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Abbasi NUH, Bilal A, Muhammad K, Riaz S, Altaf S. Relationship between personality traits and postpartum depression in Pakistani fathers. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303474. [PMID: 38743742 PMCID: PMC11093302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The previous studies have found an association between Big Five personality traits and postpartum depression in women. The present study aimed to find out an association between Big Five personality traits and postpartum depression in a sample of Pakistani fathers. A total of 400 Pakistani fathers who had birth of a child in the past 1 month to 1 year period and had been living with their married partners were recruited purposively by using Google Form based survey from the major cities of Pakistan. The Urdu translated versions of Big Five Personality Inventory (BFI) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were used as the main outcome measures to assess the relationship between personality traits and postpartum depression. The results found a significant negative and moderate association between Big Five personality traits and paternal postpartum depression except openness which had a weak association and neuroticism which had a positive and moderate association with PPPD (r(398) = .45). The multiple linear regression analysis found that Big Five personality traits significantly predicted paternal postpartum depression (F(5, 394) = 53.33, p = .001) except openness (B = .007, p = .98). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant differences in paternal postpartum depression for age of father (F(2, 397) = 6.65, p = .001, ηp2 = .03), spouse age (F(2, 393) = 5.97, p = .003, ηp2 = .02), employment type (F(2, 395) = 9.69, p = .001, ηp2 = .04) and time spent at home (F(2, 397) = 6.23, p = .002, ηp2 = .03) while there were found no significant differences for education (F(2, 397) = 1.29, p = .27, ηp2 = .006), marital duration (F(2, 397) = 2.17, p = .11, ηp2 = .01), and birth number of recent child (F(2, 397) = 1.48, p = .22, ηp2 = .007). The study concluded that Big Five personality traits are significantly correlated with and predict paternal postpartum depression except openness which did not predict paternal postpartum depression. The occurrence of paternal postpartum depression varied significantly for age of father, age of spouse, type of employment and time spent at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam ul Hasan Abbasi
- Department of Academic Sciences, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Ahmad Bilal
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Khair Muhammad
- Department of Psychology, Government Degree College, Balakot, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Saba Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakeela Altaf
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Webb R, Ford E, Shakespeare J, Easter A, Alderdice F, Holly J, Coates R, Hogg S, Cheyne H, McMullen S, Gilbody S, Salmon D, Ayers S. Conceptual framework on barriers and facilitators to implementing perinatal mental health care and treatment for women: the MATRIx evidence synthesis. HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE DELIVERY RESEARCH 2024; 12:1-187. [PMID: 38317290 DOI: 10.3310/kqfe0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Perinatal mental health difficulties can occur during pregnancy or after birth and mental illness is a leading cause of maternal death. It is therefore important to identify the barriers and facilitators to implementing and accessing perinatal mental health care. Objectives Our research objective was to develop a conceptual framework of barriers and facilitators to perinatal mental health care (defined as identification, assessment, care and treatment) to inform perinatal mental health services. Methods Two systematic reviews were conducted to synthesise the evidence on: Review 1 barriers and facilitators to implementing perinatal mental health care; and Review 2 barriers to women accessing perinatal mental health care. Results were used to develop a conceptual framework which was then refined through consultations with stakeholders. Data sources Pre-planned searches were conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo and CINAHL. Review 2 also included Scopus and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Review methods In Review 1, studies were included if they examined barriers or facilitators to implementing perinatal mental health care. In Review 2, systematic reviews were included if they examined barriers and facilitators to women seeking help, accessing help and engaging in perinatal mental health care; and they used systematic search strategies. Only qualitative papers were identified from the searches. Results were analysed using thematic synthesis and themes were mapped on to a theoretically informed multi-level model then grouped to reflect different stages of the care pathway. Results Review 1 included 46 studies. Most were carried out in higher income countries and evaluated as good quality with low risk of bias. Review 2 included 32 systematic reviews. Most were carried out in higher income countries and evaluated as having low confidence in the results. Barriers and facilitators to perinatal mental health care were identified at seven levels: Individual (e.g. beliefs about mental illness); Health professional (e.g. confidence addressing perinatal mental illness); Interpersonal (e.g. relationship between women and health professionals); Organisational (e.g. continuity of