outbreaks, suggests endemic transmission cycles in some parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East. This is the result of a complex process in which multiple serotypes, multi-host interactions and numerous socio-epidemiological factors converge to facilitate disease introduction, survival and spread. Spatial and spatio-temporal analyses have been increasingly used to explore the burden of the disease by identifying high-risk areas, analysing temporal trends and exploring the factors that contribute to the outbreaks. We systematically retrieved spatial and spatial-temporal studies on FMD outbreaks to summarize variations on their methodological approaches and identify the epidemiological factors associated with the outbreaks in endemic contexts. Fifty-one studies were included in the final review. A high proportion of papers described and visualized the outbreaks (72.5%) and 49.0% used one or more approaches to study their spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal aggregation. The epidemiological aspects commonly linked to FMD risk are broadly categorizable into themes such as (a) animal demographics and interactions, (b) spatial accessibility, (c) trade, (d) socio-economic and (e) environmental factors. The consistency of these themes across studies underlines the different pathways in which the virus is sustained in endemic areas, with the potential to exploit them to design tailored evidence based-control programmes for the local needs. There was limited data linking the socio-economics of communities and modelled FMD outbreaks, leaving a gap in the current knowledge. A thorough analysis of FMD outbreaks requires a systemic view as multiple epidemiological factors contribute to viral circulation and may improve the accuracy of disease mapping. Future studies should explore the links between socio-economic and epidemiological factors as a foundation for translating the identified opportunities into interventions to improve the outcomes of FMD surveillance and control initiatives in endemic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina González Gordon
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food SystemsUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie EvolutiveUniversité de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro SupMarcy‐l’ÉtoileFrance
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Department of Bio‐Molecular Resources and Bio‐Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and BiosecurityMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Lisa Boden
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food SystemsUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Barend M. de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
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Paton DJ, Di Nardo A, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Pituco EM, Cosivi O, Rivera AM, Kassimi LB, Brocchi E, de Clercq K, Carrillo C, Maree FF, Singh RK, Vosloo W, Park MK, Sumption KJ, Ludi AB, King DP. The history of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype C: the first known extinct serotype? Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab009. [PMID: 35186323 PMCID: PMC8102019 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious animal disease caused by an RNA virus subdivided into seven serotypes that are unevenly distributed in Asia, Africa, and South America. Despite the challenges of controlling FMD, since 1996 there have been only two outbreaks attributed to serotype C, in Brazil and in Kenya, in 2004. This article describes the historical distribution and origins of serotype C and its disappearance. The serotype was first described in Europe in the 1920s, where it mainly affected pigs and cattle but as a less common cause of outbreaks than serotypes O and A. No serotype C outbreaks have been reported in Europe since vaccination stopped in 1990. FMD virus is presumed to have been introduced into South America from Europe in the nineteenth century, although whether serotype C evolved there or in Europe is not known. As in Europe, this serotype was less widely distributed and caused fewer outbreaks than serotypes O and A. Since 1994, serotype C had not been reported from South America until four small outbreaks were detected in the Amazon region in 2004. Elsewhere, serotype C was introduced to Asia, in the 1950s to the 1970s, persisting and evolving for several decades in the Indian subcontinent and for eighteen years in the Philippines. Serotype C virus also circulated in East Africa between 1957 and 2004. Many serotype C viruses from European and Kenyan outbreaks were closely related to vaccine strains, including the most recently recovered Kenyan isolate from 2004. International surveillance has not confirmed any serotype C cases, worldwide, for over 15 years, despite more than 2,000 clinical submissions per year to reference laboratories. Serology provides limited evidence for absence of this serotype, as unequivocal interpretation is hampered by incomplete intra-serotype specificity of immunoassays and the continued use of this serotype in vaccines. It is recommended to continue strengthening surveillance in regions of FMD endemicity, to stop vaccination against serotype C and to reduce working with the virus in laboratories, since inadvertent escape of virus during such activities is now the biggest risk for its reappearance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Edviges M Pituco
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health Center, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ottorino Cosivi
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health Center, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandro M Rivera
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health Center, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi, 9. 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Kris de Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Ukkel 1180, Belgium
| | - Consuelo Carrillo
- Diagnostic Services of the Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratories, NVSL-VS-APHIS (USDA), Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Raj K Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, Mukteswar 263138, India
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Min-Kyung Park
- Status Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris 75017, France
| | - Keith J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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You SH, Jo HE, Choi JH, Ko MK, Shin SH, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Kim B, Park JH. Evaluation of novel inactivated vaccine for type C foot-and-mouth disease in cattle and pigs. Vet Microbiol 2019; 234:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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