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Colavita F, Mazzotta V, Rozera G, Abbate I, Carletti F, Pinnetti C, Matusali G, Meschi S, Mondi A, Lapa D, Vita S, Minosse C, Aguglia C, Gagliardini R, Specchiarello E, Bettini A, Nicastri E, Girardi E, Vaia F, Antinori A, Maggi F. Kinetics of viral DNA in body fluids and antibody response in patients with acute Monkeypox virus infection. iScience 2023; 26:106102. [PMID: 36748085 PMCID: PMC9893533 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the follow-up laboratory investigation of three MPXV cases infected in May-June 2022 from diagnosis to disease resolution, monitoring viral shedding in different body fluids and antibody kinetics. Out of 138 non-lesion samples, viral DNA was found in 92.3% saliva, 85.7% semen, 86.2% oropharyngeal swabs, 51.7% plasma, 46.1% stool, and 9.5% urine samples. Viral load quantified by digital PCR widely varied, but tend to be higher in oropharyngeal swabs, saliva, and stool. Replication competent virus was recovered from four out of seventeen samples, including 1 saliva, 1 oropharyngeal swabs, 1 semen, and 1 stool. The analysis of the antibody kinetics revealed that IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies were detected within two weeks post-symptoms onset for all three patients, with IgG detected early on at day 4-8 and IgM and IgA showing lower titers along the time frame of the study. Antibody levels increased during the second week of illness with IgG reaching high titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Valentina Mazzotta
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Gabriella Rozera
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Isabella Abbate
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Carmela Pinnetti
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy,Corresponding author
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mondi
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Serena Vita
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Claudia Minosse
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Camilla Aguglia
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Roberta Gagliardini
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Eliana Specchiarello
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Aurora Bettini
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Scientific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Francesco Vaia
- General Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Andrea Antinori
- Clinical and Research Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome 00149, Italy,Corresponding author
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Capobianchi MR, Di Caro A, Piubelli C, Mori A, Bisoffi Z, Castilletti C. Monkeypox 2022 outbreak in non-endemic countries: Open questions relevant for public health, nonpharmacological intervention and literature review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1005955. [PMID: 36204640 PMCID: PMC9530127 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1005955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from mid-May 2022, cases of human monkeypox started to rise in several non-endemic countries. By mid-July, more than 17000 confirmed/suspect cases have been reported by at least 82 countries worldwide, with a regular incremental trend. In order to contain the disease diffusion, risk evaluation is crucial to undertake informed decisions and effective communication campaigns. However, since orthopoxvirus infections so far have attracted low attention, due to the eradication of smallpox 40 years ago, and to the confinement of human monkeypox almost exclusively to endemic areas, several unresolved issues concerning natural history, ecology and pathogenesis remain. To this respect, we identified some open questions and reviewed the relevant literature on monkeypoxvirus and/or related orthopoxviruses. The results will be discussed in the perspective of their relevance to public health decisions, particularly those related to non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
- Saint Camillus International Medical University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
- Saint Camillus International Medical University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Mori
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Concetta Castilletti,
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3
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Sero-Epidemiological Survey of Orthopoxvirus in Stray Cats and in Different Domestic, Wild and Exotic Animal Species of Central Italy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102105. [PMID: 34696535 PMCID: PMC8537024 DOI: 10.3390/v13102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthpoxvirus infection can spread more easily in a population with a waning immunity with the subsequent emergence/re-emergence of the viruses pertaining to this genus. In the last two decades, several cases of Orthopoxvirus, and in particular Cowpoxvirus infections in humans were reported in different parts of the world, possibly due to the suspension of smallpox vaccinations. To date, in Italy, few investigations were conducted on the presence of these infections, and because of this a serosurvey was carried out to evaluate Cowpoxvirus infection in feline colonies situated in the province of Rome, since these are also susceptible to other zoonotic viruses belonging to Orthopoxvirus, and from which humans may contract the infection. The sample design was set at an expected minimum seroprevalence of 7.5%, a 5% standard error and 95% confidence level. In parallel, a serological investigation was conducted using convenience sampling in domestic, exotic and wild susceptible animals of the Latium and Tuscany Regions, which are areas in the jurisdiction of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, coordinating this study. The serological methods employed were indirect immunofluorescence for 36 sera of nonhuman primate and virus neutralization for 1198 sera of different species. All the 1234 sera examined were negative for the presence of antibodies against Cowpoxvirus, indicating its limited circulation in the areas of investigation. The methodology applied for the serosurveillance could be adopted in the case of outbreaks of this infection and for the evaluation of the spread of this infection in the area of interest, to obtain essential information crucial for animal and public health policies according to the One Health concept.