carer); Commissioner (e.g. referral pathways); Political (e.g. women's economic status); and Societal (e.g. stigma). These factors impacted on perinatal mental health care at different stages of the care pathway. Results from reviews were synthesised to develop two MATRIx conceptual frameworks of the (1) barriers and (2) facilitators to perinatal mental health care. These provide pictorial representations of 66 barriers and 39 facilitators that intersect across the care pathway and at different levels. Limitations In Review 1 only 10% of abstracts were double screened and 10% of included papers methodologically appraised by two reviewers. The majority of reviews included in Review 2 were evaluated as having low (n = 14) or critically low (n = 5) confidence in their results. Both reviews only included papers published in academic journals and written in English. Conclusions The MATRIx frameworks highlight the complex interplay of individual and system level factors across different stages of the care pathway that influence women accessing perinatal mental health care and effective implementation of perinatal mental health services. Recommendations for health policy and practice These include using the conceptual frameworks to inform comprehensive, strategic and evidence-based approaches to perinatal mental health care; ensuring care is easy to access and flexible; providing culturally sensitive care; adequate funding of services; and quality training for health professionals with protected time to do it. Future work Further research is needed to examine access to perinatal mental health care for specific groups, such as fathers, immigrants or those in lower income countries. Trial registration This trial is registered as PROSPERO: (R1) CRD42019142854; (R2) CRD42020193107. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR 128068) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 2. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Webb
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ford
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | | | - Abigail Easter
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Alderdice
- Oxford Population Health, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit (NPEU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rose Coates
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Sally Hogg
- The Parent-Infant Foundation, London, UK
| | - Helen Cheyne
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Simon Gilbody
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, University of York, York, UK
| | - Debra Salmon
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Susan Ayers
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
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Essadek A, Marie A, Rioux MA, Corruble E, Gressier F. Perception of Paternal Postpartum Depression among Healthcare Professionals: A Qualitative Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:68. [PMID: 38200974 PMCID: PMC10778725 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathway to parenthood constitutes a fundamental and transformative stage in every individual's life. While postpartum depression in mothers has been increasingly studied and acknowledged, paternal postpartum depression (PPD) has garnered only moderate research attention. This study aims to delve into the comprehension and knowledge of healthcare professionals who may encounter men suffering from postpartum depression. Within the framework of this qualitative research, we conducted six semi-structured interviews with various healthcare professionals. The data were subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis, revealing the following themes: (1) the professionals' uncertainty in the face of paternal PPD; (2) the context and timing of healthcare professionals' involvement appeared unsuited for detecting paternal PPD; (3) the experiences of fathers were found not to be shared with healthcare professionals due to their inhibitions and avoidance reactions; (4) the social representation of the role of fathers influenced professionals in their considerations of this aspect. Strengthening the training and confidence of healthcare professionals in France would lead to an enhancement in the screening and management of paternal PPD. Additionally, the healthcare system should better organize postnatal support to enable caregivers to be more available during the peak of depression occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Essadek
- Interpsy Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54015 Nancy, France; (A.M.); (M.-A.R.)
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Est-de-L’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Alix Marie
- Interpsy Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54015 Nancy, France; (A.M.); (M.-A.R.)
| | - Michel-Alexandre Rioux
- Interpsy Laboratory, University of Lorraine, 54015 Nancy, France; (A.M.); (M.-A.R.)
- Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Est-de-L’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- Department of Psychiatry, Bicêtre University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, University Hospital Paris Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; (E.C.); (F.G.)
- CESP, INSERM U1018, Moods Team, Faculté de Médecine Paris Saclay, University Paris-Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Florence Gressier
- Department of Psychiatry, Bicêtre University Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, University Hospital Paris Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; (E.C.); (F.G.)
