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Haregu T, Delobelle P, Shrestha A, Panniyammakal J, Thankappan KR, Parasuraman G, Schouw D, Ramalingam A, Issaka A, Cao Y, Levitt N, Oldenburg B. Shifting roles of community health workers in the prevention and management of noncommunicable disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. Health Policy Plan 2024; 39:771-781. [PMID: 38910332 PMCID: PMC11308610 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Community Health Workers (CHWs) play a crucial role in the prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The COVID-19 pandemic triggered the implementation of crisis-driven responses that involved shifts in the roles of CHWs in terms of delivering services for people with NCDs. Strategically aligning these shifts with health systems is crucial to improve NCD service delivery. The aim of this review was to identify and describe COVID-19-triggered shifting roles of CHWs that are promising in terms of NCD service delivery. We searched Ovid Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science and CABI for Global Health for relevant articles published between 1 January 2020 and 22 February 2022. Studies that were conducted within a COVID-19 context and focused on the shifted roles of CHWs in NCD service delivery were included. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to report the findings. A total of 25 articles from 14 countries were included in this review. We identified 12 shifted roles of CHWs in NCD service delivery during COVID-19, which can be categorized in three dimensions: 'enhanced' role of CHWs that includes additional tasks such as medication delivery; 'extended' roles such as the delivery of NCD services at household level and in remote communities; and 'enabled' roles through the use of digital health technologies. Health and digital literacy of people with NCDs, access to internet connectivity for people with NCDs, and the social and organizational context where CHWs work influenced the implementation of the shifted roles of CHWs. In conclusion, the roles of CHWs have shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic to include the delivery of additional NCD services at home and community levels, often supported by digital technologies. Given the importance of the shifting roles in the prevention and management of NCDs, adaptation and integration of these shifted roles into the routine activities of CHWs in the post-COVID period is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Haregu
- NCD and Implementation Science Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Peter Delobelle
- Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, University of Cape Town, J47/86 Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Abha Shrestha
- NCD and Implementation Science Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jeemon Panniyammakal
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies (AMCHSS), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | | | | | - Darcelle Schouw
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | | | - Ayuba Issaka
- NCD and Implementation Science Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yingting Cao
- NCD and Implementation Science Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Naomi Levitt
- Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, University of Cape Town, J47/86 Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Oldenburg
- NCD and Implementation Science Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Yeboah I, Dwomoh D, Ndejjo R, Kabwama SN, Ohemeng F, Takyi SA, Issah I, Bawuah SA, Wanyenze RK, Fobil J. Maintaining essential health services during COVID-19 in Ghana: a qualitative study. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 8:e013284. [PMID: 38490688 PMCID: PMC11148662 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence suggests that non-pharmaceutical interventions such as lockdown policies, restriction of movement and physical distancing to control the novel COVID-19 contributed to the decline in utilisation of essential health services. We explored healthcare providers' and policy-makers' experiences of the barriers, interventions and response actions that contributed to ensuring the continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana to help inform future practice and policy. METHODS We used a qualitative study approach. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Thirty Four participants composed of 20 healthcare providers and 14 policy-makers who worked across regions with low and high recorded COVID-19 cases in Ghana during the COVID-19 pandemic were involved in this study. RESULTS Participants reported that essential health services including maternal, reproductive and child health services, communicable and non-communicable disease care, and elective surgeries were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Barriers to the utilisation of essential services were constructed into three subthemes: (1) fear, (2) poor quality of care at the facility and (3) financial limitation. These barriers were mitigated with population-based interventions underpinned by the socioecological model at the individual and interpersonal level (including psychosocial care for families and home visits), institutional and community levels (such as allocation of funds, training of health workers, public education, triage stations, provision of logistics, appointment scheduling, telemedicine and redeployment of health workers) and public policy level (tax relief packages, transportation arrangements and provision of incentives), which helped in maintaining essential health services during COVID-19. CONCLUSION Disruption of essential health services during COVID-19 in Ghana instigated population-based interventions which aided in expanding the populations' continuous access to essential health services and strengthened health service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yeboah
- Employment and Society, University of Professional Studies, Legon, Ghana
| | - Duah Dwomoh
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Rawlance Ndejjo
- Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Sylvia Akpene Takyi
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Ibrahim Issah
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Serwaa Akoto Bawuah
