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Luomaranta M, Grones C, Choudhary S, Milhinhos A, Kalman TA, Nilsson O, Robinson KM, Street NR, Tuominen H. Systems genetic analysis of lignin biosynthesis in Populus tremula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:2157-2174. [PMID: 39072753 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The genetic control underlying natural variation in lignin content and composition in trees is not fully understood. We performed a systems genetic analysis to uncover the genetic regulation of lignin biosynthesis in a natural 'SwAsp' population of aspen (Populus tremula) trees. We analyzed gene expression by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in differentiating xylem tissues, and lignin content and composition using Pyrolysis-GC-MS in mature wood of 268 trees from 99 genotypes. Abundant variation was observed for lignin content and composition, and genome-wide association study identified proteins in the pentose phosphate pathway and arabinogalactan protein glycosylation among the top-ranked genes that are associated with these traits. Variation in gene expression and the associated genetic polymorphism was revealed through the identification of 312 705 local and 292 003 distant expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). A co-expression network analysis suggested modularization of lignin biosynthesis and novel functions for the lignin-biosynthetic CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 2 and CAFFEOYL-CoA O-METHYLTRANSFERASE 3. PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE 3 was co-expressed with HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 5 (HB5), and the role of HB5 in stimulating lignification was demonstrated in transgenic trees. The systems genetic approach allowed linking natural variation in lignin biosynthesis to trees´ responses to external cues such as mechanical stimulus and nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Luomaranta
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carolin Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shruti Choudhary
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ana Milhinhos
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Teitur Ahlgren Kalman
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kathryn M Robinson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Urbancsok J, Donev EN, Sivan P, van Zalen E, Barbut FR, Derba-Maceluch M, Šimura J, Yassin Z, Gandla ML, Karady M, Ljung K, Winestrand S, Jönsson LJ, Scheepers G, Delhomme N, Street NR, Mellerowicz EJ. Flexure wood formation via growth reprogramming in hybrid aspen involves jasmonates and polyamines and transcriptional changes resembling tension wood development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2312-2334. [PMID: 37857351 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Stem bending in trees induces flexure wood but its properties and development are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of low-intensity multidirectional stem flexing on growth and wood properties of hybrid aspen, and on its transcriptomic and hormonal responses. Glasshouse-grown trees were either kept stationary or subjected to several daily shakes for 5 wk, after which the transcriptomes and hormones were analyzed in the cambial region and developing wood tissues, and the wood properties were analyzed by physical, chemical and microscopy techniques. Shaking increased primary and secondary growth and altered wood differentiation by stimulating gelatinous-fiber formation, reducing secondary wall thickness, changing matrix polysaccharides and increasing cellulose, G- and H-lignin contents, cell wall porosity and saccharification yields. Wood-forming tissues exhibited elevated jasmonate, polyamine, ethylene and brassinosteroids and reduced abscisic acid and gibberellin signaling. Transcriptional responses resembled those during tension wood formation but not opposite wood formation and revealed several thigmomorphogenesis-related genes as well as novel gene networks including FLA and XTH genes encoding plasma membrane-bound proteins. Low-intensity stem flexing stimulates growth and induces wood having improved biorefinery properties through molecular and hormonal pathways similar to thigmomorphogenesis in herbaceous plants and largely overlapping with the tension wood program of hardwoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Urbancsok
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evgeniy N Donev
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pramod Sivan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elena van Zalen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Félix R Barbut
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Šimura
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zakiya Yassin
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michal Karady
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Scheepers
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, 11428, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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3
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Hafeez AB, Pełka K, Buzun K, Worobo R, Szweda P. Whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial potential of bacteria isolated from Polish honey. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6389-6406. [PMID: 37665371 PMCID: PMC10560198 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the whole-genome analysis and assessment of the antimicrobial potential of bacterial isolates from honey harvested in one geographical location-the north of Poland. In total, 132 strains were derived from three honey samples, and the antimicrobial activity of CFAM (cell-free after-culture medium) was used as a criterion for strain selection and detailed genomic investigation. Two of the tested isolates (SZA14 and SZA16) were classified as Bacillus paralicheniformis, and one isolate (SZB3) as Bacillus subtilis based on their ANI and phylogenetic analysis relatedness. The isolates SZA14 and SZA16 were harvested from the same honey sample with a nucleotide identity of 98.96%. All three isolates have been found to be potential producers of different antimicrobial compounds. The secondary metabolite genome mining pipeline (antiSMASH) identified 14 gene cluster coding for non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPs), polyketide synthases (PKSs), and ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) that are potential sources of novel antibacterials. The BAGEL4 analysis revealed the presence of nine putative gene clusters of interest in the isolates SZA14 and SZA16 (including the presence of six similar clusters present in both isolates, coding for the production of enterocin Nkr-5-3B, haloduracin-alpha, sonorensin, bottromycin, comX2, and lasso peptide), and four in B. subtilis isolate SZB3 (competence factor, sporulation-killing factor, subtilosin A, and sactipeptides). The outcomes of this study confirm that honey-derived Bacillus spp. strains can be considered potential producers of a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agents. KEY POINTS: • Bacteria of the genus Bacillus are an important component of honey microbiota. • Honey-derived Bacillus spp. strains are potential producers of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmer Bin Hafeez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Pełka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamila Buzun