- CESP, INSERM U1018, Moods Team, Faculté de Médecine Paris Saclay, University Paris-Saclay, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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Davenport C, Swami V. "What Can I Do to Not Have This Life"? A Qualitative Study of Paternal Postnatal Depression Experiences among Fathers in the United Kingdom. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2023; 44:1188-1199. [PMID: 37819864 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2023.2262574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Understandings of paternal postnatal depression (PND) in fathers from the United Kingdom (UK) have received limited attention, particularly in view of changing dynamics of contemporary parenthood. To rectify this, eight UK fathers with PND took part in one-to-one interviews, with Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis used to understand their lived experiences. Our findings demonstrate that UK fathers with PND experienced extremely distressing emotions, including anger and misery, after their babies are born. Their working practices were highly relevant to their fatherhood, with working considered a key responsibility and a source of stress, but also a "legitimate" escape from the home. Fathers' relationships with their partners were experienced as less intimate and conflicted. Fathers often hid their feelings to protect their partners, but also reported their partners as being aware of their challenging and difficult emotions. Healthcare providers should be professionally curious about fathers' mental health and consider the assistance of mothers in identifying cases of paternal PND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wedajo LF, Alemu SS, Tola MA, Teferi SM. Paternal postnatal depression and associated factors: Community-based cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231208265. [PMID: 37915842 PMCID: PMC10617258 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231208265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Paternal postnatal depression is a type of depression that occurs among male partners after childbirth. Although the problem has a multidimensional impact, there is limited data in low-income countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to uncover this problem in the study setting. Objective To assess paternal postnatal depression and associated factors. Method and study period A community-based cross-sectional study was employed from April 1 to 30, 2023, among 423 fathers in Mattu Town, Southwest Ethiopia. A face-to-face interviewer administered a structured questionnaire prepared by the Open Data Kit tool. The study participants were selected by simple random sampling techniques. A binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. Both crude and adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval were calculated, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was used. Result Among 423 fathers, 412 participated, making the response rate 97.40%. The prevalence of paternal postnatal depression was 29.37% (95% confidence interval: 24.95%, 31.25). The poor wealth index (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.67; 95% confidence interval: 1.88, 3.14), loneliness (AOR: 1.81; 95% confidence interval: 1.20, 3.20), poor social support (AOR: 6.08; 95% confidence interval: 2.55, 14.48), feeling of family income stress (AOR: 3.22; 95% confidence interval: 1.89, 5.50), and history of adverse pregnancy outcome (AOR: 3.00; 95% confidence interval: 1.62, 0.59) were significant associated factors at p-value less than 0.05. Conclusions The study identified nearly 3 in 10 fathers suffering from paternal postnatal depression. Therefore, the Ministry of Health and other concerned bodies should focus on this population group to alleviate it. In addition, health professionals and extension workers should provide evidence-based care plans based on the identified factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lema Fikadu Wedajo
- Department of Midwifery, Mattu University College Health Sciences, Mattu, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Seyife Alemu
- Department of Midwifery, Madda Walabu University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sheshemene, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Adugna Tola
- Department of Midwifery, Mattu University College Health Sciences, Mattu, Ethiopia
| | - Shelema Mengistu Teferi
- Department of Midwifery, Madda Walabu University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Robe, Ethiopia
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Uriko K, Christoforou A, Motrico E, Moreno-Peral P, Kömürcü Akik B, Žutić M, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP. Paternal peripartum depression: emerging issues and questions on prevention, diagnosis and treatment. A consensus report from the cost action Riseup-PPD. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37818835 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2266470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paternal peripartum depression (P-PPD) is a serious and understudied public health problem associated with impaired family functioning and child development. The lack of recognition of P-PPD may result in limited access to both information and professional help. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to review studies on paternal peripartum depression and to identify issues and questions where future research and theory formation are needed. METHODS A literature search for systematic reviews, meta-analyses and primary studies was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Medline, PsychInfo and Informit databases. Key results within the retrieved articles were summarised and integrated to address the review objectives. RESULTS Based on the literature, the knowledge related to prevalence, screening, risk factorsunique to fathers, management strategies and outcomes of P-PPD is lacking. Currently, there is no consensual understanding of the definition of P-PPD and recommendations for dealing with P-PPD. Limited data were available regarding the barriers preventing fathers from accessing support systems. CONCLUSION Emerging issues that need to be addressed in future research include: P-PPD definition and pathogenetic pathways; prevention strategies and assessment tools; self-help seeking and engagement with interventions; the cost-effectiveness of P-PPD management; needs of health professionals; effect on child development, and public awareness. Future studies and clinical practice should account the complexities that may arise from the father's perceptions of health care services. Results from this review highlights the critical issues on how to plan, provide and resource health services, to meet the health needs of fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Uriko