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Julius Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental, and Occupational Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Kawi J, Fudolig M, Serafica R, Reyes AT, Sy F, Leyva EWA, Evangelista LS. Health information sources and health-seeking behaviours of Filipinos living in medically underserved communities: Empirical quantitative research. Nurs Open 2024; 11:e2140. [PMID: 38488390 PMCID: PMC10941603 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS To describe sources of health information and health-seeking behaviours of adults (aged ≥18) living in medically underserved communities in the Philippines. DESIGN This is a secondary, quantitative analysis from a cross-sectional parent study. Participants completed a 10-item, self-report survey on their sources of health information, healthcare providers sought for health and wellness and health-seeking behaviours when ill. Responses were evaluated across two age groups (<60 vs. ≥60 years) and genders using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS Surveys were completed by 1202 participants in rural settings (64.6% female, mean age 49.5 ± 17.6). Friends and/or family were their key source of health information (59.6%), followed by traditional media (37%) and healthcare professionals (12.2%). For health promotion, participants went to healthcare professionals (60.9%), informal healthcare providers (17.2%) or others (7.2%). When ill, they visited a healthcare professional 69.1% of the time, self-medicated (43.9%), prayed (39.5%) or sought treatment from a rural health clinic (31.5%). We also found differences in health-seeking behaviours based on age and gender. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the need to organize programs that explicitly deliver accurate health information and adequate care for wellness and illness. Study findings emphasize the importance of integrating family, friends, media and healthcare professionals, including public health nurses, to deliver evidence-based health information, health promotion and sufficient treatment to medically underserved Filipinos. IMPLICATIONS New knowledge provides valuable information to healthcare providers, including public health nurses, in addressing health disparities among medically underserved Filipinos. IMPACT This study addresses the current knowledge gap in a medically vulnerable population. Healthcare professionals are not the primary sources of health information. Approximately one-third of participants do not seek them for health promotion or treatment even when ill, exacerbating health inequities. More work is necessary to support initiatives in low- and middle-income countries such as the Philippines to reduce health disparities. REPORTING METHOD We adhered to the reporting guidelines of STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) for cross-sectional studies. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION There was no patient or public contribution as our study design and methodology do not make this necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kawi
- School of Nursing, University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Miguel Fudolig
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Reimund Serafica
- School of Nursing, University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Andrew T. Reyes
- School of Nursing, University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Francisco Sy
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevadaUSA
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Obasanjo I, Scott A, Griffin M, Agyemang-Duah A, Westhoff C, Toney S, Shelton P. Understanding the Public Health Role, Motivations, and Perceptions of Community Health Workers Deployed to Low-Income Housing in Richmond, Virginia. COMMUNITY HEALTH EQUITY RESEARCH & POLICY 2024; 44:219-227. [PMID: 36716267 DOI: 10.1177/2752535x231154051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the US health indicators to improve to the level of other developed countries, the use of Community Health Workers (CHWs) in vulnerable populations has been indicated as a possible long-term intervention. There are few models of long-term deployment of CHWs as part of the district level public health system in the US. METHOD In this study we interviewed CHWs who served as neighborhood-integrated health district staff assigned to low-income housing in Richmond, Virginia for 10 years. Qualitative analyses of their taped and transcribed interviews resulted in 5 themes from the interviews. The themes were Activities, Satisfaction, Strengths, Facilitation/Resources and Challenges. We highlighted quotes from the CHWs interviews for themes and summarized the findings from each theme. RESULTS CHWs carried out a variety of activities daily and these were described. The CHWs were generally satisfied with their job because it enabled them to assist others. The strength of their communities was resilience, and the resources they needed more included physical resources, human resources, political support, and more comprehensive programming. Their client's challenges include transportation, mental health, and physical safety and the CHWs challenge to effectively carrying out their work with clients was trust by community members. CONCLUSION The information garnered from the CHWs would be useful in designing CHW programs at other health districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyabo Obasanjo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Alison Scott
- Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Monica Griffin
- Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Amma Agyemang-Duah
- Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Charlie Westhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephanie Toney
- Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Patrice Shelton
- Department of Kinesiology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
