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Li X, Hu Z, Tian X, Fan M, Liu Q, Wang X. A suitable sampling strategy for the detection of African swine fever virus in living and deceased pigs in the field: a retrospective study. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1419083. [PMID: 38988987 PMCID: PMC11234165 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1419083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal disease that threatens the health status of the swine population and thus can impact the economic outcome of the global pig industry. Monitoring the ASF virus (ASFV) is of utmost concern to prevent and control its distribution. This study aims to identify a suitable sampling strategy for ASFV detection in living and deceased pigs under field conditions. A range of samples, comprising tissues obtained from deceased pigs, as well as serum and tonsil swab samples from live pigs, were gathered and subjected to detection using the qPCR method. The findings revealed that the mandibular lymph nodes demonstrated the highest viral loads among superficial tissues, thereby indicating their potential suitability for detecting ASFV in deceased pigs. Additionally, the correlations between virus loads in various tissues have demonstrated that tonsil swab samples are a viable specimen for monitoring live pigs, given the strong associations observed with other tissues. These findings indicated two dependable sample types for the detection of ASFV: mandibular lymph nodes for deceased pigs and tonsil swabs for live pigs, which supply some references for the development of efficacious preventive measures against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive Test Station, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Xiaogang Tian
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Mingyu Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Shi C, Wang Q, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liu C, Hu Y, Zheng D, Sun C, Song F, Yu X, Zhao Y, Bao J, Wang Z. Generation of High-Quality African Swine Fever Virus Complete Genome from Field Samples by Next-Generation Sequencing. Viruses 2024; 16:312. [PMID: 38400087 PMCID: PMC10891787 DOI: 10.3390/v16020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The pandemic spread of ASF has caused severe effects on the global pig industry. Whole-genome sequencing provides crucial information for virus strain characterization, epidemiology analysis and vaccine development. Here, we evaluated the performance of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in generating ASFV genome sequences from clinical samples. Thirty-four ASFV-positive field samples including spleen, lymph node, lung, liver and blood with a range of Ct values from 14.73 to 25.95 were sequenced. For different tissue samples collected from the same sick pigs, the proportion of ASFV reads obtained from the spleen samples was 3.69-9.86 times higher than other tissues. For the high-viral-load spleen samples (Ct < 20), a minimum of a 99.8% breadth of ≥10× coverage was revealed for all the samples. For the spleen samples with Ct ≥ 20, 6/12 samples had a minimum of a 99.8% breadth of ≥10× coverage. A high average depth of sequencing coverage was also achieved from the blood samples. According to our results, high-quality ASFV whole-genome sequences could be obtained from the spleen or blood samples with Ct < 20. The high-quality ASFV genome sequence generated in this study was further used for the high-resolution phylogenetic analysis of the ASFV genomes in the early stage of the ASF epidemic in China. Our study demonstrates that NGS may act as a useful tool for efficient ASFV genome characterization, providing valuable information for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shi
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 518083, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Yutian Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Shujuan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Chunju Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Yongxin Hu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Dongxia Zheng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Chengyou Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Fangfang Song
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Xiaojing Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Yunling Zhao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Jingyue Bao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China (Y.L.); (C.L.); (D.Z.); (C.S.)
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Meloni D, Franzoni G, Oggiano A. Cell Lines for the Development of African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Candidates: An Update. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:707. [PMID: 35632463 PMCID: PMC9144233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a highly lethal disease in both domestic and wild pigs. The virus has rapidly spread worldwide and has no available licensed vaccine. An obstacle to the construction of a safe and efficient vaccine is the lack of a suitable cell line for ASFV isolation and propagation. Macrophages are the main targets for ASFV, and they have been widely used to study virus-host interactions; nevertheless, obtaining these cells is time-consuming and expensive, and they are not ethically suitable for the production of large-scale vaccines. To overcome these issues, different virulent field isolates have been adapted on monkey or human continuous cells lines; however, several culture passages often lead to significant genetic modifications and the loss of immunogenicity of the adapted strain. Thus, several groups have attempted to establish a porcine cell line able to sustain ASFV growth. Preliminary data suggested that some porcine continuous cell lines might be an alternative to primary macrophages for ASFV research and for large-scale vaccine production, although further studies are still needed. In this review, we summarize the research to investigate the most suitable cell line for ASFV isolation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.M.); (A.O.)
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