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Andri Christoforou
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Emma Motrico
- Department of Psychology, University Loyola Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Moreno-Peral
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Málaga (UMA). Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA plataforma Bionand), Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Maja Žutić
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
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Fletcher R, Regan C, May C, White S, St George J. Developing a text message intervention for fathers with partners experiencing perinatal depression or anxiety. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37743736 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2262506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Support from fathers to their partners is important to reduce distress in mothers during the perinatal period when conditions such as depression and anxiety can be common. The SMS4dads digital platform delivers text messages to fathers but has not previously addressed specific messages to fathers with partners who are experiencing perinatal depression and/or anxiety (PNDA). AIM To develop messages, in collaboration with experienced parents and clinicians, that are suitable for fathers whose partner is experiencing PNDA. METHODS Messages designed to enhance the quality of partner support for mothers experiencing PNDA were drafted by the SMS4dads team based on suggestions from mothers with lived experience of PNDA. Mothers and fathers with lived experience and expert clinicians rated the messages for importance and understanding. Clinicians additionally rated clinical relevance. Open response comments from parents and clinicians were collated for each message. Re-drafted messages were screened again and checked for literacy level. RESULTS Forty-one draft messages received a total of 170 ratings from 24 parents and 164 ratings from 32 clinicians. Over three quarters of parents and clinicians agreed or strongly agreed that messages were understandable (parents 85.6%; clinicians 77.4%), important (parents 86.3%; clinicians 86.6%), and 85.5% of clinicians rated the messages as clinically relevant. Comments from clinicians (n = 99) and parents (n = 46) were reviewed and guided message development. Thirty re-drafted messages were screened and 16 edited based on a second round of ratings and comments from parents and clinicians. CONCLUSION Messages for fathers whose partners are experiencing depression and anxiety can be developed and evaluated in collaboration with lived experience of parents and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fletcher
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Casey Regan
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris May
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott White
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer St George
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Howard K, Maples JM, Tinius RA. Modifiable Maternal Factors and Their Relationship to Postpartum Depression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912393. [PMID: 36231692 PMCID: PMC9564437 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine how modifiable maternal factors (body mass index (BMI), household income, fatigue, sleep, breastfeeding status, diet, and physical activity) relate to postpartum depression (PPD) at 6 and 12 months postpartum. Participants (n = 26) participated in two study visits (6 and 12 months postpartum) where vitals, weight, body composition (skinfold anthropometrics), and physical activity levels (Actigraph GTX9 accelerometer) were assessed. Validated instruments (BRUMS-32, Subjective Exercise Experience Scale, Pittsburg Sleep Quality index, NIH breastfeeding survey, NIH Dietary History Questionnaire, and Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale) assessed lifestyle and demographic factors of interest. PPD at six months was correlated to PPD at 12 months (r = 0.926, p < 0.001). At six months postpartum, PPD was positively correlated to BMI (r = 0.473, p = 0.020) and fatigue (r = 0.701, p < 0.001), and negatively correlated to household income (r = -0.442, p = 0.035). Mothers who were breastfeeding had lower PPD scores (breastfeeding 3.9 ± 3.5 vs. not breastfeeding 7.6 ± 4.8, p = 0.048). At 12 months, PPD was positively correlated to sleep scores (where a higher score indicates poorer sleep quality) (r = 0.752, p < 0.001) and fatigue (r = 0.680, p = 0.004). When analyzed collectively via regression analyses, household income and fatigue appeared to be the strongest predictors of PPD at six months postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Howard
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Jill M. Maples
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rachel A. Tinius