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Randy Worobo
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Piotr Szweda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Bernacki MJ, Mielecki J, Antczak A, Drożdżek M, Witoń D, Dąbrowska-Bronk J, Gawroński P, Burdiak P, Marchwicka M, Rusaczonek A, Dąbkowska-Susfał K, Strobel WR, Mellerowicz EJ, Zawadzki J, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Karpiński S. Biotechnological Potential of the Stress Response and Plant Cell Death Regulators Proteins in the Biofuel Industry. Cells 2023; 12:2018. [PMID: 37626829 PMCID: PMC10453534 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of biofuel from lignocellulosic biomass is relatively low due to the limited knowledge about natural cell wall loosening and cellulolytic processes in plants. Industrial separation of cellulose fiber mass from lignin, its saccharification and alcoholic fermentation is still cost-ineffective and environmentally unfriendly. Assuming that the green transformation is inevitable and that new sources of raw materials for biofuels are needed, we decided to study cell death-a natural process occurring in plants in the context of reducing the recalcitrance of lignocellulose for the production of second-generation bioethanol. "Members of the enzyme families responsible for lysigenous aerenchyma formation were identified during the root hypoxia stress in Arabidopsis thaliana cell death mutants. The cell death regulatory genes, LESION SIMULATING DISEASE 1 (LSD1), PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) and ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) conditionally regulate the cell wall when suppressed in transgenic aspen. During four years of growth in the field, the following effects were observed: lignin content was reduced, the cellulose fiber polymerization degree increased and the growth itself was unaffected. The wood of transgenic trees was more efficient as a substrate for saccharification, alcoholic fermentation and bioethanol production. The presented results may trigger the development of novel biotechnologies in the biofuel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jerzy Bernacki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.B.); (J.M.); (D.W.); (P.G.); (P.B.)
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences—National Research Institute, Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland;
| | - Jakub Mielecki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.B.); (J.M.); (D.W.); (P.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Andrzej Antczak
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.); (M.D.); (M.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Michał Drożdżek
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.); (M.D.); (M.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Damian Witoń
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.B.); (J.M.); (D.W.); (P.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska-Bronk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Gawroński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.B.); (J.M.); (D.W.); (P.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Paweł Burdiak
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.B.); (J.M.); (D.W.); (P.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Monika Marchwicka
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.); (M.D.); (M.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Anna Rusaczonek
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Wacław Roman Strobel
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences—National Research Institute, Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland;
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Janusz Zawadzki
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.A.); (M.D.); (M.M.); (J.Z.)
| | | | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.B.); (J.M.); (D.W.); (P.G.); (P.B.)
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5
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Derba-Maceluch M, Sivan P, Donev EN, Gandla ML, Yassin Z, Vaasan R, Heinonen E, Andersson S, Amini F, Scheepers G, Johansson U, Vilaplana FJ, Albrectsen BR, Hertzberg M, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Impact of xylan on field productivity and wood saccharification properties in aspen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1218302. [PMID: 37528966 PMCID: PMC10389764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Xylan that comprises roughly 25% of hardwood biomass is undesirable in biorefinery applications involving saccharification and fermentation. Efforts to reduce xylan levels have therefore been made in many species, usually resulting in improved saccharification. However, such modified plants have not yet been tested under field conditions. Here we evaluate the field performance of transgenic hybrid aspen lines with reduced xylan levels and assess their usefulness as short-rotation feedstocks for biorefineries. Three types of transgenic lines were tested in four-year field tests with RNAi constructs targeting either Populus GT43 clades B and C (GT43BC) corresponding to Arabidopsis clades IRX9 and IRX14, respectively, involved in xylan backbone biosynthesis, GATL1.1 corresponding to AtGALT1 involved in xylan reducing end sequence biosynthesis, or ASPR1 encoding an atypical aspartate protease. Their productivity, wood quality traits, and saccharification efficiency were analyzed. The only lines differing significantly from the wild type with respect to growth and biotic stress resistance were the ASPR1 lines, whose stems were roughly 10% shorter and narrower and leaves showed increased arthropod damage. GT43BC lines exhibited no growth advantage in the field despite their superior growth in greenhouse experiments. Wood from the ASPR1 and GT43BC lines had slightly reduced density due to thinner cell walls and, in the case of ASPR1, larger cell diameters. The xylan was less extractable by alkali but more hydrolysable by acid, had increased glucuronosylation, and its content was reduced in all three types of transgenic lines. The hemicellulose size distribution in the GALT1.1 and ASPR1 lines was skewed towards higher molecular mass compared to the wild type. These results provide experimental evidence that GATL1.1 functions in xylan biosynthesis and suggest that ASPR1 may regulate this process. In saccharification without pretreatment, lines of all three constructs provided 8-11% higher average glucose yields than wild-type plants. In saccharification with acid pretreatment, the GT43BC construct provided a 10% yield increase on average. The best transgenic lines of each construct are thus predicted to modestly outperform the wild type in terms of glucose yields per hectare. The field evaluation of transgenic xylan-reduced aspen represents an important step towards more productive feedstocks for biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pramod Sivan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evgeniy N. Donev