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Nyagah LM, Bangura S, Omar OA, Karanja M, Mirza MA, Shajib H, Njiru H, Mengistu K, Malik SMMR. The importance of community health workers as frontline responders during the COVID-19 pandemic, Somalia, 2020-2021. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1215620. [PMID: 37663863 PMCID: PMC10469613 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1215620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We examined the contribution of community health workers as frontline responders for the community-based surveillance in Somalia during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic for detection of COVID-19 cases and identification of contacts. Methods We retrieved COVID-19 surveillance data from 16 March 2020 to 31 March 2021 from the health ministry's central database. These data were collected through community health workers, health facilities or at the points of entry. We compared the number of suspected COVID-19 cases detected by the three surveillance systems and the proportion that tested positive using the chi-squared test. We used logistic regression analysis to assess association between COVID-19 infection and selected variables. Results During the study period, 154,004 suspected cases of COVID-19 were detected and tested, of which 10,182 (6.6%) were positive. Of the notified cases, 32.7% were identified through the community-based surveillance system, 54.0% through the facility-based surveillance system, and 13.2% at points of entry. The positivity rate of cases detected by the community health workers was higher than that among those detected at health facilities (8.6% versus 6.4%; p < 0.001). The community health workers also identified more contacts than those identified through the facility-based surveillance (13,279 versus 1,937; p < 0.001). The odds of COVID-19 detection generally increased by age. Community-based surveillance and health facility-based surveillance had similar odds of detecting COVID-19 cases compared with the points-of-entry surveillance (aOR: 7.0 (95% CI: 6.4, 7.8) and aOR: 7.5 (95% CI: 6.8, 8.3), respectively). Conclusion The community health workers proved their value as first responders to COVID-19. They can be effective in countries with weak health systems for targeted community surveillance in rural and remote areas which are not covered by the facility-based surveillance system.
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Okunogbe A, Meekins M, Saalim K, Conti-Lopez MA, Benabaye RM, Mendoza OM, Julio R, Stan L, Bisson C. Utilization of adolescent health services during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence on impact and adaptations from a rapid assessment survey in the Philippines. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:493. [PMID: 36918863 PMCID: PMC10013233 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many challenges in adolescent health have been exacerbated including increased cases of early marriages, domestic violence, higher rates of anxiety and depression, and reduced access to sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents. This study examines the impacts of the pandemic on adolescent health services utilization and potential adaptations in the Philippines. METHODS The data used in this study was from a rapid telephone assessment survey of 148 adolescent-friendly health facilities (rural health units) in the Philippines. We employed a mixed-methods research approach comprising both quantitative and qualitative analyses in three phases. First, we conducted a descriptive analysis of the status of adolescent healthcare access and utilization during COVID-19. Next, we examined using multivariate ordered logistic regressions how staff availability and adolescent health (AH) service provision modalities influenced AH service utilization in terms of the average number of adolescents served per week during compared to before the pandemic. We also conducted a complementing qualitative analysis of the challenges and corresponding adaptive solutions to ensuring continuity of AH services in facilities. RESULTS We find that two months into the pandemic, 79% of adolescent-friendly trained staff were reporting for duty and 64% of facilities reported no staff disruptions. However, only 13% of facilities were serving the same number of adolescents or greater than before COVID-19. The use of more modalities for AH service provision (including telehealth) by facilities was significantly associated with increased likelihood to report serving the same number of adolescent or greater than before COVID-19 compared to those who used only one modality. CONCLUSION Investments in multiple modalities of care provision, such as telehealth could improve AH services utilization and help sustain connection with adolescents during shocks, including future outbreaks or other stressors that limit physical access to health facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi Okunogbe
- Global Health Division, RTI International, 701 13th Street, N.W., Suite 750, 20005, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Meagan Meekins
- Global Health Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Khalida Saalim
- Global Health Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Ophelia M Mendoza
- USAID ReachHealth Project, RTI International, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Rio Julio
- USAID ReachHealth Project, RTI International, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Laurentiu Stan
- USAID ReachHealth Project, RTI International, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Cristina Bisson
- Global Health Division, RTI International, 701 13th Street, N.W., Suite 750, 20005, Washington, DC, USA