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mohd Shukri NH, Senjaya O, Zainudin Z, Mohamed M, Syed Abdullah FI. The Associations of Breastfeeding and Postnatal Experiences With Postpartum Depression Among Mothers of Hospitalized Infants in Tertiary Hospitals. Cureus 2022; 14:e29425. [PMID: 36299949 PMCID: PMC9586844 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postpartum depression has been linked to undesirable outcomes for mother-infant dyads, interfering with childcare and breastfeeding practices. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms among mothers during the postpartum period and its association with breastfeeding and postpartum experiences. Methodology This cross-sectional study involved mothers of hospitalized infants (n = 219) at two tertiary hospitals in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Mothers were screened for postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale with a cut-off of ≥12 for positive screening for depression. Mothers were asked to complete questionnaires on breastfeeding experience, which included breastfeeding self-efficacy and challenges. The questionnaires also collected information on postnatal experiences, including birth outcomes, anxiety and stress levels, and social support. Multiple linear regression was used to ascertain the association of postpartum depression levels with breastfeeding and postnatal experiences. Results Overall, 30% of mothers in this study screened positive for depression. Based on multiple linear regression, a higher score of postpartum depression was significantly associated with unpleasant breastfeeding and postnatal experiences reflected by increased scores of anxiety and stress, lower infant birth weight, increased breastfeeding problems, and lower level of social support (p < 0.005). Conclusions Maternal emotions, birth outcomes, breastfeeding issues, and social support were associated with postpartum depression. Efforts should be made to increase maternal support, and screening for maternal depression during infant hospital stays should be encouraged.
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Diagnosis and Management of Perinatal Depression. Nurs Womens Health 2022; 26:318-330. [PMID: 35714763 DOI: 10.1016/j.nwh.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal depression is a mood disorder that may occur during pregnancy or within a year after childbirth. It can be disabling for the birthing parent and cause attachment and developmental problems for the infant. A host of risk factors, including genetics, reproductive history, and life experiences, are associated with perinatal depression. With validated screening tools, health care providers can assess individuals, initiate treatment, and/or refer as appropriate. Successful treatment, which may include modalities such as cognitive behavioral therapy and/or pharmacologic therapies, helps individuals maintain a sense of control, develop self-confidence, take control of their thinking, and learn coping skills. Integrative therapies and lifestyle changes have some success but may not be adequate for many individuals. Patients may benefit from providers learning and initiating cognitive behavioral therapy techniques while awaiting therapy.
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Establishing midwife-led continuity of care interventions in perinatal mental health in high-risk pregnancies: a best practice implementation project. JBI Evid Implement 2022; 20:S49-S58. [PMID: 36372793 DOI: 10.1097/xeb.0000000000000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current best practice implementation project aimed to improve the quality of continuity of care and emotional well-being in women with high-risk pregnancies. INTRODUCTION Perinatal mental health disorders, such as perinatal depression and anxiety, are considered major health issues and are associated with poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Women with high-risk pregnancies are considered a group of women with a substantial vulnerability and the value of continuity of care is vital in this group. METHODS The current project used the pre-post implementation clinical audit following the JBI Evidence Implementation framework. A baseline audit and a follow-up audit were conducted involving 120 high-risk pregnant women in a hospital's obstetric unit. An intervention was performed establishing a midwife consultation and a referral circuit for the different healthcare professionals. A screening was performed through several validated questionnaires. RESULTS To reflect the continuum of care, three topics were selected, including antenatal psychosocial assessment, intrapartum care and postpartum depression assessment, with a total of 10 criteria. The baseline audit results showed 0% compliance in all the criteria since the proposed standards of care did not exist before the audit. After the implementation of the strategies, the compliance achieved 100% in all audit criteria. A multidisciplinary hospital guideline was established for standardized care and mental well-being care for high-risk pregnant women. CONCLUSION Follow-up in the mental health of pregnant women is insufficient. Improving emotional well-being in pregnancy should be a target of clinical practice. More national and international guidelines to assess mental well-being during pregnancy and the postpartum period should be developed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health concern and has, at its core, a sense of maternal 'disconnection' - from the self, the infant, and the support system. While PPD bears similarities with MDD, there is increasing evidence for its distinct nature, especially with the unique aspect of the mother-infant relationship. Current treatment modalities for PPD, largely based on those used in major depressive disorder (MDD), have low remission rates with emerging evidence for treatment resistance. It is, therefore, necessary to explore alternative avenues of treatment for PPD. OBJECTIVE In this narrative review, we outline the potential therapeutic rationale for serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of PPD, and highlight safety and pragmatic considerations for the use of psychedelics in the postpartum period. METHODS We examined the available evidence for the treatment of PPD and the evidence for psychedelics in the treatment of MDD. We explored safety considerations in the use of psychedelics in the postpartum period. RESULTS There is increasing evidence for safety, and encouraging signals for efficacy, of psilocybin in the treatment of MDD. Psilocybin has been shown to catalyse a sense of 'reconnection' in participants with MDD. This effect in PPD, by fostering a sense of 'reconnection' for the mother, may allow for improved mood and maternal sensitivity towards the infant, which can positively impact maternal role gratification and the mother-infant relationship. CONCLUSION Psychedelic assisted therapy in PPD may have a positive effect on the mother-infant dyad and warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Jairaj