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Zakiya Yassin
- Enhet Produktionssystem och Material, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Rakhesh Vaasan
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilia Heinonen
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Andersson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fariba Amini
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Gerhard Scheepers
- Enhet Produktionssystem och Material, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Ulf Johansson
- Tönnersjöheden Experimental Forest, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Simlångsdalen, Sweden
| | - Francisco J. Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Derba-Maceluch M, Mitra M, Hedenström M, Liu X, Gandla ML, Barbut FR, Abreu IN, Donev EN, Urbancsok J, Moritz T, Jönsson LJ, Tsang A, Powlowski J, Master ER, Mellerowicz EJ. Xylan glucuronic acid side chains fix suberin-like aliphatic compounds to wood cell walls. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:297-312. [PMID: 36600379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wood is the most important repository of assimilated carbon in the biosphere, in the form of large polymers (cellulose, hemicelluloses including glucuronoxylan, and lignin) that interactively form a composite, together with soluble extractives including phenolic and aliphatic compounds. Molecular interactions among these compounds are not fully understood. We have targeted the expression of a fungal α-glucuronidase to the wood cell wall of aspen (Populus tremula L. × tremuloides Michx.) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh), to decrease contents of the 4-O-methyl glucuronopyranose acid (mGlcA) substituent of xylan, to elucidate mGlcA's functions. The enzyme affected the content of aliphatic insoluble cell wall components having composition similar to suberin, which required mGlcA for binding to cell walls. Such suberin-like compounds have been previously identified in decayed wood, but here, we show their presence in healthy wood of both hardwood and softwood species. By contrast, γ-ester bonds between mGlcA and lignin were insensitive to cell wall-localized α-glucuronidase, supporting the intracellular formation of these bonds. These findings challenge the current view of the wood cell wall composition and reveal a novel function of mGlcA substituent of xylan in fastening of suberin-like compounds to cell wall. They also suggest an intracellular initiation of lignin-carbohydrate complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Madhusree Mitra
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Xiaokun Liu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Félix R Barbut
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ilka N Abreu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evgeniy N Donev
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - János Urbancsok
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Justin Powlowski
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Emma R Master
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Lin Y, Lin H. The electron transport mechanism of downflow Leersia hexandra Swartz constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell when used to treat Cr(VI) and p-chlorophenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37929-37945. [PMID: 36576625 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells are used to treat heavy metal and/or refractory organic wastewater. However, the electron transport mechanism of downflow Leersia hexandra constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (DLCW-MFCs) is poorly understood when used to treat composite-polluted wastewater containing Cr(VI) and p-chlorophenol (4-CP) (C&P). In this study, metagenomics and in situ electrochemical techniques were used to investigate the electrochemical properties and the electricigens and their dominant gene functions. The DLCW-MFC was used to treat C&P and single-pollutant wastewater containing Cr(VI) (SC) and 4-CP (SP). The results showed that C&P had a higher current response and charge transfer capability and lower solution resistance plus charge transfer resistance. The anode bacteria solution of C&P contained more electron carriers (RF, FMN, FAD, CoQ10, and Cyt c). Metagenomic sequencing indicated that the total relative abundance of the microorganisms associated with electricity production (Desulfovibrio, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Nocardia, Microbacterium, Delftia, Geobacter, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, and Clostridium) was the highest in C&P (4.24%). However, Microbacterium was abundant in SP (0.12%), which exerted antagonistic effects on other electricigens. Among the 10 electricigens based on gene annotation, C&P had a higher overall relative abundance of the Unigene gene annotated to the KO pathway and CAZy level B compared with SC and SP, which were 1.31% and 0.582% respectively. Unigene153954 (ccmC), Unigene357497 (coxB), and Unigene1033667 (ubiG) were related to the electron carrier Cyt c, electron transfer, and CoQ biosynthesis, respectively. These were annotated to Desulfovibrio, Delftia, and Pseudomonas, respectively. Unigene161312 (AA1) used phenols and other substrates as electron donors and was annotated to Pseudomonas. Other functional carbohydrate enzyme genes (e.g., GT2, GT4, and GH31) used carbohydrates as donors and were annotated to other electricigens. This study provides a theoretical basis for electron transfer to promote the development of CW-MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yian Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin, 541000, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Areas, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, 541000, Guilin, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin, 541000, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Areas, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, 541000, Guilin, China
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin, 541000, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Areas, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, 541000, Guilin, China
| | - Hua Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin, 541000, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Areas, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, 541000, Guilin, China.