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Lapa D, Beltrame A, Arzese A, Carletti F, Di Caro A, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR, Castilletti C. Orthopoxvirus Seroprevalence in Cats and Veterinary Personnel in North-Eastern Italy in 2011. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020101. [PMID: 30691058 PMCID: PMC6409756 DOI: 10.3390/v11020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPV) are emerging zoonotic pathogens, and an increasing number of human infections is currently reported in Europe and in other continents, warranting heightened attention on this topic. Following two OPV infections reported in veterinarians scratched by sick cats in 2005 and 2007 in North-Eastern-Italy, involving a previously undescribed OPV, a similar strain was isolated by a sick cat from the same territory in 2011, i.e., 6 years later, raising attention on OPV circulation in this region. A surveillance program was launched to assess the OPV seroprevalence among the veterinarians working in local veterinary clinics and in the local wild and domestic cat population; seroprevalence was 33.3% in veterinarians and 19.5% in cats. Seroprevalence in cats was unevenly distributed, peaking at 40% in the area where OPV-infected cats had been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lapa
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Beltrame
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar VR, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Arzese
- Medical Department (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
- Microbiology Laboratory Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Carletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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Gruber CEM, Giombini E, Selleri M, Tausch SH, Andrusch A, Tyshaieva A, Cardeti G, Lorenzetti R, De Marco L, Carletti F, Nitsche A, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Autorino GL, Castilletti C. Whole Genome Characterization of Orthopoxvirus (OPV) Abatino, a Zoonotic Virus Representing a Putative Novel Clade of Old World Orthopoxviruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100546. [PMID: 30301229 PMCID: PMC6212904 DOI: 10.3390/v10100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPVs) are diffused over the complete Eurasian continent, but previously described strains are mostly from northern Europe, and few infections have been reported from Italy. Here we present the extended genomic characterization of OPV Abatino, a novel OPV isolated in Italy from an infected Tonkean macaque, with zoonotic potential. Phylogenetic analysis based on 102 conserved OPV genes (core gene set) showed that OPV Abatino is most closely related to the Ectromelia virus species (ECTV), although placed on a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree, bringing substantial support to the hypothesis that this strain may be part of a novel OPV clade. Extending the analysis to the entire set of genes (coding sequences, CDS) further substantiated this hypothesis. In fact the genome of OPV Abatino included more CDS than ECTV; most of the extra genes (mainly located in the terminal genome regions), showed the highest similarity with cowpox virus (CPXV); however vaccinia virus (VACV) and monkeypox virus (MPXV) were the closest OPV for certain CDS. These findings suggest that OPV Abatino could be the result of complex evolutionary events, diverging from any other previously described OPV, and may indicate that previously reported cases in Italy could represent the tip of the iceberg yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare E M Gruber
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Giombini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marina Selleri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simon H Tausch
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Andrusch
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alona Tyshaieva
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Giusy Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Raniero Lorenzetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo De Marco
- Parco Faunistico Piano dell'Abatino, via Capo Farfa 50, 02030 Poggio San Lorenzo, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Carletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Luca Autorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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6
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Puro V, Fusco FM, Castilletti C, Carletti F, Colavita F, Agrati C, Di Caro A, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G. Occupational transmission of an Orthopoxvirus infection during an outbreak in a colony of Macaca tonkeana in Lazio Region, Italy, 2015. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:578-583. [PMID: 29512303 PMCID: PMC7165952 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses spill over from animal reservoirs to accidental hosts, sometimes causing human infections. We describe the surveillance and infection control measures undertaken during an outbreak due to an Orthopoxvirus occurred in January 2015 in a colony of Macaca tonkeana in the province of Rieti, Latio, Italy, which caused a human asymptomatic infection. According to the epidemiological investigation, the human transmission occurred after an unprotected exposure. The contacts among wild, captive and domestic animals and humans, together with decreased immunity against Orthopoxviruses in the community, may put animal handlers at risk of infection, especially after the cessation of smallpox vaccination. To reduce these threats, standard precautions including respiratory hygiene and transmission‐based precautions should be carefully applied also in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Puro
- Epidemiology and Pre-clinical Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - F M Fusco
- Epidemiology and Pre-clinical Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - C Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - F Carletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - F Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - C Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - A Di Caro
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - M R Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - G Ippolito
- Scietific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
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