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,The National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,Chaitra Jairaj, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - James J Rucker
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,Bethlem Royal Hospital, South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, Beckenham, UK
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Davenport C, Lambie J, Owen C, Swami V. Fathers’ experiences of depression during the perinatal period: a qualitative systematic review. JBI Evid Synth 2022; 20:2244-2302. [DOI: 10.11124/jbies-21-00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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14
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Law S, Ormel I, Babinski S, Plett D, Dionne E, Schwartz H, Rozmovits L. Dread and solace: Talking about perinatal mental health. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2021; 30 Suppl 1:1376-1385. [PMID: 34028152 PMCID: PMC9544692 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal mental health issues are a global public health challenge. Worldwide, it is estimated that 10% of pregnant women, and 13% of women who have just given birth, experience a mental disorder. Yet, for many reasons - including stigma, limited access to services, patients' lack of awareness about symptoms, and inadequate professional intervention - actual rates of clinical and subclinical perinatal mental health issues are likely higher. Studies have explored experiences such as postpartum depression, but few involve a wider-ranging exploration of a variety of self-reported perinatal mental health issues through personal narrative. We conducted 21 narrative interviews with women, in two Canadian provinces, about their experiences of perinatal mental health issues. Our aim was to deepen understanding of how individual and cultural narratives of motherhood and perinatal mental health can be sources of shame, guilt, and suffering, but also spaces for healing and recovery. We identified four predominant themes in women's narrative: feeling like a failed mother; societal silencing of negative experiences of motherhood; coming to terms with a new sense of self; and finding solace in shared experiences. These findings are consistent with other studies that highlight the personal challenges associated with perinatal mental health issues, particularly the dread of facing societal norms of the 'good mother'. We also highlight the positive potential for healing and self-care through sharing experiences, and the power of narratives to help shape feelings of self-worth and a new identity. This study adheres to the expectations for conducting and reporting qualitative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Law
- St. Mary's Research Centre and Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ilja Ormel
- St. Mary's Research Centre and Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Babinski
- Faculty of Community Services, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna Plett
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emilie Dionne
- VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable and Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hannah Schwartz
- Psychiatry Department, St. Mary's Hospital Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linda Rozmovits
- Linda Rozmovits - Qualitative Health Research Consultant, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Ng KL, Buvanaswari P, Loh LWL, Chee CYI, Teng JY, Wang W, He HG. A descriptive qualitative study exploring the experiences of fathers with partners suffering from maternal perinatal depression. Midwifery 2021; 102:103075. [PMID: 34237515 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The onset of maternal perinatal depression poses many challenges for fathers, yet in Singapore and Asia, the topic remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to gain insight into the experiences of fathers whose partners suffer from perinatal depression in the Asian milieu. DESIGN A descriptive qualitative study design was adopted. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to recruit participants. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted individually with participants to collect data, which were analysed using thematic analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Twelve fathers were recruited for the study. Eleven were from a perinatal mental health service in a tertiary hospital in Singapore, while 1 father was recruited via snowball sampling. FINDINGS Five themes describing the fathers' journey through their partners' perinatal depression emerged from the analysis. The themes are: (1) feeling their world collapse; (2) struggling with the depression; (3) enduring the emotional toll; (4) coping with the situation; and (5) emerging from the other side. KEY CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study highlighted the struggles, coping methods, and support needs of fathers whose partners suffer from perinatal depression. Fathers were often unable to identify perinatal depression in their partners. Notably, they testified to the need to tolerate verbal and sometimes violent outbursts from their partners, and requested for more available information, resources, and peer support groups. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings underscore a need for pre-emptive education on maternal perinatal depression and more accessible resources. Healthcare professionals should assess fathers' emotional responses to parenthood and their partners' depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin Ng
- BSc(Nursing)(Honours) graduate, Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - P Buvanaswari
- National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore.