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Ishida K, Noutoshi Y. The function of the plant cell wall in plant-microbe interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:273-284. [PMID: 36279746 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is an interface of plant-microbe interactions. The ability of microbes to decompose cell wall polysaccharides contributes to microbial pathogenicity. Plants have evolved mechanisms to prevent cell wall degradation. However, the role of the cell wall in plant-microbe interactions is not well understood. Here, we discuss four functions of the plant cell wall-physical defence, storage of antimicrobial compounds, production of cell wall-derived elicitors, and provision of carbon sources-in the context of plant-microbe interactions. In addition, we discuss the four families of cell surface receptors associated with plant cell walls (malectin-like receptor kinase family, wall-associated kinase family, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family, and lysin motif receptor-like kinase family) that have been the subject of several important studies in recent years. This review summarises the findings on both plant cell wall and plant immunity, improving our understanding and may provide impetus to various researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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9
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Begum N, Lee S, Portlock TJ, Pellon A, Nasab SDS, Nielsen J, Uhlen M, Moyes DL, Shoaie S. Integrative functional analysis uncovers metabolic differences between Candida species. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1013. [PMID: 36163459 PMCID: PMC9512779 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are a dominant constituent of the human mycobiome and associated with the development of several diseases. Understanding the Candida species metabolism could provide key insights into their ability to cause pathogenesis. Here, we have developed the BioFung database, providing an efficient annotation of protein-encoding genes. Along, with BioFung, using carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZymes) analysis, we have uncovered core and accessory features across Candida species demonstrating plasticity, adaption to the environment and acquired features. We show a greater importance of amino acid metabolism, as functional analysis revealed that all Candida species can employ amino acid metabolism. However, metabolomics revealed that only a specific cluster of species (AGAu species—C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. auris) utilised amino acid metabolism including arginine, cysteine, and methionine metabolism potentially improving their competitive fitness in pathogenesis. We further identified critical metabolic pathways in the AGAu cluster with biomarkers and anti-fungal target potential in the CAZyme profile, polyamine, choline and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. This study, combining genomic analysis, and validation with gene expression and metabolomics, highlights the metabolic diversity with AGAu species that underlies their remarkable ability to dominate they mycobiome and cause disease. Metabolic differences between Candida species are uncovered using the BioFung database alongside genomic and metabolic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Begum
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Theo John Portlock
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 21, Sweden
| | - Aize Pellon
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Shervin Dokht Sadeghi Nasab
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Kemivägen 10, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 21, Sweden
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK.
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT, London, UK. .,Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-171 21, Sweden.
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10
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Bachy C, Wittmers F, Muschiol J, Hamilton M, Henrissat B, Worden AZ. The Land-Sea Connection: Insights Into the Plant Lineage from a Green Algal Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:585-616. [PMID: 35259927 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-071921-100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of land by plants generated opportunities for the rise of new heterotrophic life forms, including humankind. A unique event underpinned this massive change to earth ecosystems-the advent of eukaryotic green algae. Today, an abundant marine green algal group, the prasinophytes, alongside prasinodermophytes and nonmarine chlorophyte algae, is facilitating insights into plant developments. Genome-level data allow identification of conserved proteins and protein families with extensive modifications, losses, or gains and expansion patterns that connect to niche specialization and diversification. Here, we contextualize attributes according to Viridiplantae evolutionary relationships, starting with orthologous protein families, and then focusing on key elements with marked differentiation, resulting in patchy distributions across green algae and plants. We place attention on peptidoglycan biosynthesis, important for plastid division and walls; phytochrome photosensors that are master regulators in plants; and carbohydrate-active enzymes, essential to all manner of carbohydratebiotransformations. Together with advances in algal model systems, these areas are ripe for discovering molecular roles and innovations within and across plant and algal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bachy
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Wittmers
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Hamilton
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Marine Biological Laboratories, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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11
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Behr M, Speeckaert N, Kurze E, Morel O, Prévost M, Mol A, Mahamadou Adamou N, Baragé M, Renaut J, Schwab W, El Jaziri M, Baucher M. Leaf necrosis resulting from downregulation of poplar glycosyltransferase UGT72A2. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1084-1099. [PMID: 34865151 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reactive species (RS) causing oxidative stress are unavoidable by-products of various plant metabolic processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration or photorespiration. In leaves, flavonoids scavenge RS produced during photosynthesis and protect plant cells against deleterious oxidative damages. Their biosynthesis and accumulation are therefore under tight regulation at the cellular level. Glycosylation has emerged as an essential biochemical reaction in the homeostasis of various specialized metabolites such as flavonoids. This article provides a functional characterization of the Populus tremula x P. alba (poplar) UGT72A2 coding for a UDP-glycosyltransferase that is localized in the chloroplasts. Compared with the wild type, transgenic poplar lines with decreased expression of UGT72A2 are characterized by reduced growth and oxidative damages in leaves, as evidenced by necrosis, higher content of glutathione and lipid peroxidation products as well as diminished soluble peroxidase activity and NADPH to NADP+ ratio under standard growing conditions. They furthermore display lower pools of phenolics, anthocyanins and total flavonoids but higher proanthocyanidins content. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of cis-elements involved in photomorphogenesis, chloroplast biogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. The UGT72A2 is regulated by the poplar MYB119, a transcription factor known to regulate the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular docking suggest that UGT72A2 could glycosylate flavonoids; however, the actual substrate(s) was not consistently evidenced with either in vitro assays nor analyses of glycosylated products in leaves of transgenic poplar overexpressing or downregulated for UGT72A2. This article provides elements highlighting the importance of flavonoid glycosylation regarding protection against oxidative stress in poplar leaves and raises new questions about the link between this biochemical reaction and regulation of the redox homeostasis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Nathanael Speeckaert
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Kurze
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Oriane Morel
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Unité de recherche Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Adeline Mol
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Nassirou Mahamadou Adamou
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, Gosselies 6041, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale et Amélioration des Plantes (LABAP), Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niamey, Niger
| | - Moussa Baragé
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale et Amélioration des Plantes (LABAP), Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niamey, Niger
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mondher El Jaziri
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Marie Baucher
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Université libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, Gosselies 6041, Belgium
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12
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Raheja Y, Singh V, Kaur B, Basotra N, Di Falco M, Tsang A, Singh Chadha B. Combination of system biology and classical approaches for developing biorefinery relevant lignocellulolytic Rasamsonia emersonii strain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127039. [PMID: 35318142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii using integrated system biology tools (genomics, proteomics and transcriptional analysis) in combination with classical strain breeding approaches. Developed hyper cellulolytic mutant strain M36 showed endoglucanase (476.35 U/ml), β-glucosidase (70.54 U/ml), cellobiohydrolase (15.17 U/ml), FPase (4.89 U/ml) and xylanase (485.21 U/ml) on cellulose/gram flour based production medium. Comparison of the expression profile at proteome and transcriptional level of the developed strain and wild type parent gave detailed insight into the up-regulation of different CAZymes including glycosyl hydrolases (GH5, GH6, GH7, GH3, GH10) and auxiliary enzymes (lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, swollenin) at system level. Furthermore, the potential of lignocellulolytic enzyme produced by the developed strain and custom designed cocktail spiked with heterologously expressed lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Mycothermus thermophiloides were analyzed for the hydrolysis of biorefinery relevant unwashed pretreated rice straw slurry (PRAJ and IOCL) @17% substrate loading rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Raheja
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Varinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Baljit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Basotra
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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13
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Dora S, Terrett OM, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Plant-microbe interactions in the apoplast: Communication at the plant cell wall. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1532-1550. [PMID: 35157079 PMCID: PMC9048882 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell wall occupies most of the apoplast and is composed of polysaccharides and associated proteins and ions. This dynamic part of the cell constitutes an essential physical barrier and a source of nutrients for the microbe. At the same time, the plant cell wall serves important functions in the interkingdom detection, recognition, and response to other organisms. Thus, both plant and microbe modify the plant cell wall and its environment in versatile ways to benefit from the interaction. We discuss here crucial processes occurring at the plant cell wall during the contact and communication between microbe and plant. Finally, we argue that these local and dynamic changes need to be considered to fully understand plant-microbe interactions.
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14
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Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Drought Stress Response of Nitraria tangutorum as Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Drought resistance in plants is controlled by multiple genes. To identify the genes that mediate drought stress responses and to assess the associated metabolic pathways in the desert shrub Nitraria tangutorum, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of plants under control (maximum field capacity) and drought (20% of the maximum field capacity) conditions. We analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of N. tangutorum and their enrichment in the KEGG metabolic pathways database, and explored the molecular biological mechanisms underlying the answer to its drought tolerance. Between the control and drought groups, 119 classified metabolic pathways annotated 3047 DEGs in the KEGG database. For drought tolerance, nitrate reductase (NR) gene expression was downregulated, indicating that NR activity was decreased to improve drought tolerance. In ammonium assimilation, drought stress inhibited glutamine formation. Protochlorophyllide reductase (1.3.1.33) expression was upregulated to promote chlorophyll a synthesis, whereas divinyl reductase (1.3.1.75) expression was downregulated to inhibit chlorophyll-ester a synthesis. The expression of the chlorophyll synthase (2.5.1.62) gene was downregulated, which affected the synthesis of chlorophyll a and b. Overall, drought stress appeared to improve the ability to convert chlorophyll b into chlorophyll a. Our data serve as a theoretical foundation for further elucidating the growth regulatory mechanism of desert xerophytes, thereby facilitating the development and cultivation of new, drought-resistant genotypes for the purpose of improving desert ecosystems.
