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Santos B, Shorten E, Caron A, Arthurs G, Maurin MP. Computed Tomographic Measurement Method for Morphoanatomical Comparison of Femur, Tibia, and Patella in Cats with and without Medial Patellar Luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2024. [PMID: 39059441 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study are to describe a computed tomographic (CT) measurement method of feline femoral, tibial, and patellar conformation, and to compare these measurements between a cat population diagnosed with medial patellar luxation (MPL) and cats without MPL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven measurements were performed by two observers, including anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), femoral trochlear width (FTW) and femoral trochlear depth (FTD), anteversion angle of the femoral neck, patellar length, patellar width, patellar height, patellar volume, mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, tibial torsion angle, and tibial tuberosity displacement. Mean and standard deviation differences between the groups were statistically assessed. Intraobserver and interobserver interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. RESULTS The aLDFA was significantly higher in the MPL II compared with the control and MPL III. The FTW was significantly larger in the MPL III than in the control or the MPL II group. The FTD in the control group was significantly larger than in the MPL II and III groups. The TTA of the control group was significantly smaller than the MPL II and III. The intraobserver ICC was high at 64%, and the interobserver ICC was high at 36% of the measurements. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study identified shallower FTD and increased TTA in cats diagnosed with MPL. The TTA difference was less than 5 degrees and FTD was less than 1 mm. The findings provide information on feline pelvic limb morphology. However, the differences between the two populations are small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Santos
- Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eimear Shorten
- Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Gareth Arthurs
- Arthurs Veterinary Specialists, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Pauline Maurin
- Section of Small Animal Clinical Studies, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Nicetto T, Longo F. Trochlear Ridge Prostheses for Reshaping Femoral Trochlear Ridges in Dogs with Patellar Luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2024; 37:98-106. [PMID: 37907244 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the implant characteristics and surgical application of a custom-made trochlear ridge prosthesis (TRP) and to report clinical outcomes in dogs affected by patellar luxation treated with TRP. STUDY DESIGN Dogs affected by patellar luxation underwent computed tomography. A specific canine bone anatomical replica, a cutting guide, and a TRP were designed and provided for surgery. Surgical records, clinical and radiographic reassessments, complications, pre- and postoperative lameness, type and degree of patellar luxation, and TRP and patellar position after surgery were reviewed. Clinical outcomes were defined as full, acceptable, or unacceptable function. RESULTS The TRP was implanted in 60 femoral trochleae: 48 unilateral and 12 bilateral. Successful correction of patellar luxation was achieved in 59/60 cases. TRP was applied with other surgical techniques in 36/60 of the cases and as the only surgical procedure in 24/60 cases. Overall, three complications were observed: two minor and one major (patellar luxation recurrence). Neither implant loosening nor infection was observed. The mean radiographic follow-up was 3.8 months. At the time of the final follow-up, 57/60 cases were scored as fully functional. CONCLUSION The TRP application either alone or in combination with other surgical techniques allowed for correction of patellar luxation and improvement in preoperative lameness with nominal complications. TRP could represent a potentially reliable alternative to trochleoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Nicetto
- Diagnostica Piccoli Animali, Clinica Veterinaria Pedrani, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Federico Longo
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Longo F, Memarian P, Knell SC, Contiero B, Pozzi A. Computed tomographic measurements of the femoral trochlea in dogs with and without medial patellar luxation. Vet Surg 2023; 52:395-406. [PMID: 36196803 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine cutoff values in small (SB) and medium/large (MLB) breed dogs with and without medial patellar luxation (MPL) for identifying abnormal femoral trochlea morphology. STUDY DESIGN Original research. ANIMALS A total of 80 computed tomographic (CT) scans from client-owned dogs METHODS: Four groups of 20 dogs were created: (1) control SB, (2) control MLB, (3) MPL-SB, and (4) MPL-MLB. Two authors measured the femoral trochlear groove angle (FTGA), femoral trochlear angle (FTA), and femoral trochlear ridge inclination angle (FTRIA) in two points with CT. ANOVA and ROC-analysis were tested to the control and MPL groups to assess sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff values. Statistical significance was set to p < .05. Intraclass correlation coefficients evaluated the inter-rater agreement. RESULTS FTGA (± SD) in control SB (128.8° ± 4.7°) and control MLB (119.2° ± 5.6°), was smaller (p < .0001) than in MPL-SB (139.4° ± 4.4°) and MPL-MLB (133.7° ± 5.1°). FTA and FTRIA were decreased (p = .12, p = .23) in MPL-SB (2.1° ± 6.8; -0.3° ± 3.3°) and MPL-MLB (3.8° ± 5.6°; 1.7° ± 4.5°) compared to control SB (0.2° ±4.1; -0.1° ± 2.6°) and control MLB (5.3° ± 2.8°; 3.1° ± 1.3°). Cutoff values for FTGA, FTA, and FTRIA were > 134°, < -5.9°, < -2 ° (SB), and > 128.3°, < -0.4°, < -0.4° (MLB). Sensitivity, specificity, and inter-rater agreement were superior for FTGA than FTA and FTRIA. CONCLUSIONS Dogs without MPL had a deeper femoral trochlear groove than MPL dogs. SB had a shallower groove than MLB. The measurement of FTA and FTRIA was not reliable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A FTGA <134° (SB) and < 128° (MLB) may be considered as a cutoff for trochleoplasty decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Longo