| | | | - Cornelia Yin Ing Chee
- National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore; Women's Emotional Health Service, National University Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Jia Ying Teng
- National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Wenru Wang
- BSc(Nursing)(Honours) graduate, Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Hong-Gu He
- BSc(Nursing)(Honours) graduate, Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; National University Health System, Singapore.
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Pedersen SC, Maindal HT, Ryom K. "I Wanted to Be There as a Father, but I Couldn't": A Qualitative Study of Fathers' Experiences of Postpartum Depression and Their Help-Seeking Behavior. Am J Mens Health 2021; 15:15579883211024375. [PMID: 34116610 PMCID: PMC8202277 DOI: 10.1177/15579883211024375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common mental health problems among new parents. Past studies have examined PPD in women; however, the condition is less understood in men. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of men or fathers with PPD and to understand the barriers and facilitators of help-seeking among fathers with PPD. Eight fathers with PPD were interviewed and data were subsequently analyzed through interpretative phenomenological analysis. The fathers perceived fatherhood as an overwhelming experience and feelings of inadequacy and powerlessness were two of the main themes in the fathers' experiences of PPD. The feeling of inadequacy and powerlessness was related to the fathers' expectations for themselves and their role as a father. The fathers' sense of inadequacy and powerlessness sometimes turned into anger and frustrations. In addition, the fathers experienced a variety of contributing stressors around the birth of their child. Further, the analysis revealed how the fathers' help-seeking behavior was influenced by five contributing factors: recognition and perception of depressive symptoms; knowledge and beliefs about PPD; taboo, stigma and conforming to masculine norms; the fathers' partner; screening and perinatal healthcare services. Paternal PPD has a significant impact on the fathers' wellbeing and everyday lives. Findings indicate that parents-to-be may benefit from education on paternal PDD, and they highlight the importance of screening for paternal PPD and support tailored to the needs of fathers with signs of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Christine Pedersen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Health Promotion and Population Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Helle Terkildsen Maindal
- Department of Public Health, Section for Health Promotion and Population Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Health Promotion, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knud Ryom
- Department of Public Health, Section for Health Promotion and Population Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Høgmo BK, Bondas T, Alstveit M. Going blindly into the women's world: a reflective lifeworld research study of fathers' expectations of and experiences with municipal postnatal healthcare services. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2021; 16:1918887. [PMID: 33900897 PMCID: PMC8079000 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2021.1918887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe new fathers’ expectations of and experiences with municipal postnatal healthcare services. Methods: A phenomenological reflective lifeworld research (RLR) approach has been used. Ten fathers were interviewed about their expectations of and experiences with municipal postnatal healthcare services, and the data were analysed to elucidate a meaning structure for the phenomenon. Results: The essential meaning of the phenomenon of fathers’ expectations of and experiences with municipal postnatal health care described as going blindly into the women’s world. The essential meaning is further explicated through its four constituents: not knowing what to ask for, feeling excluded, seeking safety for the family and longing for care. Conclusions: Entering the postnatal period with sparse knowledge about the child and family healthcare services available is difficult for the fathers who do not know what to ask for and what to expect. The fathers’ feel excluded by the public health nurse, and the postnatal health care is seen as a mother–baby–public health nurse triad. The feeling of exclusion and inequality might be avoided if public health nurses focused both on mothers’ and fathers’ individual follow-up needs in the postnatal period and on seeing the newborn baby and the parents as a family unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Kristin Høgmo
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Terese Bondas
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marit Alstveit
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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18