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15
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UGT72, a Major Glycosyltransferase Family for Flavonoid and Monolignol Homeostasis in Plants. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030441. [PMID: 35336815 PMCID: PMC8945231 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Phenylpropanoids are specialized metabolites playing crucial roles in plant developmental processes and in plant defense towards pathogens. The attachment of sugar moieties to these small hydrophobic molecules renders them more hydrophilic and increases their solubility. The UDP-glycosyltransferase 72 family (UGT72) of plants has been shown to glycosylate mainly two classes of phenylpropanoids, (i) the monolignols that are the building blocks of lignin, the second most abundant polymer after cellulose, and (ii) the flavonoids, which play determinant roles in plant interactions with other organisms and in response to stress. The purpose of this review is to bring an overview of the current knowledge of the UGT72 family and to highlight its role in the homeostasis of these molecules. Potential applications in pharmacology and in wood, paper pulp, and bioethanol production are given within the perspectives. Abstract Plants have developed the capacity to produce a diversified range of specialized metabolites. The glycosylation of those metabolites potentially decreases their toxicity while increasing their stability and their solubility, modifying their transport and their storage. The UGT, forming the largest glycosyltransferase superfamily in plants, combine enzymes that glycosylate mainly hormones and phenylpropanoids by using UDP-sugar as a sugar donor. Particularly, members of the UGT72 family have been shown to glycosylate the monolignols and the flavonoids, thereby being involved in their homeostasis. First, we explore primitive UGTs in algae and liverworts that are related to the angiosperm UGT72 family and their role in flavonoid homeostasis. Second, we describe the role of several UGT72s glycosylating monolignols, some of which have been associated with lignification. In addition, the role of other UGT72 members that glycosylate flavonoids and are involved in the development and/or stress response is depicted. Finally, the importance to explore the subcellular localization of UGTs to study their roles in planta is discussed.
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16
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Lyczakowski JJ, Yu L, Terrett OM, Fleischmann C, Temple H, Thorlby G, Sorieul M, Dupree P. Two conifer GUX clades are responsible for distinct glucuronic acid patterns on xylan. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1720-1733. [PMID: 34086997 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wood of coniferous trees (softwood), is a globally significant carbon sink and an important source of biomass. Despite that, little is known about the genetic basis of softwood cell wall biosynthesis. Branching of xylan, one of the main hemicelluloses in softwood secondary cell walls, with glucuronic acid (GlcA) is critical for biomass recalcitrance. Here, we investigate the decoration patterns of xylan by conifer GlucUronic acid substitution of Xylan (GUX) enzymes. Through molecular phylogenetics we identify two distinct conifer GUX clades. Using transcriptional profiling we show that the genes are preferentially expressed in secondary cell wall forming tissues. With in vitro and in planta assays we demonstrate that conifer GUX enzymes from both clades are active glucuronyltransferases. Conifer GUX enzymes from each clade have different specific activities. While members of clade one add evenly spaced GlcA branches, the members of clade two are also capable of glucuronidating two consecutive xyloses. Importantly, these types of xylan patterning are present in softwood. As xylan patterning might modulate xylan-cellulose and xylan-lignin interactions, our results further the understanding of softwood cell wall biosynthesis and provide breeding or genetic engineering targets that can be used to modify softwood properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Henry Temple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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17
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Schultz JA, Coleman HD. Pectin and Xylan Biosynthesis in Poplar: Implications and Opportunities for Biofuels Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712083. [PMID: 34490013 PMCID: PMC8418221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A potential method by which society's reliance on fossil fuels can be lessened is via the large-scale utilization of biofuels derived from the secondary cell walls of woody plants; however, there remain a number of technical challenges to the large-scale production of biofuels. Many of these challenges emerge from the underlying complexity of the secondary cell wall. The challenges associated with lignin have been well explored elsewhere, but the dicot cell wall components of hemicellulose and pectin also present a number of difficulties. Here, we provide an overview of the research wherein pectin and xylan biosynthesis has been altered, along with investigations on the function of irregular xylem 8 (IRX8) and glycosyltransferase 8D (GT8D), genes putatively involved in xylan and pectin synthesis. Additionally, we provide an analysis of the evidence in support of two hypotheses regarding GT8D and conclude that while there is evidence to lend credence to these hypotheses, there are still questions that require further research and examination.