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Health system response to COVID-19 among primary health care units in Ethiopia: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281628. [PMID: 36763695 PMCID: PMC9916627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There was limited data on the experiences and roles of sub-national health systems in the response against COVID-19 in Ethiopia. This study explored how sub-national primary health care units and coordinating bodies in Ethiopia responded to COVID-19 during the first 6 months of pandemic. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study with descriptive phenomenological design using 59 key informants that were purposively selected. The interviews included leaders across Ethiopia's 10 regions and 2 administrative cities. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide that was translated into a local language. The interviews were conducted in person or by phone. Coding and categorizing led to the development of themes and subthemes. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Local administrators across different levels took the lead in responding to COVID-19 by organizing multisectoral planning and monitoring committees at regional, zonal and woreda (district) levels. Health leaders reacted to the demand for an expanded workforce by reassigning health professionals to COVID-19 surveillance and case management activities, adding COVID-19-related responsibilities to their workloads, temporarily blocking leave, and hiring new staff on contractual basis. Training was prioritized for: rapid response teams, laboratory technicians, healthcare providers assigned to treatment centers where care was provided for patients with COVID-19, and health extension workers. COVID-19 supplies and equipment, particularly personal protective equipment, were difficult to obtain at the beginning of the pandemic. Health officials used a variety of means to equip and protect staff, but the quantity fell short of their needs. Local health structures used broadcast media, print materials, and house-to-house education to raise community awareness about COVID-19. Rapid response teams took the lead in case investigation, contact tracing, and sample collection. The care for mild cases was shifted to home-based isolation as the number of infections increased and space became limited. However, essential health services were neglected at the beginning of the pandemic while the intensity of local multisectoral response (sectoral engagement) declined as the pandemic progressed. CONCLUSIONS Local government authorities and health systems across Ethiopia waged an early response to the pandemic, drawing on multisectoral support and directing human, material, and financial resources toward the effort. But, the intensity of the multisectoral response waned and essential services began suffering as the pandemic progressed. There is a need to learn from the pandemic and invest in the basics of the health system-health workers, supplies, equipment, and infrastructure-as well as coordination of interventions.
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Lotta G, Nunes J, Fernandez M, Garcia Correa M. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the frontline health workforce: Perceptions of vulnerability of Brazil's community health workers. HEALTH POLICY OPEN 2022; 3:100065. [PMID: 35036911 PMCID: PMC8752101 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpopen.2021.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in calls for an increased integration of community health workers (CHWs) into the health system response. Historically, CHWs can play an important role in ensuring the sustainability of health policy implementation - by addressing social determinants of health and maintaining care for ongoing health problems. Their frontline work, with close contact to populations, places CHWs in a position of increased vulnerability to becoming infected and to being the target of abuse and violence. These vulnerabilities compound underlying problems faced by CHWs, who often come from poor backgrounds, are insufficiently paid and receive inadequate training. Speaking to a scarcity of studies on how CHWs are impacted by the pandemic, this paper conducts a systematic study of CHWs in Brazil. Based on quantitative and qualitative data collected during June and July 2020, it considers perceptions and experiences of CHWs, comparing them with other health professionals. We study the extent to which the pandemic added to existing vulnerabilities and created new problems and imbalances in the work of CHWs. We conclude that COVID-19 led to a deterioration of the working conditions of CHWs, of their relations with other health professionals, and of their ability to carry out their essential work in the public health system.
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Navigating fear and care: The lived experiences of community-based health actors in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc Sci Med 2022; 308:115222. [PMID: 35930848 PMCID: PMC9293854 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The activities of community-based health actors are widely recognized as critical to pandemic response; yet, there exists a lack of clarity concerning who is included in this ecosystem of actors and how these actors experience the complexity of delivering community-level care in the context of a public health emergency. The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the lived experiences of community-based health actors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines; and (2) to identify opportunities for further supporting these critical actors in the health workforce. Virtual semi-structured interviews were conducted (January–February 2021) with 28 workers employed by a Philippines-based non-governmental organization (NGO) to explore their lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were analyzed thematically using a hybrid inductive-deductive coding process, informed by Tronto's conceptualization of an ethic of care. Lived experiences among study participants were shaped by discourses of fear and care, and the interaction between these two affects. Participants reported everyday experiences of fear: NGO workers' fears of contracting and transmitting COVID-19 to others; perceived fear among community members where they worked; and fears around COVID-19 testing, recognizing the personal and social implications (e.g. stigma) of a positive test. Amid fear, participants had everyday experiences of care: care was a powerful motivator to continue their work; they felt supported by a caring organization that implemented safety protocols and provided material supports to those in quarantine; and they engaged in self-care practices. These findings contribute to understanding the ecosystem of actors involved in community-based health care and engagement efforts and the challenges they encounter in their work, particularly in a pandemic context. We highlight implications for civil society organizations charged with protecting the mental and physical well-being of their workers and describe how these actions can contribute to local health systems strengthening.