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Blessings and Curses: Exploring the Experiences of New Mothers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. NURSING REPORTS 2020; 10:207-219. [PMID: 34968364 PMCID: PMC8608056 DOI: 10.3390/nursrep10020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the postpartum experiences of new parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The postpartum period can be a time of significant transition, both positive and negative, for parents as they navigate new relationships with their babies and shifts in family dynamics. Physical distancing requirements mandated by public health orders during the COVID-19 pandemic had the potential to create even more stress for parents with a newborn. Examining personal experiences would provide health care professionals with information to help guide support during significant isolation. Feminist poststructuralism guided the qualitative research process. Sixty-eight new mothers completed an open-ended on-line survey. Responses were analyzed using discourse analysis to examine the beliefs, values, and practices of the participants relating to their family experiences during the pandemic period. It was found that pandemic isolation was a time of complexity with both ‘blessings and curses’. Participants reported that it was a time for family bonding and enjoyment of being a new parent without the usual expectations. It was also a time of missed opportunities as they were not able to share milestones and memories with extended family. Caring for a newborn during the COVID-19 pandemic where complex contradictions were constructed by competing social discourses created difficult dichotomies for families. In acknowledging the complex experiences of mothers during COVID-19 isolation, nurses and midwives can come to understand and help new parents to focus on the blessings of this time while acknowledging the curses.
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Salarvand S, Mousavi MS, Esmaeilbeigy D, Changaee F, Almasian M. The Perceived Health Needs of Primiparous Mothers Referring to Primary Health Care Centers: A Qualitative Study. Int J Womens Health 2020; 12:745-753. [PMID: 33061663 PMCID: PMC7520153 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s258446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the first step in meeting the health needs of primiparous women involves understanding their conditions, the present study aimed to determine the health needs of primiparous women from their own viewpoints. Methods This study had a qualitative approach based on the conventional qualitative content analysis method, in which the purposive sampling method was used. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. Data saturation was achieved by interviewing 12 participants. To ensure the study was rigorous, the four criteria of credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability were taken into account. Results The findings of this study consisted of 150 codes, 19 subcategories, and 6 categories, as follows: 1) the intense need for social support, 2) the need for prior preparation for pregnancy, 3) fears and worries, 4) the necessity of the availability of the needed infrastructures and requirements in the health center, 5) falling in love with the baby, and 6) seeking information from appropriate sources. Conclusion The present study showed that primiparous women need to receive more social and psychological support from family members and healthcare workers and that it is essential to improve the available infrastructures and services in healthcare centers and to provide the needed counseling to pregnant mothers to enable them to go through the pregnancy period smoothly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Salarvand
- Hepatitis Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Masoumeh-Sadat Mousavi
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Darya Esmaeilbeigy
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Changaee
- Social determinants of Health Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Almasian
- Department of the English Language, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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20
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Jarman AF, MacLean JV, Barron RJ, Wightman RS, McGregor AJ. Brexanolone For Postpartum Depression: A Novel Approach and a Call for Comprehensive Postpartum Care. Clin Ther 2020; 42:231-235. [PMID: 31910998 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brexanolone recently became the first medication to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration specifically for treating postpartum depression. In contrast to traditional antidepressants, however, brexanolone is a neurosteroid that is believed to mimic allopregnanolone, a product of endogenous progesterone. Although early clinical trials have shown success, the medication remains largely unavailable due to its extremely high cost and formulation (it must be given as a continuous intravenous infusion over 3 days in a monitored, inpatient setting). The efficacy data surrounding brexanolone are encouraging; there is also evidence, however, that postpartum depression may be mitigated by a number of social policies that provide support to new parents. We suggest a comprehensive approach to postpartum wellness that includes investing in evidence-based social interventions that may be much more accessible to the millions of Americans experiencing postpartum mood disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela F Jarman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Joanna V MacLean
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rebecca J Barron
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Portsmouth Regional Hospital, Portsmouth, NH, USA
| | - Rachel S Wightman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Medical Toxicology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alyson J McGregor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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