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18
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Li W, Fu L, Geng Z, Zhao X, Liu Q, Jiang X. Physiological Characteristic Changes and Full-Length Transcriptome of Rose (Rosa chinensis) Roots and Leaves in Response to Drought Stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2153-2166. [PMID: 33165546 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rose (Rosa chinensis) is the most important ornamental crops worldwide. However, the physiological and molecular mechanism of rose under drought stress remains elusive. In this study, we analyzed the changes of photosynthetic and phytohormone levels in the leaves and roots of rose seedlings grown under control (no drought), mild drought (MD) and severe drought stress. The total chlorophyll content and water use efficiency were significantly enhanced under MD in rose leaves. In addition, the concentration of ABA was higher in the leaves compared to the roots, whereas the roots accumulated more IAA, methylindole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-propionic acid. We also constructed the first full-length transcriptome for rose, and identified 96,201,862 full-length reads of average length 1,149 bp that included 65,789 novel transcripts. A total of 3,657 and 4,341 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in rose leaves and roots respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed enrichment of plant hormone, signal transduction and photosynthesis are among the DEGs. 42,544 alternatively spliced isoforms were also identified, and alternative 3' splice site was the major alternative splicing (AS) event among the DEGs. Variations in the AS patterns of three genes between leaves and roots indicated the possibility of tissue-specific posttranscriptional regulation in response to drought stress. Furthermore, 2,410 novel long non-coding RNAs were detected that may participate in regulating the drought-induced DEGs. Our findings identified previously unknown splice sites and new genes in the rose transcriptome, and elucidated the drought stress-responsive genes as well as their intricate regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Lufeng Fu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Ziwen Geng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xinqiang Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
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19
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Kumar V, Donev EN, Barbut FR, Kushwah S, Mannapperuma C, Urbancsok J, Mellerowicz EJ. Genome-Wide Identification of Populus Malectin/Malectin-Like Domain-Containing Proteins and Expression Analyses Reveal Novel Candidates for Signaling and Regulation of Wood Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588846. [PMID: 33414796 PMCID: PMC7783096 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Malectin domain (MD) is a ligand-binding protein motif of pro- and eukaryotes. It is particularly abundant in Viridiplantae, where it occurs as either a single (MD, PF11721) or tandemly duplicated domain (PF12819) called malectin-like domain (MLD). In herbaceous plants, MD- or MLD-containing proteins (MD proteins) are known to regulate development, reproduction, and resistance to various stresses. However, their functions in woody plants have not yet been studied. To unravel their potential role in wood development, we carried out genome-wide identification of MD proteins in the model tree species black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), and analyzed their expression and co-expression networks. P. trichocarpa had 146 MD genes assigned to 14 different clades, two of which were specific to the genus Populus. 87% of these genes were located on chromosomes, the rest being associated with scaffolds. Based on their protein domain organization, and in agreement with the exon-intron structures, the MD genes identified here could be classified into five superclades having the following domains: leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-MD-protein kinase (PK), MLD-LRR-PK, MLD-PK (CrRLK1L), MLD-LRR, and MD-Kinesin. Whereas the majority of MD genes were highly expressed in leaves, particularly under stress conditions, eighteen showed a peak of expression during secondary wall formation in the xylem and their co-expression networks suggested signaling functions in cell wall integrity, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, calcium, ROS, and hormone pathways. Thus, P. trichocarpa MD genes having different domain organizations comprise many genes with putative foliar defense functions, some of which could be specific to Populus and related species, as well as genes with potential involvement in signaling pathways in other tissues including developing wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evgeniy N. Donev
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Félix R. Barbut
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sunita Kushwah
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chanaka Mannapperuma
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - János Urbancsok
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Abedi T, Castilleux R, Nibbering P, Niittylä T. The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Cell Wall-Associated Glycoproteins During Wood Formation in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:611607. [PMID: 33381142 PMCID: PMC7768015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.611607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall associated hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are involved in several aspects of plant growth and development, including wood formation in trees. HRGPs such as arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), extensins (EXTs), and proline rich proteins (PRPs) are important for the development and architecture of plant cell walls. Analysis of publicly available gene expression data revealed that many HRGP encoding genes show tight spatio-temporal expression patterns in the developing wood of Populus that are indicative of specific functions during wood formation. Similar results were obtained for the expression of glycosyl transferases putatively involved in HRGP glycosylation. In situ immunolabelling of transverse wood sections using AGP and EXT antibodies revealed the cell type specificity of different epitopes. In mature wood AGP epitopes were located in xylem ray cell walls, whereas EXT epitopes were specifically observed between neighboring xylem vessels, and on the ray cell side of the vessel walls, likely in association with pits. Molecular mass and glycan analysis of AGPs and EXTs in phloem/cambium, developing xylem, and mature xylem revealed clear differences in glycan structures and size between the tissues. Separation of AGPs by agarose gel electrophoresis and staining with β-D-glucosyl Yariv confirmed the presence of different AGP populations in phloem/cambium and xylem. These results reveal the diverse changes in HRGP-related processes that occur during wood formation at the gene expression and HRGP glycan biosynthesis levels, and relate HRGPs and glycosylation processes to the developmental processes of wood formation.