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Boro E, Stoll B. Barriers to COVID-19 Health Products in Low-and Middle-Income Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Systematic Review and Evidence Synthesis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:928065. [PMID: 35937225 PMCID: PMC9354133 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.928065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has intensified the urgency in addressing pressing global health access challenges and has also laid bare the pervasive structural and systemic inequities that make certain segments of society more vulnerable to the tragic consequences of the disease. This rapid systematic review analyses the barriers to COVID-19 health products in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). It does so from the canon of global health equity and access to medicines by proposing an access to health products in low-and middle-income countries framework and typology adapted to underscore the complex interactive and multiplicative nature and effects of barriers to health products and their root cause as they coexist across different levels of society in LMICs. Methods Modified versions of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) reviewers' manual for evidence synthesis of systematic reviews and the PRISMA-ScR framework were used to guide the search strategy, identification, and screening of biomedical, social science, and gray literature published in English between 1 January 2020 and 30 April 2021. Results The initial search resulted in 5,956 articles, with 72 articles included in this review after screening protocol and inclusion criteria were applied. Thirty one percent of the articles focused on Africa. The review revealed that barriers to COVID-19 health products were commonly caused by market forces (64%), the unavailability (53%), inaccessibility (42%), and unaffordability (35%), of the products, incongruent donors' agenda and funding (33%) and unreliable health and supply systems (28%). They commonly existed at the international and regional (79%), health sectoral (46%), and national cross-sectoral [public policy] (19%) levels. The historical heritage of colonialism in LMICs was a commonly attributed root cause of the barriers to COVID-19 health products in developing countries. Conclusion This review has outlined and elaborated on the various barriers to health products that must be comprehensively addressed to mount a successful global, regional, national and subnational response to present and future epidemics and pandemics in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Boro
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Luciani S, Agurto I, Caixeta R, Hennis A. Prioritizing noncommunicable diseases in the Americas region in the era of COVID-19. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2022; 46:e83. [PMID: 35875322 PMCID: PMC9299393 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2022.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the situation of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Americas, implementation of NCD interventions according to key progress indicators, the impact of COVID-19 on NCD services, and ways to reprioritize NCDs following COVID-19. Information was retrieved from institutional data and through a supplementary scoping review of published articles related to NCDs and COVID-19 in the Americas published April 2020–November 2021. While NCDs account for 80.7% of all deaths in the Americas, implementation of a key set of NCD interventions has been limited, with only three countries reporting implementation of 12 or more of the 19 NCD indicators. By mid-May 2022, the Americas had reported about 29.9% of all COVID-19 cases in the world (154 million of 515 million) and 43.5% all COVID-19 deaths (2.7 million of 6.2 million). This pandemic has hampered progress on NCDs and significantly disrupted services for people who require ongoing care. Adaptive strategies, such as telehealth and mobile pharmacies, have been used to mitigate service disruptions. However, NCD prevention and management must be an integral part of recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. This will require scaled up efforts to establish/re-establish and enforce policies on NCD risk factors, especially for tobacco control and obesity prevention, as well as greater investment in primary care and expansion of telemedicine and digital health solutions for continuous care for people with NCDs. Lastly, limited data are available on the impact of COVID-19 on NCDs, and hence NCD data and surveillance need to be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Luciani
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Irene Agurto
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Roberta Caixeta
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Anselm Hennis