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Parastoo Memarian
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions, and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sasaki A, Hidaka Y, Mochizuki M, Honnami M. Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Sulcus Angle of the Femoral Trochlea in Small-Breed Dogs with and without Medial Patellar Luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2022; 35:314-320. [PMID: 35760367 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trochleoplasty is often performed in dogs with medial patellar luxation (MPL); however, the current guidelines on when to perform a trochleoplasty in dogs are vague. The sulcus angle (SA) is used to assess the femoral trochlear morphology in humans. The aim of this study is to describe a method to measure the SA and other parameters of trochlea morphology in dogs using computed tomography. First, we searched for a suitable measuring location for the SA. Transverse images of the femurs were obtained as perpendicular planes to the tangent of the femoral trochlea which was 0 to 60 degrees (every 5 degrees) to the anatomical axis of the femur. The deepest point of the femoral trochlea was found in the transverse images perpendicular to the tangent of the femoral trochlea which was at 15 degrees to the anatomical axis of the femur. The SA and the other parameters of femoral trochlea morphology were measured at the deepest point of the femoral trochlea. The SA of the stifle joints with grade 3 and 4 MPL was significantly higher than the SA of stifle joints not affected by MPL. There was no significant difference in the SA between dogs affected by grade 1 and 2 MPL and dogs not affected by MPL. Further studies are needed to establish whether the SA can be used as selection criteria for trochleoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hidaka
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muneki Honnami
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Yasukawa S, Edamura K, Tanegashima K, Seki M, Asano K, Nakayama T, Hayashi K. Morphological Analysis of Bone Deformities of the Distal Femur in Toy Poodles with Medial Patellar Luxation. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2021; 34:303-311. [PMID: 33979880 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone deformities of the distal femur of Toy Poodles with medial patellar luxation (MPL) using computed tomography. METHODS Computed tomography data from 37 stifles of Toy Poodles (16 normal, 10 grade 2 MPL and 11 grade 4 MPL) were analysed. For trochlear morphology, sulcus angle, medial or lateral trochlear inclination and trochlear angle were compared. For condylar morphology, distance between the apex of the medial or lateral trochlear ridge and the most caudal point of the medial or lateral femoral condyle (MC or LC), the length of the cranial/middle (anterior) part (MC(a) or LC(a')) and caudal (posterior) part (MC(p) or LC(p')) of distal femur and medial or lateral condyle width (MCW or LCW) were measured, and the ratios of medial-to-lateral condyles and anterior-posterior parts were compared. RESULTS Sulcus angle was significantly higher, and medial trochlear inclination was significantly lower in grade 4 MPL group than other groups. Lateral trochlear inclination was not significantly different among 3 groups. Trochlear angles at proximal trochlear groove were significantly lower in grade 4 MPL group than other groups. MC/LC, MC(a)/LC(a'), MC(a)/MC(p), and LC(a')/LC(p') were significantly lower in grade 4 MPL group than other groups; however, there were no significant differences in MC(p)/LC(p') and MCW/LCW among three groups. CONCLUSION Hypoplasia of the cranial and middle rather than caudal compartment of the distal femur was the primary morphological abnormality in Toy Poodles with grade 4 MPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yasukawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.,ONE for Animals, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, DVMs Animal Medical Center Yokohama, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Edamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Tanegashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mamiko Seki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Asano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States
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Left atrial speckle tracking echocardiography in clinically healthy dogs: Variability and prediction intervals. Vet J 2020; 267:105577. [PMID: 33375961 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Left atrial (LA) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) provides indices of LA deformation such as strain and strain rate. These variables offer useful clinical information in human and canine patients with cardiac disease. At present, reference ranges for LA STE variables in dogs are scarcely established and, due to variability among centers, they cannot be accepted worldwide. The present study aimed to provide normal ranges for LA strain and strain rate variables in clinically healthy dogs, and to evaluate the effect of clinical parameters such as bodyweight. Eighty clinically healthy dogs served as the study population. Left atrial STE was feasible in all dogs and agreement within and between observers was clinically acceptable for most of the variables, in particular strain variables. Age, sex, and heart rate did not affect LA STE. Bodyweight was negatively correlated with strain variables and positively correlated with diastolic strain rate variables and the relationship was allometric. Bodyweight-based vendor-dependent prediction intervals for LA STE variables in clinically healthy dogs could aid the evaluation of LA function in clinical practice.
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