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21
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Wang Z, Mao Y, Guo Y, Gao J, Liu X, Li S, Lin YCJ, Chen H, Wang JP, Chiang VL, Li W. MYB Transcription Factor161 Mediates Feedback Regulation of Secondary wall-associated NAC-Domain1 Family Genes for Wood Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1389-1406. [PMID: 32943464 PMCID: PMC7608153 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation is a complex process that involves cell differentiation, cell expansion, secondary wall deposition, and programmed cell death. We constructed a four-layer wood formation transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) in Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) that has four Secondary wall-associated NAC-Domain1 (PtrSND1) transcription factor (TF) family members as the top-layer regulators. We characterized the function of a MYB (PtrMYB161) TF in this PtrSND1-TRN, using transgenic P trichocarpa cells and whole plants. PtrMYB161 is a third-layer regulator that directly transactivates five wood formation genes. Overexpression of PtrMYB161 in P. trichocarpa (OE-PtrMYB161) led to reduced wood, altered cell type proportions, and inhibited growth. Integrative analysis of wood cell-based chromatin-binding assays with OE-PtrMYB161 transcriptomics revealed a feedback regulation system in the PtrSND1-TRN, where PtrMYB161 represses all four top-layer regulators and one second-layer regulator, PtrMYB021, possibly affecting many downstream TFs in, and likely beyond, the TRN, to generate the observed phenotypic changes. Our data also suggested that the PtrMYB161's repressor function operates through interaction of the base PtrMYB161 target-binding system with gene-silencing cofactors. PtrMYB161 protein does not contain any known negative regulatory domains. CRISPR-based mutants of PtrMYB161 in P. trichocarpa exhibited phenotypes similar to the wild type, suggesting that PtrMYB161's activator functions are redundant among many TFs. Our work demonstrated that PtrMYB161 binds to multiple sets of target genes, a feature that allows it to function as an activator as well as a repressor. The balance of the two functions may be important to the establishment of regulatory homeostasis for normal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuli Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yanjiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jinghui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xinying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Jack P Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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22
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Characterization of the UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT72 Family in Poplar and Identification of Genes Involved in the Glycosylation of Monolignols. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145018. [PMID: 32708651 PMCID: PMC7404001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monolignols are the building blocks for lignin polymerization in the apoplastic domain. Monolignol biosynthesis, transport, storage, glycosylation, and deglycosylation are the main biological processes partaking in their homeostasis. In Arabidopsis thaliana, members of the uridine diphosphate-dependent glucosyltransferases UGT72E and UGT72B subfamilies have been demonstrated to glycosylate monolignols. Here, the poplar UGT72 family, which is clustered into four groups, was characterized: Group 1 UGT72AZ1 and UGT72AZ2, homologs of Arabidopsis UGT72E1-3, as well as group 4 UGT72B37 and UGT72B39, homologs of Arabidopsis UGT72B1-3, glycosylate monolignols. In addition, promoter-GUS analyses indicated that poplar UGT72 members are expressed within vascular tissues. At the subcellular level, poplar UGT72s belonging to group 1 and group 4 were found to be associated with the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum. However, UGT72A2, belonging to group 2, was localized in bodies associated with chloroplasts, as well as possibly in chloroplasts. These results show a partial conservation of substrate recognition between Arabidopsis and poplar homologs, as well as divergent functions between different groups of the UGT72 family, for which the substrates remain unknown.
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Kushwah S, Banasiak A, Nishikubo N, Derba-Maceluch M, Majda M, Endo S, Kumar V, Gomez L, Gorzsas A, McQueen-Mason S, Braam J, Sundberg B, Mellerowicz EJ. Arabidopsis XTH4 and XTH9 Contribute to Wood Cell Expansion and Secondary Wall Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1946-1965. [PMID: 32005783 PMCID: PMC7140944 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the major hemicellulose of dicotyledon primary cell walls, affecting the load-bearing framework with the participation of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolases (XTHs). We used loss- and gain-of function approaches to study functions of XTH4 and XTH9 abundantly expressed in cambial regions during secondary growth of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In secondarily thickened hypocotyls, these enzymes had positive effects on vessel element expansion and fiber intrusive growth. They also stimulated secondary wall thickening but reduced secondary xylem production. Cell wall analyses of inflorescence stems revealed changes in lignin, cellulose, and matrix sugar composition indicating an overall increase in secondary versus primary walls in mutants, indicative of higher xylem production compared with the wild type (since secondary walls were thinner). Intriguingly, the number of secondary cell wall layers compared with the wild type was increased in xth9 and reduced in xth4, whereas the double mutant xth4x9 displayed an intermediate number of layers. These changes correlated with specific Raman signals from the walls, indicating changes in lignin and cellulose. Secondary walls were affected also in the interfascicular fibers, where neither XTH4 nor XTH9 was expressed, indicating that these effects were indirect. Transcripts involved in secondary wall biosynthesis and cell wall integrity sensing, including THESEUS1 and WALL ASSOCIATED KINASE2, were highly induced in the mutants, indicating that deficiency in XTH4 and XTH9 triggers cell wall integrity signaling, which, we propose, stimulates xylem cell production and modulates secondary wall thickening. Prominent effects of XTH4 and XTH9 on secondary xylem support the hypothesis that altered xyloglucan affects wood properties both directly and via cell wall integrity sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Kushwah
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Nobuyuki Nishikubo
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Leonardo Gomez
- Center for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andras Gorzsas
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Simon McQueen-Mason
- Center for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Braam
- Department of Bioscience, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1827
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umea, Sweden
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24
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Maron L. A solid update on wood-forming enzymes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:587-588. [PMID: 31407449 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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