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Rubenstein BL, Chinkhumba J, Chilima E, Kwizombe C, Malpass A, Cash S, Wright K, Troell P, Nsona H, Kachale F, Ali D, Kaunda E, Lankhulani S, Kayange M, Mathanga DP, Munthali J, Gutman JR. A cluster randomized trial of delivery of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy at the community level in Malawi. Malar J 2022; 21:195. [PMID: 35729612 PMCID: PMC9210049 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria in pregnancy doubles the risk of low birthweight; up to 11% of all neonatal deaths in sub-Saharan Africa are associated with malaria in pregnancy. To prevent these and other adverse health consequences, the World Health Organization recommends administering intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine for all pregnant women at each antenatal care (ANC) visit, starting as early as possible in the second trimester. The target is for countries to administer a minimum of three doses (IPTp3+) to at least 85% of pregnant women. Methods A cluster randomized, controlled trial was conducted to assess the effect of delivery of IPTp by community health workers on the coverage of IPTp3 + and ANC visits in Malawi. Community delivery of IPTp was implemented within two districts in Malawi over a 21-month period, from November 2018 to July 2020. In control sites, IPTp was delivered at health facilities. Representative samples of women who delivered in the prior 12 months were surveyed at baseline (n = 370, December 2017) and endline (n = 687, August 2020). A difference in differences analysis was conducted to assess the change in coverage of IPTp and ANC over time, accounting for clustering at the health facility level. Results Overall IPTp coverage increased over the study period. At baseline, women received a mean of 2.3 IPTp doses (range 0–5 doses) across both arms, and at endline, women received a mean of 2.8 doses (range 0–9 doses). Despite overall increases, the change in IPTp3 + coverage was not significantly different between intervention and control groups (6.9%, 95% CI: -5.9%, 19.6%). ANC4 + coverage increased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group, with a difference-in-differences of 25.3% points (95% CI: 1.3%, 49.3%). Conclusions In order to reduce the burden of malaria in pregnancy, new strategies are needed to improve uptake of effective interventions such as IPTp. While community health workers’ delivery of IPTp did not increase uptake in this study, they may be effective in other settings or circumstances. Further research can help identify the health systems characteristics that are conducive to community delivery of IPTp and the operational requirements for effective implementation. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03376217. Registered December 6, 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03376217.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth L Rubenstein
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jobiba Chinkhumba
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Malaria Alert Centre, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ethel Chilima
- Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Collins Kwizombe
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Ashley Malpass
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, D.C, USA
| | - Shelby Cash
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Peter Troell
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Don P Mathanga
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Malaria Alert Centre, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - John Munthali
- Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Julie R Gutman
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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Valeriani G, Sarajlic Vukovic I, Bersani FS, Sadeghzadeh Diman A, Ghorbani A, Mollica R. Tackling Ethnic Health Disparities Through Community Health Worker Programs: A Scoping Review on Their Utilization During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Popul Health Manag 2022; 25:517-526. [PMID: 35417223 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2021.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has magnified existing health inequities linked to social determinants of health, with racial and ethnic minorities being disproportionately affected by the pandemic. A proposed strategy to address these inequities is based on the implementation of community health worker (CHW) programs able to bridge the gaps between marginalized communities and the formal health care systems. A scoping review was conducted through searching 4 databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria focused on studies defining any kind of adopted CHW intervention to address inequities related to racial/ethnic groups during the COVID-19 crisis, published from December 31, 2019, to October 31, 2021. Narrative synthesis was undertaken to summarize the findings. In total, 23 studies met the inclusion out of the 107 search results. Data converged on the relevant potential of CHWs on engaging with community leaders, addressing social determinants of health, and issues related to structural racism, promoting culturally tailored health information, and encouraging institutions to policy change in favor of people left behind. Although vulnerability of racial and ethnic minorities was already present before the COVID-19 outbreak, the pandemic has represented a wakeup call to address it more efficiently. In recent years, CHWs have increasingly been acknowledged as valuable members of the health care workforce. As health disparities may increase after our multicultural societies begin to recover from COVID-19, CHWs may play a crucial role in addressing system-level changes to have broad and lasting effects on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Sarajlic Vukovic
- Department for Affective Disorders, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Richard Mollica
- Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Malatji H, Griffiths F, Goudge J. Supportive supervision from a roving nurse mentor in a community health worker programme: a process evaluation in South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:323. [PMID: 35272666 PMCID: PMC8908295 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07635-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many low and middle- income countries (LMICs) are repositioning community health worker (CHW) programmes to provide a more comprehensive range of promotive and preventive services and referrals to the formal health service. However, insufficient supervision, fragmented programmes, and the low literacy levels of CHWs often result in the under-performance of the programmes. We evaluate the impact of a roving nurse mentor working with CHW teams proving supportive supervision in a semi-rural area of South Africa. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal process evaluation, using in-depth interviews, focus groups and observations prior to the intervention, during the intervention, and 6 months post-intervention to assess how the effects of the intervention were generated and sustained. Our participants were CHWs, their supervisors, clients and facility staff members and community representatives. RESULTS The nurse mentor operated in an environment of resource shortages, conflicts between CHWs and facility staff, and an active CHW labour union. Over 15 months, the mentor was able to (1) support and train CHWs and their supervisors to gain and practice new skills, (2) address their fears of failing and (3) establish operational systems to address inefficiencies in the CHWs' activities, resulting in improved service provision. Towards the end of the intervention the direct employment of the CHWs by the Department of Health and an increase in their stipend added to their motivation and integration into the local primary care clinic team. However, given the communities' focus on accessing government housing, rather than better healthcare, and volatile nature of the communities, the nurse mentor was not able to establish a collaboration with local structures. CONCLUSIONS A roving nurse mentor overseeing several CHW teams within a district healthcare system is a feasible option, particularly in a context where there is a shortage of qualified supervisors to support CHWs activities. A roving nurse mentor can contribute to the knowledge and skills development of the CHWs and enhance the capacity of junior supervisors. However, the long-term sustainability of the effects of intervention is dependent on CHWs' formal employment by the Department of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlologelo Malatji
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Frances Griffiths
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
| | - Jane Goudge
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Méllo LMBDDE, Santos RCD, Albuquerque PCD. Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde na pandemia de Covid-19: scoping review. SAÚDE EM DEBATE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-11042022e125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Este artigo teve por objetivo sistematizar e analisar a literatura que aborda o trabalho das Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde (ACS) no enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, realizada na Embase, Lilacs, SciELO, Medline e Cochrane Library. Envolve publicações no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2020, tendo os estudos selecionados sido submetidos à análise, considerando as seguintes categorias: práticas, formação, condições de trabalho e legitimidade. Foram incluídos 29 estudos na revisão cujo cenário de atuação das ACS foram países da África, América do Sul, América do Norte, Ásia e Europa. Os resultados revelaram enfoques diversificados de práticas nos países estudados que envolvem ações de cuidado, vigilância, comunicação e educação em saúde, práticas administrativas, articulação intersetorial e mobilização social. A formação recebida parece não corresponder ao rol de práticas e impacto esperado do trabalho das ACS. As condições de trabalho continuam precarizadas com alguns incentivos extras sendo ofertados em diferentes cenários. O reconhecimento e a legitimidade perante as autoridades sanitárias revelam a disputa em torno do próprio rumo dos modelos de atenção à saúde e abrangência dos sistemas de proteção social nos diversos países.
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Méllo LMBDDE, Santos RCD, Albuquerque PCD. Community Health Workers in the Covid-19 pandemic: scoping review. SAÚDE EM DEBATE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-11042022e125i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This paper aimed to systematize and analyze the literature that addresses the role of Community Health Workers (CHWs) in addressing the Covid-19 pandemic. This scoping review was conducted in the Embase, Lilacs, SciELO, Medline, and Cochrane Virtual Libraries databases. It includes publications from January to December 2020, and the selected studies were submitted to analysis, considering the following categories: practices, training, working conditions, and legitimacy. Twenty-nine studies were included in the review whose CHW performance backdrops were African, South American, North American, Asian, and European countries. The results revealed diversified approaches to practice in the countries studied that involve care, surveillance, health communication, education, administrative, intersectoral articula- tion, and social mobilization actions. The training received does not seem to correspond to the list of practices and expected impact of the CHWs. Working conditions remain substandard, with some extra incentives offered in different backdrops. The recognition and legitimacy before the health authorities reveal the dispute over the direction of health care models and the scope of social protection systems in different countries.
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Njeru RW, Uddin MF, Zakayo SM, Sanga G, Charo A, Islam MA, Hossain MA, Kimani M, Mwadhi MK, Ogutu M, Chisti MJ, Ahmed T, Walson JL, Berkley JA, Jones C, Theobald S, Muraya K, Sarma H, Molyneux S. Strengthening the role of community health workers in supporting the recovery of ill, undernourished children post hospital discharge: qualitative insights from key stakeholders in Bangladesh and Kenya. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1234. [PMID: 34775968 PMCID: PMC8590969 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undernourished children in low- and middle-income countries remain at elevated risk of death following hospital discharge, even when treated during hospitalisation using World Health Organisation recommended guidelines. The role of community health workers (CHWs) in supporting post-discharge recovery to improve outcomes has not been adequately explored. METHODS This paper draws on qualitative research conducted as part of the Childhood Acute Illnesses and Nutrition (CHAIN) Network in Bangladesh and Kenya. We interviewed family members of 64 acutely ill children admitted across four hospitals (a rural and urban hospital in each country). 27 children had severe wasting or kwashiorkor on admission. Family members were interviewed in their homes soon after discharge, and up to three further times over the following six to fourteen months. These data were supplemented by observations in facilities and homes, key informant interviews with CHWs and policy makers, and a review of relevant guidelines. RESULTS Guidelines suggest that CHWs could play a role in supporting recovery of undernourished children post-discharge, but the mechanisms to link CHWs into post-discharge support processes are not specified. Few families we interviewed reported any interactions with CHWs post-discharge, especially in Kenya, despite our data suggesting that opportunities for CHWs to assist families post-discharge include providing context sensitive information and education, identification of danger signs, and supporting linkages with community-based services and interventions. Although CHWs are generally present in communities, challenges they face in conducting their roles include unmanageable workloads, few incentives, lack of equipment and supplies and inadequate support from supervisors and some community members. CONCLUSION A multi-pronged approach before or on discharge is needed to strengthen linkages between CHWs and children vulnerable to poor outcomes, supported by clear guidance. To encourage scale-ability and cost-effectiveness of interventions, the most vulnerable, high-risk children, should be targeted, including undernourished children. Intervention designs must also take into account existing health worker shortages and training levels, including for CHWs, and how any new tasks or personnel are incorporated into hospital and broader health system hierarchies and systems. Any such interventions will need to be evaluated in carefully designed studies, including tracking for unintended consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Wanjuki Njeru
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Md Fakhar Uddin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Gladys Sanga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Anderson Charo
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Md Aminul Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mary Kimani
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mercy Kadzo Mwadhi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Michael Ogutu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Judd L Walson
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Paediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, USA
| | - James A Berkley
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Jones
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally Theobald
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kui Muraya
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Haribondhu Sarma
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Paediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, USA
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Canberra, 0200, Australia
| | - Sassy Molyneux
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Mistry SK, Harris-Roxas B, Yadav UN, Shabnam S, Rawal LB, Harris MF. Community Health Workers Can Provide Psychosocial Support to the People During COVID-19 and Beyond in Low- and Middle- Income Countries. Front Public Health 2021; 9:666753. [PMID: 34239854 PMCID: PMC8258154 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.666753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been the most challenging public health issue which not only affected the physical health of the global population but also aggravated the mental health conditions such as stress, anxiety, fear, depression and anger. While mental health services are seriously hampered amid this COVID-19 pandemic, health services, particularly those of Low- and Middle- Income Countries (LMICs) are looking for alternatives to provide psychosocial support to the people amid this COVID-19 and beyond. Community Health Workers (CHWs) are an integral part of the health systems in many LMICs and played significant roles such as health education, contact tracing, isolation and mobilization during past emergencies and amid COVID-19 in many LMICs. However, despite their potentials in providing psychosocial support to the people amid this COVID-19 pandemic, they have been underutilized in most health systems in LMICs. The CHWs can be effectively engaged to provide psychosocial support at the community level. Engaging them can also be cost-saving as they are already in place and may cost less compared to other health professionals. However, they need training and supervision and their safety and security needs to be protected during this COVID-19. While many LMICs have mental health policies but their enactment is limited due to the fragility of health systems and limited health care resources. CHWs can contribute in this regard and help to address the psychosocial vulnerabilities of affected population in LMICs during COVID-19 and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabuj Kanti Mistry
- BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben Harris-Roxas
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Uday Narayan Yadav
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sadia Shabnam
- Health Nutrition and Population Program, BRAC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lal Bahadur Rawal
- School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney Campus, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark F. Harris
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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